DOCSLIB.ORG

PACIFIC HERRING (Clupea Pallasii) EGG ACCUMULATION on EELGRASS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PACIFIC HERRING (Clupea Pallasii) EGG ACCUMULATION on EELGRASS PACIFIC HERRING (Clupea pallasii) EGG ACCUMULATION ON EELGRASS (Zostera marina) AND OTHER SUBSTRATES IN TOMALES BAY, CALIFORNIA A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Biological Science (Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation) by Hali Rederer SPRING 2020 © 2020 Hali Rederer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii PACIFIC HERRING (Clupea pallasii) EGG ACCUMULATION ON EELGRASS (Zostera marina) AND OTHER SUBSTRATES IN TOMALES BAY, CALIFORNIA A Thesis by Hali Rederer Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Ronald M. Coleman, Ph.D. __________________________________, Second Reader Timothy Davidson, Ph.D. __________________________________, Third Reader Benjamin Becker, Ph.D. ____________________________ Date iii Student: Hali Rederer I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for electronic submission to the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ James Baxter, Ph.D. Date Department of Biological Sciences iv Abstract of PACIFIC HERRING (Clupea pallasii) EGG ACCUMULATION ON EELGRASS (Zostera marina) AND OTHER SUBSTRATES IN TOMALES BAY, CALIFORNIA by Hali Rederer Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii) as a species is a microcosm of the biodiversity conservation and restoration challenges facing our time. Overfishing is a global concern to the point of being considered an extinction crisis for particular fisheries. Understanding how, where, and when a particular species reproduces may be critical to understanding how a species responds to fishing pressure. The Pacific Herring is a small pelagic fish of the family Clupeidae. It is found throughout the Northern Pacific Ocean and has a North America range from Alaska to Baja Mexico. The Pacific Herring fishery in Tomales Bay has been closed to commercial fishing since 2007 because of overfishing, market price decline, and low fishing effort. This closure provided an opportunity to gain insight into the spawning habits and ecological context of spawning Tomales Bay Pacific Herring living under low fishing pressure. It has been long noted that herring tend to spawn in eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows, but the extent of this dependency has not been thoroughly examined. So, it becomes essential to clarify and quantify the role of eelgrass as a spawning substrate for herring. Reported here are the results of a two-year field study of Pacific Herring spawning activity (2016 -2018) in Tomales Bay investigating the following question: Do Pacific Herring prefer v natural eelgrass for spawning compared to other natural or artificial substrates? Eelgrass is the dominant vegetation in Tomales Bay. It is a submerged seagrass found nearshore, ranging from Alaska through Baja California and is found around the globe. Two nearshore westerly sites in Tomales Bay were selected for this project: Sacramento Landing and Chicken Ranch Beach. Experimental intertidal and subtidal spawning sites were built using three different types of artificial substrate and installed at each site. The experimental substrates were Artificial Eelgrass, Concrete, and the existing Bottom (bare, sand, silt, or rock). The spawning data from the experimental substrate meadows were compared to natural eelgrass meadows near the study sites. Herring roe abundance and density (layering of roe) were measured on each substrate. Potential predators on or near the sites were counted during herring roe data collection and environmental conditions were recorded (tide, turbidity, and temperature). Results from data analysis with Repeated Measures One-Way ANOVA and with multiple comparisons using Sidak’s multiple comparisons test strongly support the hypothesis that spawning Pacific Herring roe is mostly found on natural eelgrass compared to alternative substrate measured by the accumulation of eggs after spawning events. This finding indicates that herring will spawn in natural eelgrass beds even in the presence of predators. Findings from this study support local eelgrass conservation and restoration efforts as an important component of Pacific Herring fisheries preservation and sustainability . ______________________________________, Committee Chair Ronald M. Coleman, Ph.D. _____________________________________ Date vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I began this science adventure as a citizen scientist volunteer at Point Reyes National Seashore in 2008 over ten years ago. I was a furloughed State of California field surveyor for Caltrans. Like most state employees during the recession, I had extra time on my hands. I take great pride in completing this research project. Many people have generously contributed their time and energy to this thesis and my success. Heartfelt thanks to National Park Service Scientist Dr. Sarah Allen. She Was the first person to talk to me about carrying out a research project on Pacific Herring in Tomales Bay. She also allowed me access to her residence to conduct eelgrass herring spaWning surveys from her dock. Dr. Allen connected me to the Inverness Yacht Club who also allowed herring surveys from their facilities. Dr. Benjamin