Human Beings: 06 Radiation and stray current 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Study area 6.3 Impact assessment methodology 6.3.1 Magnitude 6.3.2 Significance 6.4 Impact assessment 6.4.1 Impact identification 6.4.2 Mitigation measures 6.4.3 Assessment of residual impacts 6.4.4 Summary of residual impacts

Human Beings: Radiation and Stray Current Page 75 y Width of study study Width of sides both (on area the alignment) of 100m methodolog assessment Step 1: Selecting representative locations (cross (cross locations representative Selecting 1: Step analysis; detailed the alignment for of sections) scenarios representative Identifying 2: Step modes (including failure analysis detailed for as accelerating, such events and non-routine and coasting); braking the magnetic Simulating/calculating 3: Step scenarios; and locations chosen the for fields to results the obtained Extrapolating 4: Step the risk along assess the potential alignment.entire Table 6.1 Study area 6.1 Table Aspect from impacts Potential Current and Stay Radiation 6.3 Impact has been assessed by: EMI impacts for The potential - - - - is impacts potential and type of The source measures Mitigation 6.4.1. described in Section 6.4.2. in Section defined be put in place are to is then impact each of effect The residual magnitude of 6.4.3 in terms in Section evaluated and significance. y area y tud The study area for this chapter is set out in Table Table out in is set this chapter for area The study from with distance quickly very EMI decreases 6.1. the of based on the square a ratio at the source and the receptor. the source between distance normal appliances of household Disruption of strengths field when magnetic occurs usually sensitive very However, present. are or more 10 µT equipment as electronic/laser equipment such strengths field if the magnetic be affected may as the such schemes For µT. than 0.16 greater are current, stray in the absence of scheme, proposed persist do not µT of 0.16 strengths field magnetic than 100m more of distances at the track. from minimised via technical is generally current Stray during construction. mitigation and structural this specific scheme in the case of Consequently, EMI is highly exist, that sources and the potential the most on even impact any have to unlikely more of distances equipment at sensitive than 100m. 6.2 S This chapter of the EIS evaluates the potential the potential the EIS evaluates of This chapter and electromagnetic) (nuclear radiation for the arise due to to impacts current and stray current, the direct of and operation construction with the associated systems traction rail light MN102. in Area scheme proposed 6.1 Introduction 6.1 with the proposed scheme in Area MN102. Area in scheme proposed the with current, light rail traction systems associated associated systems traction rail light current, the construction and operation of the direct direct the of operation and construction the and stray current impacts to arise due to to due arise to impacts current stray and for radiation (nuclear and electromagnetic) electromagnetic) and (nuclear radiation for This chapter of the EIS evaluates the potential potential the evaluates EIS the of chapter This Inductive coupling; Inductive coupling; Capacitive coupling; Conductive radiation. and electromagnetic Magnetic Construction equipment (tunnel boring Construction etc.): pump stations lighting, machines, system; and distribution supply The bulk power (TPSS). system supply power The traction the energy, demands traction When a LMV station power the traction from flows current to (OCS) System Catenary the Overhead along rails via running the LMV and from the LMV This traction the substation. again to back generate to has the potential current TPSS includes The fields. electromagnetic rails running OCS, feeders, substations, and current) and stray return (regarding the between cables current feeding/return the substation. to rails OCS and running including equipment, traction stock The rolling and auxiliaries; motors traction inverters, equipment. The signalling and communications Electromagnetic radiation can be associated with be associated can radiation Electromagnetic are effects EMI coupling effects. EMI coupling follows: as EN 50121 with in accordance defined - - - - current alternating from coupling arises Inductive lighting, of supplies power the as such systems, (AC) types These systems. auxiliary and other ventilation rail light current, direct used in not are system of coupling inductive and therefore systems traction and is not scheme this proposed to relevant is not and conductive Capacitive further. any considered EMI source because be considered not coupling are small to too are with this scheme associated levels in this regard. an impact generate equipment is electromagnetic of piece Any where in an environment function designed to which is present, field magnetic the earth’s the The magnitude of 50µT. is approximately the of in the vicinity fields electromagnetic the earth’s alignment will be equal to proposed fields electromagnetic plus any field magnetic scheme. the proposed by or propagated generated can that scheme the proposed of Elements of and propagators as sources act potentially EMI comprise: - - - - - equipment is designed all It is assumed that the EMC Directive of the standards to according any cause will not and therefore 2004/108/EC the only fact, of this In light significant impact. associated systems traction rail light current, direct as considered are scheme with the proposed in this assessment. sources potential Impact Impact magnitude low

assessment 6.4 Impact identification Impact 6.4.1 with the equipment associated The infrastructure sources include any does not scheme proposed this issue has and therefore radiation nuclear of assessment and is not this been scoped out of radon to issues relating Any further. any considered this of in the Soil and Geology detailed chapter are 9). Chapter 2, EIS (Volume

Magnetic fields of > 180 µT (*1)of > 180 µT fields Magnetic of > 40 µT fields Magnetic very high of > 10 µT fields Magnetic µT of >0.1 fields Magnetic high µTof < 0.1 fields Magnetic medium immunity of (*1) In EN 50061 the limit of low very is defined fields magnetic against pacemakers from document the reference However, as 1 mT. in Wuppertal demonstrates Academy Technical this value by will be impacted pacemakers that Technical document from (see the reference in Wuppertal). Academy 6.3.2 Significance is assessed in of all impacts The significance and the impact the magnitude of of consideration the upon which the receptor value of the functional has an effect. impact Criteria Magnitude 6.3.1 impacts assess the different to used The criteria Table in shown are scheme with this associated consideration in been defined have criteria The 6.2. Academy Technical the out by carried research of EMI potential to (1998) in relation in Wuppertal are which projects, Stadtbahn from impacts scheme. the proposed to comparable assessment of for Criteria 6.2: Table magnitude. impact

Chapter 6 Page 76 Human Beings: Radiation and Stray Current Page 77 Reference document Reference EMC Directive 2004/108/EC - applications Railway – 5: EN 50121-1 compatibility Electromagnetic - applications Railway EN 50122-2: earthing and bonding – installations, Fixed stray of the effects against Provisions Part 2: systems traction d.c. by caused currents Electrotechnical 60050 (161) International IEC Electromagnetic 161: – Chapter Vocabulary compatibility Ermittlung Meßtechnische report: Research im Bereich Felder der elektromagnetischen – Gleichstrom-Nahverkehrsbahnen von 70506/96 – FE-Nr. Forschungsbericht Wuppertal Akademie Technische results of EMC analysis document: RPA building at IBTS monitoring fields magnetic of - 03/08/04during Luas Day-One-Run results of EMC analysis document: RPA 20/06/03 with the outside world the system of Gníomhaireacht Um Fháil Iarnród, document: RPA 4 – – Appendix Specification LMV New Title: system Luas power to to occur due significant impacts for The potential that provided be low to is considered current stray 6.4.2 in Section detailed measures the mitigation in place. put are current direct arising from The EMI calculations upon the based are system supply (DC) power phenomena: physical following passes current occur if an electrical fields Magnetic (strength) intensity The field a conductor. through and the current depends upon the magnitude of and (source) conductor that between the distance of A planar view point (receptor). the destination The magnetic 6.1. in Figure is shown conductors two strength has its maximum magnetic intensity field with reduces which the conductor, of the centre at its centre. from distance increasing Table 6.3 Reference standards, regulations regulations standards, 6.3 Reference Table documents relevant and other Measures to minimise stray current have been have current stray minimise to Measures and specifications the design into incorporated during the construction will be implemented These scheme. proposed the of and operation current a stray the use of include may measures design other with together system, collector polymer insulating as resilient such measures the rails. around in the the earthing of system Monitoring locate out to be carried is to tunnel sections and Active in the earthing system. faults any shielding as insulated such measures passive protect to can be applied protection or cathodic critical components. any the that will ensure contractor(s) The system equipment associated and systems electrical with the EMC Directive comply with this scheme 2004/108/EC. electric sensitive types of some to With regard appliance the affected of relocation appliances, boundary) a railway a short from (even distance be possible. may 6.4.3.2 Project scenario: operational phase operational scenario: 6.4.3.2 Project into takes impacts residual The assessment of regulations standards, the reference consideration 6.3. Table in detailed and guidelines 6.4.3.1 Project scenario: construction phase construction scenario: Project 6.4.3.1 during current stray EMI and of levels Potential and phase (including the testing the construction power and traction the LMV commissioning of be within those to expected are system) supply 6.3. in Section limits detailed 6.4.3 Assessment of residual impacts impacts residual 6.4.3 Assessment of 6.4.2 Mitigation measures Mitigation 6.4.2 - - - - one LMV starting and accelerating (peak starting and accelerating one LMV same time as one the at on one track current) speed (continuous maximum at is running LMV (This is a pessimistic track on the other current) the same demand at power case traction worst along tracks on both location longitudinal the alignment); only from is fed system supply power traction maintenance), in case of (e.g. one substation will be in tracks both of current the traction the same direction Identification of representative scenarios scenarios representative of Identification of and combination the variation for cater To the for the calculations LMVs, different EMI from the based upon are case levels worst foreseeable scenarios: operational following - - supply power the traction During normal operation end of each at (one substations two from is fed loads the electric that means which section), each adjacent substations. two between split/shared are condition failure the emergency completeness, For has also the OCS system of failure a shortof circuit been considered. chosen for the fields the magnetic Predicting scenarios and locations out carried calculations The electromagnetic out set assumptions based upon the key were out in set are The results 6.4 and 6.6. Table in 6.11. to 6.7 Table H = I / (2 * π * r) B = µr * µ0 * H (at-grade); Stop Seatown tunnel); (cut and cover Park Albert College tunnel and stop); (bored Mater tunnel). Hospital (bored Rotunda Where: intensity field magnetic H: in amps per metre]; [measured and (Amps A): current traction I: point and destination source between distance r: streamlines). of point (radius fields magnetic point in space, determined any At other. with each interfere may various sources of be amplified or may field magnetic The resulting these interferences. of as a result compensated intensity field quantify magnetic to possible It is not field the magnetic of the impact rather directly; This is flux density) can be detected. (magnetic intensity: field dependent on the magnetic Where: Tesla [T]); in flux density (measured magnetic B: constant); permeability (physical absolute µ0: of materials). permeability (coefficient relative µr: locations representative of Selection alignment the proposed along locations Four EMI. of investigation detailed for chosen been have are: These locations - - - - factors, specific locations, the above of each For and distance the tunnel sections of as depth such into identified and taken were housing areas to these four for The modelling results consideration. will be which that of representative are locations scheme. the entire across experienced In case of a conductor with an efficient length, the length, efficient with an a conductor In case of as: be calculated can intensity field magnetic streamlines magnetic field field magnetic conductors with conductors Electric Electric Chapter 6 6.1 Figure Page 78 Human Beings: Radiation and Stray Current Page 79 20 metres (vertical [y]) and 20 metres [x]) (horizontal 4 metres 2800A 39.5 µT medium First Floor of residential residential of Floor First the alignment houses next 20 000 A floor First (vertical [y]) and 20 metres [x]) (horizontal 4 metres 20 000 A 129.9 µT high Per train (Two coupled LMVs) coupled (Two train Per 3600A 2400A 3600A 2.4 metres 1435 mm 4 – 10 metres (within tunnel) 3.9 metres and grade) (at metres 6.0 20000A Per LMV Per 1800A 1200A 1800A 2800A µT 38.1 medium 20 metres (vertical [y]) and 20 metres [x]) (horizontal 0 metres 1 x 3600 A and 1 x 2400 A residential of floor Ground the alignment houses next 1 x 3600 A and 1 x 2400 A 20 000 A floor Ground (vertical [y]) and 20 metres [x]) (horizontal 0 metres 20 000A 129.9 µT high Peak Current Peak RMS Current Continuous current braking Maximum Performance Supply 6.5 Power Table Load current Load EMI magnitude Impact Operation – Fault Seatown 6.8 EMI at Table Distance between top of rail rail of top between Distance point and destination operation Fault point Destination tail of top between Distance point and destination current Load EMI magnitude Impact Normal operation Normal operation point Destination Vehicle width Vehicle Table 6.6 Track and OCS Parameters OCS Parameters and Track 6.6 Table gauge Track distance centre Track height wire Contact – Normal Operation Seatown EMI at 6.7 Table Maximum short circuit current Maximum short circuit Table 6.4 LMV Performance 6.4 LMV Table 1 x 3600 A and 1 x 2400 A 1 x 3600 A floor Ground (vertical [y]) and 30 metres [x]) (horizontal metres 9.7 2800A µT 7.4 low impacts residual 6.4.4 Summary of scheme the proposed design of The technical The described practice. best current to conforms Low of can be regarded impacts radiation significant any present significance and do not to significant impacts for The potential risk. safety be low to is considered current stray occur due to in detailed measures the mitigation that provided put in place. 6.4.2 are Section 1 x 3600 A and 1 x 2400 A floor Ground (vertical [y]) and 0 metres [x]) (horizontal 22.9 metres 3600A 15.3 µT medium 1 x 3600 A and 1 x 2400 A 1 x 3600 A and 1 x 2400 floor Ground (vertical [y]) and 100 metres [x]) (horizontal 25.5 metres 3600A 0.6 µT low Extrapolating of the obtained results to assess to results the obtained of Extrapolating alignment the entire risk along the potential show above in the tables presented The results the electromagnetic during normalthat operations, and is low scheme the proposed of impact in the in a small increase results which medium, the in the vicinity of environment electromagnetic scheme. proposed the OCS of failure short circuit ‘hard’ a Whilst, a high impact to condition) leads (failure system event. unlikely this is an extremely magnitude, on the Luas occurred has never fault This type of commenced operations. since this system scheme the failure of the duration did occur, If this fault (the time it takes than 20ms, no longer last would This off). and switched be detected to the fault for short magnetic very of peaks only that means, occur. would fields Normal operation Normal operation Destination point Destination rail of top between Distance point and destination current Load EMI magnitude Impact – Normal Hospital Operation Rotunda EMI at 6.11 Table point Destination rail of top between Distance point and destination current Load EMI magnitude Impact Normal operation Normal operation Destination point Destination rail of top between Distance point and destination current Load EMI magnitude Impact Hospital – Normal Operation Mater EMI at 6.10 Table Table 6.9 EMI at Albert College – Normal Operation – Normal Operation Albert College 6.9 EMI at Table Normal operation

Chapter 6 Page 80 Planning and Policy Context Page 81 : eings

Introduction methodology assessment Transport assessment section transportation of Structure assessment criteria Impact sources Data the transport assessment used for assessment criteria General effects of Categorisation vehicular traffic significance on impact of Determination delay significance on driver impact of Determination cyclists and significance on pedestrians impact of Determination and safety traffic and cyclist pedestrian on vehicular, impact of Consideration methodology mitigation Strategic Introduction measures mitigation construction Strategic measures mitigation operational Strategic impact strategic Predicted Introduction impact strategic the predicted of Source impact strategic the predicted Assessment of impact construction strategic Predicted impact operational strategic Predicted re-distribution and changes flow traffic Strategic assessment impact predicted the strategic from Conclusions drawn further mitigation Strategic Introduction Plan Management Traffic Scheme transport operations Public strategies management Corridor strategies management Pedestrian MN102 - Area impact construction local Predicted area impact Construction flows HGV and background traffic Construction traffic on general phase impact Construction on public transport phase impact Construction and cyclists on pedestrians phase impact Construction MN102 - Area impact operational local Predicted traffic on general phase impact Operational on public transport phase impact Operational and cyclists on pedestrians phase impact Operational MN102 - Area impact local Residual measures mitigation construction Further local impact construction local Residual impact operational local Residual B uman raffic 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 7.4.6 7.4.7 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4 7.5.5 7.6 7.6.1 7.6.2 7.6.3 7.6.4 7.6.5 7.7 7.7.1 7.7.2 7.7.3 7.8 7.8.1 7.8.2 7.8.3 H 7.1 T 07 Chapter 4 Page 82 Human Beings: Traffic Page 83 identifying the involves assessment The strategic for entirety in its scheme the proposed of impact This phases. and operational construction both the zone of the extent to an understanding provides on the has and informs influence the impact of mitigation strategic overarching for requirement assessment The second tier impact measures. assessment the designated of on each focuses understanding detailed a more and provides areas transport. on all modes of impact the localised of the proposed of impact construction The predicted be significant without mitigation could scheme will be constructed the stops as some of measures, high levels are there where areas in sensitive construction The activity. transportation of cognisance of takes methodology and programme users, on all road impact construction the potential the potential a point where to and has evolved the furthest to has been minimised impact within the construction Inherent possible. extent the proposed of methodology and programme and associated objectives generic are scheme overall the minimise to aim that measures mitigation The users. road all on impact transportation strategic to applicable also are measures mitigation strategic scheme. the proposed phase of the operational The proposed scheme will have a city wide impact a city wide impact will have scheme The proposed and during its construction movement on traffic will be very The impacts phases. operational phase as there during its operational beneficial on cars of in the number reduction will be a general to will switch as some car users network the road will the impact However, scheme. use the proposed phase as the during its construction be negative create would and activity programme construction without disruption, traffic of levels considerable measures the mitigation of the introduction described herein. scheme the proposed of impact As the cumulative a strategic through be understood can only it is necessary the impact, of understanding of the impacts the predicted examine firstly to the phases for and operational construction area the local as this will inform alignment, full of extent the true understand fully To impact. the assessment is, impact, the transportation The first tier manner. in a two presented therefore, and the impact of nature the strategic tier presents impact. the localised the second tier presents 7.1 Introduction 7.1 proposed scheme are described for Area MN102. Area for described are scheme proposed arising out of the construction and operation of the the of operation and construction the of out arising vehicular, pedestrian and cycling traffic and safety safety and traffic cycling and pedestrian vehicular, impact of the proposed scheme. The impacts on on impacts The scheme. proposed the of impact This chapter of the EIS examines the transportation transportation the examines EIS the of chapter This Impact Assessment Criteria; Impact Methodology; Mitigation Strategic Impact; Strategic Predicted Further Mitigation; Strategic Impact; Area Local Predicted Measures. Further Mitigation Local Stage 3 is the localised impact assessment on all assessment impact the localised 3 is Stage impact the predicted presents which users road A area. study each within scheme the proposed of study each for is presented assessment area local the construction of severity identify the to area is assessment A detailed impact. and operational movements, traffic on general impact the made of transport services, public access requirements, and on the environment and cycling the pedestrian traffic HGV and background construction of impact specific mitigation Further area area. on each mitigation the strategic by covered not measures, the impact address to presented are methodology, when all mitigation Finally, area. on the local residual the been considered have measures identified. are basis area on a local impacts transportation of Structure 7.1.2 assessment section assessment section The transportation follows: as is structured ------The strategic mitigation measures are needed to to needed are measures mitigation The strategic for minimised are impacts transportation ensure alignment proposed the throughout users all road phases. and operational construction during both additional further level, area by On an area cover to will be required measures mitigation addressed not impacts transportation localised measures. mitigation strategic within the assessment methodology Transport 7.1.1 assessment the transportation illustrates 7.1 Figure the methodologyof The stages methodology. as follows: are Assessment is the Impact the process 1 of Stage against the parameters defines which Criteria These criteria is measured. the impact which and practice best international from derived were of A categorisation guidelines. standard industry the impacts which against established was effects the proposed of and operation the construction of and be assessed on a strategic could scheme the Strategic both inform These criteria level. local by and the Area Alignment the Full Assessment of Assessment. Impact Area the Full of Assessment 2 is the Strategic Stage a comprehensive Within this stage Alignment. Methodology developed Mitigation was Strategic is to which the aim of alignment, the full for will that principles management traffic establish will scheme the proposed of the impact that ensure The predicted as possible. be minimised as much statistics, on traffic then focuses impact strategic time journey re-distribution, and change flow traffic the demonstrate to in order and speed differences and operation. construction of impacts predicted for recommendations this assessment, Following are measures further mitigation a series of of the reduce the severity to identified in order impact. construction process assessment impact impact Transportation Transportation Chapter 7 7.1 Figure Page 84 Human Beings: Traffic Page 85 The Environmental Protection Agency’s Agency’s Protection The Environmental be contained to ‘Guidelines on the information (2002)’ Statements Impact in Environmental Practice; on Current Note and Advice 2000, Capacity Manual, The US Highway on measuring pedestrian advice providing for or service parameters and level impact movement; pedestrian ‘Design Transports The UK Department of Volume (DRMB and Bridges’ Roads Manual for the advice for comprehensive offers 11) which schemes; major road assessment of staged Management Environmental of The Institute Traffic and Assessment (IEMA) – Guidelines for Assessment (1994). Impact pedestrian vehicular, for collection Data traffic; and cyclist impacts the potential of An understanding scheme; the proposed by generated to measures mitigation of A development the proposed by generated minimise the impact and the construction during both scheme phases; operational impacts of predicted An identification stages; and operational the construction for measures further mitigation of A development measures); remedial (or mitigation the additional of An understanding impact.residual activities construction Sequence of duration; and construction methodology; Construction compound locations. Construction 7.2.2 General assessment criteria used used criteria assessment General 7.2.2 assessment the transport for the assessment of the for used The criteria on EIS advice from based are scheme proposed guidelines. practice best standard industry is benchmarked the assessment Furthermore, assessments undertaken EIS previous against best that ensure to and internationally in Ireland this for The sources has been maintained. practice as follows: advice are - - - - The advice contained within these documents assessment the impact the basis for forms scheme. the proposed of both the transport assessment for Generally, should phases and operational construction the following: for regard have ------influencing the transport factors Additionally, phase assessment during the construction include the: - - - criteria assesssment Data sources used; sources Data used Assessment Criteria General Assessment; Transport the for Effects; of Categorisation can Traffic (Vehicular Traffic Vehicular on Impact modes using be classified as all mechanised Vehicles, Light Car, including: network the road Taxis); Buses and Vehicles, Goods Heavy Delay; Driver for Criteria Amenities; and Cyclist on Pedestrian Impact on Pedestrians Severance of Impact and Cyclists; Vehicular, on Impact of Consideration and Safety. Traffic and Cyclist Pedestrian 7.2.1.2 Accident data Accident 7.2.1.2 with traffic Síochána RPA An Garda has provided the from is derived in itself which accident data the for database, Accident Authority Roads National relates which information, This period 2002-2006. the from is derived injury accidents, personal to categorises which reporting system Garda national accidents as fatal/serious/minor. 7.2.1.1 Traffic data (vehicle flows) (vehicle data Traffic 7.2.1.1 for the data traffic of The principal source Traffic scheme assessment is the the proposed model developed a traffic Model (MNTM), of assessing the traffic for the task specifically both for scheme the proposed of impact related This has been years. and operational construction and junction link individual traffic by supplemented Procurement the Railway counts undertaken by counts have and cycle Pedestrian (RPA). Agency in the city areas in sensitive also been collected and Swords. centre The Impact Assessment Criteria are based are Criteria Assessment The Impact sources. contained in EIS guidance on advice the are important most Among the references ‘Guidelines on Agency’s Protection Environmental contained in Environmental be to the information and the UK Department (2002)’, Statements Impact and Roads ‘Design Manual for Transport’s of offers 11) which Volume (DRMB Bridges’ assessment the staged advice for comprehensive on the information Detailed schemes. major road of ‘scope’ engineering design is used to developing and vehicular to issues relating key the potential Assessment Criteria The Impact traffic. pedestrian as follows: categorised are ------sources Data 7.2.1 pedestrian for data of The principal sources for and for accidents, traffic, and vehicular as follows: modelling are transportation 7.2 Impact 7.2

Chapter 7 4 The determination of significance rating for all 7.2.3 Categorisation of effects road users is defined in the table below. They are categorised broadly into Slight, Moderate or Severe A transportation impact is determined significant (see Table 7.1). Further additional significance by reference to the following criteria: ratings are provided for pedestrians and cyclists - The extent of the impact (the geographical area in Section 7.2.6. and size of population affected); - The magnitude and complexity of the impact; - The probability of the impact; - The duration, frequency and reversibility of the impact.

Table 7.1 Categorisation of impact significance1 Level Description Slight ‘Slight’ impacts are those which, by and large, should be capable of being ‘designed out’ in the detailed design and construction planning. In particular, construction activity will generate many ‘slight’ effects that are typically of short duration and can be remedied with suitable traffic management measures and the provision of temporary bridges and footways. Moderate ‘Moderate’ impacts are those which, depending on their intensity or the sensitivity of location to vehicular or pedestrian activity or the duration of the effect, should be recorded in an assessment, but which do not rank as severe themselves. Severe The ‘Severe’ level equates to impacts that are residual or of long duration, of a high magnitude and/or affecting a substantial population.

1 Adapted from The Environmental Protection Agency’s ‘Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements (2002)’ and Advice Note on Current Practice and The UK Department of Transports ‘Design Manual for Roads and Bridges’ (DRMB Volume 11) which offers comprehensive advice for the staged assessment of major road schemes.

- Any other specifically sensitive areas where 7.2.4 Determination of impact significance traffic flows will increase. (Specifically sensitive

on vehicular traffic areas would include accident blackspots, conservation areas, hospitals, links with high The significance of vehicular traffic impact is pedestrian flows etc.). determined by changes to traffic flow, as follows: Table 7.2 further outlines the criteria for classifying - Highway links where traffic flows will increase the impact of increases in traffic flows. by more than 30% (or the number of heavy goods vehicles will increase by more than 30%).

Table 7.2 Categorisation of impact significance for vehicular traffic2 Traffic Flow Increases <10% Traffic flow increases directly attributable to the proposed scheme of less than 10% are not considered likely to give rise to any potential significant effects. 10% to 30% Traffic flow increases of 10% to 30% are only considered to give rise to significant effects in specifically sensitive areas. For accidents, this is defined as any road link with more than 15 accidents in the last five year period for which data is available. >30% Traffic flow increases directly attributable to the proposed scheme of more than 30% are considered likely to give rise to potentially significant effects.

2 Adapted from The Environmental Protection Agency’s ‘Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements (2002)’ and Advice Note on Current Practice and The UK Department Page 86 of Transports ‘Design Manual for Roads and Bridges’ (DRMB Volume 11) which offers comprehensive advice for the staged assessment of major road schemes. Human Beings: Traffic

7.2.5 Determination of impact significance 7.2.6 Determination of impact significance on driver delay on pedestrians and cyclists A further determination of impact significance for The significance of pedestrian and cyclist vehicular traffic is the effect on driver delay which movement impact is primarily determined by is deemed to exist where: reference to the following criteria: - there is predicted to be a decrease in link - There is predicted to be a increase in total traffic speeds of more than 5kph; flow of more than 30% and the increase is more than 40 movements per day; - there is predicted to be a increase in journey length of 500m. - There are ‘material’ levels of pedestrians; - The sensitivity of the area is ‘high’ (e.g. conservation area, major community facility). Severance can be defined as the sum of divisive effects that a project may impose on a community in terms of access to and movement between locations such as residences, workplaces, commercial/retail areas, schools, community facilities, etc. Catchment areas for community and religious facilities can be established by reference to parish boundaries. The significance of the severance impact is determined with regard to the following: - The number of people who would be impacted; - The presence of particularly vulnerable groups such as children, the aged or the disabled amongst those likely to be impacted. The significance rating of pedestrian and cyclist impact is primarily determined by reference to Table 7.3.

Table 7.3 Categorisation of impact significance for pedestrians and cyclists3 Extent of Impact Description Slight In general the current journey pattern is likely to be maintained, but there will probably be some hindrance to movement, for example: - Pedestrian at-grade crossing of a road with <8000 Annual Average Daily Traffic – AADT); - A new bridge will need to be climbed or a subway traversed; - Increases in pedestrian journeys of at least 250m Moderate Some residents, particularly children and elderly people are likely to be dissuaded from making trips, for example: - Two of the impacts listed under Slight; - Pedestrian at-grade crossing of a road with between 8,000 and 16,000 AADT; - Journeys will be increased by 250m to 500m Severe People are likely to be deterred from making trips to an extent sufficient to induce a re-organisation of their habits, for example: - Pedestrian at-grade crossing of a road with >16,000 AADT; - An increase in length of journeys of over 500m; - Three or more of the hindrances listed under slight; - Two or more of the hindrances listed under Moderate.

