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Colin Thomas Strine การศึกษานิเวศวทิ ยาของงูเขยี วหางไหม้ ในสถานีวจิ ยั สิ่งแวดล้อมสะแกราช จังหวัดนครราชสีมา นายคอลิน โทมัส สไตรน์ วิทยานิพนธ์นีเ้ ป็ นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลกั สูตรปริญญาวิทยาศาสตรดุษฎบัณฑิตี สาขาวิชาชีววิทยาสิ่งแวดล้อม มหาวทิ ยาลัยเทคโนโลยสี ุรนารี ปีการศึกษา 2557 THE ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF GREEN PIT VIPERS IN SAKAERAT ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH STATION, NAKHON RATCHASIMA Colin Thomas Strine Mr. Colin Thomas Strine A AThesis Thesis Submitted Submitted in inPartial Partial Fulfillment Fulfillment of ofthe the Requirements Requirements for for the the Degree Degree of ofDoctor Doctor of ofPhilosophy Philosophy in inEnvironmental Environmental Biology Biology SuranareeSuranaree University University of ofTechnology Technology AcademicAcademic Year Year 201 2014 4 คอลิน โทมัส สไตรน์ : การศึกษานิเวศวิทยาของงูเขียวหางไหม้ ในสถานีวจิ ยั ส่ิงแวดลอ้ ม สะแกราช จังหวัดนครราชสีมา (ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF GREEN PIT VIPERS IN SAKAERAT ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH STATION, NAKHON RATCHASIMA). อาจารย์ที่ปรึกษา : ผชู้ ่วยศาสตราจารย ์ ดร.พงศ์เทพ สุวรรณวารี, 245 หน้า. งูเขียวหางไหม้เป็นงูที่อาศัยและหากินอยูต่ ามตน้ ไม ้ มีลาตัว เรียวยาวกวา่ งูพวกเดียวกนั ที่อยู่ ตามพ้ืนดิน ช่วยให้เคลื่อนที่ไปตามตน้ ไมแ้ ละพุ่มไมเ้ หนือพ้ืนดินไดอ้ ยา่ งคล่องแคล่ว งานวิจยั น้ีมี วัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาความหลากหลาย ความชุกชุม ลักษณะภายนอก ถ่ินที่อยู่อาศัย และ พฤติกรรมบางอยา่ งของงูเขียวหางไหม้ ในสถานีวิจยั ส่ิงแวดลอ้ มสะแกราช ต้งั แต่เดือนพฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2555 ถึงเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2558 จากการศึกษาพบงูเขียวหางไหม้จานวน 3 ชนิด คืองูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโต งูเขียวหางไหม้ท้อง เหลือง และงูเขียวไผห่ างเขียว งูท้งั หมด 35 ตัว (งูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโตเพศเมีย 27 ตัว เพศผู้ 4 ตัว งูเขียวหางไหม้ท้องเหลืองเพศเมีย 1 ตวั และงูเขียวไผห่ างเขียวเพศเมีย 2 ตัว เพศผู้ 1 ตัว) ที่อาศยั อยู่ บริเวณป่าเบญจพรรณและป่าดิบแล้ง ได้รับการฝังเครื่องส่งสัญญาณวิทยุติดตามเป็นระยะเวลา 11 - 208 วัน จากการหาขนาดถ่ินที่อยูอ่ าศยั โดยวิธี Minimum Convex Polygon พบวา่ งูเขียวหางไหม้ ตาโตมีขนาดถ่ินที่อยูอ่ าศยั เฉลี่ย 0.0201 เฮกแตร์ โดยมีพ้ืนที่หากินทว่ั ไป 0.038 เฮกแตร์ (50% Fixed kernel) และพ้ืนที่อาศยั หลกั 0.0199 เฮกแตร์ (95% Fixed kernel) ลักษณะภายนอกของงูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโต 139 ตัว งูเขียวหางไหม้ท้องเหลือง 3 ตัว และ งูเขียวไผห่ างเขียว 3 ตัว ที่จับได้จากการส ารวจและการพบโดยบังเอิญ ในระหวา่ งเดือนพฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2555 และเดือนตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2557 ไดถ้ ูกนา มาเปรียบเทียบกนั นอกจากน้ี การเปรียบเทียบ ลักษณะภายนอก 7 ลักษณะ รวมท้งั Residual index และ Scaled Mass Index (SMI) ของงูเขียวหาง ไหม้ตาโตเพศผู้และเพศเมีย พบวา่ มีความแตกต่างกนั อยา่ งมีนยั ส าคญั ขนาดหัวของงูเขียวหางไหม้ ตาโตเพศผู้มีความสัมพนั ธ์อยา่ งผกผันกบั ขนาดของลา ตวั (SMI) แสดงให้เห็นถึงการแข่งขนั ระหวา่ ง เพศในงูเขียวชนิดน้ี และลกั ษณะที่แตกต่างกนั ทางเพศในงูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโตอาจมีวิวัฒนาการ มาจากการใช้ทรัพยากรและอาหารที่แตกตา่ งกนั การวจิ ยั คร้ังน้ีใช้วีธีการอันหลากหลาย เพื่อประเมินความชุกชุมของงูเขียวหางไหมท้ ้งั 3 ชนิด จากการจับงูท้งั หมด 285 คร้ัง พบวา่ เป็นงูเขียวหางไหม้ที่แตกตา่ งกนั 203 ตวั แบง่ เป็นงูเขียว