Romania - List of Archival Holdings at the Hoover Institution Archives
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Trials of the War Criminals
TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS General Considerations The Fascist regime that ruled Romania between September 14, 1940, and August 23, 1944, was brought to justice in Bucharest in May 1946, and after a short trial, its principal leaders—Ion and Mihai Antonescu and two of their closest assistants—were executed, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or long terms of detention. At that time, the trial’s verdicts seemed inevitable, as they indeed do today, derived inexorably from the defendants’ decisions and actions. The People’s Tribunals functioned for a short time only. They were disbanded on June 28, 1946,1 although some of the sentences were not pronounced until sometime later. Some 2,700 cases of suspected war criminals were examined by a commission formed of “public prosecutors,”2 but only in about half of the examined cases did the commission find sufficient evidence to prosecute, and only 668 were sentenced, many in absentia.3 There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and one in Cluj. It is worth mentioning that the Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people.4 The rest were sentenced by the tribunal in Cluj. One must also note that, in general, harsher sentences were pronounced by the Cluj tribunal (set up on June 22, 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, “Introducere” in Procesul maresalului Antonescu (Bucharest: Saeculum and Europa Nova, 1995-98), vol. 1: p. 33. 2 The public prosecutors were named by communist Minister of Justice Lucret iu Pătrăşcanu and most, if not all of them were loyal party members, some of whom were also Jews. -
Romanian Foreign Policy (1878-1914)
World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development WWJMRD 2017; 3(11): 69-74 www.wwjmrd.com International Journal Peer Reviewed Journal Romanian foreign policy (1878-1914) Refereed Journal Indexed Journal UGC Approved Journal Dragos Ionut ONESCU Impact Factor MJIF: 4.25 e-ISSN: 2454-6615 Abstract Prior to independence, Romania has conducted foreign policy actions aimed at achieving this Dragos Ionut ONESCU objective (see trade convention with Austria-Hungary in 1875) and after 1878 was sought to ensure Strasbourg University/Babes- Bolyai University Cluj- security through political alliances with neighboring countries and powers. One of the main foreign Napoca, Romania policy issues, with important consequences and the territorial integrity of the Romanian Principalities and then was the status of the Danube. In the present paper I analyzed the Romanian foreign policy between 1878 and 1914. Keywords: Romanian Foreign Policy, International Relations, Security, Foreign Policy Introduction The first time the issue is considered Danube is the Treaty of Bucharest between Russia and Turkey, signed on May 28, 1812, which ended the Russo-Turkish war took place between 1806 and 1812. The Clashes of interest between the major European powers were put on the agenda the need to solve the problem of freedom of navigation on international rivers and its consecration in an international act. Used the occasion to ensuring this was the Peace Congress in Vienna, met after the first abdication of Napoleon. The Final Act 1815 states in Articles 108-118, fundamental principles of river. Under Article 109, navigation on international rivers was free for all states without distinction between riparian and non-riparian states; is accurate but that freedom of navigation applies only to commercial navigation, not for the war. -
Mareşalul Alexandru Averescu, Un Om Pentru Istorie
