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Recent Declines in Warming and Vegetation Greening Trends Over Pan-Arctic Tundra
Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 4229-4254; doi:10.3390/rs5094229 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Recent Declines in Warming and Vegetation Greening Trends over Pan-Arctic Tundra Uma S. Bhatt 1,*, Donald A. Walker 2, Martha K. Raynolds 2, Peter A. Bieniek 1,3, Howard E. Epstein 4, Josefino C. Comiso 5, Jorge E. Pinzon 6, Compton J. Tucker 6 and Igor V. Polyakov 3 1 Geophysical Institute, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 903 Koyukuk Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology and Wildlife, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (D.A.W.); [email protected] (M.K.R.) 3 International Arctic Research Center, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, 930 Koyukuk Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291 McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Cryospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614.1, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 6 Biospheric Science Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614.1, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (J.E.P.); [email protected] (C.J.T.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-907-474-2662; Fax: +1-907-474-2473. -
From Africa to Eurasia * Early Dispersals Ofer Bar-Yosef! *, A
Quaternary International 75 (2001) 19}28 From Africa to Eurasia * early dispersals Ofer Bar-Yosef! *, A. Belfer-Cohen" !Department of Anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA "Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91905, Israel Abstract The dispersals of early hominins in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene into Eurasia were essentially sporadic. Little geographic and temporal continuity is observed between the various dated archaeological contexts, and the lithic assemblages do not demonstrate a techno-morphological continuity. The archaeological evidence from 1.8 to 0.7 Ma indicates at least three waves of early migrations. The earliest sortie involved bearers of core-chopper industries sometime around 1.7}1.6 Ma. Early Acheulean producers followed possibly around 1.4 Ma. The third wave occurred sometime around 0.8 Ma, and is represented by Acheulean groups who manufactured numerous #ake cleavers. The geographic scope of each of these waves is not yet well known.The reasons for &why' early humans dispersed from Africa into Eurasia include the &push' of environmental change and relative &demographic pressure', as well as the opening of new niches. Humans may have gained their meat supplies either from carcasses or through active predation. The archaeological and fossil records demonstrate that Homo erectus was a successful species, and like other successful species it enlarged its geographic distribution at all costs. Even if the trigger for the initial dispersal of Homo erectus remains unknown or controversial, the success of the hominid occupation of the Eurasian habitats was not primarily facilitated by the availability of food, or the human #exibility in food procuring techniques, but by the absence of the zoonotic diseases that plagued and constrained hominins in their African &cradle of evolution'. -
No. 1 Demography and Health in Eastern Europe and Eurasia
Working Paper Series on the Transition Countries No. 1 DEMOGRAPHY AND HEALTH IN EASTERN EUROPE AND EURASIA Ayo Heinegg Robyn Melzig James Pickett and Ron Sprout June 2005 Program Office Bureau for Europe & Eurasia U.S. Agency for International Development 1 Demography and Health in Eastern Europe and Eurasia Ayo Heinegg Academy for Educational Development Email: [email protected] Robyn Melzig U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC Email: [email protected] James Pickett U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC Email: [email protected] Ron Sprout U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC Email: [email protected] Abstract: Eastern Europe and Eurasia is the only region worldwide experiencing a contraction in population, which stems from both a natural decrease in the population (i.e., crude death rates exceeding crude birth rates) and emigration. The highest crude death rates in the world are found among the transition countries; so too the lowest fertility rates. This study analyzes these trends and attempts to assess some of the underlying health factors behind them. The report also examines the evidence regarding migration patterns, both political aspects (including trends in refugees and internally displaced persons) and economic aspects (including remittances, urbanization, and brain drain). 