หางไหม้ตาโต 190 ตัว งูเขียวหางไหม้ท้องเหลือง 9 ตัว และงูเขียวไผห่ างเขียว 4 ตัว ซึ่งความชุกชุม ของงูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโตและงูเขียวหางไหม้ท้องเหลืองไม่เกี่ยวขอ้ งกบั สภาพพ้ืนที่ที่อาศยั อย ู่ ขณะที่ งูเขียวไผท่ อ้ งเขียวมักพบลึกเขา้ ไปในป่าดิบแลง้ เทา่ น้นั II การศึกษาสถานที่ซุ่มจบั เหยื่อของงูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโตพบวา่ งูชนิดน้ีเลือกแหล่งที่มีเศษ ใบไม้ปกคลุมบนพ้ืนดินจา นวนมาก มีก่ิงไม้ขนาดใหญ่ และมีแหล่งกา บงั ตวั หลากหลายในการซุ่ม รอเหยื่อ งานวิจัยน้ีมีการสังเกตพบพฤติกรรมใหม่ๆ ของงูเขียว ซึ่งช่วยเพ่ิมองค์ความรู้ด้าน ประวัติศาสตร์ธรรมชาติของงูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโตและงูเขียวไผท่ อ้ งเขียว งานวิจยั ชิ้นน้ีแสดงให้เห็นวา่ การประเมินความชุกชุมของงูที่มักซ่อนตวั อยูต่ ามตน้ ไม ้ ต้อง ใชค้ วามความละเอียดออ่ นและความระมดั ระวงั อยา่ งมาก และแสดงใหเ้ ห็นวา่ ยงั มีความรู้ที่ส าคัญอีก มากที่ยงั ไมม่ ีการศึกษาในงูกลุ่มน้ี สาขาวิชาชีววิทยา ลายมือชื่อนักศึกษา ปีการศึกษา 2557 ลายมือชื่ออาจารย์ที่ปรึกษา ลายมือชื่ออาจารยท์ ี่ปรึกษาร่วม COLIN THOMAS STRINE: THE ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF GREEN PIT VIPERS IN SAKAERAT ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH STATION, NAKHON RATCHASIMA. THESIS ADVISOR: ASST.PROF.PONGTHEP SUWANWAREE, Ph.D. 245 PP. HABITAT SELECTION/ SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM/ SIZE DIMORPHISM/ SPATIAL ECOLOGY/ TRIMERESURUS Green Pit Vipers (GPV) are arboreal, crotalid snakes with more slender elongate bodies than most terrestrial pit vipers which facilitates movement through trees and bushes above the ground. The aims of this research were to investigate diversity, abundance, morphology, home range, behavior of GPVs in Sakaerat Environmental Research Station (SERS) from May 2012 to February 2015. Three species of GPVs Trimeresurus macrops, T. albolabris and T. vogeli were captured in SERS. Total of 35 snakes (27 females and 4 males of T. macrops, 1 female of T. albolabris and 2 females and 1 male of T. vogeli), inhabiting mixed deciduous and dry evergreen forest, were implanted with internal radio transmitters and tracked from 11 to 208 days. Individual Minimum Convex Polygon home ranges for T. macrops averaged 0.0201 ha, with activity areas of 0.038 ha (95% Fixed kernel) and core areas 0.0199 ha of (50% Fixed kernel). Adult morphological characters of 139 T. macrops, 3 T. vogeli and 3 T. albolabris obtained by active searches and opportunistic captures from May 2012 to October 2014 were compared. Additionally, 7 external characters including residual index and scaled mass index (SMI) between male and female T. macrops were IV significantly different. Male head size in T. macrops was negatively correlated with SMI, which may reveal intersexual competition in T. macrops. Sexually dimorphic characters in T. macrops may have evolved through intraspecific resource partitioning. We assessed relative abundance of the three GPV species at SERS using a variety of sampling methods. A total of 285 GPV captures were recorded during the study period, with 203 individuals (190 T. macrops, 9 T. albolabris and 4 T. vogeli). Trimeresurus macrops and T. albolabris did not show site specific tendencies in relative abundance; however, T. vogeli was found exclusively in deep evergreen forest. We used randomly selected microhabitat quadrats to test ambush site selection of T. macrops. This snake selected sites with deeper leaf litter, larger stems, and greater numbers of shelter sites