Magazin al Fundaţiei “Mareşal Alexandru Averescu” Străjer în calea Cadranfurtunilor militar buzoian Anul III, nr. 5, 9 martie 2009 Mareşalul 150 de ani de la naştere Alexandru Averescu, un om pentru istorie http://www.jointophq.ro ------------------- Străjer în calea furtunilor Magazin trimestrial Numai generalii care fac jertfe folositoare pătrund în Adresa: Buzău, str. Independenţei nr. 24 sufletul maselor. Tel. 0238.717.113 www.jointophq.ro Director : gl. bg. Dan Ghica-Radu COLECTIVUL DE REDACŢIE Redactor-şef: Redactor-şef adjunct: mr. Romeo Feraru Secretar de redacţie: col. (r) Constantin Dinu Redactori: - col (r) Mihai Goia - col. (r) Mihail Pîrlog - preot militar Alexandru Tudose - Emil Niculescu - Viorel Frîncu Departament economie: lt. col. (r) Gherghina Oprişan Departament difuzare: plt. adj. Dan Tinca Tipar: ISSN: 1843-4045 Responsabilitatea pentru conţinutul materialelor publicate aparţine exclusiv autorilor, conform art. 205- 206 Cod penal. Reproducerea textelor şi fotografiilor este permisă numai în condiţiile prevăzute de lege. Manuscrisele nu se înapoiază. Revista pune la dispoziţia celor interesaţi spaţii de publicitate. Numărul curent al revistei se găseşte pe site-ul fundaţiei, în format pdf. Revista se difuzează- 2 la - toate structurile militare din judeţul Buzău, la asociaţiile şi fundaţiile militare locale, precum şi la instituţiile civile interesate de conţinutul său. ------------------- Străjer în calea furtunilor Pro domo Numai generalii Evocarea unor personalităţi ale istoriei naţionale, rescrierea biografiei lor, radiografierea epocii şi, mai ales, a faptelor săvârşite de ei, precum care fac jertfe şi consemnarea acestor întâmplări în documente, jurnale, memorii şi iconografie, contribuie, esenţial, la o mai atentă evaluare a ceea ce am folositoare reprezentat şi, încă, mai reprezentăm în această parte a Europei. -
2009 in Review 28-41
Content Message from the President 4-5 Board of Directors 6 AmCham Moldova Profile 8-11 Membership Benefits & Services 12-23 Special Project 24-27 AmCham Events/ Year 2009 in Review 28-41 Financials 42-43 Membership Directory 44-52 AmCham Network 54-59 EDITORS: DESIGN LAYOUT: ADVERTISING INQUIRIES: Elena Buzu, Mila Malairau Insight Advertising [email protected] PUBLISHER: LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: Prospectprint [email protected] 5 Message from the President Dear Members, As the fourth full year of activity draws to a close, the American Chamber of Commerce has continued to grow and develop in its activities and ways in which it supports and interacts with its members and partners. 2009 was a year full of challenges but also accomplishments during which AmCham adjusted the focus of its activities to meet the demands of the current times and prepare for the op- portunities and challenges to come. One of the defining business conditions of 2009 was the effect of the world economic crisis. Most of our mem- bers experienced lower sales and more difficult bank and financing conditions. Many were forced to pursue cost- cutting measures in order to limit losses and conserve cash liquidity which, in turn, negatively impacted the businesses of their suppliers. AmCham offered both for- mal and informal consultations for our members, direct support for their businesses and modified internal poli- cies, all aimed at easing the economic pressures on our members and helping our members share strategies for dealing with the economic downturn. In a year when most businesses aggressively reduced their costs, virtu- ally all AmCham members maintained their memberships in AmCham, indicating the high value they place on our association and services. -
British Clandestine Activities in Romania During the Second World
British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War This page intentionally left blank British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War Dennis Deletant Visiting ‘Ion Ra¸tiu’ Professor of Romanian Studies, Georgetown University, USA © Dennis Deletant 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978–1–137–57451–0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. -
Communism and Post-Communism in Romania : Challenges to Democratic Transition