2 USAID/E&E/PO Working Paper Series on the Transition Countries September 2006 No.1 Demography and Health (June 2005) No.2 Education (October 2005) No.3 Economic Reforms, Democracy, and Growth (November 2005) No.4 Monitoring Country Progress in 2006 (September 2006) No.5 Domestic Disparities (forthcoming) No.6 Labor Markets (forthcoming) No.7 Global Economic Integration (forthcoming) The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in these working papers are entirely those of the authors. -
U.S. Department of State Ejournal 15 (February 2010)
The Bureau of International Information Programs of the U.S. Department of State publishes a monthly electronic journal under the eJournal USA logo. These journals U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE / FEBRuaRY 2010 examine major issues facing the United States and the VOLUME 15 / NUMBER 2 international community, as well as U.S. society, values, http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournalusa.html thought, and institutions. International Information Programs: One new journal is published monthly in English and is Coordinator Daniel Sreebny followed by versions in French, Portuguese, Russian, and Executive Editor Jonathan Margolis Spanish. Selected editions also appear in Arabic, Chinese, Creative Director Michael Jay Friedman and Persian. Each journal is catalogued by volume and number. Editor-in-Chief Richard W. Huckaby Managing Editor Bruce Odessey The opinions expressed in the journals do not necessarily Production Manager/Web Producer Janine Perry reflect the views or policies of the U.S. government. The Graphic Designer Sylvia Scott U.S. Department of State assumes no responsibility for the content and continued accessibility of Internet sites Copy Editor Rosalie Targonski to which the journals link; such responsibility resides Photo Editor Maggie Sliker solely with the publishers of those sites. Journal articles, Cover Designer Diane Woolverton photographs, and illustrations may be reproduced and Graph Designers Vincent Hughes translated outside the United States unless they carry Reference Specialist Martin Manning explicit copyright restrictions, in which case permission must be sought from the copyright holders noted in the journal. Front Cover: © Getty Images The Bureau of International Information Programs maintains current and back issues in several electronic formats at http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournalusa. -
Eurasia Asia & Oceania
Segment Overview Asia & Eurasia Oceania u p. 28 u p. 20 Number of countries 7 4 1,551 ,296 1 1,245 1,218 1 16 14 Number of projects 1 3 In production 2 43 1 1 6 Under development 10 Preparation for development Under exploration (oil and gas reservoirs confirmed) Under exploration Other 466 Production/Reserves 367 Proved reserves (million boe) 214 201 195 210 207 191 Net production (thousand boed) 179 197 190 188 167 166 28 27 27 26 25 25 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 485,275 485,069 483,187 406,828 409,776 / 352,383 Net sales 299,599 281,623 Operating income 264,849 235,814 Net sales (¥ million) 191,070 178,225 Operating income (¥ million) 96,341 94,050 85,541 84,325 73,574 68,319 47,076 41,752 42,601 39,769 36,461 32,228 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 018 INPEX CORPORATION Annual Report 2015 Middle East Americas Japan & Africa u p. 32 u p. 36 u p. 30 6 7 1 Minami-Nagaoka 1 2 Gas Field 1 Naoetsu LNG 3 Terminal 9 7 1 16 10 Natural gas pipeline network (Approx. 1,400 km) etc. 783 857 636 4 Project Overview Project 583 518 505 174 168 169 158 163 155 138 135 132 130 126 117 74 68 65 40 36 30 29 30 27 28 20 25 25 21 21 21 17 18 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 524,528 520,835 500,033 621,513 421,184 357,343 354,136 350,735 333,213 303,819 243,113 205,572 129,522 120,268 118,937 ) 113,662 104,525 93,959 32,555 28,568 25,959 22,771 24,607 16,692 16,693 12,673 11,435 13,351 15,303 5,945 5,525 (7,646) (3,035) 1,028 (6,089) (5,518) ( 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 INPEX CORPORATION Annual Report 2015 019 Project Overview by Region Asia & Oceania In the Asia and Oceania region, INPEX holds participating interests in the Offshore Mahakam Block in Indonesia, which is contributing significantly to earnings, and the large-scale Ichthys and Abadi LNG projects, where development and preparatory development activities are under way. -
