Noms Et Déplacements Étude De L'espace-Temps Dans Les Romans Autochtones, Canadiens Et Québécois Du Xxie Siècle Zishad La

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Noms Et Déplacements Étude De L'espace-Temps Dans Les Romans Autochtones, Canadiens Et Québécois Du Xxie Siècle Zishad La Noms et déplacements Étude de l’espace-temps dans les romans autochtones, canadiens et québécois du XXIe siècle Zishad Lak Thèse soumise à la Faculté des arts dans le cadre des exigences du programme de doctorat en lettres françaises et en études canadiennes Département de français Faculté des arts Université d’Ottawa © Zishad Lak, Ottawa, Canada, 2020 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remercier mon directeur de thèse, M. Patrick Imbert qui m’a offert la liberté absolue d’aborder des sujets qui ne croisent pas toujours son domaine de recherche et des points de vue qui ne sont pas toujours les siens. Merci à mes chers grands-parents Hosseinali Yousefi et Zahra Esmaili, à ma mère Manijeh Yousefi, à ma sœur Gelareh Lak, à Nora, à Mohammad et Manouchehr Yousefi, à Kimia, à Kiarash et à Mojgan Fazeli, des gens qui m’ont appris à mieux aimer. Je suis devenue deux fois mère pendant ce parcours et je suis redevable à mes chéri.e.s Nikan et Emiliana Lak-McArthur pour tout ce qu’il et elle m’offrent tous les jours. Je vous aime! Je suis aussi redevable à mon ami précieux Pierre-Luc Landry, qui m’inspire, m’encourage et m’envoie de la musique quotidiennement. Je t’aime. Et finalement, mon compagnon Andrew McArthur m’a soutenue de mille façons différentes, en m’offrant des chips, des conseils, du temps, de l’écoute et surtout de l’amour. Nous continuons à nous métamorphoser ensemble. ii À Andrew À Nikan À Emiliana Et à la mémoire de mon grand-père iii RÉSUMÉ Le colonialisme européen depuis des siècles passe par l’établissement d’une temporalité dominante et hégémonique. Cette temporalité, selon cette doctrine, est la seule qui dote le sujet d’une subjectivité et de la possibilité de s’auto-définir. Les sujets marginaux adhèrent ainsi à un temps marginal qui se situe derrière le temps linéaire du progrès et de la domination. Ce temps, comme le montrent les études postcoloniales, se reproduit et s’affirme dans les récits coloniaux. Depuis les mouvements anticolonialistes du XXe siècle, et face à cette impasse temporelle, l’attention est tournée vers les études spatiales qui tiennent compte des multitudes. Or une étude chronotopique, comme la théorisent Mikhail Bakhtine et Mark Rifkin, nous aide à décentrer et à déloger le temps linéaire et hégémonique et à repérer les trajectoires temporelles qui déterminent la conception de l’espace et l’interaction entre les espaces-temps multiples dans un contexte particulier. Ce contexte, dans le cadre de cette étude, est le colonialisme de peuplement. Cette étude explore l’excès du récit national dans les romans écrits au Canada. Elle tâche de repérer les spatiotemporalités dominantes dans des romans allochtones du XXIe siècle qui dissimulent la colonisation et l’occupation du territoire, légitiment la souveraineté absolue de l’État settler et omettent les compétences des peuples autochtones sur les territoires. Cet effacement passe tout d’abord par la tension ou la conciliation entre l’histoire nationale et la mémoire familiale. Celles-ci interagissent selon l’espace dominant du récit à partir duquel nous avons structuré cette étude. Nous analysons ainsi des romans de la réserve, des romans ruraux, des romans urbains et des romans suburbains dans les quatre chapitres consacrés à l’analyse des œuvres. Chacun de ces espaces met en relief un rapport particulier entre l’histoire et la mémoire. Le premier chapitre, consacré aux récits autochtones de la réserve et à l’espace-temps de la résurgence, souligne l’importance du territoire et de la mémoire ancestrale dans le trajet futur de la communauté et insiste sur la permanence autochtone face aux tentatives d’élimination orchestrées par l’État. Cette iv permanence trouble les récits ruraux qui, par l’intermédiaire de la famille nucléaire, de la lignée et de l’histoire familiale, réaffirment le récit national et la doctrine de la découverte. Ces récits tracent la genèse de la nation en fonction de l’arrivée des ancêtres européen.ne.s des personnages sur une terre inhabitée. Le moment d’arrivée ne marque pas pour les personnages racialisés des romans urbains le début de l’histoire de la nation. L’histoire familiale de ceux-ci situe plutôt le Canada dans un réseau mondial et dans une histoire coloniale qui remet en question la bienveillance de l’État multiculturel. La prévalence de l’espace contemporain de la ville et la dominance du passé extranational dans les romans urbains risquent toutefois d’éclipser l’histoire coloniale de l’espace canadien et la colonisation sur lesquelles est fondée la ville. Finalement, les romans suburbains soulignent l’importance du sujet individuel et son adhésion temporelle à la nation pour renforcer et reproduire l’idéologie nationale. Ils mettent en scène une citoyenneté privée qui réalise