TITLE : COMMUNISM AND POST-COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA : CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AUTHOR : VLADIMIR TISMANEANU, University of Marylan d THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FO R EURASIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE VIII PROGRA M 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N .W . Washington, D .C . 20036 LEGAL NOTICE The Government of the District of Columbia has certified an amendment of th e Articles of Incorporation of the National Council for Soviet and East European Research changing the name of the Corporation to THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR EURASIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH, effective on June 9, 1997. Grants, contracts and all other legal engagements of and with the Corporation made unde r its former name are unaffected and remain in force unless/until modified in writin g by the parties thereto . PROJECT INFORMATION : 1 CONTRACTOR : University of Marylan d PR1NCIPAL 1NVEST1GATOR : Vladimir Tismanean u COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 81 1-2 3 DATE : March 26, 1998 COPYRIGHT INFORMATIO N Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funded by contract with the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research . However, the Council and the United States Government have the right to duplicate an d disseminate, in written and electronic form, this Report submitted to the Council under thi s Contract, as follows : Such dissemination may be made by the Council solely (a) for its ow n internal use, and (b) to the United States Government (1) for its own internal use ; (2) for further dissemination to domestic, international and foreign governments, entities an d individuals to serve official United States Government purposes ; and (3) for dissemination i n accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United State s Government granting the public rights of access to documents held by the United State s Government. -
Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, Volume 2, Number 1, January 2021 Boşcan, Liliana Elena
Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, Volume 2, Number 1, January 2021 Boşcan, Liliana Elena. “Activity of the Special Operation Executive in Romania via Turkey, 1943 – 1944”, Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, Vol. 2, No. 1, (January 2021), pp. 11-23. Activity of the Special Operation Executive in Romania via Turkey, 1943 - 1944 Liliana Elena Boșcan1 Abstract The Anschluss of March 1938 marks the point at which Hitler’s designs for Europe became clearer to Britain and greater prominence was given to considerations about Romania. Between 1938 and 1941 Britain’s only weapon against German ambitions in countries which fell into Hitler’s orbit were military subversive operations — the destruction of the oilfields and the interdiction of supply routes by the Danube and the rail network — but S.O.E. ((Special Operation Executive) failed. Between 1941 and 1944, the S.O.E. (Special Operation Executive) activity was centred on the revival of wireless contacts with Iuliu Maniu, head of the National Peasant Party, aimed at persuading through him Marshal Ion Antonescu to abandon the Axis and the provision of a channel of communication of armistice terms by the Allies (Autonomous Mission, December 1943). The S.O.E. has taken steps to create a reliable communication channel between S.O.E. residents in Istanbul and Bucharest. A network was made through Turkey legations or through emissaries sent to Istanbul, Ankara and Cairo, or by radio broadcast and by agents launched with parachute. Keywords: S.O.E., Romanian-Turkish Relations, Oil, Balkans, World War II 1. Introduction In April 1938, Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, the Head of the British Secret Intelligence Service (S.I.S. -
Cazul Gheorghe Ursu. Poziția Ministerului Public Și Martori
Cazul Gheorghe Ursu. Poziția Ministerului Public și martori Dosar nr.2500/2/2017; 1030/2017 Curtea de Apel Bucureşti - Secţia I Penală Încheiere Şedinţa publică din data de 18 septembrie 2019 Președinta Curții: Mihaela Niţă EXTRAS Poziția Ministerului Public - Parchetul de pe lângă Curtea de Apel Bucureşti și martori Reprezentantul Ministerului Public arată că dispoziţiile art.358 din Codul penal din anul 1968, în vigoarea la data săvârşirii faptei, incriminează infracţiunea de tratamente neomenoase. Apreciază că în sarcina inculpaţilor se impune reţinerea alin.1, care prevede că supunerea la tratamente neomenoase, în general a oricărei alte persoane căzute sub puterea adversarului, se