3 Adapted from The UK Department of Transports ‘Design Manual for Roads and Bridges’ (DRMB Volume 11) Page 87 which offers comprehensive advice for the staged assessment of major road schemes.

Chapter 7 - Construction vehicle routes and volumes – peak 7.2.7 Consideration of impact on vehicular, construction vehicle movements occur at each

pedestrian and cyclist traffic and safety stop simultaneously.

The assessment of the impact on vehicular and 7.2.7.1 Baseline environment pedestrian traffic and safety, for each of the seven areas, is carried out with regard to the following: The proposed scheme penetrates a large number of areas with very different environments. These - Modelled traffic flows (AM Peak 08:00 to 09:00) environments vary in terms of the road network, extracted from the MNTM; the existing concentration of traffic movements - Public transport infrastructure and services; and the existing make up of that traffic (i.e. cars, pedestrians, cyclists, buses). - Pedestrian and cyclists; The assessment of vehicular and pedestrian traffic - Mobility Impaired / Disabled (MID); and safety, for each of the seven areas, is carried - Access and servicing requirements. out with regard to the following inputs: Operational phase - All day traffic flows at locations along The assessment of impact on vehicular and the full alignment; pedestrian traffic and safety during the opening - Public transport infrastructure and services; year (2014) and forecast year (2029), for each of the seven areas, is carried out with regard to the - Pedestrian counts in areas of high following inputs: pedestrian concentrations; - Modelled traffic flows (AM Peak 08:00 to 09:00) - Cyclist counts; extracted from the MNTM; - Accident history along the full length of the - Modelled traffic flows (Off-Peak 14:00 to 15:00) proposed alignment. extracted from the MNTM; Construction phase - Road network changes; The construction phase will include utilities diversions and enabling works, which, by their - Traffic management alterations; nature are of short duration and will have localised - Public transport infrastructure; impacts which will be mitigated. This phase also includes the main construction works for the - Details of pedestrian facilities – proposed scheme, which are of longer duration and pedestrian bridges, crossing locations, etc; which have a potentially greater impact along the - Details of cycle facilities – full length of the proposed scheme. The assessment cycle lane provision and cycle parking; therefore considers the main construction works. - Mobility Impaired / Disabled (MID); The transport and traffic assumptions and modelling assessment undertaken represent a conservative - Access and servicing requirements view of the likely traffic conditions that will be experienced during the construction phase of the proposed scheme. The construction phase at each 7.3 Strategic mitigation methodology

construction site (at a road junction or stop location) that is considered to have the most potentially 7.3.1 Introduction significant impact on traffic was modelled. In reality the construction phases for each site that have the This Mitigation Methodology forms the basis for most significant impact on traffic movement are developing a comprehensive set of mitigation very unlikely to occur in tandem. However to ensure measures to minimise the impacts generated by a robust traffic assessment and to ensure that the proposed scheme during both construction mitigation requirements are not underestimated and operational phases. Mitigation measures are it was viewed as essential to examine worst case defined for any adverse impacts that are deemed construction impact scenario. For the purposes of to be of Moderate or greater significance prior to assessing the impact during construction, worst mitigation. The extent to which mitigation is needed case scenarios are assumed. The construction increases as the severity of the impact increases. assumptions are as follows: - The phases of construction that will have the most severe impact at key junctions occur concurrently; - Network changes including infrastructure/road closures/ prohibited turning movements and other traffic restrictions are implemented;

Page 88 - Construction Strategy – maximum length of time that specific areas will be affected; Human Beings: Traffic

7.3.1.1 Mitigation objectives 7.3.1.2 Categorisation of Mitigation Measures As it is anticipated that the construction phase According to the EPA Guidelines, the central of the proposed scheme will have a greater purpose of the Environmental Impact Assessment impact than the operational phase, a greater is to identify potentially significant adverse effects/ emphasis has been placed on construction impacts at the pre-consent stage and to propose mitigation objectives, although many are also measures to mitigate or ameliorate such impacts. applicable to the operational phase. There are two established strategies for impact mitigation which are used for this assessment, Light Metro Vehicles (LMVs) and HGV namely reduction and remedial measures. The - Minimise impact on current delivery difference between these two measures is arrangements for affected businesses; highlighted by the examples given below: - Minimise impact on current levels of on-street - Strategic Reduction Measures – car parking provision; e.g. introduction of the proposed scheme - Maintain access to all off-street car parks; Traffic Management Plan prior to construction of the proposed scheme; - Minimise impact on quality of access/egress to off-street car parks; - Strategic Remedial Measures – e.g. adjustment of traffic signals to improve traffic flow; - Minimise impact on current car journey times. - Localised Reduction Measures – e.g. reduce the Buses construction area in order to maintain a footpath; - Minimise impact on current bus service coverage; - Localised Remedial Measures – e.g. when the construction area covers the footpath resulting - Minimise impact on current bus stop facilities; in its closure, then the impact will be lessened - Minimise impact on current bus journey times; by widening the opposite footpath. - Minimise impact on routes between In general, strategic reduction mitigation occurs bus garages and termini; before construction, while remedial measures are implemented during construction on an on-going - Minimise impact on current conditions basis. Mitigation is mainly achieved by remedial on bus paths for turnaround of buses measures i.e. measures which can be put in place at the end of their routes. to negate the impacts of the proposed scheme on Taxis the environment. - Minimise impact on current taxi Maintaining the safety of all road users is service coverage; the primary objective during the construction - Minimise impact on taxi passengers. of the proposed scheme; and is considered in the preparation of recommendations for Pedestrians and cyclists mitigation measures. - Maintain a safe environment for pedestrian and cyclist movement in the vicinity of each In order to successfully limit the impact of the construction site; construction period on the environment, a number of key mitigation measures are required, as outlined - Maintain pedestrian access to all buildings in the following sections. in the vicinity of construction works; - Minimise impact to pedestrian 7.3.2 Strategic construction mitigation measures and cycle networks. The mitigation required during the construction Emergency vehicles phase of the proposed scheme will be substantial. - Maintain emergency service access to all Due to the scale of the proposed scheme and its buildings in the vicinity of construction works; associated construction impact, it is important to - Minimise impact to current emergency services develop an overarching Mitigation Methodology journey times. covering the full alignment of the proposed scheme. The aim of the methodology is to establish traffic Mobility impaired management principles that will ensure that the - Ensure full mobility impaired/disabled (MID) construction impact of the proposed scheme will compliance for all facilities. be minimised to the greatest extent possible. The principles of the Mitigation Methodology must be adhered to by the contractor. As part of the development of the Mitigation Methodology, international best practice guidelines were reviewed to produce a comprehensive list of mitigation objectives and an associated set of Page 89 mitigation measures which can be applied to achieve them. These are outlined below.

Chapter 7 - To ensure a coordinated response to the 7.3.2.1 Reduction measures (construction phase) construction activities, there will be frequent communication with, and information Reduction measures – general exchanged between interested parties (i.e. - Construction of the proposed scheme will lead Local Councils, National Roads Authority, to some level of disruption throughout the Local Chamber of Commerce, etc); study area. A number of mitigating measures have been proposed to address the impacts of - All traffic management implementation the construction phase, which will minimise measures will be discussed and agreed with hindrance to general activity in the area the relevant roads authorities, An Garda while allowing the construction period to be Síochána and other agencies such as the progressed as fast as is feasible. Appropriate National Roads Authority as required. safety measures will be put in place to mitigate Reduction measures – construction traffic in general any safety risks to the general - Construction vehicles routes have been identified public. A scheme of traffic management to direct construction traffic onto suitable roads, measures will be adopted to manage traffic and to minimise the negative effects of increased impacts. Development of this scheme will HGV traffic on the environment; involve on-going consultation with all relevant stakeholders including Dublin City Council, - There will be strict controls and regulations Fingal County Council, Dublin Bus, the Dublin at the entrance/exits of sites for construction Transportation Office, An Garda Síochána, vehicles in order to ensure the safety of other Dublin Chamber of Commerce, Dublin City road users. Business Association, etc; Reduction measures – general traffic - Prior to the commencement of each - Where practicable, construction work requiring construction phase, the necessary enabling short term disruption and road closures will be works will be implemented. These will primarily undertaken at times that minimise their impact, take the form of additional road works and and will be agreed with the relevant planning traffic signal changes; and roads authority; - Co-ordination by RPA representatives of works - Temporary ramps across trenches may by the utility companies and their contractors; be provided to facilitate the movements of diverted traffic. - Co-ordination by RPA representatives of the works of the infrastructure contractor; Reduction measures – pedestrians and cyclists - Pedestrian routes will be maintained - Prior to the commencement of the construction throughout the construction period, either phase, a comprehensive publicity campaign around or through the construction site, where will take place. This campaign will be launched safety risks to the general public will not through the local and national press and increase as a result of construction activity; through radio and the internet, and will provide updates on the progress of the construction - In very sensitive areas, such as the city centre, phases and on further mitigation measures the designated access and pedestrian routes that may be needed during the course of the around the construction sites, particularly construction programme. Overall, the public at and/or along the hording lines, must not information campaign will inform the general be perceived as uninviting by pedestrians. public on: The environment around the sites, therefore, will be designed to ensure that pedestrians - The envisaged city centre traffic and cyclists feel they are entering a safe and management plan (road closures, accessible environment. This will ensure that designated diversionary routes for general impact to businesses and shops adjacent to traffic, new bus routings and stop locations, the works areas is minimised. new access arrangements, new taxi rank locations and pedestrian and cycling infrastructure); 7.3.2.2 Remedial measures (construction phase) - The enabling works required before Where significant adverse effects on the construction work commences and the environment are identified, the impact will be associated timeframe; limited by undertaking remedial works.

- The construction programme, including Remedial measures – general timeframe, construction vehicle routes, - Alternative arrangements will be provided if working hours and works areas; road closures are unavoidable i.e. diversions, signage strategies for access traffic and - The other general mitigation measures through traffic; required to minimise the disruption; Page 90 - The Dublin City Council urban traffic signal - Bus stops affected by the construction of the Human Beings: Traffic control system will be used to optimise the flow proposed scheme will be temporarily relocated of traffic along the diversion routes to mitigate in order to ensure the safety of passengers and queuing and delay which would otherwise be the continued operation of services. expected during peak periods. This may affect Remedial measures – pedestrians and cyclists the level of green time afforded to pedestrians; - Temporary pathways and cycle tracks will be - Agreement will be sought from the relevant installed where appropriate and provision will road authority and An Garda Síochána for the be made to ensure access for the mobility introduction of stricter speed limits on roads impaired is maintained; adjacent to construction sites to ensure the - Where the existing level of service cannot be safety of all road users: maintained in the vicinity of the construction - 50kph speed limit in the city centre sites, an alternative route will be designated, will be reduced to 30kph; be clearly visible, be safe and be signed and have the level of service required to cater for - 80kph on all other routes will be the pedestrian demand. reduced to 50kph. - The public will be provided with advanced 7.3.3 Strategic operational mitigation measures warning of any proposed diversions and disruption through: During its operational phase, the proposed scheme will have an overall beneficial impact on traffic. - Signage on site; There may, however, be localised increases in - Continuous updates on construction progress traffic volumes around each stop associated with on the project website and external media. increased pedestrian activity, Park & Ride, and drop off facilities. - Temporary reinstatement of road surfaces to facilitate pedestrians, cyclists and MIDs The aim of the Strategic Mitigation Methodology is will be provided; to establish traffic management principles that will ensure that the operational impact of the proposed - There will be safety procedures and fencing scheme will be minimised as much as possible. around trenches at all times in order to ensure the safety of road users. 7.3.3.1 Reduction measures (operational phase) Remedial measures – construction traffic - Construction vehicles will be covered to ensure Reduction measures – pedestrians and cyclists loss of material is minimised; Subject to agreement of the relevant road authority and An Garda Síochána, where necessary, the - Wheel wash facilities or road cleaning following measures will be implemented: will be provided at work sites, as required; - The number of pedestrian crossing facilities will - The numbers of employee vehicles travelling be increased in the immediate vicinity of stops to and from construction sites on a daily basis where appropriate; will be limited through: - Sufficient pedestrian access between the - Car sharing; drop-off points and the stops will be provided - Transporting workers to site via car pools where appropriate; and mini-buses from designated collection - Suitable parking and storage facilities for points (such as Luas and DART stations or bicycles will be provided in prominent locations other appropriate locations); at Stops and Park & Ride facilities for public use. - Offering subsidised travel via public transport. Reduction measures – public transport Remedial measures – general traffic - At designated stops, bus and car interchange - To maintain traffic flow and minimise delay, the facilities will be provided; introduction of traffic management measures - Enhanced bus priority facilities will be will be implemented as agreed with the road introduced at selected locations, subject to authority and An Garda Síochána, including agreement with the relevant roads authority. prohibitions of turning movements, loading and waiting restrictions, reconfiguration of Reduction measures – mobility impaired traffic signals etc. - All proposed pedestrian crossing facilities installed will incorporate audio/tactile units to Remedial measures – public transport facilitate mobility and visual impaired persons; - The requirement and potential for additional mitigation measures to facilitate enhanced - Adequate ramps / lifts will be provided at each public transport operations along the corridor stop platform to enable access for mobility to encourage a transfer from car to public impaired / disabled persons; transport will be examined. - Mobility impaired / disabled compliance will Page 91 be ensured at stops and Park & Ride facilities. Chapter 7

7.3.3.2 Remedial measures (operational phase) 7.4.2.1 Construction phase Remedial measures – general traffic The construction impact is largely created by the - Variable Message Signs will be located at construction of the stops, particularly in the city appropriate locations to advise motorists on centre at St. Stephen’s Green, O’Connell Bridge and appropriate access routes to the Park & Ride sites, Parnell Square where road capacity will be reduced and on available car park capacity at the site; substantially. The construction of these stops requires large areas of road space to be removed for - The Dublin City Council urban traffic signal long periods of time (for example, at Westmoreland control system will be used to optimise the flow Street and Parnell Square East) which will severely of traffic along the routes, particularly during reduce the operating capacity available for all road peak traffic times, to reduce the impact of users. Other construction activity, such as cut and queuing and delay during the operational phase. cover tunnelling, through Ballymun and construction Remedial measures – pedestrian and cyclists activity through junctions along the R132 in Swords - Appropriate signage will be installed to advise will create further capacity limitations for all pedestrians of appropriate crossing locations modes of travel in these areas. In all areas along and access routes to each stop. the alignment of the proposed scheme, appropriate mitigation measures are required. Each of the proposed scheme’s construction 7.4 Predicted strategic impact sites will also generate substantial levels of spoil removal and construction vehicles which 7.4.1 Introduction will impact on both the local and strategic road network. The cumulative impact of all the The proposed scheme will have both a local and construction sites (and the associated number strategic impact on all road users. The scale of the of construction vehicles generated) on traffic proposed scheme, its anticipated construction movement throughout the Dublin Area has been impact footprint and the envisaged operational assessed. The routes proposed to facilitate benefits means that there will be a significant construction vehicle activity are illustrated in Annex predicted impact during both construction I of this EIS (Volume 3, Book 2 of 2). and operational phases. There will either be considerable vehicular re-assignment away from The combination of the construction site impact roads where construction is taking place or, during and the construction vehicle activity creates a its operational phase, reductions in car numbers situation were significant mitigation is required to within the study area. The cumulative impact of the create a workable transport environment within the proposed scheme can only be understood through vicinity of the proposed alignment and also in areas a strategic understanding of the impact. where vehicles re-distribute to completely avoid the construction sites.

7.4.2 Source of the predicted strategic impact 7.4.2.2 Operational phase The proposed scheme will have two very distinct impact phases. The construction phase could have The operational phase of the proposed scheme significant negative impacts on all road users, will have a substantial overall beneficial impact as which will be limited through the introduction of it will allow people within its walking, cycling and mitigation measures. During the operational phase bus interchange catchment (and those who can the proposed scheme will have very significant avail of the Park & Ride facilities at Belinstown, beneficial impacts. Understanding, managing and Dardistown and Fosterstown Stops) to use a high reducing the impact generated by the construction quality public transport service. Furthermore, phase of the proposed scheme is of particular during its operational phase, vehicular traffic on the importance to ensure that general traffic can surrounding road network will be reduced as some move at reasonable speeds and that vulnerable people who would otherwise have driven will use road users can move in a safe manner around the service provided by the proposed scheme. It is the construction sites. In its operational phase, estimated that the proposed scheme will remove understanding the strategic traffic impact is of in the region of up to 5,000 cars from the road lesser importance as the proposed scheme will network, in the morning peak period (07.00-09.00), generally reduce the level of traffic. during its operational phase as a result of mode shift from car to the proposed scheme. Page 92 During the proposed scheme’s operational phase, - Travel Time – This statistic relates to the time Human Beings: Traffic some stops will generate additional pedestrian, spent travelling within the modelled period. cyclist, bus and car trips on the local surrounding The units of measurement are in pcu hours. road infrastructure when compared to the situation - Travel distance – This statistic relates to without the proposed scheme. Some level of the distance travelled by vehicles across the mitigation is required to ensure that the local GDA within the modelled period. The units environment around each stop is configured to of measurement are in pcu kilometres. accommodate the additional demand and that complementary facilities are in place at and - Average Speed – This statistics represents the around each stop. average speed across the road network. The units of measurement are in kilometres per hour (kph).

7.4.3 Assessment of the predicted For bus movement assessment: strategic impact - Average Bus Speeds – This statistic represents Given the proposed scheme’s length and catchment the average bus speed across the road network. it will have a city wide impact on traffic movement The units of measurement are in kilometres during its construction and operational phases. per hour (kph); The traffic modelling process adopted to assess the - Bus kilometres lost to queuing – This statistic impact of the proposed scheme ensures that both provides information on the kilometres lost to local and strategic impacts are understood and congestion in the modelled hour for buses. The mitigation measures tested. Furthermore, the impact units of measurement are in kilometre hours. of the proposed scheme during its operational phase will become more beneficial over time as other These statistics provide good indicators to the elements of the Transport 21 network are built which overall performance of the road network and, will connect with the proposed scheme thereby therefore, are a very useful way of presenting and enhancing accessibility from within its catchment understanding the overall strategic predicted area. This will further increase its attractiveness to impact of the proposed scheme during both commuters and continue to reduce car use within construction and operational phases. The statistics the proposed scheme’s catchment. are presented for the AM Peak hour (08.00-09.00) only as this time period represents a heavily To assess the strategic impact of the proposed congested road network and negative or positive scheme for the construction and operational impacts generated by the proposed scheme can phases the following traffic modelling statistics, be clearly identified. extracted from the MNTM, are presented: - General traffic statistics for the full Greater 7.4.4 Predicted strategic construction impact Dublin Area for average network speed, queuing, distance travelled and time travelled; The predicted strategic impact has been determined based on the worst case scenario - General traffic flow plots representing traffic without mitigation measures, but with local changes between the do-minimum and do- diversionary measures in place. something scenarios on strategic roads within the Greater Dublin Area; Table 7.4 shows the strategic modelled impact of the proposed scheme during its construction - Journey time and speed changes on a number phase. In general, queuing, time spent travelling of key routes that will be affected by the and distance travelled would increase as a result of proposed scheme; the construction activities. Queuing would increase - Strategic Bus operation speeds and by over 22% with time spent travelling increasing by queuing statistics. over 15%. The time spent queuing as proportion of overall travel time would increase from 24% to 27% Pedestrian and cyclist impacts are considered as a result of the construction phase. under local predicted impact, described later. The increase in travel time and travel distance indicates that without mitigation measures there 7.4.3.1 Strategic traffic statistics for Greater would be considerable re-routing of vehicles Dublin Area through the network as drivers try to avoid construction areas. This would impact on parallel A number of summary traffic statistics were routes contributing to further delay and congestion. extracted from the MNTM traffic model. These statistics include the following: The average speed for travel across the network would deteriorate by over 11%, a reduction of 3kph. For general vehicular traffic assessment: Based on these statistics, the strategic impact on - Queuing – This statistic relates to the time the city wide road network during the construction spent in congestion within the modelled period. phase would be Severe without the proposed The units of measurement are in Passenger mitigation measures.

Car Unit (pcu) hours. Page 93 Chapter 7

Table 7.4 Strategic construction impact 2011 (AM peak hour) – general traffic

Indicator Do-Minimum Do-Something % Change Queuing Statistic (pcu hours) 21,000 25,700 +22.4% Travel Time (pcu hrs) 86,700 100,200 +15.6% Travel Distance (pcu kilometres) 2,190,000 2,250,000 +2.8% Average Speed (kph) 25 22 -11.1%

Table 7.5 presents the impact of the proposed scheme without public transport mitigation measures. This would have a city wide impact on bus movement during the construction phase. The average bus speed throughout the city is predicted to decrease by 27%, a drop of 4kph. Furthermore, the bus kilometres lost to queuing per hour is predicted to increase by over 250% as a result of construction.

Table 7.5 Strategic construction impact, 2011 (AM peak hour) – bus only Indicator Do-Minimum Do-Something % Change Bus Speed (kph) 19 15 -27% Bus kilometres lost to queuing 1,900 4,800 +252% per hour

The traffic modelling statistics shown above clearly In 2029, the statistics show a similar positive show that the strategic, or city wide, predicted impact as 2014. In 2029, the proposed scheme impact of the construction phase would be Severe forms part of a much bigger public transportation on all vehicular modes of transport without the network than in 2014 (in 2029, the full Transport proposed mitigation measures. 21 public transportation network is assumed). Furthermore, in 2029, the demand for travel in the Dublin area is much higher than in 2014 and, 7.4.5 Predicted strategic operational impact therefore, the number of vehicles on the highway The predicted strategic impact has been network is greater. This is particularly reflected in determined based on the assumed scenario and the growth in queuing between 2014 and 2029 (i.e. traffic management measures being restored to 23,400 to 66,500 in the do-minimum scenarios). baseline arrangements. The queuing, time spent travelling and distance travelled statistics would all decrease from the Tables 7.6 and 7.7 present the strategic impact of do-minimum scenario. Queuing would decrease the proposed scheme during its operational phase by approximately 9% with time spent travelling for the assumed year of opening, 2014, and the decreasing by up to 32%. The average speed on the forecast year, 2029. In 2014, the operational impact network would increase by 17% in 2029, or by 3kph. of the proposed scheme on the highway network would be very positive. The queuing, travel time and Table 7.8 and Table 7.9 present the predicted impact distance travelled statistics would all decrease during the operational phase that the proposed substantially from the Do-minimum scenario. scheme will have on buses. In 2014, the average Queuing would decrease by over 21% with time speed of bus increases by 6%, or 1kph. The bus spent travelling decreasing by over 9%. The time kilometres lost to queuing decreases by 21%. In spent queuing as a proportion of overall travel time 2029, there is predicted to be a 14% increase in would decrease from 25% to 22% as a direct result average bus speed, or 2kph. Bus kilometres lost to of the proposed scheme. The average speed on the queuing in 2029, decreases by 10%. network would increase by 8% in 2014, or by 2kph. Page 94 Human Beings: Traffic

Table 7.6 Strategic operational impact 2014 (AM peak hour) Criteria Do-Minimum Do-Something % Change Queuing Statistic (pcu hours) 23,400 19,400 -21% Travel Time (pcu hrs) 95,200 86,900 -9.5% Travel Distance (pcu kilometres) 2,320,600 2,250,300 -3% Average Speed (kph) 24 26 +8%

Table 7.7 Strategic operational impact 2029 (AM peak hour) Criteria Do-Minimum Do-Something % Change Queuing Statistic (pcu hours) 66,500 60,600 -9% Travel Time (pcu hrs) 173,700 117,800 -32% Travel Distance (pcu kilometres) 3,155,500 2,510,300 -20% Average Speed (kph) 18 21 +17%

Table 7.8 Strategic operational impact 2014 (AM Peak Hour) – bus only Criteria Do-Minimum Do-Something % Change Bus Speed (kph) 18 19 +6% Bus kilometres lost to queuing per hour 2,300 1,900 -21%

Table 7.9 Strategic operational impact 2029 (AM Peak Hour) – bus only Criteria Do-Minimum Do-Something % Change Bus Speed (kph) 14 16 +14% Bus kilometres lost to queuing per hour 4,100 3,700 -10%

Overall, the predicted operational impact of the Traffic flow plots have been extracted from the proposed scheme would be very positive. In both MNTM traffic model and are presented in Figure 7.2 2014 and 2029, significant beneficial impacts to Figure 7.17. These plots illustrate the changes in are demonstrated to the road network in terms of traffic flow, for different areas in Dublin, between increasing average speed, decreasing congestion the do-minimum and the do-something scenarios and reducing the distance and time spent travelled. for the construction year 2011 and the operational There would also be a very beneficial impact to years 2014 and 2029 respectively. The flow changes bus movement as the proposed scheme reduces are presented in terms of coloured bandwidths, the number of cars on the road network reducing green representing an increase in traffic flow and congestion generally and thereby allowing blue a decrease in traffic flow. The thickness of the buses to move more freely. The positive impact bandwidth demonstrates the proportionate level of of the proposed scheme will also grow over time change (i.e, the thicker the greater the increase or as more elements of the Transport 21 public decrease in traffic flow). transport network come on stream allowing better interchange and enhancing accessibility. 7.4.6.1 Changes in traffic flow during construction of the proposed scheme 7.4.6 Strategic traffic flow changes Figure 7.2 and Figure 7.3 illustrate the traffic flow and re-distribution changes in Swords and its surrounding areas. Another means of presenting the strategic impact Generally, traffic would try to avoid the construction of the proposed scheme is by comparing the works on the R132 and divert to the other roads such traffic flow changes on the highway network and as the R108, R129 and the M1. Main Street in Swords ascertaining where vehicles will redistribute during would also experience an increase in traffic flow. construction and operational phases. Page 95

Chapter 7 Figure 7.4 illustrates the traffic flow changes across the Dublin area within the vicinity of the M50. This 7.4.6.2 Changes in traffic flow during operation plot shows that without the proposed mitigation of the proposed scheme measures there would be a substantial reduction During the operational phase of the proposed in traffic using the Ballymun Road particularly in a scheme the impact on traffic flow would be a southbound direction as drivers would try to avoid general reduction in the levels of traffic within the the construction activities. The Port Tunnel becomes areas served by the proposed scheme. This will be an attractive diversionary route for some drivers more pronounced in outlying areas such as Swords accessing the city centre and the south east city were the existing public transport service is poor areas. Furthermore, the upgraded M50 would allow and car use is high, particularly for commuting. some drivers to drive longer distances to avoid the In other areas further into the city served by the congestion caused by construction activities. proposed scheme the impact on car use would be Generally, as Figure 7.4 demonstrates, there would reduced as some users would transfer from other be some increase in traffic on all areas of the city public transport modes such as bus. as traffic would redistribute across the road Figure 7.8 presents the traffic flow distribution network to avoid the construction sites and to pattern for the Swords area for the opening year minimise journey time. of the proposed scheme. Generally, the R132 Figure 7.5 provides a more detailed view of traffic experiences a reduction in traffic flow as a result of distribution changes in the Ballymun, Finglas, the proposed scheme. The increases in traffic flow Glasnevin and Drumcondra areas. Generally, traffic on the M1 can be attributed to a redistribution of travelling Southbound along the Ballymun Road general traffic availing of increased road capacity reduces and diverts to parallel routes such as the which would be created by the modal shift from car N2, Port Tunnel and Drumcondra Road. to the proposed scheme. Figures 7.6 and 7.7 provide a more detailed view Figure 7.9 provides a view of the traffic flow changes of traffic distribution changes in the city centre. in the Ballymun, Glasnevin, Finglas and Drumcondra Without the proposed mitigation measures there areas. There are general reductions in traffic flow on would be substantial reductions in traffic volumes the M50, M1, Port Tunnel, Ballymun Road, Finglas on Dame Street, College Green, O’Connell Bridge, Road and on many other roads within the catchment O’Connell Street and Nassau Street. There would area of the proposed scheme corridor. be increases in northbound traffic on Patrick Street, Figures 7.10 illustrates the traffic flow and High Street, Bridge Street, Church Street and on distribution impact of the proposed scheme from Tara Street. Southbound traffic increases would a city wide perspective. There are reductions in occur on Amiens Street, Talbot Memorial Bridge, traffic flow on the M50. City Quay, and Lombard Street. East west traffic movements on the north and south quays would Figure 7.11 and 7.12 illustrate the impact on traffic also increase particularly on Georges Quay, Burgh flow and distribution in the city centre. Generally Quay, Eden Quay and Custom House Quay. the impact of the proposed scheme within the city centre area in terms of reducing traffic flow would Other areas of the city experiencing increases in be positive. In 2029, the traffic flow changes and traffic flow include Bridgefoot Street and Queen distribution results are similar to those of 2014. Street to the west and East Wall Road to the east. Figures 7.13 to 7.17 illustrate these changes from In summary the city wide predicted impact of the Swords to the city centre. The impact of the proposed construction phase on vehicular routing would be scheme in 2029 would be positive in terms of extensive. Drivers would look for quicker alternative reducing traffic flow within the catchment area. routes through the city, in all areas, avoiding the construction sites to complete their journey. Page 96 Human Beings: Traffic

Figure 7.2 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2011 (Swords area)

Figure 7.3 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2011 (Swords area) Page 97 Chapter 7

Figure 7.4 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2011 (city wide area)

Figure 7.5 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2011 (Ballymun/ Glasnevin/ Finglas/ Drumcondra areas) Page 98 Human Beings: Traffic

Figure 7.6 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2011 (city centre area)

Figure 7.7 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2011 (core city area) Page 99 Chapter 7

Figure 7.8 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2014 (Swords area)

Figure 7.9 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2014 (Ballymun/ Glasnevin/ Finglas/ Drumcondra area) Page 100 Human Beings: Traffic

Figure 7.10 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2014 (city wide area)

Figure 7.11 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2014 (city centre area) Page 101 Chapter 7

Figure 7.12 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2014 (core city area)

Figure 7.13 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2029 (Swords area) Page 102 Human Beings: Traffic

Figure 7.14 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2029 (Ballymun/ Glasnevin/ Finglas/ Drumcondra area)

Figure 7.15 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2029 (city wide area) Page 103 Chapter 7

Figure 7.16 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2029 (city centre area)

Figure 7.17 Traffic flow changes – do- minimum vs. do- something 2029 (core city area) Page 104

Overall the impact on journey time can be classified Human Beings: Traffic 7.4.6.3 Journey time and speed changes as Moderate to Severe on the routes assessed in along key routes the absence of the proposed mitigation measures. A further method of demonstrating the predicted impact of the proposed scheme is through the 7.4.6.5 Predicted operational impact assessment of journey times along key radial and on traffic flow orbital routes. Journey time statistics for a number Table 7.11 and Table 7.12 present and compare the of key radial and orbital routes in the vicinity of the journey time statistics for the do-minimum and proposed scheme have been extracted from the do-something for 2014 and 2029 respectively. In MNTM traffic model for the do-minimum and both operational years there is a general reduction do-something scenarios. in journey times on most of the routes assessed. Annex I of this EIS (Volume 3, Book 2 of 2) illustrates Journey time reductions of note include on the the routes for which these statistics are presented. R132, Ballymun Road, M1, N2, Collins Avenue and Santry Avenue. The journey time assessment for the operational years illustrates the magnitude of the 7.4.6.4 Predicted construction impact positive impact that the proposed scheme would on traffic flow have on traffic movement particularly in the vicinity Table 7.10 presents and compares the journey of the alignment. time statistics for 2011 for the do-minimum and do-something scenarios. Generally there is an increase in journey times on most of the routes assessed. Without the mitigation measures some routes would experience considerable journey time deterioration, particularly the R132 through Swords, Ballymun Road, N2, Collins Avenue, Church Street and Baggot Street.

