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Sustainable Centre for Marine Conservation & Research

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Sustainable Centre for Marine Conservation & Research The EWG-ORD Workshop: Sustainable Centre for Marine Conservation & Research- SDG 9, SDG 14 Reiyah Shetty Rizvi College of Architecture, India [email protected] Abstract Rapidly growing, heedless human activity is the leading cause of degrading marine ecosystems all over the world. It is vital to work towards restoring and conserving life below the ocean. India has a number of institutes working towards research and conservation for marine ecology but a gap between people studying the ocean and people working on conserving and restoring it needs to be bridged. Further, communities must be engaged to better understand marine life and the impact of human intervention. A design module for a Sustainable Unified Marine Centre consisting of dedicated wings namely- Research, Education, Critical Care Unit and Community has been created. An architectural design built with sustainable materials has been proposed in southern India which focuses on - supporting local degrading marine ecosystems like mangroves and coral reefs through dedicated field research in collaboration with local fishing communities ensuring sustainable fishing practices; collaborative marine education; a critical care facility catering to beached/ distressed marine cetaceans ; a public interpretive centre that educates and engages the community through informative galleries and activities. The Centre develops and regulates the process of marine conservation and research, while the network of people/ supporting institutes play the role of catalysts. Keywords: unified, marine centre, collaboration, community, network Introduction The ocean harbours a rich source of biodiversity, whose population exceeds in trillions. They are the main regulatory agent of earth's climate. It was thought that human beings cannot pollute this vast amount of water as the marine ecosystems are capable of serving as a sink for all the pollution. However, we have come to realize that our waste & other harmful activities have catastrophic effects on ocean communities and species. About 60% of the world's population live within 60 km of the coastline and use it for their livelihood. Sea regions with developing nations around them are particularly vulnerable to pollution, a situation which is compounded by the fact that marine life census is inadequately documented. India has a coastline of about 8000 km and a very wide range of coastal ecosystems such as estuaries, lagoons, mangroves, backwaters, salt marshes, rocky coasts, sandy stretches and coral reefs. Over 3500 fishing villages are situated along the Indian coastline with approximately one million people occupied full time in marine capture fisheries. The marine environment is facing adversities due to people’s needs. In the absence of good management, these adversities are proliferated. Data & Observations Karnataka is a state in the south western region of India with various coastal ecosystems, islands and ports. Uttara Kannada is one of the biggest districts of the State, abundant in natural resources with close to 25 beaches. This coastal belt is known to be an educational hub. In this district lies the port town of Bhatkal whose economy depends on tourism, fishing and agriculture. Activities connected with Fisheries are carried out on large scales with the help of the State and Central Government. Like most other coastal stretches, this stretch too is subject to pollution and commercial exploitation because of the general pattern- whatever is used on land today ends up in the aquifer or coastal zone tomorrow. The concerns for the coastal/marine ecosystem of this region are as follows: 1. The construction of Tadadi Seaport in this district, is bending many rules by not following the EIA guidelines (damaging oyster beds, etc.). Scientists and ecologists have pointed out that the construction of the port would damage a fragile coastal ecosystem. The estuary where the port is proposed to be constructed, is one of the most biologically productive coastal systems in Karnataka hence building a port there could cause extensive damage. 2. Many locals practice aquaculture as well as agriculture leading to eutrophication of the coastal waters. 3. The rise in sea surface temperature has had a severe impact on the food and livelihood of the coastal population. This affects fishing practices which in turn affect the marine organisms. 4. Marine cetaceans in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone are one of the least studied animals. Many cetaceans die due to the pollution caused by humans. They sometimes get caught up in the waste or stray fishing gear and get suffocated to death. In recent years, with increasing fishing activity and extension of fishing to oceanic waters, the encounters between fishing gear and marine cetaceans are on the rise. Unfortunately the incidental kills have not been regularly monitored in India. About 9,000 to 10,000 dolphins are estimated to be caught by gillnet annually along the Indian coasts. In the past few years, aong the West coast, cetacean beach stranding has been at an all-time high. This could be due to the disturbances produced by human activity in and around their habitat. In most situations passers-by don’t know how to help or deal with the situation and there are no trained professionals around to help. There is often an issue of misidentification of species because of the lack of common knowledge of marine mammal taxonomy. 5. There are a number of mangroves, estuaries & rivers all along the coast which need attention due to the rising pollution levels which can be directly linked to tourism & rising population. Indiscriminate cutting, reclamation for agriculture/ urbanization and overgrazing by domestic cattle have severely degraded mangroves around this region. 6. Coral reef research in India is still at a preliminary stage. Little information is available on the coral reef ecosystem as a whole or on the relationship between the Indian economy and the ecological resources of coral reefs. Netrani Island which is 10 nautical miles from this town had a rich fringing coral reef ecosystem. Unfortunately, the Indian government was using this island for its armed forces’ target practice thus destroying the ecological balance of the Island and its surrounding. This Island has been at the centre of dispute between the Navy & Environmental groups that want to protect the coral reefs and its biodiversity. In 2012, the court issued a stay order on these naval practices in and around that area, thus preventing any further damage. Despite this, the island needs to be revived, protected & conserved in order to restore its once rich coral reef ecosystem. 7. Every institute working on ocean studies throughout the country has its own research agenda and special focus. Despite Coastal Karnataka being an educational hub and having a 150 km coastline, the state has only one Fisheries Institute which focuses on an iota of the challenges faced by the coast. There is a lack of infrastructure in place to monitor Marine Ecosystems. 8. Development of realistic management plans for marine/coastal areas involving local community participation is absent. Figure 1: Marine/ Coastal Ecosystem Concerns in the Region Methods The observations based on available data of the region have grave impacts on the coastal/ marine ecosystems. The methods to alleviate the above mentioned concerns are listed below: A. Developing Geography based Information Systems for critical habitats containing all information necessary for preparing management plans. B. Determining Waste Assimilation Capacity at coastal habitats. C. Following EIA Guidelines for major coastal developmental activities and processes including marking User Classification of Coastal Zones for future developmental activities like no impact zones, etc. D. Scientific Expeditions and Field Documentation. E. Monitoring of Taxonomic Inventories such as novel specie descriptions through Integrated Approach and Ecological Studies for various purposes, it is also crucial as most marine fish spend some stage of their lifecycle in the Mangrove/ Estuarine ecosystem. F. The introduction of Aquaponics to help synthesize both agriculture (hydroponics) and aquaculture while reducing the marine pollution caused by these activities as the aquaculture waste is recycled and no pesticides will be used to grow plants. G. Collaborate with Local Fishing Communities in order to ensure sustainable fishing practices and in exchange obtain traditional ecological knowledge and understand of the relationship these communities share with the coast. This will help to develop and increase the potential of marine living resources to meet human nutritional needs, maintaining/ restoring populations of marine species to produce the maximum sustainable yield, promoting the development and uses of selective fishing gear and practices that minimize waste in the catch of target species and minimize by-catch of non-target species. H. Conservation Management Action Plans are important for maintaining and restoring the distribution, abundance and diversity of the marine ecosystem in the Indian EEZ. The plan will begin by focusing on the cetaceans of this coastal stretch but can eventually modify into a national action plan for other conservation purposes. A Task Force must be created and trained to help with the following: Reducing incidental kills by fishing gear By-catch management Establishing marine mammal stranding network Necropsy of beach-cast samples Research needs Non-invasive ecotourism Awareness building
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