surrounding the site than random points in the forest. Four novel behavioral observations were recorded for GPV during the study period, which have expanded the knowledge base of the natural history of T. macrops and T. vogeli. Our research has demonstrated the need for careful consideration when attempting to assess relative abundance among secretive arboreal snakes, and highlights the knowledge gap in this little studied snake group. School of Biology Student’s Signature_______________________ Academic Year 2014 Advisor’s Signature_________________________ Co-advisor’s Signature______________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was conducted under the permission of the Thailand Instititute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Ministry of Science and Technology, especially with the support of Director Taksin Artchawakom, the superindendent of Sakaerat Environmental Research Station (SERS). I thank TISTR for allowing me to undertake this study in SERS. I also thank the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT). The SERS staff members have been unquestionably patient with me throughout this research program, and have given assistance in various ways, so much that without them, undoubtedly this project would have failed. I thank the technology division in particular for their tolerance of venomous snakes in close proximity to students, and the kitchen staff for always being on the lookout for Green Pit Vipers (in addition to feeding my entire team). I express my sincere gratitude to Asst. Prof. Dr. Pongthep Suwanwaree, for his help, guidance and the opportunity to pursue the projects that deeply interested me. My thesis co-advisor Dr. Jacques Hill III reminded me with clarity and conciseness what the underlying goal of ecology truly is. I also thank Dr. Matt Goode for training me in surgical procedures, anesthetic use and for donating transmitters to my initial program. Director Taksin Artchawakom, has not only given permission for this program, but has also acted as a mentor in the field and has shown me how to lead effectively. I thank him for use of facilities, support, and guidance. Dr. Nareerat VI Boonchai, has helped me to integrate into the Thai research system and has given much assistance throughout this thesis, for this and other aid I thank her. My field team, (The Sakaerat Conservation and Snake Education Team) are deserving of more gratitude than can be expressed through text. In particular Jacob Bukoski’s enthusiasm for research inspired me to expand my work. Matt Crane’s love of education pushed me to strive to always learn. Ines Silva’s aptitude for data guided me to methodological revisions. Bartosz Nadolski’s love of snakes helped raise my morale when times were difficult, and Curt Barnes reminded me that there is still so much to learn and build toward with this program.. It is with much gratitude that I thank my family. My mother (Sharon Strine), and father’s (Russell Strine) support and guidance throughout my early years. I am in debt all of my extended family for their love and understanding throughout this program, but my Grandfather Gail T. Guyton will always hold a particular place in my mind. It is to him that I owe my love of the natural world and curiosity to question it’s workings always. Final thanks go to my wife (Supunnee Potijun Strine), who has endured the sleepless nights, long working hours, and challenging
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