Table 7.10 Journey times – 2011 do-minimum vs. do-something 2011 AM Peak 2011 AM Peak Do-minimum Do-Something Route (Minutes) (Minutes) % Change R132 Southbound 21m 28s 26m 33s 23.6% R132 Northbound 35m 15s 45m 09s 28.1% M1/N1 Southbound 42m 57s 44m 25s 3.4% M1/N1 Northbound 20m 55s 23m 42s 13.3% N2 Southbound 25m 39s 27m 19s 6.5% N2 Northbound 15m 40s 16m 23s 4.6% Ballymun Road Southbound 34m 07s 34m 22s 0.7% Ballymun Road Northbound 18m 40s 21m 52s 17.1% M50 Southbound 26m 01s 26m 53s 3.3% M50 Northbound 24m 47s 24m 17s -2.0% Santry Ave Southbound 23m 55s 23m 14s -2.8% Santry Ave Northbound 18m 33s 19m 29s 5.0% Collins Ave Eastbound 22m 02s 24m 40s 11.9% Collins Ave Westbound 13m 04s 15m 41s 20.1% Griffith Ave Eastbound 13m 07s 12m 13s -6.9% Griffith Ave Westbound 10m 57s 11m 25s 4.2% Port Tunnel Southbound 07m 44s 09m 02s 16.8% Port Tunnel Northbound 09m 11s 08m 29s -7.7% Page 105 Chapter 7 2011 AM Peak 2011 AM Peak Do-minimum Do-Something Route (Minutes) (Minutes) % Change Gardiner Street/ 16m 32s 17m 11s 3.9% Baggott Street Southbound Baggott Street/ 34m 04s 40m 54s 20.0% Gardiner Street Northbound Church Street/ 30m 57s 36m 46s 18.8% Clanbrassil Street Southbound Clanbrassil Street/ 21m 40s 31m 40s 46.1% Church Street Northbound North Quays – Heuston to O’Connell Bridge 15m 33s 17m 02s 9.5% South Quays - O’Connell Bridge to Heuston 06m 42s 07m 54s 17.9% South Quays – Georges Quay 14m 02s 08m 58s -36.1% to O’Connell Bridge North Quays – Heuston to North Wall Quay 22m 38s 24m 26s 8.0% South Quays – Georges Quay to Heuston 22m 40s 17m 19s -23.6%

Table 7.11 Journey times – 2014 do-minimum vs. do-something

2014 AM Peak 2014 AM Peak Do-minimum Do-Something Route (Minutes) (Minutes) % Change R132 Southbound 22m 13s 21m 26s -3.6% R132 Northbound 37m 20s 32m 42s -12.4% M1/N1 Southbound 53m 13s 41m 34s -21.9% M1/N1 Northbound 21m 28s 21m 07s -1.7% N2 Southbound 26m 60s 26m 06s -3.3% N2 Northbound 14m 52s 15m 06s 1.6% Ballymun Road Southbound 38m 45s 32m 18s -16.7% Ballymun Road Northbound 17m 28s 17m 37s 0.9% M50 Southbound 27m 49s 26m 29s -4.8% M50 Northbound 25m 29s 27m 25s 7.6% Santry Ave Southbound 14m 42s 13m 32s -7.9% Santry Ave Northbound 19m 53s 17m 31s -11.9% Collins Ave Eastbound 20m 07s 18m 19s -9.0% Collins Ave Westbound 13m 04s 13m 26s 2.9% Griffith Ave Eastbound 11m 05s 10m 54s -1.6% Griffith Ave Westbound 11m 13s 10m 53s -3.0% Port Tunnel Southbound 07m 58s 07m 52s -1.4% Port Tunnel Northbound 08m 34s 08m 37s 0.6% Gardiner Street/ 15m 59s 15m 35s -2.5% Baggott Street Southbound Baggott Street/ 35m 11s 35m 35s 1.1% Gardiner Street Northbound Church Street/ 32m 07s 30m 07s -6.2%

Page 106 Clanbrassil Street Southbound Clanbrassil Street/ 18m 38s 17m 21s -6.9% Church Street Northbound 2014 AM Peak 2014 AM Peak Human Beings: Traffic Do-minimum Do-Something Route (Minutes) (Minutes) % Change North Quays – Heuston to O’Connell Bridge 18m 04s 17m 07s -5.2% South Quays - O’Connell Bridge to Heuston 06m 32s 06m 38s 1.5% South Quays – Georges Quay 13m 23s 12m 44s -4.8% to O’Connell Bridge North Quays – Heuston to North Wall Quay 24m 56s 24m 08s -3.2% South Quays – Georges Quay to Heuston 21m 46s 21m 03s -3.3%

Table 7.12 Journey times – 2029 do-minimum vs. do-something

2029 AM Peak 2029 AM Peak Do-minimum Do-Something Route (Minutes) (Minutes) % Change R132 Southbound 26m 52s 27m 02s 0.6% R132 Northbound 40m 06s 32m 09s -19.8% M1/N1 Southbound 64m 32s 54m 05s -16.2% M1/N1 Northbound 24m 56s 24m 38s -1.2% N2 Southbound 37m 29s 34m 12s -8.8% N2 Northbound 18m 24s 18m 15s -0.9% Ballymun Road Southbound 49m 55s 45m 04s -9.7% Ballymun Road Northbound 21m 09s 21m 24s 1.2% M50 Southbound 40m 04s 37m 42s -5.9% M50 Northbound 39m 23s 38m 52s -1.3% Santry Ave Southbound 17m 01s 16m 11s -4.9% Santry Ave Northbound 30m 04s 25m 11s -16.2% Collins Ave Eastbound 28m 06s 25m 30s -9.3% Collins Ave Westbound 17m 41s 16m 25s -7.1% Griffith Ave Eastbound 11m 35s 11m 21s -1.9% Griffith Ave Westbound 13m 39s 13m 18s -2.5% Port Tunnel Southbound 10m 33s 09m 56s -5.9% Port Tunnel Northbound 12m 02s 09m 57s -17.2% Gardiner Street/Baggott Street Southbound 17m 04s 16m 05s -5.7% Baggott Street/ 35m 38s 36m 27s 2.3% Gardiner Street Northbound Church Street/ 35m 06s 35m 45s 1.9% Clanbrassil Street Southbound Clanbrassil Street/ 20m 24s 19m 30s -4.4% Church Street Northbound North Quays – Heuston to O’Connell Bridge 16m 58s 18m 28s 8.9% South Quays - O’Connell Bridge to Heuston 07m 05s 07m 25s 4.9% South Quays – Georges Quay 14m 18s 12m 15s -14.3% to O’Connell Bridge North Quays – Heuston to North Wall Quay 24m 29s 26m 05s 6.5%

South Quays – Georges Quay to Heuston 22m 51s 21m 01s -8.0% Page 107 Chapter 7

7.4.7 Conclusions drawn from the strategic 7.5 Strategic further mitigation

predicted impact assessment The traffic modelling results have shown that 7.5.1 Introduction the strategic predicted impact of the proposed The strategic predicted impact assessment has scheme would be Severe during the construction shown that the city wide construction impact of phase in the absence of further mitigation to offset the proposed scheme, without mitigation measures, these predicted impacts. The predicted impact of would be Severe with average speeds across the the operational phase of the proposed scheme city falling 3kph. The following are mitigation on traffic movement is very positive and further measures that are required to reduce the severity mitigation measures are not required. of the construction impact.

7.4.7.1 Summary of the predicted construction impact 7.5.2 Scheme Traffic Management Plan The assumptions underpinning the traffic Measures necessary to mitigate the negative modelling undertaken to assess the construction effects of construction of the proposed scheme will impact of the proposed scheme are very be developed as the proposed scheme evolves to conservative and represent an absolute worst construction in consultation with key stakeholders case construction scenario. Limited mitigation such as the relevant roads authorities. These will be measures have been assumed in this assessment. detailed in a Scheme Traffic Management Plan. The assessment, therefore, must be viewed in the context of this conservatism in that the modelled This plan will prioritise pedestrian, cyclist, public impact will be further mitigated to ensure that this transport and local access needs (for example, impact would not come to fruition. A Scheme Traffic multi storey car parks, residential and commercial Management Plan which will be developed will (see properties). Such an approach will minimise the below) provide further mitigation measures that are impact of the construction phase on transport required to alleviate the severity of the modelled and business activities. To facilitate this, it will be impact. important for the plan to divert through traffic away from key construction areas. Based on the traffic modelling construction assumptions and results, the predicted strategic This plan is a framework document within which impact on traffic accruing from construction the necessary mitigation measures will be activities would be Severe without implementing developed through the various stages of design further mitigation measures. Modelling results and construction. This will detail the proposed indicate that traffic speeds across the GDA would programme of works, how appropriate access decrease by over 11%, a reduction of 3kph. Drivers can be retained throughout the works and how would travel further distances to avoid construction the potential negative traffic impacts (including areas compounding the congestion levels on other pedestrian and cyclist impacts) associated with parallel routes and affecting the operation of buses operating a number of urban construction sites through the city. Other traffic modelling statistics concurrently can be managed. Initially, this plan will such as impact on bus speeds and journey time on be developed by RPA in consultation with the roads key routes further demonstrate the significance authority and other key stakeholders until the PPP of the construction impact in the absence of contractor is appointed. Then the PPP contractor mitigation measures. will continue to develop and implement the strategy throughout the construction phase. This Substantial further traffic management mitigation plan will be reviewed on a regular basis during its measures, described below, are required along the implementation for its relevance and effectiveness. full alignment to reduce this impact and to develop intervention policies that will clearly demonstrate The MNTM traffic model has been used to assess how traffic will operate in conjunction with the the impact of Dublin City Council’s SCATS system. construction phase. Within the MNTM there is a facility to optimise signal green times for the whole Dublin region. This signal optimisation programme was run through 7.4.7.2 Summary of the predicted operational impact the MNTM for 2011 with scheme construction The strategic impact of the proposed scheme assumed. The results of this test are shown below during its operational phases would be very in Table 7.13 and Table 7.14 compared to the do- positive. The modal shift from car to the proposed minimum and do-something scenarios. The results scheme improves the average speed across indicate that by reconfiguring the signal green time the GDA by 2kph and 3kph in 2014 and 2029 within the city there will be potential to minimise respectively. Time spent queuing decreases, the traffic disruption generated by the construction distance travelled decreases and also time spent activities to achieve congestion levels and network travelling decreases. There are also improvements speeds that exist in the do-minimum scenario. to bus speeds across the GDA. Journey time Page 108 assessments on key routes further demonstrate the positive nature of the impact as the majority in both 2014 and 2029 show decreases. Human Beings: Traffic

Table 7.13 Strategic construction impact 2011 (AM Peak Hour) – general traffic Do-Something with Signal Criteria Do-Minimum Do-Something Optimisation Queuing Statistic (pcu hours) 21,000 25,700 19,400 Travel Time (pcu hrs) 86,700 100,200 87,000 Travel Distance (pcu kilometres) 2,190,000 2,250,000 2,220,300 Average Speed (kph) 25 22 25

Table 7.14 Strategic construction impact 2011 (AM peak hour) – bus only

Do-Something with Signal Criteria Do-Minimum Do-Something Optimisation Bus Speed (kph) 19 15 19 Bus kilometres lost to queuing per hour 1,900 4,800 2,100

7.5.3 Public transport operations 7.5.5 Pedestrian management strategies The Scheme Traffic Management Plan will consider The Scheme Traffic Management Plan will include public transport operating needs along the pedestrian management strategies around each alignment of the proposed scheme. Discussions will work site to ensure that pedestrian circulation be held with relevant public transport operators, and safety requirements take priority in all and roads and planning authorities to mitigate the instances where construction works interface with proposed scheme’s impacts. pedestrians. This is critical in the context of the large number of construction phases envisaged at and between discrete site locations. Furthermore, 7.5.4 Corridor management strategies the city centre stops are located in very sensitive The Scheme Traffic Management Plan will include urban areas with high pedestrian volumes and corridor management strategies as required for substantial volumes of general traffic. The additional areas and roads directly affected by construction construction activity (site areas and construction activities. These strategies are required for routes vehicles) in these areas will impede pedestrian that without mitigation measures would experience circulation and access unless properly managed. substantial increases in traffic flow from displaced vehicle trips avoiding construction areas. The corridor management strategies will take the form of additional signal priority for certain movements, reconfiguration of key junctions, re-signing of routes (including utilisation of VMS). Page 109 Chapter 7

7.6 PREDICTED LOCAL CONSTRUCTION 7.6.1.1 Pinnock Hill Roundabout

IMPACT - AREA MN102 For almost the entire duration of the construction The construction phase will include utilities period, the Pinnock Hill Roundabout will continue to diversions and enabling works, which, by their operate without major alterations. The road links to nature are of short duration and will have localised and from the roundabout will be maintained and all impacts which will be mitigated. This phase also existing traffic movements will be permitted except includes the main construction works for the for very limited periods of time. proposed scheme, which are of longer duration During some construction phases, to facilitate the and which have a potentially greater impact connection of construction works, there will be along the full length of the proposed scheme. The a need to partially close the roundabout. These following assessment therefore considers the main temporary lane closures will be of very limited construction works. The combined impact of both duration of the order of 2 days. To mitigate the HGV and general traffic has been assessed in the impact of the works, the temporary closures preceding Strategic Impact Assessment section. will be scheduled to take place at periods of low traffic flow. Diversion routes will be in operation 7.6.1 Construction impact area whilst lane closures are in effect. Two principal diversion routes will be available during the The alignment of the proposed scheme, through temporary closures. The first will divert traffic Area MN102, closely follows the R132 from north towards the Malahide Roundabout where all traffic of the Pinnock Hill Roundabout as far south as the movements will be permitted. The second will entrance to Airside Retail Park. Subsequently, the divert traffic along the eastern arm of the Pinnock alignment heads southwest through predominantly Hill Roundabout and around the Airside Retail green field areas until it reaches Naul Road at the Park to rejoin the R132 at the Airside Retail Park southern boundary of Area MN102. junction. The diversions will add approximately 2km One stop will be constructed within Area MN102 at in journey length to those affected. Given that the Fosterstown near the Airside Retail and Business diversions will be in effect for very limited durations, Park. The method of construction within Area the overall impact on general traffic at this MN102 will be by way of elevated track on viaducts junction is slight. descending to ground level south of the proposed Fosterstown Stop. 7.6.1.2 R132 / Airside Retail Park junction The proposed scheme will also be predominantly The critical construction phase at this junction, as constructed away from the R132 carriageway and modelled as part of this assessment, comprises the impact on road traffic will be minimised as a the closure of the Airside Retail Park exit onto the result. South of the proposed stop at Fosterstown, junction to all traffic except that heading from the the alignment will pass under the R132 crossing Airside Retail Park southbound on the R132. During diagonally from east to west. Construction works this critical construction phase, traffic diversions at this location will include mitigation measures to would be in operation. All traffic from the Airside ensure the impact is minimised. Retail Park heading either northbound on the R132, The construction of the proposed scheme will or westbound on Rathingle Road, will be diverted require some temporary alterations to the around Airside Retail Park to rejoin the R132 at configuration of the R132 between the northern Pinnock Hill Roundabout. The diversion will add boundary of Area MN102 and the junction with approximately 1 to 1.5 km in journey length to Airside Retail Park. The existing number of general those affected. traffic lanes will be maintained during all phases of Construction works will be ongoing in the vicinity construction. Whilst works are on-going in the area of this junction for a prolonged period of time. it will be necessary to close the existing bus lanes The Airside Road does not, however, cater for in both directions along the entire length of the considerable levels of traffic volumes. Overall the construction works area. impact on general traffic of alterations to this The construction of the proposed scheme, in Area junction is moderate, without further MN102, will take place in a phased manner. The mitigation measures. assessment assumes that all construction sites within MN102 are simultaneously at the phase 7.6.1.3 Fosterstown underpass of greatest impact. This represents the critical construction phase. The other construction phases Immediately south of the proposed Fosterstown will have a lesser impact as more options for traffic Stop, the proposed scheme will traverse the R132 movement are available. by way of a cut and cover underpass. During the construction of the underpass, a temporary traffic The alterations that are likely to be made to the deck will be required to facilitate traffic movement configuration of major junctions within Area on the R132 as it will not be possible to close the Page 110 MN102, during the construction phase, are R132 for any significant periods described below. Human Beings: Traffic % Change 2011 Do- Something 2011 Do- Minimum In practice, due to constraints on vehicle/ plant/ on vehicle/ constraints to due In practice, below predicted impacts the full resources staff in particular on materialise, to unlikely very are as the M1 and such sites serving multiple routes Plan will Management Traffic The Scheme R132. construction of level appropriate the most inform based can be accommodated that activity vehicle case scenario. the worst of impact on the predicted traffic construction the predicted details 7.15 Table combined the on based MN102 Area within volumes stage critical each of the construction of impact the modelled In addition, the alignment. along the redistribution of the impact for allow results the of result as a traffic HGV background of of the of the construction impact traffic overall scheme. proposed The highest increase in HGV and construction and construction in HGV increase The highest to occur northbound on the is likely traffic vehicle and the Hill Roundabout the Pinnock R132 between an the R132, of this section Along Malahide Road. during is predicted movements 20 HGV of increase of as a result the impact Overall the critical phases. and background movements vehicle construction will be slight. redistribution HGV Direction NorthboundSouthbound 100 110 120 120 20% 9% Southbound 20 35 75% EastboundWestbound 120 60 110 60 -8% 0% NorthboundSouthbound 50 30 60 40 20% 33% EastboundWestbound 15 10 15 10 0% 0% EastboundWestbound 5 10 5 10 0% 0% NorthboundSouthbound 40 30 45 35 13% 17% EastboundWestbound 10 25 20 35 100% 40% EastboundWestbound 10 5 10 5 0% 0% Southbound 370 540 46% Link Table 7.15 Comparison of 2011 modelled heavy goods vehicle traffic flows with and without construction with and without construction flows traffic vehicle goods heavy 2011 modelled Comparison of 7.15 Table 08:00to 09:00) (AM peak hour flows scheme the proposed of R132, between Malahide and Pinnock Hill Malahide and Pinnock between R132, Roundabouts 7.6.2 Construction traffic and background and background traffic Construction 7.6.2 flows traffic HGV the assessment of robust most the provide To scenario the modelled users, on all road impacts excavation of case assumption is based on a worst place taking operations and concreting throughout site work every at simultaneously the scheme. Temporary road closures will be required to to required will be closures road Temporary and weekend supporting the structure construct flow contra with carriageway each of possessions to will be required carriageway on the opposing deck. traffic temporary the and remove install on the impact measures, mitigation Without further but will be severe the critical phases during traffic shortof duration. Dublin Road, north of Pinnock Hill Roundabout north Pinnock of Dublin Road, Northbound 10 10 0% M1 Link Road (to Drynam Interchange) (to Road M1 Link R132, between Pinnock Hill Roundabout and Hill Roundabout Pinnock between R132, Junction Fosterstown Rathingle Road Rathingle Airside Retail Park Retail Airside R132 between Fosterstown Junction and Junction Fosterstown R132 between Roundabout Cloghran Naul Road Naul Clonshaugh Road Clonshaugh M1, between Drynam and Airport between InterchangesM1, Northbound 320 510 59% There are relatively low volumes of background HGV HGV background of volumes low relatively are There traffic of HGV volume The MN102. within Area traffic increase MN102 will not on the R132 within Area the of the construction of as a result substantially scheme. proposed Chapter 7

7.6.3 Construction phase impact on general traffic Table 7.16 illustrates the modelled traffic flows within Area MN102 for the construction year 2011.

Table 7.16 Comparison of 2011 modelled car and light goods vehicle traffic flows with and without construction of the proposed scheme (AM peak hour flows 08:00 to 09:00)

2011 Do- 2011 Do- Link Direction Minimum Something % Change R132, between Malahide and Pinnock Hill Northbound 1,550 1,270 -18% Roundabouts Southbound 1,360 1,100 -19% Dublin Road, north of Pinnock Hill Roundabout Northbound 450 550 22% Southbound 550 670 22% M1 Link Road (to Drynam Interchange) Eastbound 1,010 960 -5% Westbound 860 810 -6% R132, between Pinnock Hill Roundabout and Northbound 850 640 -25% Fosterstown Junction Southbound 760 520 -32% Rathingle Road Eastbound 510 580 14% Westbound 170 290 71% Airside Retail Park Eastbound 190 100 -47% Westbound 200 190 -5% R132 between Fosterstown Junction and Northbound 680 640 -6% Cloghran Roundabout Southbound 940 890 -5% Naul Road Eastbound 330 230 -30% Westbound 490 410 -16% Clonshaugh Road Eastbound 230 250 9% Westbound 340 340 0% M1, between Airport and M50 Interchanges Northbound 3,470 3,070 -12% Southbound 4,050 3,660 -10%