Becker gave his time and advice generously on design, methods, and statistical analysis. As a Point Reyes National Seashore Scientist and Science Coordinator, Dr. Becker was instrumental in providing support for the duration of my Tomales Bay field research, including the use of the Sacramento Landing Marine Research Station. Dr. Timothy Davidson was neW to Sacramento State when I approached him to be on my committee. He accepted and I couldn’t be more grateful. Dr. Davidson has provided advice on the design and the scope of this research. I am grateful for the assistance of Ryan Bartling, Environmental Scientist and Pacific Herring biologist for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. David Bui and Laura A. Givens assisted me in the field as undergraduate students, even in cold rainy weather. David is an aWesome field technician and scuba diving buddy and Laura is an excellent researcher. My advisor and the chair of my committee Dr. Ronald Coleman is an extraordinary vii teacher, fisheries biologist, and mentor. At every step of this thesis project he has provided insight, expertise, and encouragement. Heartfelt thanks to my Caltrans supervisors and coworkers. They allowed me to take time off from work for graduate school. Thanks to the remarkable Biological Sciences faculty at CSUS whose classes I took and learned so much from. Most of all I thank DaWn Whitney Whose encouragement and support continues to make this endeavor possible. Grants funded this research. Thank you: Point Reyes National Seashore Association Fund for Marine Science Research Professional Engineers in California Government CSU Council on Ocean Affairs, Science and Technology Travel Grant Sigma XI This thesis is dedicated to scientists Who study common “unremarkable” species, leaving the charismatic animals and plants to others. It takes willing researchers digging deep to explain to people why they need to care about species that are considered an unlimited resource, so abundant they need little attention or concern (e.g., the Passenger Pigeon, Pacific Herring,...). Carry-on. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ x List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 The Pacific Herring Fishery .............................................................................................. 3 Tomales Bay Spawning Pacific Herring Biomass Fluctuations ........................................ 7 Reproductive Biology of Pacific Herring ........................................................................ 12 Key Importance of Eelgrass for Spawning Herring ........................................................ 14 Spawning Site Selection: Where Do Pacific Herring Lay Their Eggs? .......................... 15 Hypothesis and Objectives .............................................................................................. 18 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................................... 19 Tomales Bay .................................................................................................................... 19 Sites ................................................................................................................................ 21 Approach to Field Work ................................................................................................ 22 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 36 3. RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 38 4. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pacific Herring
    THE MULTITUDINOUS PACIFIC HERRING by D. N. OUTRAM FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA BIOLOGICAL STATION, NANAIMO, B. C. CIRCULAR NO. 6 3^*u DECEMBER, 1961 COVER PHOTOGRAPH: A mountain of herring covers the storage bin area of the reduction plant at Imperial Cannery, Steveston, B„ C„, awaiting processing into fish meal and oil. Photographs by Mr. C. Morley. THE MULTITUDINOUS PACIFIC HERRING . Vast Shoals of Protein-Rich Herring Rove the Temperate Coastal Waters Along Canada's Western Seabord N V By Donald N, Outram y ^v- _•• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND annually. While this fishery is. Fabulous numbers of herring first in landed weight and second (Fig. l) are found along the sea- to salmon in landed value, it is washed shores of Canada's most wes only worth about one-quarter as much terly province, Their migrations, as the salmon catch. their sudden abundance and their Fluctuations in the world price straggle to survive is an exciting of fish meal and oil cause the market study. Undoubtedly, herring were one value at about ten million dollars to of the first coastal fishes to be vary from year to year, utilized by man. In northern Europe, FISHING FOR HERRING particularly, they have been a source The British Columbia herring of food since before written history. fishery is a highly organized opera Herring and herring roe have been an tion utilizing modern shore plants and article of food or barter of the efficient fishing vessels . The seventy- coastal Indian tribes of British Col to eighty-foot long seine boats are umbia for ma.ny centuries, They were equipped with the very latest electronic not fished, however, on a commercial fish-detecting equipment, enabling the basis until 1877 when 75 tons were fishermen to "see" the shoals before caught.