Russia and Eurasia Steven Pifer
14 Russia and Eurasia Steven Pifer Russia for the past 4 years has been on an economic roll fueled by high energy prices. The Kremlin in parallel has pursued an increasingly assertive foreign policy, raising the prospect of a more contentious Russia that will challenge U.S. interests in the former Soviet space, Europe, and elsewhere. The challenges posed by a more assertive Russia will command greater time and attention from U.S. national security planners. It is not only a resurgent Russia that could test the United States in coming years, however. A frail, unstable Russian state is not in the U.S. interest. Russian weakness raises less obvious, but nevertheless serious, possible challenges. Demographic, societal, and economic trends within Russia have the potential, particularly in combination, to create strategic shocks over the next 10 to 30 years that would have major implications for U.S. national security interests. This chapter examines those trends and potential shocks and outlines implications for U.S. national security. The strategic shocks that trends within Russia could combine to produce include collapse of the Russian state, expansion to take in more ethnic Russians, revolution (leading to a lurch toward democracy or, more likely, to the right), playing the energy card, and a military/technical surprise. While these shocks each have a very low likelihood, any of them would pose critical implications and challenges for key U.S. security interests. This chapter also looks at possible shocks elsewhere in the former Soviet space: Islamic revolution in a Central Asian state and Georgian-Russian military conflict, with the latter being the most likely shock of those addressed. -
U.S. Trade and Investment Policy
U.S. Trade and Investment Policy and Investment U.S. Trade The Council on Foreign Relations sponsors Independent Task Forces to assess issues of current and critical importance to U.S. foreign policy and provide policymakers with con- crete judgments and recommendations. Diverse in backgrounds and perspectives, Task Force members aim to reach a meaningful consensus on policy through private and non- partisan deliberations. Once launched, Task Forces are independent of CFR and solely re- sponsible for the content of their reports. Task Force members are asked to join a consensus signifying that they endorse “the general policy thrust and judgments reached by the group, WKRXJKQRWQHFHVVDULO\HYHU\ÀQGLQJDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQµ(DFK7DVN)RUFHPHPEHUDOVR KDVWKHRSWLRQRISXWWLQJIRUZDUGDQDGGLWLRQDORUDGLVVHQWLQJYLHZ0HPEHUV·DIÀOLDWLRQV DUHOLVWHGIRULGHQWLÀFDWLRQSXUSRVHVRQO\DQGGRQRWLPSO\LQVWLWXWLRQDOHQGRUVHPHQW7DVN Force observers participate in discussions, but are not asked to join the consensus. Task Force Members Edward Alden James W. Owens Council on Foreign Relations Caterpillar, Inc. Nancy Birdsall William F. Owens Center for Global Development University of Denver James J. Blanchard Pamela S. Passman DLA Piper LLP Microsoft Corporation Andrew H. Card Matthew J. Slaughter Texas A&M University, Fleischman-Hillard Council on Foreign Relations; Thomas A. Daschle Dartmouth University DLA Piper LLP Andrew L. Stern I.M. (Mac) Destler Georgetown University University of Maryland William M. Thomas Harold E. Ford, Jr. American Enterprise Institute for Public Morgan Stanley Policy Research Leo Gerard* Laura D’Andrea Tyson United Steelworkers University of California Berkeley Independent Task Force Report No. 67 Daniel R. Glickman John K. Veroneau Aspen Institute Congressional Program; Covington and Burling LLP Independent Task Force Report No. 67 Report Force Task Independent Andrew H. -
9/11/80; Container 176 to Se