The volume of general traffic on the R132 is Without mitigation, overall average car speeds reduced during the construction of the proposed within Area MN102 decrease from 56kph in the scheme. Traffic model results indicate that there do-minimum scenario to 44kph during construction is a considerable decrease in through traffic along of the proposed scheme. This represents a decrease the R132, accumulating in a reduction of over 250 of approximately 20% in car traffic speeds during vehicles per hour heading southbound between the the AM peak hour period. Although the percentage Pinnock Hill Roundabout and Fosterstown. Analysis decrease in average car speeds is large within of the traffic model results also indicate that much Area MN102, a relatively high average traffic speed of this traffic is through traffic that is redistributed of 44kph is predicted during the critical phase throughout the strategic road network as a result of construction. However, without mitigation, a of the wider impacts of the construction outside of decrease of 12kph within MN102 represents a Area MN102. severe impact on traffic. There are no indications of severe impacts on local Similarly, during off-peak hours average car speeds traffic movements within Area MN102. During the within Area MN102 would decrease from 63kph AM peak hour period, traffic model results indicate to 55kph. This equates to a 13% decrease in car a 71% increase in traffic volumes westbound on traffic speeds during the representative off-peak the Rathingle Road due to the redistribution of hour (14:00 to 15:00). Given residual speed and the through traffic. This increase in traffic comprises length of duration of the construction works the 120 additional vehicle movements per hour during impact, without mitigation, on car traffic will Page 112 the AM peak, which is considered to be a slight to be moderate. moderate impact. Human Beings: Traffic Page 113

operational - Area MN102 local Predicted 7.7 impact traffic on general phase impact Operational 7.7.1 extracted flows the traffic presents 7.17 Table and light for cars model the MNTM traffic from phase of during the operational vehicles goods There 2014 and 2029. for scheme the proposed Area volumes throughout in traffic is a decrease southbound travelling cars The number of NM102. 25% in 2014, up to by on the R132 decreases do-minimum the to compared and 33% in 2029, and is a direct impact positive This very scenario. the car to the modal shift from of result scheme. proposed will be Stop with the Fosterstown Associated 300 up to spaces for with & Ride facility a Park will be cars. & Ride facility the Park to Access Hill Pinnock to close Road, via the Drynam Link & Ride Park by the generated Traffic Roundabout. to located estates come from will generally facility and Malahide. Kinsealy Swords, of the south-west will & Ride site the Park access to the west, From then junction, Park Retail R132 / Airside the be from / Drynam or the Airside Hill Roundabout via Pinnock will traffic the east, From roundabout. Road Link / Road or Feltrim Malahide Road along be routed traffic will be some additional There Drynam Road. on the Drynam & Ride site the Park by generated 7.17. Table in as shown Road, Link facility pick-up will be a car drop-off/ There at stop to cars two approximately for providing boundary, within the car-park a time located impact a direct have therefore and these will not car more will be two There users. road on other adjacent to spaces located pick-up drop-off/ opposite the northbound R132 carriageway, the to proximity in close Stop, the Fosterstown stop. the access to provide that bridge pedestrian in traffic increases be some localised may There with car drop associated stop each around volumes from the transfer Given and bus interchange. offs is impact the predicted public transport, car to be neutral. assumed to same turning the by affected will be Cyclists as reconfigurations junction and restrictions bus lanes existing of the The closure traffic. general Without on cyclists. impact a negative will have be severe. will on cyclists the impact mitigation, 7.6.5 Construction phase impact impact phase Construction 7.6.5 and cyclists on pedestrians will include the realignment works The construction it will be necessary During these works, the R132. of the in the vicinity of footpaths existing close to will be provided. routes and alternative works, maintain to will be implemented Measures the through safety pedestrian of levels adequate these works, of On completion period. construction will be provided. facilities enhanced pedestrian or relocated existing and from access to Pedestrian all times during will be maintained at bus stops pedestrian Existing bus operation. of the hours the R132 will be accommodated of crossings alternative where areas the construction through the that ensure to available, access is not in severance. result do not works construction will be no in all instances diversions Pedestrian than 250mgreater on impact in a slight resulting will include the provision Mitigation pedestrians. during the facilities crossing pedestrian of width phase with a minimum footpath construction phase the construction of the impact 2m .Overall of slight. will be on pedestrians phase impact Construction 7.6.4 transport on public currently public transport of main form Bus is the Quality The Swords MN102. Area within available Malahide the joins the R132 at (QBC) Bus Corridor the of the length along extends and Roundabout Bus lanes directions. in both MN102 R132 in Area the R132 along directions, in both provided, are period During the construction MN102. within Area bus lanes will be these scheme, the proposed of works. of the duration for closed MN102 are within Area The principal bus services are There 41 service groups. the Dublin Bus 33 and operator and private Bus Éireann also a number of the that results indicate model Traffic services. of 33kph region speeds will be in the traffic general R132 during the AM peak hour southbound on the and the Malahide Roundabout period between bus works, During the construction Road. the Naul traffic general speeds will be similar to journey is a QBC corridors for The design speed speeds. relatively are there Although 20kph. minimum of the R132, along buses operating of high volumes the bus lanes retain need to is limited there of QBC excess in speeds are traffic as general the of therefore, The impact, minimum standards. within Area on bus movement works construction MN102 is classified as slight. to will be relocated bus stops Existing however in specific areas, works accommodate in the number of reduction will be no overall there the R132. along bus stops in Area operations, on bus the impact Overall, the phase of during the construction MN102, is classified as slight. scheme proposed % Change Do- Something 400 5% 570 -8% 810 -16% 620 5% 750 -24% 460 -2% 330 -3% 250 -11% 120 -20% 720 -27% 760 -8% 590 -27% Do- Minimum 2029 Cars and LGVs 2029 Cars 590 150 1,050 1,000 -5% 1,000 980 -2% 1,770 1,760 -1% 3,970 3,750 -6% Comparison between the off-peak do-minimum do-minimum the off-peak between Comparison marginal reveals scenarios and do-something within car speed network in the average increases the do-minimum average In 2014, MN102. Area the 61kph with to increases which speed is 60kph, the in 2029, Similarly, in place. scheme proposed to increases which speed is 49kph, do-minimum the Thus, in place. scheme the proposed 52kph with a also have will scheme the proposed of presence times. journey on off-peak impact positive slight from extracted flows the traffic presents 7.18 Table vehicles goods for heavy model the MNTM traffic and 2029. 2014 phase for during the operational in HGV changes all modelled on the M1, Except and hour, per vehicles than ten less are volumes is assumed to therefore, impact, the predicted be minimal. % Change -12% 380 -12% 620 -2% 970 9% -7% 1,060 1,040 -2% -24% 990 -2% 470 12% 340 -13% 280 0% -13% 980 -3% 830 -8% 1,150 730 -37% -22% 810 0% -3% 1340 900 -33% Do- Something Do-Minimum 2014 Cars and LGVs 2014 Cars Direction of of Direction flow traffic Northbound 1,650 1,600 -3% 1,610 1,560 -3% Southbound 1,480 1,350 -9% 1,470 1,200 -18% Northbound 430 380 Southbound 580 510 Eastbound 940 920 Westbound 700 760 Northbound 1,030 960 Southbound 910 690 Westbound 340 380 Eastbound 240 210 Westbound 150 150 Northbound 1,030 1,080 5% Southbound 900 780 Eastbound 660 640 Westbound 720 660 Westbound 940 940 Northbound 860 830 Southbound 1,090 1,000 -8% 1,140 1,000 -12% Northbound 2,160 2,250 4% Southbound 4,260 4,350 2% The general decrease in AM-peak traffic volumes in volumes traffic in AM-peak decrease The general average the increased in is reflected MN102 Area the do-minimum In 2014, speed. car network which is 56kph, MN102 speed in Area average in scheme with the proposed 57kph to increases speed is the do-minimum in 2029, Similarly, place. 56kph to increases which with the proposed 55kph, on impact This will positively in place. scheme thus times, AM-peak journey reducing by drivers the area. through on routes stress driver lessening on am-peak impact positive This is a slight times. journey Changes in car and light goods vehicle traffic volumes due to the operation of the proposed scheme, scheme, of the proposed to the operation due volumes traffic vehicle goods in car and light Changes Link Table 7.17 7.17 Table as modelled for the years 2014 and 2029 (AM peak hour flows 08:00to 09:00) 2014 and 2029 (AM peak hour flows the years for as modelled Hill Roundabouts Malahide and Pinnock Malahide and Pinnock R132, between between R132, Roundabout of Pinnock Hill Pinnock of Dublin Road, north Dublin Road, (to Drynam Interchange) Drynam (to M1 Link Road Road M1 Link Fosterstown Junction Fosterstown Hill Roundabout and Hill Roundabout R132, between Pinnock Pinnock between R132, Rathingle RoadRathingle Eastbound 410 400 Airside Cloghran Roundabout Cloghran Junction. and Junction. Fosterstown Fosterstown R132 between R132 between Naul Road Naul Clonshaugh RoadClonshaugh Eastbound 500 390 Airport Roundabouts Cloghran and Cloghran R132, between between R132, Interchanges Drynam and Airport Chapter 7 between M1, Table 7.18 Changes in heavy goods vehicle traffic volumes due to the operation of the proposed scheme, as modelled for the years 2014 and 2029 (AM peak hour flows 08:00 to 09:00).

2014 HGVs 2029 HGVs

Direction of Do- % Do- Do- % Link traffic flow Do-Minimum Something Change Minimum Something Change R132, between Malahide and Northbound 85 90 6% 95 100 5% Pinnock Hill Roundabouts Southbound 125 125 0% 115 100 -13% Dublin Road, north of Pinnock Hill Northbound 15 15 0% 15 10 -33% Roundabout Southbound 15 20 33% 30 25 -17% M1 Link Road (to Drynam Eastbound 125 130 4% 130 125 -4% Interchange) Westbound 55 50 -9% 55 55 0% R132, between Pinnock Hill Northbound 40 50 25% 54 50 -7% Roundabout and Fosterstown Jn. Southbound 25 20 -20% 30 25 -17% Rathingle Road Eastbound 20 20 0% 35 35 0% Westbound 10 15 50% 15 25 67% Airside Eastbound 5 5 0% 10 10 0% Westbound 5 5 0% 5 10 100% R132 between Fosterstown Northbound 40 50 25% 55 50 -9% Junction and Cloghran Roundabout Southbound 40 35 -13% 45 40 -11% Naul Road Eastbound 15 20 33% 80 70 -13% Westbound 30 20 -33% 40 50 25% Clonshaugh Road Eastbound 20 15 -25% 45 35 -22% Westbound 25 20 -20% 35 40 14% R132, between Cloghran and Northbound 45 50 11% 75 75 0% Airport Roundabouts Southbound 30 30 0% 70 65 -7% M1, between Drynam and Airport Northbound 325 335 3% 365 375 3% Interchanges Southbound 370 380 3% 450 470 4%

The proposed scheme will have a significant 7.7.2 Operational phase impact on public transport positive impact on pedestrians in Area MN102, where the pedestrian network will be improved by: During the operational phase, the proposed scheme has no impact on the level of bus priority in Area - The extension of footpaths on both sides of MN102, where buses benefit from long sections of the road north of the Airside Retail Park junction existing bus lane infrastructure along the R132. up to the Fosterstown Stop and adjoining bus stops; Interchange facilities will be provided at the Fosterstown Stop for bus feeder services. The - The creation of a pedestrian footbridge across bus stops will be located in close proximity to the the R132 at the northern end of the platform to pedestrian bridge to the proposed scheme platform provide access to the Fosterstown Stop. to facilitate interchange. Pedestrian access to these The existing at-grade signalised pedestrian bus stops will be improved with new footpaths in crossing of the R132 at the Airside Retail Park the vicinity of the stop. junction will provide pedestrian access to the stop from the south. 7.7.3 Operational phase impact on pedestrians and cyclists The Fosterstown Stop will be located to the east of the R132, just south of Pinnock Hill Roundabout. The Airside Retail Park is on the southern border of the stop, and good pedestrian links between the two will be provided. Chapter 7 Pedestrian security on the platforms will be - A reduced speed limit of 50kph will be imposed enhanced by good lighting facilities and CCTV on the R132 in the vicinity of the proposed surveillance. Those with reduced mobility are scheme in order to ensure the safety of all road provided for by compliance with the DETR users during the construction phase; Guidelines and the Disability Act, 2005. The - Where appropriate, construction work requiring following infrastructure will be provided at all at- short term disruption and road closures at the grade stops: Pinnock Hill Roundabout will be carried out - Tactile paving at the controlled crossings; when traffic volumes are low, such as: - Ramps for access to the platform; - At night; - All stop furniture being aligned against the - At weekends; back of the platforms or as a centre island on - During school holidays. the platform, maximising the effective platform width; - The hours of operation and routes of construction vehicles accessing/egressing - Public address system; the sites will be strictly controlled in Area - Electronic passenger information MN102. On contract award the contractor will display boards. further develop construction vehicle routing arrangements in line with project programme The provision of the new footbridge will make it and the evolving construction methodology. easier for pedestrians to cross the R132, thus The Scheme Traffic Management Plan will be reducing severance between the Boroimhe and updated to reflect this. Airside areas. This feature, in conjunction with a reduced speed limit will create a safer pedestrian environment. Overall, the presence of the proposed 7.8.1.2 Pedestrian and cyclist mitigation measures scheme will have a slight positive impact on - The closure of the existing bus lanes on the pedestrians in Area MN102. R132, will lead to a moderate negative impact The proposed scheme will have a slight on cyclists who share these facilities at improvement on cycle conditions along the R132 present. The inside lane of the R132 will be in Area MN102. Covered cycle storage will also be temporarily widened to provide sufficient space provided at Fosterstown Stop. to accommodate general traffic and cyclists. To achieve this, it may be necessary to reduce the width of the outer lane. 7.8 Residual local impact – Area MN102 - Appropriate measures to minimise risk to pedestrian and cyclist safety will be developed 7.8.1 Further local construction through the construction phase. These will be

mitigation measures reviewed on an ongoing basis for their relevance and effectiveness on site.

7.8.1.1 General traffic mitigation measures 7.8.2 Residual local construction impact - The realignment of the R132 will take place at an early stage in the construction programme The localised impacts resulting from the proposed so that traffic can be diverted onto the new scheme construction in Area MN102 have been carriageway during the remainder of the described in detail above. By applying the further construction period; local mitigation measures, the severity of these impacts will be reduced, as outlined in the Table - The construction methodology at the Airside 7.19 below. Retail Park junction will be revised to avoid the need to temporarily close the Airside Retail Park Access Road; Page 116 Page 117 The residual impact impact The residual will be moderate introduction post mitigation of The residual impact impact The residual will be moderate introduction post mitigation. of The residual impact impact The residual will be moderate introduction post mitigation. of Possible further Possible mitigationlocal impact local Residual The Scheme The Scheme Management Traffic Plan will address an appropriate phasing schedule construction for activities vehicle and construction areas. works The Scheme Traffic Traffic The Scheme Management a Plan will detail comprehensive phasing construction all that ensure plan to critical phases do not the coincide and that is minimised. impact Management Plan Management options will examine cyclist facilitate to movement. Strategic Strategic mitigation measures Phasing and Phasing and of sequencing construction works Phasing and sequencing of construction works None Traffic The Scheme Description of of Description impact local There will be There of levels substantial vehicle construction on the R132. traffic Without further would there mitigation from be a decrease 56kph in the Do- minimum scenario 44kphto during the the of construction scheme proposed MN102. within Area a 21% This represents in car traffic decrease speeds during the AM peak hour period and a 12kph. of change relative In addition to providing providing to In addition bus lanes bus priority, can be accessed by part and are cyclists cycle the overall of The infrastructure. facilities cycle of closure impact a severe will have on cyclists. Source of of Source Impact construction construction on traffic vehicle the network. Reduction in Reduction capacity traffic lane due to and closures restrictions. The closure of of The closure bus the existing lanes on the R132 R132 and M1R132 and Additional Throughout Throughout MN102 Area North and South carriageways the R132 of 7.8.3 Residual local operational impact operational local Residual 7.8.3 has been designed to scheme The proposed in its users all road on minimise the impact positive, will be slightly impact The overall vicinity. measures mitigation no operational and therefore required. are Impact IDImpact Location Table 7.19 Construction impact, further mitigation, and residual local impacts local and residual mitigation, further impact, Construction 7.19 Table MN102/ T01 MN102/ T02 MN102/ T03

08 Flora and Fauna 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Study area 8.3 Impact assessment methodology 8.4 Impact assessment 8.4.1 Impact identification 8.4.2 Mitigation measures 8.4.3 Assessment of residual impacts 8.5 Overview of land-take impacts

Flora and Fauna Page 121 y area y tud 8.2 S within 500m area any comprises area The study This alignment. the proposed line of the centre of the proposed 1km from up to to extends area study particular of alignment if species or habitats for area study The occur. to found are interest within 10km comprises all areas sites designated Within alignment. the proposed line of the central of individual detailed a number of area, this study out and the extent carried been have surveys faunal faunal these detailed of each for area the study of by species mobility. influenced is primarily surveys this of individual aspects for area The study 8.1. Table out in as set topic environmental This chapter of the EIS describes the potential the EIS describes the potential of This chapter arise due may which fauna, and on flora impacts and with the construction associated activities to MN102. in Area the proposed of operation 8.1 Introduction 8.1 operation of the proposed in Area MN102. MN102. Area in proposed the of operation to activities associated with the construction and and construction the with associated activities to impacts on flora and fauna, which may arise due due arise may which fauna, and flora on impacts This chapter of the EIS describes the potential potential the describes EIS the of chapter This Width of study area (on both both (on area study Width of alignment) the sides of 10km 500m 500m 500m 500m 500m 500m the magnitude of both positive and negative and negative positive both the magnitude of frequency intensity, by as determined effects, in space and time; extent the effect and by or species the habitat of the vulnerability the arise from to likely the changes to scheme; proposed species or the habitat, the ability of fragility considering both recover, to ecosystem and resilience; elements ecological component the viability of function, ecosystem of and the integrity condition; and favourable processes of frame geographic value within a defined or district); regional (national, reference species, affected value of the biodiversity and habitats communities, populations, as such considering aspects ecosystems, a species, of sub-populations distinct rarity, species-rich and connectivity, diversity habitat and species distribution assemblages, and extent; species status, and protected site designated or Plan (BAP) Action and Priority Biodiversity Plan (HAP) status. Action Habitat As part of the assessment the significance of As part the significance the assessment of been evaluated have impacts ecological potential factors: account the following taking into ------y methodolog Protection Areas (SPA), Natural Heritage Areas (NHA), (NHA), Areas Heritage Natural (SPA), Areas Protection Parks, National Ramsar Sites, Reserves, Nature Fauna for Refuge and hedgerows habitats Woodland ground above of in the area streams and Rivers the alignment of sections and bridges (buildings, Man-made structures including rivers, habitats culverts) and aquatic with associated habitats water and still streams etc. woodlands scrub hedgerows, as identified during the birds for habitats Suitable Survey. Phase 1 Habitat of wintering heights flight record to Specific survey SPA Swords Meadow the Broad of area in the birds provide to a high potential as having Survey I Habitat rivers ponds, lakes, e.g. amphibian habitat Habitats to be surveyed to Habitats assessment 8.3 Impact methodology assessment The impact is described are impacts potential 8.3 and the in Section to measures Mitigation 8.4.1. described in Section These 8.4.2. in Section listed are be implemented the adverse reduce designed to are measures at a be significant deemed to are that impacts are impacts The residual level. geographical given 8.4.3. in Section reported and nature ecological for The potential has been assessed in the impacts conservation to likely are and species that the habitats of light taking into scheme the proposed by be affected Impact Ecological ‘Guidelines for account the latest published Kingdom’ Assessment in the United Ecology of and Environmental the Institute by the ‘Guidelines for the 2006), (IEEM, Management Road National of Impacts Ecological Assessment of 2006) and the Authority, Roads (National Schemes’ EISs to with respect guidance EPA relevant 2003). 2002, (EPA, The habitat complexes in Area MN102 are are MN102 in Area complexes The habitat At value. ecological local low of predominantly MN102 lies the southern Area of end the extreme and flows is a salmonid river which Sluice River, higher nature and is of SPA, Bay Baldoyle the into value. conservation * Designated sites comprise those designated under national legislation, EU directives EU directives legislation, under national comprise those designated sites * Designated conventions. international and other Designated Sites* Sites* Designated Special (SAC), Conservation of Special Areas Badger Otter Bats Birds Amphibians the Phase identified during habitats aquatic Specific Phase IHabitats habitats accessible All Table 8.1 Study area Study 8.1 Table Environmental aspect

Chapter 8 Page 122 Flora and Fauna Page 123

assessment Permanent loss of habitat or species habitat of loss Permanent or species habitat of loss Temporary wildlife of or severance habitat of Fragmentation ecological of habitats isolated between corridors importance animals, of the movements to barriers of Creation amphibians and plants with mammals, especially dispersal of powers limited sites. on designated Impacts Damage or alteration to adjacent habitats to or alteration Damage vicinity of species in the to Disturbance scheme the proposed sites on designated Impacts species invasive of Introduction or species habitat of loss Permanent habitats existing to alterations Permanent or severance habitat of Fragmentation habitats isolated between corridors wildlife of importance ecological of animals, of the movements to barriers of Creation amphibians and plants with mammals, especially dispersal of powers limited sites on designated Impacts of as a result habitats new of Creation enhancement habitat works, reinstatement and landscaping proposals the species in the vicinity of to Disturbance scheme proposed Animal collisions sites on designated Impacts 8.4.1 Impact identification Impact 8.4.1 out set are impact and types of sources Potential 8.2. Table in mpact 8.4 I Impact type Impact ------Construction compounds Construction bed track along areas Working tunnels Cut and cover Construction phase Construction land-take Temporary - - - Impact source Impact Table 8.2 Sources and types of impact impact and types of 8.2 Sources Table and other runoff (e.g. activities Construction alteration suspended solids, of increase pollution, emissions, noise and dust conditions, hydraulic of of presence vehicles, of movement lighting, personnel) construction consideration through determined is Significance affected the value of The criteria. these of geographical the determine to is used feature (e.g. is significant impact the which at scale levels). and local regional national, international, on significance is based of The determination or the integrity will affect impact the whether site habitat, the species, of status conservation frame geographical a given within or ecosystem to considered are impacts Residual reference. of or insignificant (and negative be either significant of account the zone taking into after or positive), confidence and the measures mitigation influence, assessment. with the associated in predictions Operational phase Operational bed, track stops, (e.g. land-take Permanent tunnel ancillary roads, shafts, ventilation substations, and culverts) (bridges crossings watercourse portals, and supporting system catenary wires, overhead , structures and elevated structures the of maintenance and stock rolling of Operation of increase pollution, and other runoff (e.g. track emissions, noise and dust suspended solids, of presence vehicles, of movement lighting, personnel) maintenance

Measures will be put in place to avoid the the avoid to in place will be put Measures the construction during waters of pollution including the scheme, of and operation al., et (Masters CIRIA guidance following from pollution water of control 2001) on the in the Surface as described sites construction 11). Chapter 2, (Volume EIS this of chapter Water the spread avoid to be taken will Measures Japanese species (including invasive of and giant japonica), (Fallopia knotweed during mantegazzianum) (Heracleum hogweed using appropriate (e.g. work construction managing noted), if species are methods control and wheel washing) (e.g. plant movement not imported soil (e.g. managing the use of species invasive where areas using soil from be present). to known are of as a result lost directly are habitats Where habitats alternative new scheme, the proposed works Temporary feasible. where will be created as soon as is reasonably will be restored areas will occur restoration Progressive practicable. land become of areas Where the route. along and fragmentation, severance due to isolated new create to opportunities be taken will as parthabitat the landscape strategy. of planting will be undertaken using Mitigation the species typical of native predominantly wherever sources local from obtained area, the emulate to in order and planted possible The details vegetation. natural surrounding habitat and species mixes planting, tree of a professional by will be established creation ecologist with the project landscape architect in the project, of design stage the detailed at with NPWS. consultation and operation during construction loss Tree tree by for will be compensated the scheme of as detailed scheme the proposed planting along this EIS of Visual chapter in the Landscape and 13). Chapter 2, (Volume their created, ponds are attenuation Where the construction of upon completion restoration enhance to will include features works scalloped (e.g. term in the longer biodiversity marginal depths, in water variation edges, plant species). and aquatic habitats take will implemented be will which Mitigation for including guidance relevant of account and otters 2006) (NRA, bats 2006), (NRA, badgers with National and will be agreed 2006) (NRA, ensure will It (NPWS). Services Wildlife and Parks are surveys pre-construction appropriate that works that species, protected undertaken for the year, times of appropriate undertaken at are maintained are routes foraging and pathways bats, for tall trees the use of including through not are and animals protected sites breeding (unless excluded/translocated or disturbed (e.g. sites breeding Alternative under licence). bat boxes, bird boxes) will be provided in areas in areas will be provided boxes) bird boxes, bat lost. are sites and roost nest where ------

Habitat loss will be limited to the minimum the to will be limited loss Habitat the works. of implementation safe needed for will ensure practices best of Implementation to or damage disturbance the risk of that is minimised. adjacent habitats and the Protection ‘Guidelines for The and Scrub Hedgerows Trees, of Preservation of Construction during and post prior to, (NRA) will be followed Schemes’ Road National will be impacted these habitats where in areas the proposed to proximity in close upon or are as such linear habitats possible, Where scheme. right at lines will be crossed and tree hedgerows the reduce to gaps, existing utilising any angles, loss. habitat of extent will they required, are access roads new Where utilises existing in a position that be situated to possible wherever gaps in hedgerows/trees removal. and hedgerow loss minimise tree works, by be affected to are ditches Where a ensure to will be implemented measures is maintained. flow water regular will be stripped topsoil work, excavation Prior to subsoil and from separately and stored of on completion same order in the reinstated nature of habitats any from Topsoil the works. separately be stored value will conservation areas. other from removed topsoil from and soil will be placed gravel sand, Stockpiled to kept value, conservation low of in areas all from away well situated minimum size, or seeded and covered watercourses appropriate. where (SUDs) Solutions Drainage Urban Sustainable of design the into incorporated be to are practice best using areas, control storm all Water Surface the in detailed as standards 11). Chapter 2, Volume this EIS (see of chapter adopted be will practices management site Best of risk the minimise to construction during adjacent habitats. on secondary impacts mark clearly to include fencing practices Such into entrance accidental prevent and boundaries designed systems drainage habitats, adjacent suppression dust and pollution water prevent to information Further dispersion. dust avoid to Water Surface the in detailed as in provided is EIS this of chapter Factors Climatic and Air and 12 respectively). and 11 Chapters 2, (Volume

measures Mitigation 8.4.2 or avoid to necessary measures The mitigation impacts adverse of any the significance reduce in this section. outlined are fauna and on flora measures mitigation regarding information Detailed 8.4.3. outlined in Section are area to this specific those already and above over are These measures for has which design, the scheme into incorporated using by habitats sensitive avoid to sought example the across (e.g. watercourses over bridges existing River). Meadow Broad ------

Chapter 8 Page 124 Flora and Fauna Page 125 Works associated with the strengthening of the of the strengthening with associated Works new of and the construction bridges existing and finish sunrise after commence will bridges disturbance avoid to in order sunset before on otters. impacts herbicides to applying used for The methods ensure will on the tracks plant growth control on impacts in adverse result not it does that herbicides used type of The adjacent habitats. adverse have do not will also be ones which The areas. in the surrounding on wildlife effects will be agreed application of types and methods NPWS and ERFB. with OPW, will be practices construction Best air noise and that ensure to implemented a minimum to kept is as dust) pollution (such fauna. and on adjacent flora impacts reduce to in is provided in this regard Further information chapters Factors the Noise and Air and Climatic 4 Chapters 2, this EIS (Volume of and 12 respectively). where will be replaced lost are that Trees of species, native of using a mixture possible area the local and typical of provenance local and ornamental species. confirm will be undertaken to Monitoring measures mitigation of the effectiveness during construction. 8.4.3 Assessment of residual impacts residual 8.4.3 Assessment of impacts describes the residual This section the of and operation construction from resulting all the mitigation assuming that scheme proposed implemented. successfully are measures the the northern partThrough this area, of corridor the road along at-grade alignment runs Hill the Pinnock crossing the R132 before of the south To structure. via an elevated Roundabout verge the eastern along the alignment runs this, of Airside at Stop the Fosterstown to the R132, of on an is located Stop Fosterstown Park. Retail of the west to wall embankment with a retained Compound 5 Construction Park. Retail Airside east immediately is located Viaduct) Hill (Pinnock the of and this will also be the site the stop, of with access the stop for & Ride facility Park the R132. onto the alignment Fosterstown, at the stop South of the R132 in an of verge on the eastern remains the R132 beneath crossing before open cut section, then The track underpass. via the Fosterstown of lands the arable in cutting through mainly runs A further the airport. South towards Fosterstown is located compound (Fosterstown) construction by is dominated This area land. within this arable with land and grassland, the built and cultivated and small hedgerows, occasional watercourses, trees/parklands. and scattered woodlands - - - - - Safe-hop-over’ features will be incorporated will be incorporated features Safe-hop-over’ flight where bridges new the design of into species could important of paths bird will also trees Tall be affected. potentially be included in the landscaping planting to over fly species to important bird encourage vehicles. metro the light Measures will be taken to ensure that all that ensure to will be taken Measures and do not made safe are areas construction species and inquisitive mobile to pose a threat will planks (e.g. and badgers as otters such pathways identified any be placed across allow to and in trenches areas in excavated and in, fall may animals which any escape for will be covered). pipe systems exposed practice best will develop The contractor and method procedures construction with the Eastern in consultation statements the (ERFB) prior to Fisheries Board Regional construction in-stream commencement of will be undertaken works In-stream activities. out in the with the advice set in accordance Department ERFB and/or the NRA, of guidelines Marine and Natural Communications, of will be undertaken in No works Resources. annual closed during the salmonid rivers 30th to October 1st season of or April inclusive in waterbodies present amphibians are where requirements Any season. during their breeding (OPW), Works Public of by the Office specified by to ERFB or NPWS will be adhered the contractor. the safe allow Culverts to will be designed otter, including fish and wildlife, of passage with the NRA and ERFB best in accordance previously. referenced guidance practice be will lighting Construction/security/scheme from away a minimum and directed to kept otter setts, badger (e.g. receptors sensitive be will light All habitats). foraging bat holts, light the of height the and downwards directed safety taking possible, as low as be will columns Low account. into requirements visibility and where used be will lighting sodium pressure to shown been have lights these as possible which insects prey of numbers lowest the attract compounds Construction bats. feeding attract has working when night at illuminated be not will bats. to impacts avoid ceased to compounds construction at time lighting Night the minimum necessary to will be restricted the risk of reduce to purposes, safety for and otters. on bats impacts disturbance ‘ Vegetation clearance will take place outside place outside take will clearance Vegetation 31 August to March season (1 bird the breeding disturbing the risk of avoid to in order inclusive) under the offence is an (which birds breeding has to If work (as amended). 1976 Act, Wildlife season, bird within the breeding be undertaken vegetation other and scrub trees, and buildings removal before birds nesting for will be checked with NPWS. agreed using methods ------Woodland tunnel under cut and cover The proposed of in the loss result will also Lane Nevinstown and mature semi-mature of a small fraction (Acer campestre) maple by dominated hedgerows private with associated and lime (Tilia cordata) . excelsior) (Fraxinus ash trees and young gardens the in reinstated will be hedgerows and The trees the tunnel of construction once the same location the affect will not This impact has been completed. this habitat of or function distribution long-term in and area in the local common and the species are predicted. are significant impacts No Ireland. Grassland in a temporary result Compound 5 will Construction The (GA1). grassland agricultural improved of loss to permanently be taken is to this area majority of the stop of the subsequent development facilitate a However Fosterstown. at & Ride facility and Park the northern at the end of grassland of small area its to will be reinstated compound site construction a small area of loss This temporary original state. and locally is common both which type, habitat of be significant. to predicted is not nationally, with associated amenity grassland of Small areas will be lost gardens public open space and private MN102. Area throughout locations in a number of locally both common and widespread is habitat This conservation The favourable and in the wider area. be significantly type will not this habitat of status No significant scheme. the proposed by affected occur. to predicted therefore are impacts land Cultivated of in the loss Compound 6 will result Construction Fosterstown. of (BC1) south fields arable of 2.1ha and impacts permanently will be taken A small area described in Section with this are associated to will be reinstated area The remaining 8.4.3.2. works the construction of use on completion arable The years). four be approximately to (estimated will habitat arable of a small area of loss temporary of status conservation the favourable affect not both is common and widespread which this habitat, No significant impacts and in the wider area. locally predicted. are Built land built land and of areas of removal The temporary in significant result will not areas hard-standing resources. on ecological impacts Watercourses (FW1 - eroding/upland river); (FW1 - eroding/upland Watercourses (WL1); Hedgerows (GA1) grassland agricultural Improved (GA2); (improved) Amenity grassland and (Dry meadows grassland Semi-natural verges); grassy crops); land (BC1 – arable Cultivated and Built land (BL3 – buildings artificial surfaces). phase construction scenario: Project 8.4.3.1 sites designated on impacts Construction NHA is the proposed site designated The nearest 1.8km approximately is located which Hill’ ’Feltrim will This site alignment. the proposed of the east to Sluice The scheme. the proposed by be affected not through and a northernRiver run both tributary the Sluice feeds River MN102 and the Sluice Area The northern the tributary of pNHA. Marsh River alignment. the proposed by is crossed Sluice River in detailed measures the mitigation However, the construction that 8.4.2 will ensure Section in pollution result do not this location at activities the Sluice and affects passes downstream which pNHA. Marsh River on habitats impacts Construction the cut and for is required land-take Temporary Construction Lane, tunnel under Nevinstown cover for Viaduct)and Hill Compound 5 (Pinnock are Compound 6 (Fosterstown) Construction for This land-take the alignment. adjacent to the of loss in the temporary results the scheme habitats: following ------8.3. Table in is shown habitat of loss The overall habitats Freshwater the northern will Only the Sluice River tributary of feeds which scheme, the proposed by be affected the proposed of the east to the Sluice River into in the tributary is currently The water alignment. Water eutrophication. signs of and shows stagnant of in the townland sampling on the Sluice River 2007 indicated in September/October Greenwood at polluted) moderately 2-3 (Class C, of Value a Q in the baseline Surface as detailed this location Chapter 1, this EIS (Volume of chapter Water during the will be implemented Measures 19). that flow water maintain any to works construction pollution additional any risk of the reduce occurs, of spread and minimise the the watercourse, of a of during the channeling sediment disturbed any under the bridge 60m the watercourse of section this EIS of Chapter Water in the Surface as detailed 11). Chapter 2, (Volume