    [Show full text]
  • The Freshwater Herring of Lake Tanganyika Are the Product of a Marine Invasion Into West Africa
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Open Marine Archive Marine Incursion: The Freshwater Herring of Lake Tanganyika Are the Product of a Marine Invasion into West Africa Anthony B. Wilson1,2¤*, Guy G. Teugels3, Axel Meyer1 1 Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, 2 Zoological Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 3 Ichthyology Laboratory, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium Abstract The spectacular marine-like diversity of the endemic fauna of Lake Tanganyika, the oldest of the African Great Lakes, led early researchers to suggest that the lake must have once been connected to the ocean. Recent geophysical reconstructions clearly indicate that Lake Tanganyika formed by rifting in the African subcontinent and was never directly linked to the sea. Although the Lake has a high proportion of specialized endemics, the absence of close relatives outside Tanganyika has complicated phylogeographic reconstructions of the timing of lake colonization and intralacustrine diversification. The freshwater herring of Lake Tanganyika are members of a large group of pellonuline herring found in western and southern Africa, offering one of the best opportunities to trace the evolutionary history of members of Tanganyika’s biota. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that herring colonized West Africa 25–50MYA, at the end of a major marine incursion in the region. Pellonuline herring subsequently experienced an evolutionary radiation in West Africa, spreading across the continent and reaching East Africa’s Lake Tanganyika during its early formation. While Lake Tanganyika has never been directly connected with the sea, the endemic freshwater herring of the lake are the descendents of an ancient marine incursion, a scenario which may also explain the origin of other Tanganyikan endemics.
    [Show full text]
  • Important Northeast Fish Provides Bait & Forage Needs
    Species Profile: Atlantic Herring Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus Important Northeast Fish Provides Bait & Forage Needs Introduction Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) is a member of the clupeid family, which are typically small, schooling marine fishes, such as menhaden, shad, and sardines. This species is also known as sea herring because it spends its entire life cycle in the ASMFC Management Area: ME - NJ ocean (unlike the anadromous river herring). Atlantic herring inhabits the coastal Common Names: Sea herring, sar- waters of the United States from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina through Labra- dine, herring dor, Canada, and also off the coasts of Europe. Herring form the base of the food web as a forage fish for marine mammals, seabirds, and many fish throughout the Interesting Facts: * Atlantic sea herring are often Mid-Atlantic and Northeast. They are an effective and affordable bait source for confused with river herring. Sea lobster, blue crab, and tuna fishermen, and were historically sold by fish canneries herring spend their entire life at as sardines. Whale watching/ecotourism and salt retailers are indirectly dependent sea, while river herring migrate on a steady supply of herring because whales migrate inshore in pursuit of schooling annually to freshwater to spawn. * Atlantic and Pacific herring have herring and fishermen buy salt to preserve their fish. Overseas, frozen and salted been found to produce a burst herring are a valued commodity. of sound, called a Fast Repetitive Tick, at night. Its believed that The Commission’s Atlantic Herring Section manages herring in state waters (0 - 3 this high-pitched click-like sound miles from shore), while the New England Fishery Management Council (Council) is used by herring to signal their location, thereby making it easier regulates the stock in federal waters (3 - 200 miles from shore).