9/11/80 Folder Citation: Collection: Office of Staff Secretary; Series: Presidential Files; Folder: 9/11/80; Container 176 To See Complete Finding Aid: http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/findingaids/Staff_Secretary.pdf ,. ' ' THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON 9/11/80 Jim Laney President Carter asked me to send you the enclosed copy of your letter with his remarks along with his best wishes. :J�¥J:;�]·f�JP�t��:�����'1 -� sJ Su Clough THE WHITE HOUSE I1r. Jim La:nP.v Lullwater House 1463 Clifton Road, N.E. Atlanta,_ Georgia 30329 .. -�···- ., ' I -_,.. / ·,!., ' ·' · "· · ... _.;_ . j '. �� ..... _ ' �- . .. · .. ----·----·" --- �--------��------�----------------------------------------------------------------�--------------�� i . ·.-· .�..... ·._ · ..... · . :.· . ..... ._ ... � .. _.- '· ·.· .. ""' -�: . .... .--·_,.._, -� ·, ' ·'( �\: ' �'Vi ,. "· !Q .� .. 0 rt�. , . , ., r� . ' . ; D��� �j. ·. 1.·, r; ·'· �·t�.f. lj•!• ·� . ,. :'$ :! . �:·:- '4J,o '', �-. • ·- '\�., ' ·1 (/ . ,.,_ /· b THE WHITE HOUSE ., WASHINGTON ' ) · ;1 ' ' l. ',7,._ ,, '}i' -�·�� ... 9/11/80 / <:1 '·f' ,:;!,\. .'r �... · Note for Files l: , . , ,, . ' /,, '· ' ,. J:-' ,1 Attached is from '•. " 0 ,,. ' T. .i I President James Laney •. · � p ' ·, (President of Emory University ·,, 0 in Atlanta, Geor�ia) ·,, • ·'"! c'• ..�- : rt·�. ( ":� J � , , ' ' �:, it is most likely that the letter was sent by Laney either to Bob Maddox who then '• delivered it to the First Lady --� who gave it to the President... ·· 1 or sent by Laney to Bob Maddox • v s ·. who had .it sent/given to the President by some other person who gave it directly to the '' �). President. --sse ' l .. ' )'r·. ·'' 0 i; ·�2.; :1_,··f, . , ij 't��·) 0 �; '' .. ···---·-··· ··�- -�-·----.,......... _,______ , ___ ·-... � ____ ..._____ ,.-........ ...... ··-"· y Msde �lectro§tatlc Cop on pu;rpo�e.C� for Preseqvs�S September 4, 1980 Memorandum to: President Jimmy Carter From: James T. -
Arabian Peninsula from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump to Navigationjump to Search "Arabia" and "Arabian" Redirect Here
Arabian Peninsula From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Arabia" and "Arabian" redirect here. For other uses, see Arabia (disambiguation) and Arabian (disambiguation). Arabian Peninsula Area 3.2 million km2 (1.25 million mi²) Population 77,983,936 Demonym Arabian Countries Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman United Arab Emirates Kuwait Qatar Bahrain -shibhu l-jazīrati l ِش ْبهُ ا ْل َج ِزي َرةِ ا ْلعَ َربِيَّة :The Arabian Peninsula, or simply Arabia[1] (/əˈreɪbiə/; Arabic jazīratu l-ʿarab, 'Island of the Arabs'),[2] is َج ِزي َرةُ ا ْلعَ َرب ʿarabiyyah, 'Arabian peninsula' or a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geographical perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.[3] It is the largest peninsula in the world, at 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 sq mi).[4][5][6][7][8] The peninsula consists of the countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[9] The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, the Levant to the north and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The most populous cities on the Arabian Peninsula are Riyadh, Dubai, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi, Doha, Kuwait City, Sanaʽa, and Mecca. Before the modern era, it was divided into four distinct regions: Red Sea Coast (Tihamah), Central Plateau (Al-Yamama), Indian Ocean Coast (Hadhramaut) and Persian Gulf Coast (Al-Bahrain). -
Strong Nonpartisan Support for New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
Strong Nonpartisan Support for New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Information Pack http://www.securityconsensus.org/ Page 1 of 35 Contents: Page 3 List of notable national security experts supporting ratification Page 6 Former Republican national security officials supporting ratification Page 7 Letter to Senate Leaders Page 10 Quotes from testimony addressing the security benefits provided by the treaty and the consequences of rejecting the treaty and addressing questions that have been raised as to its impact on missile defense Page 16 Letter from Former STRATCOM Commander to the SFRC Page 19 Notable opinion articles on New START Page 33 List of Senate hearings held on the treaty If you or your office would like any further information, or arrange a briefing with members of the Consensus for American Security - please contact Paul Hamill: [email protected] / 202 347 8999 About the Consensus for American Security: The Consensus for American Security is a non-partisan group of influential military and national security leaders who have come together to highlight growing support for a new and sustainable nuclear weapons policy. The Consensus is an initiative of the American Security Project. For more information, visit www.securityconsensus.org. Page 2 of 35 National Security Experts Who Have Endorsed New START Ratification: Madeleine Albright, Secretary of State, 1997-2001 Howard Baker, U.S. Senator (R-TN), 1967-85 Samuel Berger, National Security Advisor, 1997-2001 Dr. Barry Blechman, Assistant Director of the Arms -
