Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41955-0 — Between Greece and Babylonia Kathryn Stevens Index More Information

INDEX

Abnu Šikinšu, 273–4 Antimenidas, brother of Alcaeus, 16 Adapa, 98n.12, 99 Antioch on the Orontes, 28, 244, 246 Aḫ’ûtu family, Uruk, 226–7, 320, 324–6 in Akkadian texts, 256n.6, 259–60, 290, Akesines river, 286–7, 301, 309 293, 297, 306 akītu festival, 224, 321 library at, 164 Akkadian language, 4 Antiochus Cylinder, from Borsippa, 26, disappearance of, 370–1 198, 220–3, 251, 258 loan-words into Greek, 17 Antiochus I of Commagene, 72 transcriptions in Greek alphabet, 56–7, Antiochus I Soter 95, 117–19, 268. See also and Berossus, 114–17, 270 Graeco-Babyloniaca land grants in Babylonia, 358 usage in Hellenistic Babylonia, 25 patronage of Babylonian culture, 198, Alexander Balas, 206, 208, 244 220–4, 361–2 Alexander of Aetolia, 205 patronage of Greek intellectual culture, Alexander Polyhistor, 96, 106, 163 206–7, 214, 244, 247 Alexander the Great, 233, 283, 287 Antiochus II Theos, 116, 155, 201, 325, interactions with Chaldaeans, 86, 358 229–31 Antiochus III Megas, 227, 366 Alexandria, 27 patronage of Babylonian culture, 224–5 astrology at, 86 patronage of Greek intellectual culture, astronomy at, 86, 145 206, 242, 244, 246 Library and Museum. See Library of Antiochus VIII Epiphanes, 216 Alexandria; Museum of Alexandria Antiochus IX Eusebes Cyzicenus, 212 Almanacs, 49, 370, 378 antiscion, 72 ammatu. See cubit Anu (god), 321, 323, 326, 352, 354, Amurru, 264 378 Anaxandridas of Delphi, 335–6, 342 elevation in Uruk pantheon, 331, 364 Anaximander of Miletus, 255 in Uruk Chronicle, 356–7, 363 Antagoras of Rhodes, 198, 205, 207, 210, Anu-aba-utēr, member of the Sîn-lēqi- 213, 250 unninni family, 36, 65, 323 Antigonus I Monophthalmos, 204, 240, Anu-aḫa-ušabši, member of the Aḫ’ûtu 244, 287 family, 4–5, 58n.88, 320–3, 351 Antigonus II Gonatas, 155, 207–10 Anu-bēlšunu, member of the Sîn-lēqi- patronage of Greek intellectual culture, unninni family, 323 198, 201, 205, 240–1, 244, 247 Anu-uballiṭ/Kephalon, member of the royal tutors, 211 Aḫ’ûtu family, 227, 324–5, 359n.138 student in Athens, 212 Anu-uballiṭ/Nikarchos, member of the Antigonus III Doson, 205, 244 Aḫ’ûtu family, 226–7, 324–5, Antigonus of Carystus, 203 359n.138, 368 Antikythera Mechanism, 53–4 apkallū, 98–9, 183n.153, 264 432

Index

Apollodorus of Athens, 161–2, 214 Aššurbanipal (Aššur-bān-apli), king of Apollonius of Citium, 214 Assyria, 181–2, 217, 264, 304 Apollonius of Perge, 214 library of. See Library of Aššurbanipal Apollonius of Rhodes, 211, 243, Assyria, 23, 27, 271 262n.25, 342 intellectual life. See intellectual patron- Apsû, 255n.2 age, royal; libraries, Mesopotamian; Arabia, Arabs scholarship, cuneiform in Aristotle, 283, 299–300 astrologia, 37, 66, 69, See also astrology, in Berossus, 270 Graeco-Roman in Hellenistic cuneiform texts, 312 astrology, Graeco-Roman in Sudines, 275 borrowings from Mesopotamian in Theophrastus, 283, 287, 300–1 astrology, 69–88 Aramaic language, 4, 126, 129, 132, conceptual underpinnings, 66–9 234, 367 relationship to astronomy, 36–8, 60 influence on Akkadian, 127 astrology, Mesopotamian loss of sources in, 23, 27 at Neo-Assyrian court, 62 Aratus of Soli conceptual underpinnings, 61, 64, 66–9 at Antigonid court, 205 cross-cultural transmission, 35, 38–9, 61, at Seleucid court, 206, 214 69, 88 knowledge of the zodiac, 40 Greek influence on, 90–1 Arcesilaus of Pitane, 204 omen-based, 61–2, 65–6, 69–71. See Ariarathes V of Cappadocia, 212 also Enūma Anu Enlil Aristarchus of Samos, 54n.70, 86, 89n.206 relationship to astronomy, 36–8, 50, Aristarchus of Samothrace, 162, 211 60, 63–4 Aristoboulos of Alexandria, 157 reputation in Classical world, 35 Aristophanes of Byzantium, 203, 209 zodiacal, 62–6 Aristotle of Chalkis, 337, 342 astrology, Roman, 87 Aristotle of Stageira, 28 astronomia, 37, 109, See also astronomy, De Caelo date, 40 Greek Historia Animalium, 161, 279–88, Astronomical Diaries 299–300 astronomical data in, 43, 45, 49 knowledge of the east, 279–88, 299–300 Babylon-centrism, 288 library, 151–2, 165–6 geography, 257–60, 279, 288–97, 305–7 on Babylonian celestial expertise, 18, Seleucid kings in, 228–9 33–4, 40–1 astronomy, Babylonian. See also Armenia Almanacs; auxiliary tables; ephemer- in Akkadian texts, 297, 312 ides; Goal-Year Texts; procedure texts Arsinoe II, 209 arithmetical nature of, 49 Artemis (goddess), 337, 366 cross-cultural transmission, 38–9, 45, ascendant. See horoskopos 55–60 Asia Greek influence on, 88–9 in Aristotle, 281, 286–8, 299–300, 302 local differences in, 329 in Berossus, 270 mathematical, 49–50, 56–7, in Theophrastus, 283–7, 300–3 111–13 āšipu, āšipūtu, 184, 320–2, 324, 328, 378 nonmathematical, 48–9 Aśoka Maurya, 154–6 observational, 34, 42–4 edicts as evidence for spread of predictive, 47–50, 54 Buddhism, 156 relationship to astrology, 36–8, 50, aspect (astrology), 81 60, 63–4 433