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation and Ecology of Marine Forage Fishes— Proceedings of a Research Symposium, September 2012
    Conservation and Ecology of Marine Forage Fishes— Proceedings of a Research Symposium, September 2012 Open-File Report 2013–1035 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Upper Left: Herring spawn, BC coast – Milton Love, “Certainly More Than You Want to Know About the Fishes of the Pacific Coast,” reproduced with permission. Left Center: Tufted Puffin and sand lance (Smith Island, Puget Sound) – Joseph Gaydos, SeaDoc Society. Right Center: Symposium attendants – Tami Pokorny, Jefferson County Water Resources. Upper Right: Buried sand lance – Milton Love, “Certainly More Than You Want to Know About the Fishes of the Pacific Coast,” reproduced with permission. Background: Pacific sardine, CA coast – Milton Love, “Certainly More Than You Want to Know About the Fishes of the Pacific Coast,” reproduced with permission. Conservation and Ecology of Marine Forage Fishes— Proceedings of a Research Symposium, September 2012 Edited by Theresa Liedtke, U.S. Geological Survey; Caroline Gibson, Northwest Straits Commission; Dayv Lowry, Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife; and Duane Fagergren, Puget Sound Partnership Open-File Report 2013–1035 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Liedtke, Theresa, Gibson, Caroline, Lowry, Dayv, and Fagergren, Duane, eds., 2013, Conservation and Ecology of Marine Forage Fishes—Proceedings of a Research Symposium, September 2012: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Bering Sea Integrated Ecosystem Research Program
    NORTH PACIFIC RESEARCH BOARD BERING SEA INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH PROGRAM FINAL REPORT Ichthyoplankton: horizontal, vertical, and temporal distribution of larvae and juveniles of Walleye Pollock, Pacific Cod, and Arrowtooth Flounder, and transport pathways between nursery areas NPRB BSIERP Project B53 Final Report Janet Duffy-Anderson1, Franz Mueter2, Nicola Hillgruber2, Ann Matarese1, Jeffrey Napp1, Lisa Eisner3, T. Smart4, 5, Elizabeth Siddon2, 1, Lisa De Forest1, Colleen Petrik2, 6 1Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA 2University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK 99801 USA 3Ted Stevens Marine Research Institute, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 17109 Pt. Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK 99801, USA 4School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, USA 5Present affiliation: Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, South Carolina 29422, USA 6Present affiliation: UC Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, 110 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA December 2014 1 Table of Contents Page Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 Study Chronology ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Amorphometric and Meristic Study of the Halfbeak, Hyporhamphus
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 Amorphometric and Meristic Study of the Halfbeak, Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae) from the Western Atlantic, with the Description of a New Species Heidi M. Banford College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Banford, Heidi M., "Amorphometric and Meristic Study of the Halfbeak, Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae) from the Western Atlantic, with the Description of a New Species" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539617658. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-pbsc-sy52 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A MORPHOMETRIC AND MERISTIC STUDY OF THE HALFBEAK, HYPORHAMPHUS UNIFASCIATUS (TELEOSTEI: HEMIRAMPHIDAE) FROM THE WESTERN ATLANTIC, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Heidi M. Banford 1993 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Heidi M. Banford Approved, July 1993 Jojm A. Musick,' Ph.D. flmittee Chairman/Advisor ~ t M . ^ Herbert M. Austin, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Mid-Atlantic Forage Species ID Guide
