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A Case Study on the Influence of Values, Beliefs, and Life Experiences in Government Agenda-Setting

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A Case Study on the Influence of Values, Beliefs, and Life Experiences in Government Agenda-Setting THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT AND ENVIRONMENT DEBATE: A CASE STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF VALUES, BELIEFS, AND LIFE EXPERIENCES IN GOVERNMENT AGENDA-SETTING Laurie A. Perin A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2006 Committee: Edmund Danziger, Jr., Advisor Shannon Orr ii ABSTRACT Dr. Edmund Danziger, Jr., Advisor This thesis examines the process of government agenda-setting by using the historic North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and environment debate, and the roles that Congressman Donald Pease, Congressman Sherrod Brown, and Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur played within it, as case studies. It demonstrates that American trade policy never included environmental protection as a primary concern until the creation of NAFTA in the early-1990s. In order to analyze why the environment became a leading concern within the trade agenda in the early-1990s when it had never before represented a trade-related issue, this thesis employs Political Scientist John Kingdon's "agenda-setting" theory to determine which factors prompted policymakers like Pease, Brown, and Kaptur to demand that trade officials incorporate environmental protections into NAFTA. Kingdon argues that three factors cause policymakers to bring new issues to a government agenda: how they recognize and define problems, how they are affected by political events, and how they develop policy proposals from their own values, beliefs, and life experiences. Connecting the "agenda-setting" theory to the NAFTA and environment historiography reveals that academics have highlighted several factors that influenced policymakers' perceptions of NAFTA and the environment. They contend that the end of the Cold War, the proliferation of organized interests, the Republican and Democratic Party's reversal on free trade stances, the rise of the fourth wave of the environmental movement, and the inclusion of Mexico into the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA) all prompted policymakers to bring environmental protection to the NAFTA agenda. These interpretations mirror the first two components of Kingdon's "agenda-setting" theory; indeed, iii external problems and political factors contributed to the commencement of the NAFTA and environment debate. However, no scholar examined how the third element of Kingdon's model-- how policymakers' develop policy proposals from their own values, beliefs, and life experiences- -caused decision-makers to bring environmental protection to the NAFTA agenda. This thesis offers a new interpretation to enrich the NAFTA and environment historiography by examining the lives of Representatives Pease, Brown, and Kaptur and arguing that their life experiences caused them to develop strong environmental values and beliefs that influenced their personal and professional decisions, including their perception of NAFTA and the environment. Additionally, it should serve as a model for future academics to follow when observing other government agenda-setting case studies. iv To Fast Eddie who opened my eyes to the beauty and wonder of the environment. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the help and encouragement that I received from several individuals. I am indebted to Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur, Congressman Sherrod Brown, and Jeanne Pease for taking the time to meet with and talk to me about NAFTA and the environment and their personal environmental values. The three of you did more for me than simply help me with a project; you inspired me to become a better person. The archivists at the Oberlin College Archives, Dr. Roland M. Baumann and Tamara L. Martin, were also a great help to this project. Thank you for allowing me to visit your facility for three days—and even allowing me to come in early on one of those days! The interviews and research trip were the first steps in what became a long and arduous process of converting the details of the NAFTA and environment debate into an engaging historical narrative. Although this task often caused me to endure much stress and panic, Meredith Clark and Brittany Bayless were always there to encourage me and keep me positive. I cannot thank you both enough for your friendships and encouragement. I am also grateful to Jim Buss for always making me see “the big picture” and for keeping me grounded. The History Department secretaries, Tina Amos and DeeDee Wentland, were also a great help while I worked to complete my thesis and throughout my entire experience in graduate school in general. Thank you both for always being there to talk and lend a hand. Dr. Shannon Orr was a tremendous help to this thesis project. Thank you for teaching me about the agenda-setting process and for your unending support. This thesis would not be what it is today without you. Perhaps I owe the greatest debt to Dr. Ed " Fast Eddie" Danziger for constantly providing me with positive feedback, kind words, wisdom, guidance, confidence, friendship, Pollyeye’s stuffed breadsticks, and candy. You have done more for me than you will ever know. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................... vi TABLE OF FIGURES......................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 A Brief History of NAFTA.............................................................................................. 2 Outline of the Study......................................................................................................... 5 The Historiography of the NAFTA and Environment Debate......................................... 8 Looking Forward ............................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER ONE: THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN TRADE POLICY AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NAFTA: FROM PROTECTIONIST POLICIES AND OPEN- MARKET MENTALITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.............................. 14 An Historical Analysis of United States Trade Policy..................................................... 16 Period One: Protectionist Policies and Isolationism........................................................ 17 Period Two: Open-Market Mentalities as Foreign Policy ............................................... 21 Period Three: The Introduction of Trade Protests and Incorporation of Environmental Protection into the Trade Agenda .................................................................................... 25 Did the Trade and Environment Debate Originate in the 1990s?.................................... 28 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER TWO: “I DO CONSIDER MYSELF AN ENVIRONMENTALIST, AND I ALWAYS HAVE:” REPRESENTATIVE DONALD J. PEASE, NAFTA, AND THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................ 33 Congressman Donald J. Pease: The Development and Influence of His Environmental Values .............................................................................................................................. 34 Representative Pease and the North American Free Trade Agreement: Connecting His Environmental Values, Beliefs, and Life Experiences to His Role in the NAFTA and Environment Debate ........................................................................................................ 40 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 46 vii CHAPTER THREE: “PROUD TO CARRY THE PROGRESSIVE BANNER:” REPRESENTATIVE SHERROD BROWN, NAFTA, AND THE ENVIRONMENT............ 48 Congressman Sherrod Brown: The Development and Influence of His Environmental Values .................................................................................................................................. 49 Representative Brown and the North American Free Trade Agreement: Connecting His Environmental Values, Beliefs, and Life Experiences to His Role in the NAFTA and Environment Debate...................................................................................................... 55 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER FOUR: “AMERICAN WILL PAY A VERY HEAVY PRICE FOR HER NEGLECT:” REPRESENTATIVE MARCY KAPTUR, NAFTA, AND THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................... 64 Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur: The Development and Influence of Her Environmental Values......................................................................................................... 65 Representative Kaptur and the North American Free Trade Agreement: Connecting Her Environmental Values, Beliefs, and Life Experiences to Her Role in the NAFTA and Environment Debate...................................................................................................
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