les valeurs et les idéaux de la nation par une série de décisions et de gestes individuels et par la reproduction de l’oubli, qui est garant de la continuité de l’État settler. Les romans suburbains de notre étude tracent le processus de suburbanisation depuis ses premières phases pour en arriver à une contemporanéité extrême qui évacue toute histoire du territoire, mais qui évacue aussi de celui- ci toute vision de l’avenir. La progression des chapitres qui portent sur les romans allochtones relève ainsi d’un mouvement temporel. Elle part de l’espace rural, de l’atomisation et de la reproduction du temps hégémonique par la famille nucléaire pour s’achever dans les romans suburbains où la nation s’incarne dans les gestes immédiats, privés et quotidiens des individus. Cette individualisation relève toutefois, de plus en plus, de l’impossibilité d’une vision singulière de l’avenir. À l’encontre de l’individualisation et de l’atomisation progressive des romans allochtones, les récits autochtones affirment une socialité souveraine et politique en renouvelant le contact avec le territoire et les ancêtres. v Ainsi, une analyse spatiotemporelle des œuvres écrites au Canada met en relief les différents processus de formation du sujet-citoyen. Les théories queer qui examinent les sociospatialités et les intimités non hégémoniques, ainsi que les études culturelles abordant l’émergence de la citoyenneté privée dans la phase tardive du capitalisme nous aident à analyser les enjeux spatiotemporels de la subjectivité. Cet engagement théorique vient décentrer et déloger le temps hégémonique de la nation tout en remettant en cause les processus de formation du sujet. Il offre, suivant la vision de Bakhtine, une approche analytique pour étudier le temps, l’espace et l’idéologie dominante dans les récits littéraires dans le contexte du colonialisme de peuplement. vi LISTE DE SIGLES CS : Celia’s Song de Lee Maracle EN : Elle et nous de Michel Jean OB : Ourse bleue de Virginia Pésémapéo Bordeleau MS : Motorcycles & Sweetgrace de Drew Hayden Taylor CL: Crow Lake de Mary Lawson ACK: A Complicated Kindness de Miriam Toews UNIEMS: Un jour ils entendront mes silences de Marie-Josée Martin IPDO : Il pleuvait des oiseaux de Jocelyne Saucier LSDLQSC : Le soleil du lac qui se couche de J.R. Léveillé JSUÉJ : Je suis un écrivain japonais de Danny Laferrière WWALF : What We All Long For de Dionne Brand LSJ: La sœur de Judith de Lise Tremblay LCBC : Le ciel de Bay City de Catherine Mavrikakis GT : The Gum Thief de Douglas Coupland VH: Venous Hum de Suzette Mayr vii INTRODUCTION Every time flow or a line of light approaches, touches, or encounters indianness, it also confronts the colonialist project that has made that flow possible. The choice is to either confront that colonialism or to deflect it. And not being prepared to disrupt the logics of settler colonialism necessary for the terra nullius through which to wander, the entire system either freezes or reboots.1 L’étude présente est enclenchée au moment où la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada tenait des séances publiques pour entendre les témoignages des victimes des pensionnats autochtones. Le Canada venait de s’excuser quelques années auparavant et se disait prêt à regarder son histoire en face. Au moment de l’écriture de cette introduction, le Canada conteste le jugement qui l’oblige à indemniser les enfants autochtones confiés au système de protection de l’enfance dans les réserves. Or même si la réconciliation n’est pas traduite en un changement véritable dans l’attitude du Canada envers son histoire et les peuples autochtones, les récits qu’ont racontés les victimes de pensionnats lors des témoignages a entraîné une effervescence de récits et de l’art autochtones surtout au cours de la dernière décennie. Ces créations artistiques viennent remettre en cause l’innocence et l’oubli qui régit un grand nombre des récits allochtones. Une fois qu’on entend l’histoire, comme le dit Thomas King, « you cannot unhear it »2. Notre recherche vise à mettre les récits racontés à la même époque et sur le même territoire en relation les uns avec les autres. L’engagement du récit dans son contexte historique, telle est notre supposition de départ, met en relief son idéologie dominante qui. À cette fin, nous encadrons cette étude et les récits qui font l’objet de son analyse dans un contexte commun, le colonialisme de peuplement. 1 Jodi Byrd, Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2011, p. 17. 2 Cette phrase était prononcée par Thomas King dans un entretien avec Rinaldo Walcott dans le documentaire Who’s the Man : Masculinity, Mythos and the Media (réalisé par Patricia LEE, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 2014, 42 :43 mins) 1 Colonialisme de peuplement Il est nécessaire dans le cadre de cette étude de définir clairement le colonialisme de peuplement pour éviter toute ambiguïté par rapport au colonialisme auquel réfèrent un grand nombre de textes québécois et franco-canadiens.
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