Chapter 8 Page 126 Flora and Fauna Page 127

Freshwater habitats Freshwater (FW1); upland river Eroding (FW4); ditches Drainage Woodlands (WL1); Hedgerows lands and cultivated Grasslands (GA1); grassland agricultural Improved (GA2); Amenity grassland (GS2); verges and grassy Dry meadows BC3 crops, arable – (BC1 land Cultivated land); – tilled Built land artificialand surfaces). buildings – (BL3 land Built

The construction works are temporary and mitigation mitigation and temporary are works construction The risk the reduce to implemented be will measures in described are measures These disturbance. of noise of minimisation include and 8.4.2 Section and sites works into light directing and emissions Habitat areas. surrounding into it spilling avoiding 1st period the outside place take also will removal bird breeding the avoid to August 31st to March abundance and distribution long-term The season. hence and affected be not will species bird the of No maintained. be will status conservation their predicted. are significant impacts fauna Aquatic be will Stream Little Forest of section 50m A the of construction the during diverted temporarily as seen is watercourse This culverts. and channels protected species support to potential low a having e.g. legislations and international under national methods The species. fish salmonid and kingfisher with agreed be will diversion this undertaking for is flow water that ensure to authorities relevant adjoining in fauna aquatic on effects and maintained, Measures minimised. are tributary the of stretches risk of the reduce to will also be implemented the during watercourse the of pollution additional mitigation These location. this in works construction the and 8.4.2 Section in described are measures Chapter 2, EIS (Volume this of chapter Water Surface the tributary, condition of the current Given 11). in the quality (as described poor water the existing (Volume EIS this of chapter Water Surface baseline impact the of nature localised the 19), Chapter 1, in this area, the works of and the short duration predicted. not are effects significant phase operational scenario: 8.4.3.2 Project sites designated on impacts Operational operation the by affected be will sites designated No scheme. the proposed of on habitats impacts Operational due lost permanently be will habitat following The track, railway including structures ground above to and access roads. and stops bridges ------8.3. Table in is shown habitat of loss The overall Construction impacts on species on impacts Construction Bats and 1999 in 1997 recorded was roost A pipistrelle 350m the to 2008), Ireland, Conservation (Bat of in the vicinity alignment the proposed of west affected be will not This roost Stop. Fosterstown measures Mitigation scheme. the proposed by of during the construction will be implemented not are bats that ensure to scheme the proposed described in Section are These measures affected. and directed sited 8.4.2 and include appropriately hedgerow/tree of management and careful lighting loss Some temporary the works. lines adjacent to However occur. may routes commuting/foraging of the movement to in barriers result this will not is also There remain. corridors as other bats of in the available habitat foraging considerable upon as part impacted Buildings area. surrounding the for will be surveyed process the construction of demolition. prior to bats of presence to predicted not are works The construction conservation the favourable affect adversely are on bats No significant impacts bats. of status the phase of during the construction predicted scheme. proposed MN102 will be undertaken in Area Further surveys of bat status confirm the 2008 to during August necessary additional and any species in this area, with NPWS. in consultation taken measures and otters Badgers in Area or otters badger of no records were There activity signs of with recent sett A badger MN102. MN103 during a survey in Area nearby recorded was the from distant sufficiently is this but 2008, June in measures Mitigation unaffected. remain to works 8.4.2 in Section as described will be implemented these species will of movements any that ensure to Pre- works. the construction by be affected not confirm will be undertaken to surveys construction these species of in the status changes any whether occur in the area. Birds and fields arable agricultural woodland, Linear MN102 within Area grassland semi-natural species common bird of diversity supports a low robin , pratensis) pipits (Anthus as meadow such house magpie (Pica pica), , (Erithacus rubecula) martin(Prunella (Delichon urbica) and dunnock a species will experience These bird . modularis) activities construction from disturbance of degree due to, years two period of an approximate over and additional noise levels increased example, for in this area the route Part of requirements. lighting which corridor R132 road the existing passes along common bird number of supports low currently will the road adjacent to in habitats Birds species. on traffic from noise levels to be tolerant already the alignment passes of The remainder the road. support which fields open arable more through ensure should the fields of The size species. fewer to able are present are those species that that the works. from distance off maintain a stand The extent of hedgerow loss is small in comparison in comparison is small loss hedgerow of The extent within 5.5km hedgerow of amount the overall to hedgerows/ and new area study MN102 the Area route the new along planted will be treelines to & Ride facility the Park and around alignment the Landscape in illustrated as lost those replace Insertion in the Landscape and Plans included 13). Chapter 2, (Volume this EIS of Visual chapter on the effect a significant have will not The loss or the survival and function, distribution long-term area, species in the local and shrub the tree of predicted. are no significant impacts therefore land and Cultivated Grassland in Area will be affected habitat grassland Little 1.7ha of will be a permanent loss There MN102. 0.5ha (GA1), grassland agricultural improved of amenity (GS2) and 1.7ha grassland semi-natural Stop Fosterstown the proposed (GA2) at grassland the and further south of & Ride facility and Park The proposed northern the Sluice River. tributary of access embankments and associated trackbed, of a small fraction of the loss cause will tracks of the west 09 Complex Habitat from fields arable R132. existing grassland, agricultural improved of areas Extensive to occur fields and arable grassland semi-natural 01 and in Complex in Habitat the north Swords of small very are lost The areas the wider surrounds. MN102 amount in area the overall in comparison to predicted. not are effects and significant Built land runs scheme the proposed of proportion A large and the permanent R132 road the existing along or species on habitats has no effect the road of loss significant.and is not on species impacts Operational Bats the potential have MN102 within Area The habitats bat for and commuting roosts as foraging act to has confirmed Ireland Conservation Bat species. is present roost spp.) (Pipistrellus a pipistrelle that 350m the proposed of the west to approximately & Ride Park Fosterstown in the vicinity of scheme 2008). Ireland, Conservation (Bat and stop facility the proposed by be affected will not site This roost in the will result scheme The proposed scheme. the R132 of west immediately buildings of loss and treelines hedgerows South, and Fosterstown Hill the Pinnock the R132 and for adjacent to (e.g. of Compound) in this section Construction the scheme. Freshwater habitats habitats Freshwater The northern will be Sluice River the of tributary will be it although scheme, the proposed by crossed an agricultural allow to the tributary across bridged The it. to parallel be maintained to access route an approximately over be affected tributary will 90m bank-side of loss with the resultant section 65m will be only although habitat, and in-stream in the remainder with under the track, culverted and fields Arable either end. at open channels the north to and south of grassland semi-natural tributary the of the edge to run the watercourse by is species poor and dominated the flora where or no agg). with little fruticosus (Rubus bramble the between zone buffer or other habitat, marginal was There habitat. and agricultural course water contained which tributary the in flow no or little also from eutrophication suggesting water, stagnant and fields, adjacent agricultural the from run-off class FW4 the habitat hence its inclusion into ditches). (Drainage the tributary from habitat The permanent of loss the abundance or affect adversely will not type and significant this habitat of distribution planting will New predicted. not are impacts alignment, the route be undertaken along the and the species composition will enhance as illustrated in this location riparian corridor on the Landscape Insertion Plans ncluded in the 2, (Volume this EIS of Visual chapter Landscape and will habitat freshwater new In addition 13). Chapter ponds for enhancing the attenuation by be created of wildlife. the benefit Woodland and stops footpaths alignment, The proposed treeline/ roadside a permanent of will cause loss the of edge the eastern from habitat hedgerow This Hill Roundabout R132 north Pinnock of maple semi-mature by is characterised habitat with pendula) (Betula and birch (Acer campestre) by dominated A tree-line . helix) (Hedera minor ivy poplar of and a group lime (Tilia cordata) mature the south of will also be lost spp.) (Populus trees managed A heavily R132. of the west to roundabout will be monogyna) hedgerow hawthorn (Crataegus the of reservation central the from lost R132. existing and Stop the Fosterstown of The creation including its & Ride facilities, Park associated in the permanent of loss will result access road, This includes the habitat. hedgerow mature runs which the hedgerow all of almost of loss the R132 and the Swords between east-west and the east, to centre shopping Pavilions the further south by the hedgerow of severance These & Ride facility. the Park for access road value moderate of however, are, hedgerows by and dominated mature predominantly monogyna) with a good hawthorn (Crataegus helix). (Hedera ivy of cover

Chapter 8 Page 128 Flora and Fauna Page 129 impacts take land- w of vervie Table 8.3 shows the permanent and temporary the permanent and temporary 8.3 shows Table types within habitat within the different land-take of area the total MN102 in comparison to Area the of area the study types within those habitat scheme. proposed 8.5 O Birds Birds all common are MN102 Area within The habitats support and poor a species and widespread The 8.4.3.1. in Section as described avifauna the alongside is particularly low species diversity high noise due to the N132 of corridor road existing corridor. road the alongside levels the proposed for habitat of The permanent loss breeding of will entail some small losses scheme However, species. common bird for habitat the scheme place along planting will take new in lost that replace MN102 to Area throughout In some parts this will enhance the long-term. of the planting example value for the biodiversity crossing section grade at the along linear woodland nesting new will provide which 09, Complex Habitat within an area birds for habitats and foraging fields. arable large by dominated in some short- will result scheme The operating of a range to disturbance and localised term noise, of the effects species due to common bird likely most are These effects and lighting. people are disturbance of levels existing where in areas the northern along tributary of (e.g. low relatively areas such few are there however, the Sluice River), the proposed instances In many MN102. in Area already are which areas through will run scheme traffic of levels considerable to lit and subject well as human activity, as well and noise disturbance, a degree used to already are the birds consequently disturbance. of fauna Aquatic present amphibian populations on local Impacts not are Business Park Airside of within the area be will not The pond habitat occur. to predicted and is located scheme the proposed by affected Due (500m) scheme. away well the proposed from and summer wintering suitable of presence the to it is seen site this spawning in the vicinity of habitat and from to amphibian movements that as unlikely the proposed of corridor the route cross this habitat will be no significant and hence there scheme on this species. impact on aquatic scheme the proposed of The impacts are the Sluice River the tributary of of fauna in water The be significant. to predicted not signs of and shows the tributary is stagnant it supports that and it is unlikely eutrophication, and hence fauna important aquatic of populations predicted. are no significant impacts Considerable foraging habitat and foraging/ habitat foraging Considerable Some unaffected. will remain corridors commuting will occur routes and commuting foraging of loss those of but none corridor, road the R132 to close as other movement bat to in barriers will result lost the at value hedgerow The low remain. corridors near the Fosterstown facility & Ride the Park of site a major commuting provide to is unlikely Stop scheme The proposed its position. given corridor of in the loss will result north the Sluice River of 50m the northern from habitat of approximately prevent not but will the Sluice River, tributary of the the tributary due to along moving from bats allowing underpass, the agricultural of retention will Hence there the bridge. beneath move to bats for the corridor of be no permanent severance bats. foraging/commuting on the as illustrated The landscaping strategy Landscape Insertion Plans included in the 2, (Volume this EIS of Visual chapter Landscape and will include planting of the scheme 13) for Chapter alignment the route along and shrubs trees native the R132 and the northernincluding adjacent to This will provide the Sluice River. tributary of commuting and for habitat new considerable enhance the ecological and will bats, foraging Lighting term. in the longer area the local value of a to will be kept is operational once the scheme measures mitigation general minimum following will also boxes Bat 8.4.2. as outlined in Section with the NPWS to agreed in locations be erected in bats opportunities for roosting additional provide 8.4.2) (see Section the long-term the of in this section The main species present is which pipistrelle, be common to is likely route and feed common species, most Ireland’s one of and as watercourses such linear habitats along permanent will be some there Whilst hedgerows. individual foraging/ and of habitat of loss by for this will be compensated commuting routes, movement to planting and no barriers replacement will occur. the proposed of the operation the above Given the long- affect MN102 will not in Area scheme species, bat of abundance or distribution term foraging of the extent increase to and is likely on the favourable Effects and commuting routes. therefore species are, bat of status conservation predicted. not badgers and Otters within Area recorded not were badgers and Otters activity signs of with recent sett A badger MN102. MN103 during a survey in Area nearby recorded was from distant but this is sufficiently June 2008, in unaffected and will remain scheme the proposed will Measures is operational. once the scheme 8.4.2 as described in Section be implemented these species of movements any that ensure to The scheme the operating by be affected will not the northern of the Sluice tributary of crossing mammals along for will maintain access River will be undertaken Further surveys the banks. confirm the commencing to construction prior to these species. of status Total area of habitat habitat of area Total [ha] area in study 219.3 1,054.6 159.7 255.2 80.6 10.8 219.3 1,054.6 159.7 255.2 80.6 27.0 Total existing area area existing Total within habitat of MN102 [ha] Area 29.2 88.0 23.8 18.1 16.2 2.5 29.2 88.0 23.8 18.1 16.2 3.3 Area of habitat lost lost habitat of Area [ha] MN102 in Area 2.2 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.3 0 .1 2.0 0.5 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.2 Table 8.3 Permanent/temporary habitat loss in Area MN102 MN102 in Area loss habitat 8.3 Permanent/temporary Table Type Habitat Temporary land-take Temporary BC1 BL3 GA1 GA2 GS2 WS1 land-take Permanent BC1 BL3 GA1 GA2 GS2 WD1 Roundabout Chapter 8 Hill Pinock Page 130 Soil and 09 geology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Study area 9.3 Impact assessment methodology 9.3.1 Magnitude 9.3.2 Significance 9.4 Impact assessment 9.4.1 Impact identification 9.4.2 Mitigation measures 9.4.3 Assessment of residual impacts 9.4.4 Summary of residual impacts

Soil and Geology Page 133 y area y tud 9.2 S out in this assessment is set for area The study has been defined The assessment area 9.1. Table the from impact for the potential to with reference information. relevant of and the availability scheme Width of study area (on both sides of the alignment) the sides of both (on area study Width of 50m 50m 50m 50m ‘The greater within 50m boundary areas All site construction of measured the excavation of the depth to equating the distance of the predicted or the position of the excavation, of the face from line. contour 2mm settlement the excavation of the depth to equating the distance of The greater the or the position of the excavation, of the face from measured line. contour 2mm settlement predicted This chapter of the EIS describes the potential the EIS describes the potential of This chapter arise due may which on soils and geology, impacts and with the construction associated activities to MN105. in Area scheme the proposed of operation of impact the considers also chapter this addition In construction the by generated movements ground Underpass. the Fosterstown of 9.1 Introduction 9.1 Table 9.1 Study area 9.1 Table Criteria Geology Landuse Subsoils Ecology Investigation Ground Preliminary compounds Construction approx. 1km generated Construction movement ground operation of the proposed scheme in Area MN102. Area in scheme proposed the of operation to activities associated with the construction and and construction the with associated activities to impacts on soils and geology, which may arise due due arise may which geology, and soils on impacts This chapter of the EIS describes the potential potential the describes EIS the of chapter This Impact magnitude Impact high very high medium low low very 9.3.1 Magnitude 9.3.1 impacts assess the different to used The criteria with scheme proposed with this associated with ground those associated of the exception 9.2. Table in shown are movements ground of assessing the impact of The method of and in particular the response movements induced excavation to and infrastructure buildings progressive is based on a movements ground assessment and successive where approach, on property concentration allows elimination risk. potential be at to considered Settlement predictions take account of likely account of take predictions Settlement conditions and ground methods, construction conditions ground of terms (in projects comparable have The predictions methods). and construction and element finite empirical, using undertaken been validated and analysis computer element discrete case studies. against y methodolog

assessment Creation of impermeable areas that do not allow the percolation of of the percolation allow do not that impermeable areas of Creation impermeable tunnels of construction paving, e.g. soils through water soil of areas through contamination of high levels with very areas of Creation soils including compaction, to impacts substantial Permanent and contamination excavation during construction soils to major impacts Temporary areas impermeable of creation temporary e.g. contamination of with high levels areas of Creation soils including compaction to impacts moderate Temporary and excavation. contamination of with medium levels areas of Creation as implementation such magnitude impacts low Permanent work landscaping and maintenance schemes, drainage of contamination of levels with low areas of Creation disturbance as minor ground such impacts immaterial Temporary associated and impacts for areas non-compacted unpaved, or use of etc. cleaning as track such with activities contamination of levels low with very areas of Creation assessment a 4 stage scheme the proposed For as summarised below. has been adopted, process construction the proposed of a review stage each At the appropriate and where out, is carried methods the reduce amended to are methods construction damage. potential risk of ‘Greenfield’ 1 Preliminary Stage Analysis Settlement ground of the prediction involves This stage excavation underground by generated movements cut and tunnels, TBM bored of and construction mined tunnels, cuttings, retained tunnels, cover and portal structures boxes (station) stop shafts, at potential of property and the identification damage. risk of Table 9.2 Criteria for assessment of impact magnitude impact of assessment for 9.2 Criteria Table Criteria mpact 9.3 I is impacts potential all of type and source The measures Mitigation 9.4.1. Section in described 9.4.2. in Section defined are be put in place to adverse for any defined are measures Mitigation greater or Medium of be to deemed are that impacts to undertaken are or mitigation to prior significance tunnelling by generated movements ground manage which to extent The construction. cover and cut and significance the as increases needed is mitigation each of impact residual The increases. impact the of of terms in 9.4.3 Section in evaluated then is impact magnitude and significance.

Chapter 9 Page 134 Soil and Geology Page 135 Stage 2A Initial Response Assessment Assessment Initial Response 2A Stage the response of assessment the involves This stage during (identified and infrastructure buildings of and movements, ground predicted 1) to Stage possible of the consideration appropriate where measures. mitigation 1 the Stage from through carried buildings All using a assessed individually are Assessment are Buildings approach. strain limiting tensile the greenfield follow and assumed to modelled This approach the ground. of profile settlement interaction any since it neglects is conservative and the buildings the of the stiffness between resulting strains The maximum tensile ground. of rotations and/or settlement differential from with and together calculated are the foundations the predictions settlement surface the ground in determined risk are of levels corresponding ground of The impact 9‑3. Table with accordance has been assessed buildings on piled movements by with methodology proposed in accordance John Professor from and guidance Kaalberg Burland. very identified as being in the negligible, Buildings be will not risk category damage or slight slight structures or buildings Where assessed further. or damage moderate at as being classified are the construction of then a review risk levels, above and if appropriate is undertaken proposed methods Where re-analysed. amended and the building(s) an unacceptable generate still movements ground Stage passed to are they buildings risk to of level buildings In addition assessment. detailed 3 for in structures be complex deemed to are that movements, ground to their response of terms 2A building the Stage of the application or where assessment methodology is considered response 3 Stage the to also progressed are inappropriate assessment.detailed deriving for approach earlier the above As noted be conservative to is likely damage of categories cases the likely of In the majority in its estimation. than the assessed will be less damage actual strain tensile of since the calculation category has no in question the building assumes that the to it deforms and that stiffness, inherent stiffness reality the In profile. settlement greenfield with the supporting will interact the building of the deflection reduce to tend and therefore ground, buildings robust More strains. and horizontal ratio restraint greater will offer buildings as framed such overestimate may slope ground and therefore damage. likely involves infrastructure 2A assessment of The Stage ground predicted of impact the an assessment of specified limiting criteria against movements owner’s or infrastructure standards by down set documents In the absence of documents. guidance assessments are limiting criteria, defining ground the predicted demonstrate undertaken to damage. unacceptable cause do not movements potential be at to is adjudged infrastructure Where manner a in progressed is assessment the then risk, above. buildings described for that similar to High value structures property Prestigious structures. Prominent value or historical cultural of Structures in poor condition. Structures contain to or suspected known Structures movements ground to equipment sensitive aircraft studios, recording hospitals, e.g. instrumentation. Highways Luas Railways Embankments Bridges Sub-Stations Electricity Canals Airport infrastructure Monuments Hospitals Complex structures Complex ------will be items there buildings to In addition the by be affected will that infrastructure of scheme, the proposed of construction underground including: ------of item 1 assessment any the Stage For 2mm within the predicted falls that infrastructure further assessment for line will be selected contour 2A. Stage at to is also given consideration this stage At minimise the amount of to alignment adjustment affected, buildings the number of reduce damage, property. particularly sensitive avoid or to The settlement predictions are translated into into translated are predictions The settlement identify to then used are that contours settlement scheme the proposed For risk. potential at property is less settlement predicted the where building any than 10mm than is less slope and the predicted further assessment to be subject shall not 1/500 by provided the guidance with in accordance of and effects ‘Prediction 30 Report CIRIA Project areas’. urban beneath caused movements ground these values than less and slope Settlement classification damage a negligible to corresponds and slope Settlement unlikely). (superficial damage the to these values will be progressed of in excess assessment stage. next from identified structures and buildings In addition particularly be deemed to are that inspection site of or are movements, ground to susceptible shall also be progressed significant public interest further study. for assessment stage next the to this includes: Typically - Reflecting the conservative assumptions of the of the assumptions the conservative Reflecting evaluation detailed the assessments, previous in the possible in a reduction result will usually the into fall buildings If any damage. of degree 3 Assessment Stage the after category risk’ ‘at construction amendments to then further as will possible will be considered proposals is then The assessment works.. protective taken the measures that ensure to repeated category. risk’ ‘at the from the property remove Description of typical damage of Description 0.1mm than about less Hairline cracks during normal decoration. treated can be masked cracks Recurrent required. probably linings. suitable by >3mm. cracks or number of 5-15mm, Cracks some opening up and can require The cracks external of Repointing a mason. by be patched a small amount of and possibly brickwork be replaced. to brickwork involving work repair Extensive 15-25mm. Cracks walls, of sections and replacing breaking-out and windows. doors over especially job a major repair This requires >25mm. Cracks rebuilding. partial or complete involving Prior to the Railway Order Planning Application, Planning Application, Order the Railway Prior to RPA. by been undertaken 1 and 2A have Stages be shall the process of stages The remaining of taking account the Contractor undertaken by proposals. design and construction detailed of impact assess the used to The criteria on movements ground generated construction in accordance are and adjacent buildings overlying set system classification damage with the building 251 Establishment Research the Building out by approach strain (1990) using a limiting tensile 9‑3). Table (see Limiting Tensile Tensile Limiting (%) Strain – 0.150.075 Re-decoration filled. Cracks than 5mm. less Cracks Normal degree Normal degree severity of Negligible SlightVery 0.05 0 – – 0.075 0.05 Slight easily are than 1mm which greater not Fine cracks Moderate – 0.30 0.15 Severe SevereVery >0.3 >0.3 The impact of long term consolidation consolidation term long of The impact groundwater from resulting settlements 2A. Stage at considered is also drawdown 2A Initial of 2B Review Stage Assessment Response of and update a review for 2B provides Stage account 2A assessments taking 1 and the Stage construction and actual design the detailed of be used. to methods Assessment Response 3 Detailed Stage assessment a detailed involves This stage utilities and infrastructure all buildings, of and the design 2B, Stage from over carried measures protection of and implementation as appropriate. severe the moderate, into fall that buildings All in will be assessed categories severe and very collected information taking account of detail sub-structure and structure detailed from the of and detail extent The method, surveys. case on a case by will be determined analysis be taken would that factors however basis, dimensional effects, three include, account of and methods and excavation construction building, the of continuity structural sequencing, building details, and structural foundation soil / the building, of orientation condition, predictions settlement interaction, structure movements. and previous depth at Table 9.3 Building Damage Classification System Classification Damage 9.3 Building Table Category damage of 0 1 2 3 4 5

Chapter 9 Page 136 Soil and Geology Page 137

TBM bored tunnels TBM bored tunnels Cut and cover cuttings Retained Mined tunnels Shafts boxes (station) Stop structures Portal