pedepseşte, precum şi forma agravată prevăzută la alin.3 teza I, conform căreia torturarea celor prevăzuţi în alin.1 se pedepseşte. Arată că această infracţiune se pedepseşte în noul Cod penal de dispoziţiile art.439, care reglementează infracţiuni contra umanităţii, activitatea infracţională desfăşurată de inculpaţi încadrându-se în variantele normative prevăzute de art.439 lit.e, g şi k din Codul penal. Astfel cum se menţionează în tezele prealabile ale proiectului Codului penal, aprobate prin Hotărârea de Guvern nr.1183/24.09.2008, publicată în Monitorul Oficial nr.686/08.10.2008, textul reia într-o formă adaptată prevederile art.7 din Statutul Curţii Penale Internaţionale, valorificând definiţiile anterioare promovate de art.6 lit. c din Statul Tribunalului Militar Internaţional de la Nürnberg, art. 2 nr.1 lit.c a Legii nr.10 a Consiliului de Control, art.5 lit. c din Statutul Tribunalului Penal Internaţional pentru Orientul Îndepărtat, respectiv art.5 din Statutul Tribunalului Penal Internaţional pentru fosta Iugoslavie şi art.3 din Statutul Tribunalului Penal Internaţional pentru Rwanda. -
Article Intelligence Sector Reforms in Romania: a Scorecard
Intelligence Sector Reforms in Romania: A Article Scorecard Lavinia Stan Marian Zulean St. Francis Xavier University, Canada University of Bucharest, Romania [email protected] Abstract Since 1989, reforms have sought to align the Romanian post-communist intelligence community with its counterparts in established democracies. Enacted reluctantly and belatedly at the pressure of civil society actors eager to curb the mass surveillance of communist times and international partners wishing to rein in Romania’s foreign espionage and cut its ties to intelligence services of non-NATO countries, these reforms have revamped legislation on state security, retrained secret agents, and allowed for participation in NATO operations, but paid less attention to oversight and respect for human rights. Drawing on democratization, transitional justice, and security studies, this article evaluates the capacity of the Romanian post-communist intelligence reforms to break with communist security practices of unchecked surveillance and repression and to adopt democratic values of oversight and respect for human rights. We discuss the presence of communist traits after 1989 (seen as continuity) and their absence (seen as discontinuity) by offering a wealth of examples. The article is the first to evaluate security reforms in post- communist Romania in terms of their capacity to not only overhaul the personnel and operations inherited from the Securitate and strengthen oversight by elected officials, but also make intelligence services respectful of basic human rights. Introduction Since transitioning away from communist dictatorship in 1989, Romania has become a liberal democracy and a member of the European Union (EU) and NATO. As elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe where the communist secret police had conducted repression, in Romania the backbone of democratization was represented by reforms of the intelligence community, understood to comprise all of the intelligence services operating in the country. -
Informaţia Privind Înregistrarea De Stat a Persoanelor Juridice Şi Ntreprinzătorilor Individuali
08 2015 . INFORMAŢIA PRIVIND ÎNREGISTRAREA DE STAT A PERSOANELOR JURIDICE ŞI NTREPRINZĂTORILOR INDIVIDUALI . INFORMAŢIA PRIVIND RADIEREA DIN REGISTRUL DE STAT A PERSOANELOR JURIDICE ŞI ÎNTREPRINZĂTORILOR INDIVIDUALI 1 2 Informația privind înregistrarea de stat a persoanelor juridice și întreprinzătorilor individuali în luna iulie 2015 N/or IDNO Data înreg. Denumirea Sediul Administrator Municipiul Chişinău 1 1015600022410 01.07.2015 Societatea cu Răspundere Limitată "CASIANII LUX" MD-2008, str. Roşiori 63, mun. Chişinău, RM CASIAN IURI 2 1015600021826 01.07.2015 Societatea cu Răspundere Limitată "ANLI-CONSTRUCT" MD-2059, str. Petricani 202/1, mun. Chişinău, RM LUNGU ANTON 3 1015600022524 01.07.2015 Societatea cu Răspundere Limitată "VEROBLAG INVEST" MD-2004, str. Bucureşti 119A, ap.(of.) et.2, mun. Chişinău, RM VÎNAGA MIHAIL 4 1015600022487 01.07.2015 Societatea cu Răspundere Limitată "BLACK MONARCH" MD-2044, str. Ginta Latină 7, ap.