    Mid-Atlantic Forage Species Identification Guide Forage Species Identification Guide Basic Morphology Dorsal fin Lateral line Caudal fin This guide provides descriptions and These species are subject to the codes for the forage species that vessels combined 1,700-pound trip limit: Opercle and dealers are required to report under Operculum • Anchovies the Mid-Atlantic Council’s Unmanaged Forage Omnibus Amendment. Find out • Argentines/Smelt Herring more about the amendment at: • Greeneyes Pectoral fin www.mafmc.org/forage. • Halfbeaks Pelvic fin Anal fin Caudal peduncle All federally permitted vessels fishing • Lanternfishes in the Mid-Atlantic Forage Species Dorsal Right (lateral) side Management Unit and dealers are • Round Herring required to report catch and landings of • Scaled Sardine the forage species listed to the right. All species listed in this guide are subject • Atlantic Thread Herring Anterior Posterior to the 1,700-pound trip limit unless • Spanish Sardine stated otherwise. • Pearlsides/Deepsea Hatchetfish • Sand Lances Left (lateral) side Ventral • Silversides • Cusk-eels Using the Guide • Atlantic Saury • Use the images and descriptions to identify species. • Unclassified Mollusks (Unmanaged Squids, Pteropods) • Report catch and sale of these species using the VTR code (red bubble) for • Other Crustaceans/Shellfish logbooks, or the common name (dark (Copepods, Krill, Amphipods) blue bubble) for dealer reports. 2 These species are subject to the combined 1,700-pound trip limit: • Anchovies • Argentines/Smelt Herring •
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Herring
    11. PACIFIC HERRING Pacific Herring, Clupea pallasi Photo Credit: Ryan Watanabe Review of the Fishery Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, landings peaked three times during the past century in response to market demands for fishmeal, canned fish, and sac-roe. During the intervening years, herring catches were low, when most of the herring catch was used as pet food, bait, or animal food at zoos. The herring reduction fishery peaked in 1918 at eight million pounds (3,632 metric tons), but this fishery ended in 1919 when reduction of whole fish into fishmeal was prohibited. From 1947 to 1954, herring were canned to supplement the declining supply of Pacific sardines, Sardinops sagax; landings during this period peaked in 1952 at 9.5 million pounds (4,313 metric tons). Canned herring, however, proved to be a poor substitute for sardines and limited demand led to the demise of this fishery by 1954. In 1973, sac-roe fisheries developed along the West Coast of North America from Alaska to California to supply the demands of the Japanese market. This occurred after domestic Japanese herring stocks crashed due to overfishing and Japan and the Soviet Union agreed to ban the harvest of sac-roe herring in the Sea of Okhotsk. The Japanese government also liberalized import quotas, which opened the sac-roe market to United States and Canadian exporters. Since then, herring in California have been harvested primarily for their roe, with small amounts of whole herring marketed for human consumption, aquarium food, and bait. Herring ovaries (commonly referred to as “skeins” by those in the fishing industry) are brined and prepared as a traditional Japanese New Year’s delicacy called “kazunoko.” Brined skeins are leached in freshwater overnight and served with condiments or as sushi.
    [Show full text]
  • Little Fish, Big Impact: Managing a Crucial Link in Ocean Food Webs
    little fish BIG IMPACT Managing a crucial link in ocean food webs A report from the Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force The Lenfest Ocean Program invests in scientific research on the environmental, economic, and social impacts of fishing, fisheries management, and aquaculture. Supported research projects result in peer-reviewed publications in leading scientific journals. The Program works with the scientists to ensure that research results are delivered effectively to decision makers and the public, who can take action based on the findings. The program was established in 2004 by the Lenfest Foundation and is managed by the Pew Charitable Trusts (www.lenfestocean.org, Twitter handle: @LenfestOcean). The Institute for Ocean Conservation Science (IOCS) is part of the Stony Brook University School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences. It is dedicated to advancing ocean conservation through science. IOCS conducts world-class scientific research that increases knowledge about critical threats to oceans and their inhabitants, provides the foundation for smarter ocean policy, and establishes new frameworks for improved ocean conservation. Suggested citation: Pikitch, E., Boersma, P.D., Boyd, I.L., Conover, D.O., Cury, P., Essington, T., Heppell, S.S., Houde, E.D., Mangel, M., Pauly, D., Plagányi, É., Sainsbury, K., and Steneck, R.S. 2012. Little Fish, Big Impact: Managing a Crucial Link in Ocean Food Webs. Lenfest Ocean Program. Washington, DC. 108 pp. Cover photo illustration: shoal of forage fish (center), surrounded by (clockwise from top), humpback whale, Cape gannet, Steller sea lions, Atlantic puffins, sardines and black-legged kittiwake. Credits Cover (center) and title page: © Jason Pickering/SeaPics.com Banner, pages ii–1: © Brandon Cole Design: Janin/Cliff Design Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Ontario