In addition ground movements generated by the the by generated movements ground addition In the has following the of construction and excavation adjacent or overlying property on impact to potential undertaken: being are works such where sites to ------occur: to recognised are impact types of Two and permanent. temporary Impacts Temporary 9.4.1.1 with associated typically are impacts Temporary scheme. the proposed phase of the construction nature in short-term typically are impacts These the of construction the facilitate to required are and continue will not The impacts scheme. proposed phase has been completed. the construction after associated those include type this of Impacts excavation movement, the as such activities with materials contaminated soils, of disposal and compaction or paving temporary bedrock, and traffic roads, of construction temporary soils, of works. and dewatering procedures management soils of minor disturbance only In some cases, construction on areas is this of example An occurs. administration temporary for used compounds construction during disturbed ground or structures compaction. to subject but not Impacts Permanent 9.4.1.2 which impacts term longer are impacts Permanent the of the lifetime for persist to expected are Permanent and its operation. scheme proposed or geology the soil occur where impacts structural the for allow to altered has been permanently e.g. the parts of the scheme of construction and also impacts paving by surfaces sealing of new the railway, of with the installation associated and conduit drainage roadways, or systems traffic and ancillary buildings car park facilities, channels, and / or settlement. movement ground occur where impacts operational Permanent the proposed of operation day to day the general Potential on soil and geology. impacts scheme such activities this type arise due to of impacts cleaning) (including track works as maintenance lead potentially could which and activities contamination. to on movements ground of the impact assess To Ground 1 Preliminary MN102 a Stage section 2A Preliminary Assessment and Stage Movement been Assessment have Response Building these assessments the From undertaken. has been determined: impact following

assessment All areas where elements of the proposed the proposed of elements where areas All stops, soils or geology e.g. intersect scheme shafts, ventilation substations, track, and ancillary roads landscaping bunds, and tunnel portals; access ways cuttings and embankments; Earthworks, and disposal sites; areas Spoil storage compounds; Construction operations and drainage maintenance Track soil. of contamination to lead may which 9.4.1 Impact identification Impact 9.4.1 scheme the proposed components of The following on soils and geology. impacts cause may - - - - - 9.4 Impact 9.3.2 Significance is assessed in impacts of all The significance and the impact the magnitude of of consideration the upon which the area value of the functional has an effect.impact The calculated damage category forms the basis the basis forms category damage The calculated movement ground need for the determining for buildings the of each for measures mitigation the where that considered generally It is assessed. “very “negligible”, is predicted damage of degree under fall these categories that “slight” or slight” protective and that category damage the aesthetic required. not are measures measures protective providing not The basis for is that or below category damage slight the for with a cracking cause that small deformations generally may damage structural risk of low very than repaired effectively and cost easily be more Any them. prevent to required the measures result to likely are measures protective potential and the function to disruption in considerable themselves and may the buildings, of occupiers during or damage cracking of some degree cause to it is preferable Therefore their installation. re- repairs, crack with final the buildings, monitor the out after carried and finishing being plastering movements. ground of cessation of severity of the degree where buildings For or above, “moderate” is damage movement ground with the will be considered measures protective or category “slight” the to damage restrict aim to the degree that it is recognised However below. than 5mm less cracks to importanceof attached be situations may and there can be subjective, For be unacceptable. would damage such where identified has been a building where example and significance or other historical as having be may cracking such of the development or mitigation the limit before then unacceptable, is reduced considered are measures protection slight”. “very to aste, spoil and contamination spoil and contamination aste, Excavation where be avoided will areas of Excavation may contamination potential of Areas possible. phase. the construction during be encountered where spoil will be reused Uncontaminated construct to scheme the proposed within possible bunds embankments, depot, as the such areas Uncontaminated structures. and landscaping so that trucks onto directly spoil will be loaded be required. usually not will storage intermediate in spoil will be treated contaminated Any best and legislation with all relevant accordance an origin or at the point of at guidelines practice Spoil will disposal. prior to site suitable alternative if required, as part treatment, of be dewatered, spoil generated. of the volume reduce to in order the the trucks, onto loaded Once the spoil has been in which area the to directly will then travel trucks All or disposed. recycled be reused, the spoil is to Spoil that during transport. be covered will trucks will be disposed of or recycled be reused cannot with all relevant is in accordance in a manner that guidelines. practice and best legislation with associated measures mitigation Any addressed are human health impacts potential this EIS (Volume of in the Human Health chapter the reduce to taken 8) Measures Chapter 1, pollution and environmental for potential soil comprise capping contaminated of dispersion suppression and dust areas contaminated of contaminated of The disturbance if necessary. risk soils will be minimised and an appropriate against mitigate assessment will be undertaken to risks. environmental W in be developed plan is to management A waste Guidelines on Practice with the Best accordance Plans for Management Waste of the Preparation (DoEHLG, and Demolition Projects Construction environmental 2006) as part the construction of all construction that ensure plan to management reused moved, managed, is stored, waste manner by in an appropriate or disposed of with all in accordance contractors appropriate is to A spoil strategy legislation. waste relevant Management as part a Waste of be developed potential spoil and any that ensure Plan to with in an appropriate is dealt contamination legislation with all relevant manner in accordance will (LMVs) vehicles metro the light of Maintenance All the depot. of areas occur in hardstanding only will be or track LMVs of work maintenance/repair undertaken using non-polluting substances required materials hazardous Any possible. where will be maintenance schemes the proposed for in bunded areas. stored An assessment of the impact of ground ground of the impact of An assessment measured serviceability criteria, on movements excessive due to performance poor of in terms and / or road fall cross in gradient, change are criteria These inefficiency. drainage the in determining critical and onerous more than risk of a highway of performance damage. structural exceeding as identified highways For or highways criteria, serviceability limiting ground to sensitive be particularly deemed to has a risk based approach movements, consider particular to then been adopted as surfacing such the highway of features / usage. levels traffic condition and material, The risk assessment has been completed occurring, ‘ponding’ of considering likelihood and permanent temporary for and requirement and the temporary of An assessment repair. undertaken been also has permanentsituations walkways. for

Highways been undertaken has highways of The assessment stages: in two 1. 2. alongside runs Underpass the Fosterstown Where MN102, in Area the Dublin Road and traverses of in the region settle to is predicted the road with a the excavation, of the face to 5mm close of slope maximum settlement corresponding highway of Based on experience predicted. 1:1333 50mm up to of settlements are maintenance, and can carriageways permissible for considered provided situations temporary for be managed is the which than 1:500 greater is not slope ground MN102. Area case for measures 9.4.2 Mitigation Paving possible. where will be avoided areas of Paving the after required not are that areas Paved and will be removed the project of construction compliment the with landscaping to reinstated be to are that The areas landuse. surrounding Insertion on Landscape Plans illustrated reinstated Visual chapter contained within the Landscape and 13). Chapter 2, this EIS (Volume of Compaction where will be avoided areas of Compaction will be used and signposting Hoarding possible. routes haulage demarcate clearly to in this regard being used during construction. areas and other will be undertaken Landscaping and restoration their original condition, to reinstated with areas be reinstated to are that The areas possible. where on Landscape Insertion Plans illustrated are Visual chapter contained within the Landscape and 13). Chapter 2, this EIS (Volume of

Chapter 9 Page 138 Soil and Geology Page 139 Load cells and strain gauges cells and strain Load Piezometers Tunnel convergence Tunnel Soil strain gauges Soil strain Borehole extensometers Borehole Inclinometers and electrolevels Inclinometers Heave gauges Heave Remote settlement gauges settlement Remote Vertical pipe settlement gauges pipe settlement Vertical Single point monuments Single Portable displacement gauges Portable Optical/electronic surveying methods surveying Optical/electronic Instrumentation will be installed to enable enable to will be installed Instrumentation be undertaken 6 to to baseline monitoring identify to construction 12 months prior to variations, operator levels, ambient background and survey error, instrument errors, reading seasonal variations. of the predicted verification During construction, out using will be carried movements ground The on site. measured data monitoring actual shall be re-analysis the verification of results the design and site to back communicated to the construction modifications so that teams and mitigation the protection and/or methods can be made if appropriate. measures Plans and Contingency Action in response action plan of A pre-determined is action that ensure to readings recorded to buildings, to is incurred damage before taken or the utilities and infrastructure structures, The risk. placed at are the works of stability plans shall be integrated and contingency action plans. and construction with monitoring ------The shallow depth of the underpass reduces reduces the underpass of depth The shallow movement/settlement ground of the magnitude the ground of the extent and generated, influence. of zone movement Measures Internal structural Underpass the Fosterstown For the vertical of stiffness comprising measures excavation and arrangements propping support, maintain ground to phasing will be employed limits. within manageable movements and Monitoring Instrumentation and instrumentation A comprehensive will be implemented regime monitoring the displacements and ground monitor to Measurements structures. of deformation from indirectly or the surface at can be taken that Instrumentation installations. sub-surface includes: be employed may - (f)

(d) (e)

3 Ground Investigation Ground ground design of the adequate enable To and manage control to support measures construction from resulting movements ground Underpass and the accurate the Fosterstown of the For movements. ground of prediction this has been achieved scheme proposed site historical of undertaking a review by Geological from available data investigation North Preliminary the Metro Ireland, Survey North Main Metro the Investigation, Ground of review and a desk study Investigation Ground maps. historical will be carried investigation Further ground design and the detail for out as required scheme. the proposed phase of construction Records Building and Surveys Sub-structure data, survey sub-structure of The collection and condition data and infrastructure property of the impact enable to records as-constructed determined be accurately to movements ground and / or protection mitigation and appropriate required. be designed where to measures design Alignment Underpass the Fosterstwon The alignment of on minise the impact to has been located to and the Dublin Road, adjacent proiperty be to is predicted no property that the extent by generated movements ground by affected Underpass. the Fosterstown of construction Ground gases including radon radon including gases Ground Institute Protection The Radiological the It is noted into take not does assessment (RPII) Ireland of be may that pathways exposure consideration as such works underground any due to created In or underpasses. tunnels of the construction monitoring an occupational fact, this of recognition that ensure to will be implemented programme the tunnel of a result occur as impacts no adverse ground of the migration due to process construction and methane dioxide, gases (including carbon the tunnel be mobilised due to may which radon) dewatering or associated technique construction guidance issued separate The RPII has activities. ‘Radon entitled working underground in respect - Guidance Notes Workplaces in Underground an and in this guidance (2007) Employers’ for 400 Bq/m of standard exposure occupational has been set. If radon levels in the underground in the underground levels If radon has been set. this exceed scheme the proposed of sections remedial appropriate during construction, threshold will be the RPII) by (as prescribed measures on impact no negative that ensure undertaken to occurs. environmental the surrounding Settlement Section for measures and protection The mitigation of the form take to expected or are MN102 have, the following: (a) (b) (c) Significance of Impact Significance low very medium to Compaction Compaction construction during the will occur areas Compacted parts will include These of MN102. in Area phase the at facility & Ride the Park the stops, the track, access R132, the underpass at Stop, Fosterstown and the construction footpaths roads, roadways, impact the The magnitude of compounds. during an area of compacting with the associated and is compressed is high as the soil construction are areas the compacted of The majority disturbed. medium functional of in areas be constructed to medium significance. will have value so the impacts into taken are measures When the mitigation of and significance the magnitude consideration, of the same but the footprint remains this impact upon decreases. impacted the area as such paving and existing made-ground of Areas value functional lower the R132 have those along Low to reduced is of impact and the significance respectively. low Very and on illustrated are are areas paved of The locations Landscape Insertion Plans contained within the 2, (Volume this EIS of Visual chapter Landscape and 13). Chapter with associated impacts the residual A summary of is this area and affecting scheme the proposed 9.4. Table in provided Excavation line the track soil will occur along of Excavation the R132. underpass of the MN102 and at in Area with this associated the impact The magnitude of during construction) an area excavating (i.e. activity on soil has a high impact is high as soil disturbance are areas the excavated The majority of function. value so the medium functional of in areas located Medium significance. will have impacts paving and existing made-ground of areas However, functional lower the R132 have as those along such to reduced is of impact value and the significance respectively. low Very and Low on illustrated are are areas paved of The locations Landscape Insertion within the Plans contained this EIS of Visual chapter Landscape and 13). Chapter 2, (Volume associated impacts the residual A summary of is provided this area and affecting with the scheme 9.4 Table in Paved Paved Ground Disturbed Potentially low very medium to ) impact of Type 2 Highways result as a predicted settlement The maximum Underpass Fosterstown of the construction of to close 5mm and occurs of is in the region the of Resurfacing excavation. the of the face original condition its it to restore to highway Fosterstown of the construction prior to as part will be undertaken Underpass the of works. reinstatement Scheme Protection Property will be Scheme Protection A Property within 30m properties covering implemented a cut and of or the face the tunnel centreline of as a result occurs If damage structure. cover a ceiling of below works the underground of by an independent firm as certified €30,000, will be arrangements surveyors, building of as little involving rectification prompt made for The as possible. owner property the to disruption and to is in addition Scheme Protection Property rights. normal legal impede people’s does not 9.4.3 Assessment of residual impacts impacts residual 9.4.3 Assessment of phase construction scenario: Project 9.4.3.1 Paving in Area constructed will be areas paved A number of will include parts the areas of These paved MN102. the viaducts, bridges, substation, electricity track, the Fosterstown at & Ride facility the Park stops, access roadways, the R132, the underpass of Stop, compounds. and the construction footpaths roads, with paving associated the impact The magnitude of high because be very to is considered area any of its natural perform continue to the soil cannot will be constructed areas The paved functions. value medium functional of in areas predominantly Medium significance. will have so the impacts areas paved and existing made-ground of Areas functional lower the R132 have as those along such to reduced is of impact value and the significance When the mitigation respectively. low Very and Low the consideration, into taken are measures remains of this impact magnitude and significance impacted the area of the same but the footprint upon decreases. on illustrated are are areas paved of The locations Landscape Insertion within the Plans contained this EIS of Visual chapter Landscape and 13). Chapter 2, (Volume associated impacts the residual A summary of is provided this area and affecting with the scheme 9.4 Table in MN 102MN 102 37,000 54,000 Table 9.4 Summary of residual impacts residual 9.4 Summary of Table Location (m land-take of Area (g) (h)

Chapter 9 Page 140 Soil and Geology Page 141 of radiation. radiation. of 3 The geology of the study area is described in the the in described is area study the of geology The (Volume EIS this of Geology and chapter Soil baseline study the chapter, this in detailed As 17). Chapter 1, which and shales limestones by is dominated area if occur to radon of transmission the allow would the However, existed. radon of source significant a area, within the study that indicates RPII database the exceed to predicted dwellings of percentage the area the and 5%) (1- low is standard radon domestic provides This area’. radon ‘high a as defined not is likely not is whole a as area the that indication an radon problem. with a significant be associated to take does not the RPII assessment that It is noted may that pathways exposure consideration into such works underground any due to be created In tunnels or underpasses. of as the construction measures the mitigation this fact, of recognition in place to be put to 9.4.2 are in Section detailed occurs. impact adverse no significant that ensure Settlement is a impact MN102 the residual Section For in the region settelment maximum predicted The Underpass. the Fosterstown 5mm for of low. Very is of this impact significance phase operational scenario: 9.4.3.2 Project maintenance Scheme undertaken along will be work Maintenance for is the potential There stops. and at the track lubricants, oils, as (such materials contaminating on impact to materials) and cleaning killer weed The magnitude areas. paved the soil outside of hazardous with a spill of associated impact of is high work during maintenance/repair materials to soil contamination for the potential of because typically are track the around areas However occur. value and when the functional low very to low of 9.2.2 are out in Section set measures mitigation is of an impact the significance account, into taken low. Very to Low phase the Fosterstown During the operational further ground generate Underpass will not prevent is designed to The structure movement. from resulting movements ground long-term occurring. lowering groundwater impacts residual 9.4.4 Summary of with associated impacts the residual A summary of in is provided this area and affecting the scheme impacts. residual 9.4 Summary of Table The map illustrates 10km illustrates The map the within squares grid percentage the of estimate an provides and county 10km within each dwellings of are which area of standard radon domestic the exceed to predicted 200 Bq/m aste spoil and contamination contamination spoil and aste Soil from a number of sampling locations along along locations sampling of a number Soil from for tested and sampled has been the route information the current In all cases, contamination. on impact be any not will there that indicates all the samples in which landuses commercial all below are levels contamination occur because landuse. end commercial a for criteria screening the discrete undertaken at soil sampling was However, based on historical only locations representative for the potential and an assessment of activities soil of Areas be encountered. to contamination be encountered potentially could contamination analysis where outside the areas areas in other undertaken. was areas in other is encountered If contamination this impact the magnitude of during construction, high depending on the type to low from will range Areas encountered. contamination and amount of in Area be encountered may contamination of value so functional medium of MN102 in areas Medium significance if be of would the impacts The place. put in not were measures mitigation specified be put in place are to measures mitigation measures When these mitigation 9.4.2. in Section the the magnitude of consideration, into taken are low. or very low to will be reduced impact areas paved and existing made ground of Areas functional lower the R132 have as those along such to reduced is of impact value and the significance respectively. low Very and Low of metres 2.9 million cubic approximately of A total proposed the entire across be generated spoil is to of million cubic metres 2.0 Approximately scheme. scheme in the proposed be reused this spoil is to of construction as purposes such a number of for landscaping topography, of levelling embankments, is not reuse Where measures. mitigation and other this is and where spoil will be recycled possible, in a manner spoil will be disposed of possible, not legislation. with all relevant is in accordance that spoil with the transport of associated Impacts of this EIS chapter Traffic in the addressed are plan management A waste 7). Chapter 2, (Volume as part the construction of be developed is to ensure plan to management environmental stored is managed, waste all construction that manner by appropriate in an and disposed of with all in accordance contractors appropriate legislation. waste relevant gases including radon Ground of decay radioactive the from comes gas Radon and rocks all in present uranium of quantities minute Ireland of Institute Protection Radiological The soils. County Dublin’ ‘Radon Map of a (RPII) has produced results monitoring on based compiled was which houses within the county. sample a number of from W

10 Groundwater 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Study area 10.3 Impact assessment methodology 10.3.1 Magnitude 10.3.2 Significance 10.4 Impact assessment 10.4.1 Impact identification 10.4.2 Mitigation measures 10.4.3 Assessment of residual impacts

Groundwater Page 145 y methodolog assessment 10.3 Impact is impacts all potential and type of The source measures Mitigation 10.4.1. described in Section 10.4.2. in Section defined put in place are be to adverse for any defined are measures Mitigation or Medium be of deemed to are that impacts extent The to mitigation. significance prior greater as the is needed increases mitigation which to residual The increases. of the impact significance in Section is then evaluated impact each of effect magnitude and significance. 10.4.3 of in terms Magnitude 10.3.1 impacts assess the different used to The criteria shown are scheme with this proposed associated in been defined have The criteria 10.2. Table in to ‘Guidelines on Information the of consideration Statements’ Impact be Contained in Environmental 2002). (EPA, Width of study area area study Width of the of sides both (on alignment) 500m y area y tud Groundwater Criteria Criteria Table 10.1 Study area 10.1 Table 10.2 S out this assessment is set for area The study 10.1. Table in This chapter of the EIS describes the potential the EIS describes the potential of This chapter arise due to may which on groundwater, impacts and with the construction associated activities MN102. in Area scheme the proposed of operation 10.1 Introduction 10.1 operation of the proposed scheme in Area MN102. Area in scheme proposed the of operation activities associated with the construction and and construction the with associated activities impacts on groundwater, which may arise due to to due arise may which groundwater, on impacts This chapter of the EIS describes the potential potential the describes EIS the of chapter This Impact magnitude Impact high very high medium low low very Permanent impact relating to the alteration of the direction the direction of the alteration to relating impact Permanent flow groundwater of sources groundwater of depletion the to relating impact Long-term activities dewatering due to quality groundwater of the deterioration to relating impact Long-term untreated) (if left the underlying of the recharge to relating impact Permanent sources groundwater the direction of the alteration to relating impact Long-term flow groundwater of groundwater of the depletion to relating impact Medium-term activities dewatering due to sources groundwater of deterioration the to relating impact Medium-term untreated) quality (if left the underlying of the recharge to relating impact Long-term sources groundwater the direction of alteration the to relating impact Medium-term flow groundwater of groundwater of depletion the to relating impact Medium-term activities dewatering due to sources groundwater of deterioration the to relating impact Medium-term untreated) quality (if left the underlying of recharge the to relating impact Medium-term sources groundwater the direction of the alteration to Short-term relating impact flow groundwater of sources groundwater of the depletion to Short-term relating impact activities dewatering due to quality groundwater of the deterioration to Short-term relating impact untreated) (if left the underlying of the recharge to Short-term relating impact sources groundwater the direction of the alteration to relating impact Temporary flow groundwater of sources groundwater of the depletion to relating impact Temporary activities dewatering due to quality groundwater of the deterioration to relating impact Temporary untreated) (if left the underlying of the recharge to relating impact Temporary sources groundwater The duration of impacts (as detailed in Table 10.2) are defined as shown in Table 10.3Table in as shown defined 10.2) are Table in (as detailed impacts of The duration 2002). Guidance (EPA, as per EPA Table 10.2 Criteria for assessment of impact magnitude impact of assessment for 10.2 Criteria Table Criteria ------

Chapter 10 Page 146 Groundwater Page 147 10.4.1.2 Operational phase Impacts phase Impacts Operational 10.4.1.2 environment on the groundwater impacts Potential to be expected phase would during the operational flow the groundwater of alteration include localised tunnels where route the proposed of sections along along areas greenfield of The replacement exist. hardstanding of with areas the route of sections & Ride Park to in addition depots, rail (stops, areas the recharge some extent to can reduce facilities) The construction aquifer. the underlying into rate in a can result a tunnel within an aquifer of due to table the water of depression localised sumps within the tunnel. of the construction the proposed of phase During the operational migration the for is the potential there scheme, chemical contaminants (arising from surface of discharge wastewater depots, at areas storage towards example) for car parks, from and runoff the Due to sources. groundwater the underlying will the route of sections the tunneled that fact underground and all structures comprise sealed containment will include appropriate pipework from contamination for the potential measures, is considered the route of sections underground low. be to 10.4.2 measures Mitigation phase Construction 10.4.2.1 for the construction identified the impacts of All this section for scheme the proposed phase of significance. Low be of to found were the route of will practices housekeeping good The following protection ensure to in order be implemented sources. groundwater the surrounding of Definition sixty years over lasting Impact years sixty to fifteen lasting Impact years fifteen to seven lasting Impact years seven one to lasting Impact or less one year for lasting Impact

ssessment A 10.4.1.1 Construction Phase Impacts Construction 10.4.1.1 certain activities phase, During the construction on the hydrogeological impact to the potential have Potential area. within the study environment the of alteration can include localised impacts tunneling to due flow groundwater of direction cut and cover of and the construction operations into extend that Developments tunnels and stops. tunneling during example for aquifers, underlying cut of the construction to in addition operations, cause can potentially tunnels and stops, and cover if dewatering table, the water of lowering temporary in the temporary This can result is required. (where wells in supply groundwater of depletion or if prolonged area, in the surrounding present) occurs. significant dewatering the underlying that is the potential There during the be impacted quality may groundwater from fuel of leakage phase due to construction during refueling oil spillages vehicles, construction from leakage operations, maintenance or vehicle disposal and inappropriate areas storage chemical Surface glues etc.). oils, (paints, chemicals of underlying towards contaminants can migrate Contaminants arising from sources. groundwater operations subsurface during similar activities the surrounding into directly can be released the construction that be noted It should aquifer. in a localised result may scheme the proposed of some quality along in groundwater improvement overlying of the removal due to the route of sections material. contaminated 10.4.1 Impact identification Impact 10.4.1 and the construction both of elements Various impact to the potential phases have operational environment. on the groundwater 10.4 Impact Permanent impact Permanent impact Long-term impact Medium-term Short-term impact impact Temporary 10.3.2 Significance is assessed in of all impacts The significance and the impact of the magnitude of consideration the which upon the area value of the functional all value of The functional has an effect. impact in the baseline out is set resources groundwater 1, (Volume this EIS of chapter Groundwater 18). Chapter Impact Description Impact Table 10.3 Definition of duration criteria of duration 10.3 Definition Table In order to minimise any impact on the underlying the underlying on impact any minimise to In order all oils, and groundwater, strata subsurface construction used during and paints solvents containers sealed within labelled, will be stored temporary, dedicated, constructed in specially bunded lockable or suitable bunded areas or enclosures within buildings containers storage compounds. construction in the (hardstanding) for ‘Guidance Note account the into Taking (England) Storage) (Oil Pollution of the Control Food (Department Environment, of 2001’ Regulation oil and 2001), in the UK (DEFRA), Affairs and Rural in designated be stored to are tanks storage fuel compounds. construction within the bunded areas skinned or are be either double to are These areas the capacity of 110% of a volume be bunded to to 25% of or present tank/container the largest of tank capacity within the bund (plus an the total Filling ingress). rainwater 30 mm for of allowance within entirely points will be located and draw-off the bunded from Drainage the bunded area(s). and safe collection for be diverted is to area(s) licensed an appropriately by site disposal off primary, will have tanks storage All contractor. Their integrity secondary and tertiary containment. level Tank and maintained. checked will be regularly detect to in order regularly will be checked gauges stage. an early at leakage and the addition vehicles construction of Refuelling will take vehicles, oils or lubricants to hydraulic of the construction of area place in a designated be will not area The refuelling compound site. body or surface water surface any to close situated bring a machine to possible If it is not drain. water in a will be delivered fuel point, refuelling the to will A drip tray bowser. fuel skinned mobile double refuelling the fill point during be used beneath that spillages contain any to in order operations absorbent and hydrocarbon Spill-kits occur. may and operators in this area will be stored packs this equipment. in the use of trained will be fully contain any will be used to and drip trays Spill-kits occur. may which spillages, this will only mixing is required, concrete Where the construction at area a designated place at take to next be located will not which compound, The washing or stream. drain water a surface place in will take mixing vehicles concrete of An area. bunded designated a hardstanding will be implemented protocol response emergency during spillages concrete of in the event pouring operations. as such residuals, waste hazardous associated All glue used in oil spill clean-ups, material solvent, oil, will be stored containers based paint and solvent removal prior to skips covered within appropriately waste licensed or EPA Authority Local a suitable by treatment/ off-site for contractor management waste construction other Any recycling/disposal. a by removal skips for on-site to will be disposed of contractor. management waste approved duly Where possible groundwater will be recharged to to will be recharged groundwater possible Where contaminated potentially aquifer the groundwater activities construction by generated groundwater in sewer water foul a nearby to will be discharged Trade in the conditions set with the accordance Local relevant the from License Discharge Effluent the Authority, the Local by required Where Authority. to prior out carried be will groundwater of treatment with comply to in order sewer the foul to discharge which licence, the discharge of the requirements inter as, parameters such contain limits for may suspended hydrocarbons, metals, heavy pH, alia, sufficient that In the event solids and BOD. the sewer, foul in the local available capacity is not with the accordance in will be treated groundwater License from Discharge conditions in the Effluent a to discharge prior to Authority Local the relevant body. water surface nearby during the is generated which Groundwater, and on-site will be collected phase, construction drain water the surface to discharge prior to tested runoff water surface of The treatment sewer. or foul will include as a minimum the use and groundwater prior to and oil interceptors traps silt/sediment of water surface bodies, water surface to the release sewers. or foul drains the at facilities the welfare by generated water Foul in portaloo compounds will collected construction compounds semi-permanent the larger At facilities. and the foul provided be may facilities welfare package a local at will be treated generated water will be discharged plant and the effluent treatment sewers. foul local to will be minimised by pollution Groundwater construction good of the implementation the by publication as contained in the practices and Information Research Industry Construction from Pollution Water of ‘Control (CIRIA) Association Consultants Guidance from Construction-sites, An emergency 2001). al. et (Master and Contractors’ pollution incidents will for protocol response and regularly the contractor by be established will include containment This protocol updated. materials clean-up appropriate of a list measures, and responsibilities on staff details and equipment, pollution for details and contact personnel trained Authorities Local relevant companies and clean-up services. and emergency