The Role of Eurasia in a Multi-Polar World
THE ROLE OF EURASIA IN A MULTI-POLAR WORLD AHMET EVIN MEGAN GISCLON Istanbul Policy Center Bankalar Caddesi No: 2 Minerva Han 34420 Karaköy, İstanbul TURKEY +90 212 292 49 39 +90 212 292 49 57 @ [email protected] ISBN: 978-605-2095-47-8 w ipc.sabanciuniv.edu THE ROLE OF EURASIA IN A MULTI-POLAR WORLD AHMET EVIN MEGAN GISCLON March 2019 Ahmet Evin is a senior scholar at Istanbul Policy Center and professor emeritus at Sabanci University. Megan Gisclon is managing editor and researcher at Istanbul Policy Center. About Istanbul Policy Center Istanbul Policy Center is an independent policy research institute with global outreach. Our mission is to foster academic research in social sciences and its application to policy making. We are firmly committed to providing decision makers, opinion leaders, academics, and the general public with innovative and objective analyses in key domestic and foreign policy issues. IPC has expertise in a wide range of areas, including—but not exhaustive to—Turkey-EU-U.S. relations, conflict resolution, education, climate change, current trends of political and social transformation in Turkey, as well as the impact of civil society and local governance on this metamorphosis. PREFACE As part of its Observatory Program, Istanbul Policy of gravity of global trade, and more recently, of the Center (IPC), in cooperation with the German Council centrifugal forces acting upon the Western world, on Foreign Relations (Deutsche Gesellschaft für the present conference was organized to address the Auswärtige Politik, DGAP), organized a conference increasing number of questions regarding Eurasia: the on “The Role of Eurasia in a Multi-Polar World.” This vast landmass between Europe and China, dominated one-day roundtable took place on December 6, 2017 at since the middle of the nineteenth century by Russia, DGAP’s Berlin office. -
April 2000 – February 2001)
U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (click on heading to be linked directly to that section) Phase 1 (July 1998 - August 1999) Major Themes And Implications Supporting Research And Analysis Phase 2 (August 2000 – April 2000) Seeking A National Strategy: A Concert For Preserving Security And Promoting Freedom Phase 3 (April 2000 – February 2001) Roadmap For National Security: Imperative For Change 71730_DAPS.qx 10/12/99 5:06 PM Page #1 NEW WORLD COMING: AMERICAN SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY MAJOR THEMES AND IMPLICATIONS The Phase I Report on the Emerging Global Security Environment for the First Quarter of the 21st Century The United States Commission on National Security/21st Century September 15, 1999 71730_DAPS.qx 10/12/99 5:06 PM Page #3 Preface In 1947, President Harry Truman signed into law the National Security Act, the landmark U.S. national security legislation of the latter half of the 20th century. The 1947 legislation has served us well. It has undergirded our diplomatic efforts, provided the basis to establish our military capa- bilities, and focused our intelligence assets. But the world has changed dramatically in the last fifty years, and particularly in the last decade. Institutions designed in another age may or may not be appropriate for the future. It is the mandate of the United States Commission on National Security/21st Century to examine precise- ly that question. It has undertaken to do so in three phases: the first to describe the world emerging in the first quarter of the next century, the second to design a national security strategy appropri- ate to that world, and the third to propose necessary changes to the national security structure in order to implement that strategy effectively.