(of.) 184, mun. Chişinău, RM CEPOI VASILE 5 1015600021734 01.07.2015 Societatea cu Răspundere Limitată "GALBUR TRANS" MD-2072, str. Valea Crucii 4, ap.(of.) 144, mun. Chişinău, RM GALBUR VITALII 6 1015600021664 01.07.2015 Societatea cu Răspundere Limitată "LEX MASTER" MD-2045, str. Nicolae Dimo 27/1, ap.(of.) 48, mun. Chişinău, RM MALACILÎ ALEXEI 7 1015600022476 01.07.2015 Societatea cu Răspundere Limitată "INTELREFLECT" MD-2009, str. Alesandro Bernardazzi 56, mun. Chişinău, RM BUMBU ION 8 1015600022454 01.07.2015 Societatea cu Răspundere Limitată "DENTAL TURISM" MD-2028, str. Gheorghe Asachi 29, ap.(of.) A, mun. Chişinău, RM SELEA DAN-ADRIAN 9 1015600021778 01.07.2015 Societatea cu Răspundere Limitată "VARTI TRANS GRUP" MD-2089, str. Mihai Viteazul 24, s. -
Anexă La Dispoziţia Nr. SECTORUL 1 AL MUNICIPIULUI BUCUREŞTI
Anexă la dispoziţia nr. SECTORUL 1 AL MUNICIPIULUI BUCUREŞTI DELIMITAREA ŞI SEDIUL SECŢIILOR DE VOTARE Secţia de votare nr. 1 cu sediul în LICEUL TEORETIC "NICOLAE IORGA" din Bld. Ion Mihalache Nr. 126; CP 011203, unde vor vota alegătorii domiciliaţi pe arterele: Int. 1 MAI Pța. DOMENII Bld. ION MIHALACHE, (fost 1 MAI) nr. 64-96, 75-113 Str. Adresă inexistentă, cu domiciliul pe raza sec. 1 Nr. 0 Secţia de votare nr. 2 cu sediul în LICEUL TEORETIC " NICOLAE IORGA " din Bld. Ion Mihalache Nr. 126; CP 011203, unde vor vota alegătorii domiciliaţi pe arterele: Bld. ION MIHALACHE, (fost 1 MAI) nr. 98-146A, 115-299B, 299 BIS Secţia de votare nr. 3 cu sediul în LICEUL TEORETIC " NICOLAE IORGA " din Bld. Ion Mihalache Nr. 126; CP 011203, unde vor vota alegătorii domiciliaţi pe arterele: Bld. ION MIHALACHE, (fost 1 MAI) nr. 148-148B, 301-319, 319 B Ale. Lt. GHEORGHE STÂLPEANU Secţia de votare nr. 4 cu sediul în LICEUL TEORETIC " NICOLAE IORGA " din Bld. Ion Mihalache Nr. 126; CP 011203, unde vor vota alegătorii domiciliaţi pe arterele: Bld. ION MIHALACHE, (fost 1 MAI) nr. 150-160A, 160B Secţia de votare nr. 5 cu sediul în LICEUL GRECO-CATOLIC "TIMOTEI CIPARIU" din Str. Bucegi Nr. 97; CP 012315, unde vor vota alegătorii domiciliaţi pe arterele: Int. ALPINIŞTILOR Str. BIRUINŢEI Str. Cpt. MIRCEA PETRE Str. DUMITRU FLORESCU Str. ELIE CARAFOLI, (fostă PENTELEU) Str. GALILEIA Str. IONEL FERNIC, (fostă FERMEI) Str. ISER IOSIF Str. Lt. GRIGORE STAMATESCU Str. Lt. VASILE FUICĂ Str. Mr. NICOLAE CAPŞA Str. PARÂNGULUI Str. POPIŞTEANU Str. -
Istoria Primului Control Administrativ Al Populaţiei României Întregite Din 24 Aprilie – 5 Mai 1927
NICOLAE ENCIU* „Confidenţial şi exclusiv pentru uzul autorităţilor administrative”. ISTORIA PRIMULUI CONTROL ADMINISTRATIV AL POPULAŢIEI ROMÂNIEI ÎNTREGITE DIN 24 APRILIE – 5 MAI 1927 Abstract The present study deals with an unprecedented chapter of the demographic history of in- terwar Romania – the first administrative control of the population from 24 April to 5 May 1927. Done in the second rule of General Alexandru Averescu, the administrative control had the great merit of succeeding to determine, for the first time after the Great Union of 1918, the total number of the population of the Entire Romania, as well as the demographic dowry of the historical provinces that constituted the Romanian national unitary state. Keywords: administrative control, census, counting, total population, immigration, emigration, majority, minority, ethnic structure. 1 e-a lungul timpului, viaţa şi activitatea militarului de carieră Alexandru DAverescu (n. 9.III.1859, satul Babele, lângă Ismail, Principatele Unite, astăzi în Ucraina – †3.X.1938, Bucureşti, România), care şi-a legat numele de ma- rea epopee naţională a luptelor de la Mărăşeşti, în care s-a ilustrat Armata a 2-a, comandată de el, membru de onoare al Academiei Române (ales la 7 iunie 1923), devenit ulterior mareşal al României (14 iunie 1930), autor a 12 opere despre ches- tiuni militare, politice şi de partid, inclusiv al unui volum de memorii de pe prima linie a frontului1, a făcut obiectul mai multor studii, broşuri şi lucrări ale specialiş- tilor, pe durata întregii perioade interbelice2. * Nicolae Enciu – doctor habilitat în istorie, conferenţiar universitar, director adjunct pentru probleme de ştiinţă, Institutul de Istorie, mun.