Chapter 10 Page 148 Groundwater Page 149 Foul effluent generated at the Fosterstown Park Park Fosterstown at the generated effluent Foul will be route the of section this along & Ride under sewer water foul the nearby to discharged Where Authority. Local the relevant of the approval will be treated water the foul possible this is not tank and biofiltration a septic means of by on-site is water foul untreated that This will ensure system. thus groundmass, surrounding the into released not sources. groundwater the underlying towards impacts 10.4.3 residual Assessment of phase construction scenario: Project 10.4.3.1 indicates Baseline Assessment The Groundwater the route of this section along groundwater that but contaminated be heavily to considered is not pesticide of concentrations does contain elevated nitrogen, ammoniacal lead, zinc, Malathion, hydrocarbon petroleum Total and nitrite sulphate, be considered These contaminants would (TPH). purposes and agricultural used for areas typical for of the concentration In general, urban development. the is below the contaminants in the groundwater publication EPA in the quality criteria water surface and Interpretation Quality, Water of ‘Parameters is the there Therefore, 2001). (EPA, Standards’ from generated groundwater possibility that can route the of this section along construction but body/drain water a surface into be discharged the relevant by approval to be subject this would Authority. Local may in excavations encountered Groundwater the underlying to connected be hydraulically groundwater shallow Alternatively aquifer. perched indicate may in excavations encountered the to connected hydraulically is not which water, a above instead but located aquifer underlying The accidental release layer. permeability clay low as contaminants such potential of the surface at encountered groundwater into oils or solvents contaminate to has the potential in excavations it is that in the event aquifer, the underlying Provided the aquifer. to connected hydraulically in Section detailed measures the mitigation that this the magnitude of put in place, 10.4.2 are of an area affects and the impact is low impact the overall Therefore, value. medium functional significance. Low be of to is considered impact 10.4.2.2 Operational phase 10.4.2.2 Operational for the operational identified the impacts of All of this section for scheme the proposed phase of significance. Low be of to found were the route will be practices housekeeping good The following the of protection ensure to in order implemented sources. groundwater surrounding Stop the Fosterstown at located The substation and maintained to checked will be regularly occur. oil to of leakage for minimise the potential of on an area will be located The substation and bunded. hardstanding Act Management with the Waste In accordance regulations, 1996 (as amended) and associated Stop the Fosterstown at generated material waste in a suitably containers in appropriate will be stored on a and collected area storage designed waste collection licensed waste a suitably basis by regular licensed an appropriately disposal at for contractor will be area storage The waste facility. waste maintained. and appropriately regularly the from water surface that is the potential There and HGV Stop Fosterstown at & Ride facility Park with respect be contaminated may turning areas hydrocarbons. to surface contaminated potentially of The release impact can adversely the groundmass into water Permeable quality. groundwater on the underlying storage a modular geo-cellular overlying paving & Ride facilities. the Park at tank is proposed the permeable from drainage water Surface a Class I EN858 will pass through areas pavement the track entering before interceptor hydrocarbon hydrocarbons that ensure will This system. drainage prior to runoff water the surface from removed are bodies water surface surrounding entering the to connected be hydraulically may that groundwater. underlying Once hardstanding is removed, the underlying the underlying is removed, hardstanding Once be to potential it has the and exposed soil is or is present Ground if Made contaminated area place in the taken have activities industrial water surface weather, wet During in question. could ground exposed the through infiltrates that in the soil profile, present if contaminants, leach In sources. groundwater towards downwards the generation for minimise the potential to order all leachate, contaminated this potentially of as quickly will be completed disturbances ground The managed. and appropriately as possible runoff contaminated potentially of generation will be prevented made ground of stockpiles from the bunds around temporary of the installation by and the stockpile of minimising the size stockpile, off-site the material of the removal for arranging as soon as possible. Inappropriate waste disposal practices practices disposal waste Inappropriate & Ride; and Park Stop Fosterstown at contaminated of potentially The infiltration Heavy parks, car from runoff water surface and tracks turning areas (HGV) Vehicles Goods ground; surrounding the into effluent domestic of disposal Inappropriate & Ride; Park the Fosterstown at oils used in the substation from Leakage Stop. the Fosterstown at This section of the route is mainly at-grade at-grade is mainly the route of This section will extend excavations but some or elevated (bgl). level ground 7m below approximately to on 7m bgl is based of depth The approximate Order on Railway illustrated from information this application. accompanying drawings Baseline the Groundwater to According has been encountered groundwater Assessment, the route. of this section bgl along within 1.0m of the discharge that it is likely Therefore, are they Unless will be required. groundwater the have activities construction controlled, suitably in minor reductions cause temporarily to potential long-term significant No table. water the of level the as a consequence is expected the water of lowering Lowering scheme. the proposed of construction of 1m depth to will be limited table the water of the mitigation that Provided during construction. put in 10.4.2 in Section are detailed measures and the is low this impact the magnitude of place, medium functional of an area affects impact be of to is considered the impact Therefore, value. significance. Low phase operational scenario: 10.4.3.2 Project the proposed of phase During the operational migration the for is the potential there scheme, the underlying contaminants towards surface of in the result would which groundwater, the from quality, the groundwater of deterioration sources: potential following - - - - out in Section set measures With the mitigation and is low this impact the magnitude of 10.4.2, medium functional of an area affects the impact be to is considered the impact Therefore, value. significance. Low of leakage of fuel/lubricants/hydraulic oils from oils from fuel/lubricants/hydraulic of leakage vehicles/equipment; construction or vehicle refueling during oil spillages operations; maintenance areas storage chemical from leakage the compounds at tanks) (including storage (paints, chemicals disposal of and inappropriate glues etc.); oils, from leachate/runoff of the generation areas storage waste managed inappropriately compound; the construction at raw disposal of inappropriate and/or Spillage or grout; concrete or uncured contaminated potentially of The generation construction for areas storage from leachate compounds; the construction at materials domestic of disposal Inappropriate at the facilities welfare from effluent compound; construction if bitumen or sealants leakage and/or Spillage surfaces. waterproofing for There is the potential that the underlying underlying the that potential is the There the during impacted be quality may groundwater to: due phase construction ------towards contaminants can migrate Surface that Provided sources. groundwater underlying in Section detailed measures the mitigation this the magnitude of put in place, 10.4.2 are of an area affects and the impact is low impact is the impact Therefore, value. medium functional significance. Low be of to considered a maximum (to made ground amounts of Limited the to according level ground 3m below of depth in localised present Baseline Assessment) are scheme. the proposed MN102 of Area along areas of the generation for is the potential There areas the localised from leachate contaminated to downwards and its migrations made ground of The events. during rainfall sources groundwater in urbanised hardstanding of areas of removal can result the route of this section along areas potentially underlying of in the exposure is the potential There made ground. contaminated from leachate contaminated of the generation for downwards and its migrations the made ground events. during rainfall sources groundwater to excavated of stockpiles of the storage Similarly, be to the potential have which made ground, of in the generation can result contaminated, mitigation if suitable leachate contaminated are bunding) of as the provision (such measures the mitigation that Provided implemented. not put in 10.4.2 in Section are detailed measures and the is low this impact the magnitude of place, value. medium functional of an area affects impact be of to is considered impact the overall Therefore, significance. Low

Chapter 10 Page 150 11 Surface water 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Study area 11.3 Impact assessment methodology 11.3.1 Magnitude 11.3.2 Significance 11.4 Impact assessment 11.4.1 Impact identification 11.4.2 Mitigation measures 11.4.3 Assessment of residual impacts 11.4.4 Summary of residual impacts

Surface water Page 153 y methodolog assessment 11.3 Impact 11.3 is impacts all potential and type of The source measures Mitigation 11.4.1. described in Section 11.4.2. in Section defined put in place are be to adverse for any defined are measures Mitigation or Medium be of deemed to are that impacts extent The to mitigation. significance prior greater as the is needed increases mitigation which to residual The increases. of the impact significance in Section is then evaluated impact each of impact magnitude and significance. of in terms 11.4.3 Magnitude 11.3.1 impacts assess the different used to The criteria Table in shown are with this scheme associated consideration in defined been have criteria The 11.2. be Contained to ‘Guidelines on Information the of 2002). (EPA, Statements’ Impact in Environmental Width of study area area study Width of sides both (on the alignment) of 500m y area y tud Surface water quality water Surface and hydrodynamics (including flooding) Criteria Criteria Table 11.1 Study area 11.1 Table 11.2 S 11.2 out this assessment is set for area The study 11.1. Table in This chapter of the EIS evaluates the potential the potential the EIS evaluates of This chapter arise due to may which water, on surface impacts and with the construction associated activities MN102. in Area scheme the proposed of operation 11.1 Introduction 11.1 operation of the proposed scheme in Area MN102. Area in scheme proposed the of operation to activities associated with the construction and and construction the with associated activities to impacts on surface water, which may arise due due arise may which water, surface on impacts This chapter of the EIS evaluates the potential potential the evaluates EIS the of chapter This Impact magnitude Impact high very high medium low low very Definition sixty years over lasting Impact years to sixty fifteen lasting Impact years fifteen to seven lasting Impact years seven one to lasting Impact or less one year for lasting Impact 11.3.2 Significance 11.3.2 in is determined impacts of all The significance and the impact the magnitude of of consideration resource. water the surface value of the functional Table 11.3 Definition of duration criteria of duration Definition 11.3 Table Description Impact impact Permanent impact Long-term impact Medium-term Short-term impact impact Temporary Table 11.2 Criteria for assessment of impact magnitude impact of assessment for Criteria 11.2 Table Criteria Long-term to permanent change to a designated conservation site site conservation a designated to permanent change to Long-term river salmonid or designated surface entire over water surface of permanent contamination to Medium-term catchment water patterns in drainage changes permanent potential to Medium-term catchment entire over site conservation a designated to change Medium term salmonid river or a designated surface entire over water surface of short-term contamination to Temporary catchment water patterns in drainage changes short-term potential to Temporary catchment entire over site conservation a designated to short-term change to Temporary salmonid river or a designated water surface local of contamination long-term Medium to patterns drainage in local changes potential long-term Medium to water surface local Short-term of contamination patterns drainage local in changes Short potential term water surface local of contamination Temporary patterns drainage in local changes Temporary The duration of impacts (as detailed in Table 11.2) are defined as shown in Table 11.3 11.3 Table in as shown defined are 11.2) Table in (as detailed impacts of The duration 2002). Guidance (EPA, as per EPA

Chapter 11 Page 154 Surface water Page 155 11.4.2 Mitigation measures measures Mitigation 11.4.2 potential mitigate to Measures 11.4.2.1 quality water on impacts the construction arising from discharges Any entering the scheme of phases or operational accordance will be in network sewer foul/storm licence a discharge of with the requirements any Similarly, County Council. Fingal by granted bodies will be water surface to discharged water with the and also in accordance in advance treated licence (if required) a discharge of requirements County Council. Fingal by granted during the produced water of Treatment silt removal phase will involve construction removal and hydrocarbon using a silt trap Contaminated interceptor. using a hydrocarbon treatment require may if encountered, groundwater, equipment specialised treatment using more carbon activated treatment, including chemical absorbent systems. or other prior will be conducted water of monitoring Regular quality water all relevant ensure to discharge to by the specified within criteria are parameters Fingal County Council. equipment and the construction of Re-fuelling vehicles/ or lubricants to oil hydraulic of addition areas place in designated equipment will take from away compounds, within the construction and The vehicles or drains. gullies water surface during unattended be left equipment will not adsorbent Spill kits and hydrocarbon refuelling. will and operators in this area will be stored packs As a this equipment. in the use of trained be fully the cab in a spill kit will also be stored precaution, hydrocarbon localised in case of vehicle each of as a machine such containment incidents, of loss hose. a hydraulic ‘blowing’ or potentially residuals waste hazardous Any will spill clean-up from sludge contaminated or plastic metal within appropriate be stored in areas bunded storage in temporary containers an by removal compounds prior to the construction waste approved or EPA Authority Local appropriate treatment/ off-site for contractor management recycling/disposal. the of during construction will be used Silt fences the (tributary of Stream Little culvert on the Forrest the agricultural at stream and on the Sluice River) the stream of contamination prevent underpass to in trucks concrete of Washing with sediment. and will be prohibited the Stream the vicinity of make to required will be contractors concrete washwaters, concrete any of removal for provision be to will be permitted washwaters no such circumstances. under any the stream to discharged

assessment Erosion of the watercourse and/or and/or the watercourse of Erosion or accelerated being initiated floodplain velocities flow increasing the restriction due to and turbulence in the watercourse material Deposition of flow in change to a due plain or on the flood and turbulence velocities or movement with the passage Interference fish. of Increased flood levels upstream of the upstream levels flood Increased a restriction of the creation culvert due to in the watercourse; The discharge of dewatering liquids from liquids from dewatering of The discharge tunnel excavations; points; crossing watercourse of Construction points to discharge drainage of The installation drains; or foul water and surface watercourses temporary for standing hard of The installation compounds and access roads; construction and elevated surface of The construction sites. greenfield existing on structures 11.4.1.2 Operational impacts Operational 11.4.1.2 and flooding. on hydrodynamics impacts Potential potentially phase, During the operational & Ride the Park arise at may runoff contaminated to has the potential runoff Contaminated site. bodies. water receiving pollute - - - from groundwater of dewatering Furthermore, below are that and structures track sub-surface has the potential level table groundwater the local bodies if subsequently water surface pollute to them untreated. to discharged 11.4.1.1 Construction Impacts Impacts Construction 11.4.1.1 various activities phase, During the construction surface in increased result to the potential have local impact potentially could which runoff water These include: in flooding. resulting drainage - - - - - water surface phase, During the operational the metro of drainage will arise from runoff structures. and elevated surface and tracks and the ditches of the diversion involving Works impact to the potential have bridges of construction lead to and watercourses existing regimes in flow Culverting has the of adjacent lands. flooding to of characteristics the hydraulic alter to potential impacts: the following have and may the stream - 11.4.1 Impact identification Impact 11.4.1 and construction the both of elements Various impact to the potential have phases operational water. on surface 11.4 Impact 11.4

impacts residual of Assessment 11.4.3 phase construction scenario: Project 11.4.3.1 all at will be installed compounds Construction In addition, scheme. the along locations stop at will be installed compounds a construction Welfare Bridge. Accommodation Fostertown the construction at will be provided facilities will be portaloo facilities Temporary compounds. will be generated water foul used and that appropriately an by off-site and treated removed licensed contractor. from runoff water surface During construction and drained will be collected hardstanding of areas or system drainage water storm the nearby to bodies water surface to discharged and treated in this manner collected waters All (if available). and hydrocarbon in silt traps will be treated are These measures discharge. prior to interceptors with Fingal County Council agreement to subject an appropriate obtaining and if necessary to licence. discharge water storm to runoff water surface of Discharge bodies could water surface or receiving sewers water receiving the quality of impact potentially adequate receive does not bodies if the runoff contamination of The degree in advance. treatment on the body depends water the receiving of A the discharge. and composition of volume spill) could a fuel example pollution incident (for body water a receiving contaminate potentially The magnitude of 1 year. up to of a duration for assessed as low. is therefore impact this potential depends on the of the impact The significance the and the sensitivity of the impact magnitude of value medium functional A body. water receiving during in this area courses water assigned to was of the significance Therefore the baseline study, significant. not to as Low is assessed this impact The guidelines provided by the Department of by provided The guidelines (1997) and Resources Natural and the Marine the ERFB (2001) and CIRIA by provided guidelines pollution from water of the prevention (2006) on to in order to, will be adhered sites, construction environment on the water the impact that ensure the proposed phase of construction during the document in The ERFB is minimised. scheme about information useful most particular provides with associated risks minimising the environmental in the to and will be referred works, construction in the vicinity works construction any planning of watercourses. of within drainage track ground above to In relation will be designed drains all filter MN102, Area period with a 10% climate return a 30 year to factor. change be will and oil interceptor system A geo-cellular Fosterstown at & Ride facility the Park at installed and The system runoff. water surface treat to checked will be regularly at oil interceptor compliance with the and maintained in full An appropriately requirements. manufacturers Local an appropriate (holding licensed contractor out the interceptor will clean Permit) Authority the resulting basis and dispose of on a regular licensed facility. an appropriately at material & Ride facility the Park at generated water Foul the nearby to will be connected Fosterstown at system. drainage foul the at on the stream works to In relation underpass and culverting the stream agricultural design will be in accordance the Little, Forrest at Works Public of the Office of with the requirements Act, the Arterial Drainage 50 of and Section (OPW) passing a fluvial of Culverts will be capable 1945. probability exceedance 1% annual with a flow flood without significantly flow or a 1 in 100 year the of s characteristic the hydraulic changing will adhere the developer In addition, watercourse. (NRA) Guidelines Authority Roads the National to during the Watercourses of the Crossing for Schemes. Road National of Construction will be applied Herbicides used during operation and in compliance with suppliers’ sparingly use in an for and will be suitable guidance, watercourses receiving in which environment present.are

Chapter 11 Page 156 Surface water Page 157 During the operational phase, the stops along the along the stops phase, the operational During system drainage a linear using be drained will route track. serving the drain the filter to outfall will that will be viaduct Hill the Pinnock from Runoff and discharged pipes down through collected system. the drainage to Fosterstown the along ditches drainage existing The to piped and diverted will be Road Accommodation culvert. Underpass the Agricultural will Fosterstown at & Ride facility The Park a overlaying comprise a permanent structure The geo-cellular tank. storage modular geo-cellular the expected withstand to will be designed system device. storage as a to serve well as as loads, traffic device and control flow with a The tank will be fitted via a Class I drain water surface a to will discharge be will Discharge interceptor. EN 858 hydrocarbon of 2 l/s/ha rate runoff the Greenfield to restricted by as specified impermeable areas, for or 6 l/s/ha or by-pass An emergency Fingal County Council. will be included within the interceptor system exceed that flows pass forward safely to system the design event. accommodate designed to are systems storage All for with a 10% allowance storm the 1 in 100 year the car at generated water Foul change. climate foul the nearby into park will be connected system. drainage water surface or receiving sewers water Surface quality of the impact potentially bodies could receive does not bodies if the runoff water receiving of The degree in advance. treatment adequate body depends water the receiving of contamination the discharge. and composition of on the volume spill) could a fuel example A pollution incident (for a body for water a receiving contaminate potentially were measures if mitigation 1 year up to of duration this potential The magnitude of put in place. not the mitigation that Provided be low. would impact put in are 11.4.2 specified in Section measures is residual impact of this the significance place, negligible. to Low water surface that indicate drawings The drainage include MN102 points within area discharge Fosterstown in the vicinity of a watercourse to the at the stream to Bridge, Accommodation Forrest at the stream Underpass and to Agricultural The River. the Sluice of is upstream which Little the to discharging of the impact magnitude of The is assessed as low. Little Forrest at stream has a the Sluice River that identified baseline study the significance therefore value; medium functional is also assessed as Low. this impact of Forrest at the stream phase, During the operational will be works In addition, will be culverted. Little the through stream existing an convey to out carried Underpass. Agricultural 11.4.3.2 Project scenario: operational phase operational scenario: Project 11.4.3.2 and includes at-grade scheme The proposed as an underpass. as well track of sections elevated & Ride Park and an adjoining Stop Fosterstown Forrest at The stream will be provided. facility will be channel A water will be culverted. Little through stream an existing convey to constructed Underpass. the Agricultural can potentially runoff water surface of Discharge bodies water receiving the quality of impact from contamination of the likelihood however, system rail a light from off run water surface is system as the proposed low is considered it uses hydrocarbon and while powered, electrically the lubricants vehicles, lubricants within the rail and the risk units, contained within sealed are be Herbicides may low. is therefore leaks of but growth, weed control to used occasionally will be small and the the quantities involved with all applicable herbicides used will comply codes. environmental during open cut sections for strategy The drainage of the provision phase involves the operational intercept to cut sections of the top at drains cut-off drains Filter the cut slope. towards flowing runoff runoff collect to cut the of toe the at provided be will the cut slope. from as runoff as well the track from will be discharged drains in filter collected Runoff this Where outfall. gravity by watercourses to will be connected drains filter be achieved cannot section the adjoining underground the sump at to a will be pumped up into runoff the where from cases with in both system, drainage surface nearby licensing any to and subject treatment appropriate Fingal County Council. of requirements Construction of the culvert on the stream at Forrest Forrest at culvert the stream on the of Construction stream the to out works carrying involve will Little sediment for is the potential There banks. bed and which the stream contaminate to and pollutants 1 year. up to of impact of a duration have could assessed is impact this potential of The magnitude identified as has been The Sluice River as low. baseline value in the functional a medium having of the the significance Therefore assessment. is also assessed as Low. impact accommodate to channel a water of Construction Underpass the Agricultural at stream an existing the stream to out works carrying will also involve sediment for potential is the There bed and banks. which the stream contaminate and pollutants to 1 year. up to of impact of a duration have could specified measures the mitigation that Provided the for implemented are 11.4.2 in Section is all impacts the magnitude of phase, construction The significance negligible. to be low to considered the impact depends on the magnitude of impacts of or affected the receiving and the sensitivity of value was A medium functional body. stream/water during the in this area courses water assigned to of this the significance Therefore baseline study, significant. not to is assessed as Low impact 11.4.4 Summary of residual impacts impacts residual of Summary 11.4.4 for diversion and culvert design and ditch bridge All the with will be in accordance scheme the proposed (OPW) Works Public of the Office of requirements 1945. Act, the Arterial Drainage 50 of and Section OPW for the from will be sought approval As such, hydraulic OPW’s and the the culvert, of construction The contractor to. will be adhered design standards the Eastern of the requirements to will also adhere when selecting (2006) Fisheries Board Regional negative minimum ensure to a culvert design, of the the magnitude Therefore, on fish life. impact (tributary of Stream Little on the Forrest impact The low. is assessed as very the Sluice River) the Sluice value assigned to baseline functional of this the significance Therefore is medium. River is Low. impact Court) from Carlton Carlton from Viaduct (view (view Viaduct Chapter 11 Hill Pinock Page 158 Air and climatic 12 factors 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Study area 12.3 Impact assessment methodology 12.3.1 Introduction 12.3.2 Assessment methodology for dust 12.3.3 Assessment methodology for vehicle emissions 12.3.4 Assessment methodology for microclimate 12.3.5 Assessment methodology for climate change 12.3.6 Assessment criteria 12.4 Impact assessment 12.4.1 Impact identification 12.4.2 Mitigation measures 12.4.3 Assessment of residual impacts

Air and Climatic Factors Page 161 y y methodolog assessment 12.3 Impact Introduction 12.3.1 is impacts all potential and type of The source measures Mitigation 12.4.1. described in Section 12.4.2. in Section defined put in place are be to adverse for any defined are measures Mitigation Medium or be of deemed to are that impacts extent The to mitigation. significance prior greater as the is needed increases mitigation which to residual The increases. of the impact significance in Section is then evaluated impact each of effect magnitude and significance. of 12.4.3 in terms on air quality will have the scheme that The impact 2011. of construction year the first is assessed after on air quality will have the scheme that The impact Predicted 2029. is assessed for during operation for the do minimum and flows in traffic changes described in 2011 and 2029 are of years do metro 15) Chapter 1, (Volume chapter Traffic the baseline of this EIS chapters assessment impact Traffic and 7). Chapter 2, (Volume y area y tud 12.2 S this assessment comprises for area The study alignment or the central within 175m of all areas within 200m compounds and areas construction in air quality are changes where links road of occur. to predicted This chapter of the EIS evaluates the potential the potential the EIS evaluates of This chapter the arising from impacts air and climatic the proposed of and operation construction MN102. in Area scheme 12.1 Introduction 12.1 operation of the proposed scheme in Area MN102. MN102. Area in scheme proposed the of operation climatic impacts arising from the construction and and construction the from arising impacts climatic This chapter of the EIS evaluates the potential air and and air potential the evaluates EIS the of chapter This by 2015. This limit 2015. by -3 to be achieved in achieved be to 10 > 100 m Significant Potentially Significant Not ) and particulate matter matter ) and particulate 2 to be achieved by 2020, with an 2020, by achieved be to -3 ), and the greenhouse gas, carbon gas, and the greenhouse ), ). These tools have been selected been selected have tools These ). 2.5 2 or PM of 20 µg m of 10 2.5 interim target value of 25 µg m value of target interim because they are the best tools available in terms in terms available tools the best are they because many across assess impacts the user to allowing of considering than simply rather in a network, roads in isolation. individual roads and vegetation our health, protect to In order air quality down set the EU has ecosystems, of a wide variety for in member states standards On the 14th April 2008 the European pollutants. on Ambient the Directive Commission adopted This 2008. Europe Air for Air Quality and Cleaner and one earlier directives four merges directive on air directive a single Council decision into Irish into been transposed have which all of quality, Agency Protection the Environmental through law (Ambient Air Quality Assessment and 1992 Act 1999). 33 of No. (S.I. Regulations Management) into been transposed yet has not directive The new air quality new any introduce but does not Irish law, particulate to the approach for except limit values, and Irish directive, the previous Whereas matter. PM a limit value for have law, (PM (CO dioxide 2010, the new directive calls for a limit value for a limit value for calls for directive the new 2010, PM 12.3.3 Assessment methodology Assessment 12.3.3 emissions vehicle for the UK’s of (TAG) Guidance Analysis Transport The Design (2004) and the Transport Department for (DMRB) Air Quality Bridges and Roads Manual for been 2003) have Agency, (Highways Assessment with respect scheme the proposed assess used to i.e. traffic road to relate the pollutants that to (NO dioxide nitrogen value will, at some point, be transposed into Irish into be transposed some point, at value will, as a criterion been adopted and has therefore law this assessment.for relevant standards the air quality A summary of 12.2. Table in is shown the Dublin area to 50 – 100 m Significant SignificantPotentially Not Significant are are ‑1 day ‑2 Distance from Site Boundary to Sensitive (a) Receptors (m) (a) Receptors Sensitive Boundary to Site from Distance < 50 m Significant Significant SignificantPotentially Not Significant considered likely to cause a nuisance (Schofield a nuisance (Schofield cause to likely considered has been approach A risk-based 1990). and Shillito, the Environmental the purpose of for developed identify significant Assessment (EIA) to Impact has matrix This risk evaluation impacts. potential The 12.1. Table in and is presented been devised in been devised have in the table detailed criteria Research the Building by studies of consideration nuisance that suggests (BRE) which Establishment than 50m greater distances occur at to is unlikely One 2003). boundary (BRE, site a construction from 1980) has also shown particular (Baughan, study living within 50m the people half least at the that of were scheme construction a road of boundary site nuisance due construction by bothered’ ‘seriously 100m beyond but that than 20% of less dust, to Construction bothered’. ‘seriously were the people of and some degree in nature also temporary sites lasts activity if the tolerable nuisance is normally months. than a few no more for < 6 months Table 12.1 Evaluation of Potential Significant Effects of Dust Deposition, with control measures in place measures with control Deposition, of Dust Significant Effects Potential of Evaluation 12.1 Table dust on-site of Duration activity raising > 12 months 6 – 12 months etc surgery hospital, office, commercial residential, as: defined receptors (a) Sensitive 12.3.2 Assessment methodology for dust methodology Assessment 12.3.2 for to taken is dust this study, of the purposes For capacity the have that particlesmean the released soiling through neighbours, to annoyance cause to There and cars. as windows such surfaces, of acceptable to relating standards no legal are mean although monthly dust, deposited of levels 200 mg m of in excess deposition rates

Chapter 12 Page 162 Air and Climatic Factors Page 163 1st January 2010 January 1st January 2005 1st January 2010 1 Limit Value Value Limit Date Attainment emissions that will occur emissions that 2 more than 18 times in than 18 times more year a calendar than 35 times in more year a calendar than 7 times in more year) a calendar Basis of Application Application Basis of Value the Limit of ) -3 due to traffic changes in response to the response in changes traffic due to scheme. proposed 12.3.6 Assessment criteria assess the different used to The criteria proposed the with associated impact of magnitudes air In the case of 12.3. Table in shown are scheme used. magnitude are of impact classes five quality, change, and climate microclimate In the case of used because magnitude are classes of four only only that the assessment is such of the precision required. classes are four 12.3.5 Assessment methodology change climate for to with respect scheme the proposed of The impact consideration is assessed through change climate in CO the change of 200 be exceeded to Not Limit Value Value Limit (µg m Calendar yearCalendar 401 hour Annual mean yearCalendar 4024 hoursJanuary 2010 1st Annual mean 50 yearCalendar (20)24 hoursJanuary 2005 1st be exceeded to Not Annual mean (50)January 2010 1 be exceeded to (Not Averaging Averaging Period Protection of of Protection Human Health Protection of of Protection Human Health Protection of of Protection Human Health Limit Value Value Limit Objective (b) (a)

Permanent land-take associated with the associated land-take Permanent permanent to is converted scheme proposed during operation. areas concreted hardstanding scenario assumption This is a worst-case remain this land may the some of because deviation depending on the limits of vegetated, design. with the scheme associated and embankments are areas Cut and cover status original their to reinstated be to assumed construction. after all the calculations, the purpose of For occur assumed to are works construction of planned duration actual The in tandem. is discussed tasks work individual construction 12.4.3.1. in Section figures approximate are figures Calculated of error of margin with an estimated 10%. approximately Temporary land-take inside the Compulsory land-take Temporary and within the (CPO)-line Order Purchase be compound is assumed to construction after its original state to back reinstated operation; construction 10 10 2 PM PM January 2010 1 January 2005 to 1 1: (a) Stage part EU legislation) of January 2010 (no longer 1 From 2: (b) Stage - - - - are impacts microclimatic potential other All basis in consideration assessed on a case-by-case and the specific affected the area of the nature of in the area. design proposed 12.3.4 Assessment methodology for microclimate 12.3.4 Assessment methodology for with associated of impacts The significance is surfaces unvegetated to vegetated of conversion the of the area of consideration assessed through of and the area a change such land experiencing If the area remain. continues to land that vegetated on air then the effect is marginal, land affected of The is insignificant. and microclimate temperature with the proposed associated land-take of areas the of on the basis been calculated have scheme assumptions: following - Pollutant Table 12.2 Irish Air Quality Standards Air Quality 12.2 Irish Table Stage 2 Stage Stage 1 Stage NO low medium high very high very Impact magnitude Impact concentration concentration concentration concentration 10 2.5 concentration concentration 10 2.5 10 2.5 concentration 2 concentration 2 concentration 2 in ambient PM in ambient PM concentration concentration in ambient PM in ambient PM -3 -3 in ambient PM in ambient PM -3 -3 10 2.5 concentration in ambient NO -3 -3 2 in ambient NO -3 in ambient NO -3 -3 emissions 2 emissions in ambient PM in ambient in ambient PM 2 emissions -3 -3 in ambient NO in ambient 2 -3 Change of between 2.5 and 12.5 µg m between of Change Change of between 12.5 and 17.5 µg m 12.5 and 17.5 between of Change Change of >17.5 µg m >17.5 of Change Change of between 0.5 and 2.5 µg m between of Change Air quality 1 and 5 µg m between of Change Air quality 5 and 25 µg m between of Change Any change with regards to compliance with any regulatory air quality limit air quality regulatory with any compliance to regards with change Any legislation relevant specified in an influence exerting areas green of in the area change A substantial energy balance. on the surface Air quality 25 and 35 µg m between of Change Change of between 0.5 and 2.5 µg m between of Change Change of between 2.5 and 12.5 µg m between of Change Change of between 12.5 and 17.5 µg m 12.5 and 17.5 between of Change Table 12.3 Criteria for assessment of impact magnitude impact of assessment for 12.3 Criteria Table Criteria Air quality m >35 µg of Change Microclimate car park embankments, roadways, as bridges, such impacts structural Permanent place. take and shading may ‘ponding’ air cold where and buildings facilities an influence exerting areas green of in the area change A moderate energyon the surface balance Change Climate in CO 15- 25% change Any change with regards to compliance with any regulatory air quality limit specified regulatory compliance with any to with regards change Any legislation in relevant Microclimate an influence exerting areas green of in the area change A substantial energyon the surface balance. Change Climate in CO than 25% change More Change of >17.5 µg m >17.5 of Change Microclimate an influence exerting areas green of in the area A minor change energyon the surface balance cause may that soils during construction of stockpiling Temporary place. take to air ponding and shading cold Change Climate in CO 5- 15% change