    Lake whitefish, Walleye, Yellow perch Image © New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Lake Ontario Bottom gillnet, Trap net November 24, 2014 Bailey Keeler, Consulting researcher Disclaimer Seafood Watch® strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scientists with expertise in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture. Scientific review, however, does not constitute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch® program or its recommendations on the part of the reviewing scientists. Seafood Watch® is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. 2 About Seafood Watch® Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch® program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild- caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch® defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch® makes its science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from www.seafoodwatch.org. The program’s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program’s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of “Best Choices,” “Good Alternatives” or “Avoid.” The detailed evaluation methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch® seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Teleostei, Clupeiformes)
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations Biological Sciences Fall 2019 Global Conservation Status and Threat Patterns of the World’s Most Prominent Forage Fishes (Teleostei, Clupeiformes) Tiffany L. Birge Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_etds Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Biology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Recommended Citation Birge, Tiffany L.. "Global Conservation Status and Threat Patterns of the World’s Most Prominent Forage Fishes (Teleostei, Clupeiformes)" (2019). Master of Science (MS), Thesis, Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/8m64-bg07 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_etds/109 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS AND THREAT PATTERNS OF THE WORLD’S MOST PROMINENT FORAGE FISHES (TELEOSTEI, CLUPEIFORMES) by Tiffany L. Birge A.S. May 2014, Tidewater Community College B.S. May 2016, Old Dominion University A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE BIOLOGY OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY December 2019 Approved by: Kent E. Carpenter (Advisor) Sara Maxwell (Member) Thomas Munroe (Member) ABSTRACT GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS AND THREAT PATTERNS OF THE WORLD’S MOST PROMINENT FORAGE FISHES (TELEOSTEI, CLUPEIFORMES) Tiffany L. Birge Old Dominion University, 2019 Advisor: Dr. Kent E.
    [Show full text]
  • Herring Diversity (Family Clupeidae and Dussumieriidae) in North Carolina
    Herring Diversity (Family Clupeidae and Dussumieriidae) in North Carolina North Carolina is home to 13 species of herrings, but most people only know of or heard of the more common ones such as American Shad, Hickory Shad, Alewife, Blueback Herring, Atlantic Menhaden, Gizzard Shad, and Threadfin Shad (Table 1; NCWRC undated – a). Except for perhaps some fishermen along the coast, few people have ever heard of or seen Round Herring, Yellowfin Menhaden, Atlantic Herring, Scaled Sardine, Atlantic Thread Herring, or Spanish Sardine. Table 1. Species of herrings found in or along the coast of North Carolina. Scientific Name/ Scientific Name/ American Fisheries Society Accepted Common Name American Fisheries Society Accepted Common Name Alosa aestivalis - Blueback Herring Dorosoma cepedianum - Gizzard Shad Alosa mediocris - Hickory Shad Dorosoma petenense - Threadfin Shad Alosa pseudoharengus - Alewife Etrumeus sadina - Round Herring1 Alosa sapidissima - American Shad Harengula jaguana - Scaled Sardine Brevoortia tyrannus - Atlantic Menhaden Opisthonema oglinum - Atlantic Thread Herring Brevoortia smithi - Yellowfin Menhaden Sardinella aurita - Spanish Sardine Clupea harengus - Atlantic Herring 1 Until recently, Round Herring, Etrumeus sadina (previously known as E. teres), was placed, along with all the other clupeids found in North Carolina, in the Family Clupeidae. Fish taxonomists now place this species in the Family Dussumieriidae. Alewife and Blueback Herring are often referred to as “River Herring”; other colorful names applied to this family of fishes include glut herring, bigeye herring, nanny shad, stink shad, or just plain “shad”. Each species has an American Fisheries Society-accepted common name (Page et al. 2013) and a scientific (Latin) name (Table 1; Appendix 1). Herring occur across the state in freshwater and saltwater environments, but especially in many of our reservoirs, coastal rivers, estuaries, and offshore (Tracy et al.
    [Show full text]