Chapter 12 Page 164 Air and Climatic Factors Page 165 very low very Impact magnitude Impact the type of construction activities occurring occurring activities construction the type of and grinding); crushing (e.g. being moved; material of the volume the materials; of and silt content the moisture roads; on unpaved travelled the distance materials; exposed of the area employed. measures the mitigation The quantity of dust released during construction during construction released dust The quantity of including: factors, depends on a number of ------also depends on the wind dust of The effect the dust between and the distance direction emissions arising from Dust receptor. and source cause to the potential have activities construction and site the construction within nuisance both and Accumulation boundary. outside the site the point to particles close surfaces of on settling property, soiling of to occur leading may release of amenity, affects dust Such laundry. or cars windows, that sufficient size of mostly as the particles are and commercial In industrial visible. are they abrasion goods, soiling of can cause dust premises if parts filters, of moving of in the plant and clogging dust of generation The quantity. sufficient in present particulate of in levels increases to can also lead on human health. an impact have this may matter; the dust It is also important consider whether to of the disturbance through has been generated ground. contaminated concentration 10 concentration 2 in ambient PM in ambient -3 in ambient NO in ambient -3

emissions 2 assessment Microclimate minor landscaping as such impacts non-structural Permanent and minor drainage. (LMVs) vehicles metro the light of movement through generated Air movement disturbance as minor ground such impacts temporary Immaterial compounds. construction of areas or non-compacted an influence exerting green of in the area minor change A very energy balance on the surface Change Climate in CO 0-5% change Change of between -0.5 and 0.5 between m µg of Change 12.4.1.1 Dust 12.4.1.1 stockpiles include material dust such of Sources be disturbed may which surfaces, dusty and other be thrown also this type may of Dust wind action. by as such activities due to action, mechanical up by drilling or road, on a dusty tyres of the movement cause may works construction General demolition. than continuous emissions of occasional rather as grinding and certain (such as only activities dust, smoke Black emissions. in dust cutting) will result bitumen is used hot where also occur particles may shafts can Ventilation out tarmac carry laying. to ground. above dust of as a minor source also act the action through underground is generated Dust on the tracks, wear and friction braking the LMV of the from component biological small a with together shafts transfer Ventilation themselves. passengers tunnels and emit underground particlesdust from the open atmosphere. them to 12.4.1 Impact identification identification Impact 12.4.1 12.4 Impact The significance of impacts is assessed in of impacts The significance the impact the magnitude of of consideration or nature the receptor value of and the functional the impact in which environment the receiving of has an effect. Air quality and 1 µg m -1 between of Change Criteria ), nitrous nitrous ), 4 ), methane (CH methane ), 2 O) and fluorinated gases. Significant gases. and fluorinated O) 2 oxide (N oxide sources of methane, nitrous oxide or fluorinated or fluorinated oxide nitrous methane, of sources with the proposed associated not gases are to be a considered emissions are Traffic scheme. and this source dioxide of carbon significant source in this assessment. is considered impact of changes to lead can also structures large Similarly, only is usually This impact and shade. in lighting and if sensitive solid are barriers if the significant air can Cold proximity. in close located are areas such barriers, behind physical also accumulate blocking thereby and embankments, as buildings the and increasing flows drainage nocturnal and ice. hollows’ ‘frost incidence of for potential on crops and ice can impact hollows These frost hazards slip or create setting in an agricultural hollows These artificial frost on thoroughfares. are solid barriers occur if relatively typically only air would surface cold where valleys, across created during the night. away drain otherwise change Climate 12.4.1.4 in the exist that gases gases are Greenhouse global to contribute that and atmosphere earth’s into heat of the loss reducing by temperatures essential is a natural effect’ ‘greenhouse This space. would planet the without it, phenomenon in that the creation However, and uninhabitable. be cold adverse to gases can lead greenhouse excess of in increases with excessive associated impacts gases The major greenhouse temperature. global (CO dioxide carbon are are typically typically are 2.5 emission can 2.5 and PM 10 and PM , PM , 2 10 , PM , 2 have a potential impact on human health as on human impact a potential have this EIS of Health chapter described in the Human 8). Chapter 1, (Volume Microclimate 12.4.1.3 would microclimate to The principal change a previously of the replacement occur through If this surfaces. with paved surface vegetated a area, large a sufficiently over occurred change occur, energy in the surface balance would change the soil beneath from evaporation as moisture the of and more is eliminated surfaces the paved air rather heat to is used solar radiation available plants and by transpired water evaporate than to a discernible have potentially This could trees. as a cooling especially on air temperature, effect the Urban Heat and exacerbate in summer, effect as described in the baseline Island (UHI) effect, 1, (Volume chapter Factors Air and Climatic 20). Chapter surfaces vegetated phase, During the construction paved or with compacted be replaced may include Examples vegetated. not are that surfaces stockpiles embankments, compounds, construction the to lead may that features temporary and other vegetation. existing of or destruction disruption also be replaced may surfaces Vegetated operational ground the above due to permanently form, track (e.g. scheme the proposed of structures stops) & Ride facilities, Park flow air of speed and direction the of Alterations with associated structures large to due occur, may on LMVs of movement The scheme. proposed the wind localised generate potentially can track the significant at moving are vehicles the if turbulence pedestrian elevated new of construction The speeds. wind. to pedestrians can expose crossings emitted from vehicle exhausts and therefore are are and therefore exhausts vehicle from emitted vehicles number of with the associated directly The change networks. road on local travelling the proposed of as a result numbers in vehicles the on an impact have will therefore scheme where in areas these pollutants of concentrations to the proposed response in change levels traffic will occur are that in traffic The changes scheme. of this EIS (Volume chapter Traffic described in the NO 7). Chapter 2, 12.4.1.2 Vehicle emissions Vehicle 12.4.1.2 NO of emissions Local

Chapter 12 Page 166 Air and Climatic Factors Page 167 , are are , 2 and NO 10 , are described in the are , 2 As much existing vegetation as possible is to is to as possible vegetation existing As much the scheme. to within and adjacent be retained will be protected be retained to are that Trees with BS5837; in accordance be introduced is to hedgerow Planting and/or loss; vegetation for compensate to on earthwork be introduced Planting is to compounds embankments and construction these areas. of reinstatement the facilitate to Traffic chapter of this EIS (Volume 2, Chapter 7). 7). Chapter 2, this EIS (Volume of chapter Traffic impacts residual 12.4.3 Assessment of phase construction scenario: Project 12.4.3.1 Dust Sources compounds (Compound construction two are There and in Fosterstown the stop at 5 and 6) located These are Underpass. Fosterstown further south at the will be used for compounds which local both and materials construction of and storage delivery relevant the to distribution plant equipment before These compounds will works. surface of section of assembly space for layout also be used for Depending on volume, material. pre-fabrication is potential winds there and prevailing exposure materials. the stored from be generated to dust for likely MN102 considered in Area The activities shown are dust construction rise to give to 12.4. Table in 12.4.2.2 Vehicle emissions Vehicle 12.4.2.2 the minimise to taken be to The measures and congestion, generation traffic for potential PM of emissions and associated described in the Traffic chapter of this EIS of this chapter Traffic in the described 7). Chapter 2, (Volume 12.4.2.3 Microclimate of the loss off-setting of method A powerful have which plant trees, is to surfaces vegetated quantities large and transpire area leaf a large a significant cooling exert thereby and water of planting the key A summary of summer. in effect numerous at be implemented to measures is provided scheme the proposed across locations the measures regarding Details in this chapter. further in the detailed are implemented be to (and Landscape Visual chapter Landscape and 13). Chapter 2, Insertion this EIS (Volume Plans) of - - - accordance been designed in have bridges All design standards. safety with appropriate change 12.4.2.4 Climate minimise the to be taken to The measures and and congestion, generation traffic for potential CO emissions of associated All materials with the potential to cause dust dust cause to with the potential materials All during transport; will be covered in will be installed facilities Wheel washing and will be used sites construction all relevant the site; leaving vehicles by to with the potential stockpiles material All or dampened as will be covered dust generate creation for minimise the potential necessary to will measures Particular precautionary dust. of hazardous comprise be undertaken if stockpiles with will be agreed measures Such materials. commencement prior to authorities the relevant on impact no adverse that such the activity of to or human health is allowed the environment stage; any occur at will be extraction or dust suppression Water equipment construction to possible where fitted e.g. dust generate to has the potential that equipment; cutting and grinding drilling, roads speeds on unhardened vehicle On-site than 15kph; less to will be limited and surfaces activities transfer material for heights Drop be minimised; will materials as unloading such or cleared be excavated to are that Surfaces or excavation clearing will be dampened prior to to dust excessive for is potential there where be created; similar equipment will be available or Bowsers wash compounds to use in construction for particularly in periods and roads, surfaces down dry weather. of and where be overheated bitumen will not with open be heated will not bitumen possible, flame burners; bitumen will be containing hot and tanks pots production; minimise fume to covered will be minimised. spillages 12.4.2.1 Dust 12.4.2.1 emissions completely eliminate to possible It is not there However, sites. construction from dust of will be that practices site good a number of are effects dust the risk of reduce to implemented arising during construction: ------hot use of and the associated laying Tarmac of black significant amounts bitumen can generate the This will be minimised by particles. smoke by suggested measures the following of application 2000): (BRE, Establishment Research the Building - - - 12.4.2 Mitigation measures measures Mitigation 12.4.2 limit 2 . Table 12.5 Table . -3 concentration concentration 2 5 months 9 months 11 months 14 months 6 months 6 months Duration across the entire entire the across 2.5 in 2011 if the proposed scheme scheme in 2011 if the proposed -3 and PM limit value of 40 µg m limit value of 2 2 limit value is predicted to occur in to limit value is predicted 2 shows the street link where a new marginal breach breach marginal a new link where the street shows the NO of 2011, as a result of the construction phase of the phase of construction the of as a result 2011, within link occurs This street alignment. MN101. Area alongside a further 1 road link is predicted to to link is predicted a further 1 road alongside NO the exceed scheme is not implemented. If the scheme is If the scheme implemented. is not scheme air quality at during construction, implemented and breaches improve does not links these 3 road not are The breaches the limit value persist. of not are therefore and the scheme to attributable further. discussed any proposed the of the construction of result The net the NO in 2011 is that scheme value of 40 µg m value of As is the case with the properties near Fosterstown near Fosterstown As is the case with the properties on these of impacts the significance Stop, of will vary depending on the distance properties the construction. from individual properties emissions Vehicle in NO Changes scheme in comparison to regulatory limits regulatory to in comparison scheme described in the previous the changes of Many regulatory any of breaches to lead do not section As described in the baseline Air and Climatic limits. 20), Chapter 1, this EIS (Volume of chapter Factors network the traffic of links 3 road air quality along the NO breach to is predicted the scheme of Construction activities having the potential to give rise to dust to rise give to the potential having activities Construction Construction of surface lines surface of Construction techniques) (using cut and cover Malahide Underpass Viaduct Hill Pinnock to Stop Fosterstown to Viaduct Hill Pinnock Portal. Tunnel Dublin Airport underpass to North Fosterstown Fosterstown Underpass using cut and cover techniques techniques Underpass using cut and cover Fosterstown Fosterstown Stop at surface (including telecommunications tower tower (including telecommunications surface at Stop Fosterstown can commence) construction before moved be needs to that Construction of the Pinnock Hill Viaduct. Hill the Pinnock of Construction ------Sensitive Receptors Receptors Sensitive Baseline and Factors Maps (Air and Climatic 2 shows Book 1 of 3, Volume included Impact) buffers with dust MN102 Area the boundaries of 50m, compound at construction the around The alignment and 100m and 150m intervals. been used compound boundaries have construction the distance measure to which as the point from this stage at possible it is not because contours dust potential of locations the actual pinpoint to within specific construction activities generating the actual In reality the route. compounds or along limited more be much to likely are worksites project boundary than the project extent in their spatial indicate. would MN102 are in Area receptors sensitive The only Swords of South Immediately properties. residential Court, the alignment lies Carlton of the east to Stop deposition on Dust 50m the alignment. from away significant as will be potentially these properties with 50m located activities. are construction they of to anticipated is only however, This construction, months. 5 for last lies Stop Fosterstown of south-west the To occupies that area residential sensitive another 50m-150m is of that an area the from away deposition dust that It is expected alignment. will be potentially on these properties impacts significant or significant during the construction Underpasss (using cut and the Fosterstown of approximately a period of over techniques) cover of impacts, significance The precise 14 months. residential each close will depend on how however, that Those properties the alignment. is to receptor 50mare significant impacts, will experience away 150m are those that whereas will experience away is a smaller There significant impacts. potentially Construction of the west to area residential located are these properties again, Compound 6; 50mwithin 150m - alignment. and compound the of than approximately be used for Compound 6 is to be to likely therefore are These properties 4 years. dust. from significant impacts to subject Table 12.4 Table Activity -

Chapter 12 Page 168 Air and Climatic Factors Page 169 and

2.5 2.5 /PM ) (a) 10 -3 concentration concentration 23/44 0/8 Between 500mBetween and 1km 0/0 Concentration Concentration (µg m Improvement in Air Improvement Quality with respect PM to Distance from from Distance Alignment 2.5 across the entire scheme scheme entire the across ) from 2011 Do Minimum 2011 ) from /PM -3 (b) 2.5 10 ) is predicted ) is predicted

-3 2.5 ) (a) ) and PM and and PM 2 2 -3 -3 /PM concentrations equally. concentrations 10 2.5 34/77 0/3 40.7 0/0 New Concentration Concentration New (µg m Concentration Concentration (µg m 12,427/12,352 12,427/12,352 Degradation in Degradation Air Quality with to respect PM ) for 2011 (the first year of construction) of construction) year (the first 2011 ) for -3 or PM 10 Concentration (µg m Concentration )

2 -3 2.5 therefore may be thought of as contributing to as contributing to of be thought may therefore PM Changes in NO Changes are presented in Table 12.8 for two scenarios: if the scenarios: two 12.8 for Table in presented are and if it is implemented is not scheme proposed road the number of shows The table implemented. air quality improvements will experience that links will that change of The extent and degradations. detailed using the criteria occur has been evaluated will changes on which 12.3 and the links Table in the relevant into been categorised occur have vehicle It is assumed that magnitude classes. PM of all in the form is essentially exhaust (µg m Changes in NO in Changes limit value (40 µg m value (40 limit 2 /PM 10 ) -3 concentration changes are equal, equal, are changes concentration 10 in limit 2 -3 46 7 Magnitude of of Magnitude m (µg Change 13.53 0 Concentration Concentration (µg m Improvement in Improvement Air Quality with NO to respect and PM 2

NO 2 concentrations are of medium to very low magnitude. magnitude. low very medium to of are concentrations -3 and PM 2.5 2.5 in any area. in any 2.5 /PM 10 concentrations is concentrations 2 (b) or PM ) 10 -3 and PM 2 12,318 108 5 Number of links with: links Number of Degradation in Air Quality NO to with respect Northbound to R127 Northbound R127 to north Lissenhall of Street name Street 0 Concentration Concentration (µg m concentration occurs. However, this However, occurs. concentration . This adverse impact would therefore therefore would impact This adverse . 2 -3 2 very low very low Source: Road names provided by MVA traffic consultants traffic MVA by names provided Road Source: medium to occur in 2011 occur in to change leads to a breach of the 40 µg m of a breach to leads change ambient NO These changes are of Low significance. Low of are These changes normally be considered to be of medium magnitude medium be of to be considered normally 5 and 25 µg m between of a change because 13.53 µg m (a) Although the magnitude of the PM of the magnitude (a) Although Impact Magnitude Impact Table 12.6 Road links with changes in NO with changes links 12.6 Road Table The magnitude of change in NO change The magnitude of 3562_3560 M1 from road Link Road link Road Table 12.5 Street links where a new breach of the NO of breach a new where links 12.5 Street Table high value and therefore the impact is considered to be to is considered the impact value and therefore out in the baseline Air As set high magnitude. of Chapter 1, this EIS (Volume of Factors and Climatic any of breach a potential where areas any 20), be of to considered occur are limit may regulatory is therefore This impact value. high functional very High significance. be of to considered in impact any have does not scheme The proposed or non-compliance in compliance changes of terms PM with the limit values for to 2011 With Metro 2011 to All of the changes in NO the changes of All the assessment criteria are not and so the impacts are distributed differently across the categories. across differently distributed are and so the impacts not are the assessment criteria Degradation for both magnitude impact low very by a as defined changes number of This is the total (b) combined. and Improvement NO . -3

2 across the entire the entire across 2.5 limit value in 2029 if 2 /PM 10 and PM 2 scheme in comparison to regulatory limits limits regulatory in comparison to scheme As described in the baseline Air and Climatic air 20), Chapter 1, this EIS (Volume of Factors scheme the proposed of links six road quality along within the 50m are the road band alongside the NO breach to predicted This positive impact would normally therefore be therefore normally would impact This positive However, medium magnitude. be of to considered relevant of breaches that such are the changes are The impacts occur. limits no longer legislative high magnitude and be of to considered therefore Medium significance. the proposed scheme is not implemented. If the implemented. is not scheme the proposed at air quality is implemented, scheme proposed of breaches that such improves links these six road links The six relevant occur. the limit value no longer 12.1. in Figure shown are in NO improvement The magnitude of phase operational scenario: Project 12.4.3.2 operational first the 2014, for results Modelling on an influence of less showed the scheme, of year results these therefore, 2029; than for air quality section. in this in detail been discussed not have report in the technical presented however are They reflect results The 2029 G. Annex included as in the detailed are case scenario and the worst sections. following Dust associated impact dust will be no significant There in scheme the proposed of with the operation MN102 Area emissions Vehicle in NO Changes concentrations for the majority of the six links six links the the majority of for concentrations µg m and -20 -10 is between 12.1 in Figure shown

2 ). The ). 2 Duration of of Duration land-take 2 years approx 2 years approx 4 years ) -1 emissions in of this area for the for this area of 2 2 2 2 2 Change relative to to relative Change baseline (%) +0.6 % 24,000m 21,000m 45,000m Approximate Approximate area ) -1 emissions from vehicles during vehicles emissions from 2 Emissions from road traffic traffic road Emissions from 2 emissions in the do minimum year of of emissions in the do minimum year 2 (a) Compound 5 Hill – Pinnock Viaduct construction that will be produced in 2011 if the in 2011 will be produced that construction detailed are is implemented scheme proposed change with the percentage 12.8 along Table in baseline emissions. to relative 12.8 CO Table 2011 are detailed in the baseline Air and Climatic in the baseline Air and Climatic detailed 2011 are 20). Chapter 1, this EIS (Volume of chapter Factors The annual CO network in 2011 (tonnes annum in 2011 (tonnes network Compound 6 - Fosterstown Total 2011 during construction if the scheme goes ahead goes if the scheme 2011 during construction no significance. of therefore, and is, low is very a slight arises through increase The slight speeds on parts the vehicle of in overall reduction with associated traffic and the additional network activity. construction Do Metro 2011 Do Metro annum (tonnes Area MN102 comprises approximately 1,985,000m MN102 comprises approximately Area Land-take Microclimate existing phase, the construction During be will MN102 within Area areas vegetated due areas unvegetated to converted temporarily compounds, construction of the development to plant of movement and localised embankments of The main sources vehicles. and construction 12.7. Table in outlined are land-take temporary of Significant sources 12.7 Table MN102 within Area land-take use of approximately 45,000 m approximately use of construction compounds is considered to be an to compounds is considered construction magnitude and has no significance low of impact is short the land-take in that the fact of in light green and extensive approx.) (2-4 years duration and further afield. area within the study exist areas change Climate CO Predicted 2, 671,268 671,268 2, of land. Approximately 52% of this land currently this land currently 52% of Approximately land. of (1,025,000m areas comprises open green (a) Estimated using DMRB methodology (a) Estimated in CO change The magnitude of

Chapter 12 Page 170 Air and Climatic Factors Page 171 Distance Distance from Alignment 5km Less than 250m than Less Between 250mBetween and 500m Between 2km and Between 3km Between 3km and Between 4km than 5km More More than 5km More Distance from from Distance Alignment ) ) -3 ) is predicted to occur to ) is predicted -3 -3 New New Concentration (µg m ) -3 ) -3 32.65 24.99 27.24 25.95 29.19 26.28 New Concentration Concentration New (µg m Magnitude Change of (µg m 12.98 41.41 than More limit value (of 40 µg m limit value (of 2 limit value (of 40 µg m limit value (of 2 ) -3 in 2029. Table 12.10 Street link where a new breach of the of breach a new link where Street 12.10 Table NO concentrations result in compliance in compliance result concentrations 2 -11.32 Magnitude of of Magnitude m (µg Change -18.47 ) in 2029 -3 and causes a marginal a marginal and causes -3 College Green, Green, College Street Westmoreland Street. and College Street name Street N7 Eastbound -12.01 Taney RoadTaney N11 -18.11 concentration for this link is for concentration 2 from the East to the West (4221 to 4220), 4220), (4221 to the West to the East from Parkway, linking Western roundabout R110 and Naas Road limit value. This is part of the Red This is part the Red of limit value. concentrations are predicted to to predicted are concentrations 2 2 limit value (40 µg m value (40 limit 2 (b) (b) (b) 2 2 (a) North the alignment of the alignment (b) South of consultants traffic MVA by names provided Road Source: 2013_2012 between Junction 1415_1408 Road Berkeley -17.51 4250_4210 1833_1832 RoadTraynor Oscar -26.1 5014_5011 NO exceed the NO exceed with the NO with Cow Roundabout. The link is shown in Figure 12.1 12.1 in Figure The link is shown Roundabout. Cow in the increase The magnitude of 12.10. Table and NO annual average approximately 13 µg m approximately is predicted to occur in 2029 to is predicted 4221_4220 (b) going Roundabout, Cow the Red of Part Road link (a)Road name Street Table 12.10 Street links where a new breach of the new NO the new of breach new a where links Street 12.10 Table The result of the implementation of the proposed the proposed of the implementation of The result be one road will only there in 2029 is that scheme NO link where 5165_5144 Road link Road Table 12.9 Street links where improvements in NO improvements where links 12.9 Street Table breach of the regulatory limit. This negative impact impact This negative limit. regulatory the of breach high magnitude and be of to considered is therefore Medium significance. of NO (b) All links are South of the alignment South of are links (b) All consultants traffic MVA by names provided Road Source:

2 / 10 across across concentration concentration limit values. limit values. 2.5 2.5 2.5 /PM /PM /PM 10 10 10 and PM and PM . 2 2 2.5 /PM 10 ) for 2029 are presented in Table 12.11. 12.11. Table in presented 2029 are ) for -3 concentrations will decrease substantially substantially will decrease concentrations 2.5 scheme the entire in NO Changes PM alongside several road links. The proposed The proposed links. road several alongside in terms implications any have does not scheme compliance with PM of The table shows the number of road links with air links road the number of shows The table the to related or degradation quality improvements NO both for changes concentration magnitude of Changes in NO Changes If the proposed scheme is implemented, PM is implemented, scheme If the proposed (µg m and PM levels occur levels regulatory NO2 regulatory compliance with changes in changes links where where links Chapter 12 Road 12.1 Figure Page 172 Air and Climatic Factors Page 173 Number of links links Number of with Improvement in Air Quality 0/0 3/14 63/198 )

-3 emissions in 2 2.5 ) /PM Change relative to to relative Change baseline (%) - 0.6 % -3 10 emissions from road traffic traffic road emissions from 2 (a) ) Emissions from Network in 2029 Network Emissions from -1 2 emissions in the do minimum year emissions in the do minimum year 2 Concentration (µg m (µg Concentration 12,225 Number of links links Number of with Degradation in Air Quality 0/0 0/7 68/184 Change in PM Change (a) Concentration (µg m Concentration 2.5 ) of 2029 are detailed in the baseline Air and Climatic in the baseline Air and Climatic detailed 2029 are of Chapter 1, this EIS (Volume of chapter Factors The annual CO 20). (tonnes per annum) (tonnes vehicle emissions that will be produced in 2029 be produced will emissions that vehicle Table in shown are is implemented if the scheme to relative change with the percentage along 12.12, baseline emissions. CO 12.12 Table 2029 if the scheme goes ahead is low and is, and is, ahead is low goes 2029 if the scheme of result is a The decrease insignificant. therefore, with associated re-routing traffic of a combination on road scheme the proposed of impacts the direct the rail car to capacity and the modal shift from future predict used to are Emission factors system. consumption these depend on fuel emissions; Emission factors fuel. of and the carbon content changes consumption as fuel in the future decrease and efficiency in vehicle with improvements the 2020 will reflect 2008 to from carbon content bio-fuels. of introduction Do Metro 2029 Do Metro annum (tonnes Climate change change Climate CO Predicted 3,096,110 (a) Estimated using DMRB methodology (a) Estimated in CO change The magnitude of -3 /PM 10

2 and PM 2 ). Land- ). 2 Number of links links Number of in with Improvement Air Quality 1 45 536

2.5 /PM Concentration (µg m (µg Concentration 10 2 (a) and PM 2 Change in NO Change Number of links links Number of with Degradation in Air Quality 0 595 concentrations are of medium to very low low very medium to of are concentrations significance Low of are These changes magnitude. Microclimate 1,985,000m MN102 comprises approximately Area All of the changes in NO the changes of All (a) This is the total number of insignificant positive and negative changes changes and negative insignificant positive number of total This is the (a) magnitude impact low very by a as defined Impact Impact Magnitude Table 12.11 Road Links with changes in NO in with changes Links Road 12.11 Table high mediumlow 47 very lowvery 11,404 take in this area occurs to facilitate structures structures facilitate to occurs in this area take the route. of sections ground as the above such within the occurs primarily This land-take existing or in other the road median of central amount the large of In light areas. hardstanding the MN102, within Area areas vegetated green of to is considered land-take of impact microclimatic significant. and not be Low along area in any the LMVs The maximum speed of This speed 70km/h. the alignment is approximately significant impacts cause high enough to is not The and thus microclimate. on wind turbulence such flat MN102 is relatively Area of topography occur of wind does not channelling significant that unlikely therefore are structures Large area. in any on wind impact a significant adverse have to to structures elevated All area. in the local patterns (including the Pinnock in this area be constructed elevation of in terms low relatively are Hill viaduct) air movement. localised obstruct and do not air pooling and with cold associated Impacts not occur and are to unlikely therefore shading are are that of the bridges All significant. considered wind an appropriate designed for are constructed safety any eliminate are railing and safety loadings wind exposure. arising from hazards from 2029 Do Minimum to 2029 With Metro With 2029 to Minimum 2029 Do from of land. Approximately 52% of this land currently this land currently 52% of Approximately land. of (1,025,000m areas comprises open green