Index

astronomy, Greek and Greek scholarship, 102–7, 271–3 borrowings from Babylonia, 34, 39–47, as Babylonian priest, 95–6, 114–15, 117 50–60 as local historian, 347–8 kinematic nature of, 50, 52 astronomical fragments, 109–14 pre-Hellenistic, 39–41 correction of Greek misconceptions, relationship to astrology, 36–8, 60 102, 271 Athana Lindia (goddess), 338, 343, 355–6 geography of, 267–73 Athens, 28, 193, 238, 242, 244 identiﬁcation as Bēl-rē’ûšunu, 117–19 as Hellenistic intellectual centre, 3, later reputation for astrology, 109, 111 204, 212 period of activity, 96 pre-Hellenistic evidence for stichome- possible reception in Alexandria, 160–2 try, 187 possible reception in Pergamon, 162–3 statue of Berossus in, 110 relationship to Seleucid court, 108, Attalus I Soter, 201, 204, 211, 232–3 115–17 Attalus II Philadelphus, 162, 203–4, transmission of Babyloniaca, 96, 211–12, 214 105, 112 Attalus III Philometor, 211 Beyond-the-river, satrapy Autolycus of Pitane in Akkadian texts, 293, 313 knowledge of the zodiac, 46 Bindusara Maurya, 206–7 auxiliary tables, astronomical, 50 bītniṣirti, 74–7 Biton of Pergamon, 214 Babylon Book of Sothis, 160 Greek knowledge and perceptions of, Borsippa, 26, 198, 358 257, 286 Antiochus I at, 198, 220–4 intellectual life. See scholarship, cuneiform scholarship in, 128, 327 cuneiform; astrology, Mesopotamian; in Astronomical Diaries and astronomy, Babylonian; geography, Chronicles, 313 intellectual; historiography, local in Berossus, 271 Babylonia, 23 Letters between Aššurbanipal and scho- Greek knowledge and perceptions of, lars of Borsippa, 176, 189–90 256–7, 271–2, 286, 301 Buddhist texts Hellenisation, 25. See also Graeco- in Library of Alexandria, 153–6 Babyloniaca Hellenistic sources, 23–7 Calendar Texts, 80 in Parthian period, 132, 134, 293–7, 307 Callimachus of Cyrene, 372 intellectual life. See scholarship, Pinakes, 185–6 cuneiform relationship to Ptolemaic court, 202, 242 Babylonian World Map, 259–61, 305 Carmania Bactra, 272, 286 in Berossus, 100, 270 Bactria in Sudines, 275 Greek texts from, 139 in Theophrastus, 283 in Akkadian texts, 290, 306, 313 Carneades of Cyrene in Aristotle, 286, 299–300, 309 tutor of Ariarathes V and Attalus II, 212 in Theophrastus, 300–1, 309 Cassander, 204, 238 Bād-tibira, 271 Chaldaeans Beqa’a Valley, 287 and Hellenistic kings, 86–7, 229–36 Berossus, 25, 95–120, 192 celestial expertise of, 33–5, 38, 51, 55–6. and Babylonian scholarship, 97–101, See also astrology, Mesopotamian; 106–7 astronomy, Babylonian 434

Index

Chronicles, Babylonian. See also Uruk Cyrus Cylinder, 219 Chronicle; historiography, local in Berossus, 100 as sources for Berossus, 100–1, 106–7 generic classification, 352 Damascus, 272–3, 283, 286 geography, 257–60, 279, 288–97, 305–7 decans, 77, 87 Hellenistic kings in, 228–9, 306 degree (unit of celestial measure- Chrysippus of Soli ment), 46–7 invited to Ptolemaic court, 202 Delos, 4, 28, 212, 333–6, 343 possible knowledge of Babylonian birth Delphi, 28, 335–6, 342–3 omens, 72 Demetrius I Soter, 212 Cicero Demetrius of Phaleron, 147–9, 238–9, on Babylonian astrology, 34, 71 243 Cleanthes of Assos, 202 Demetrius Poliorcetes, 350 Clement of Alexandria, 157 Diodorus Siculus Cleostratus of Tenedos, 39 cross-cultural comparisons, 18, 20–1 Coele Syria on Chaldaean celestial expertise, 34, 67, in Berossus, 105, 270 70, 84, 86, 87 in Theophrastus, 287, 303 on Chaldaeans, 18, 20–1, 229 constellations on Greek scholars at Hellenistic courts, as bītniṣirti, 75 204, 240 Greek borrowings from Mesopotamia, Diogenes of Seleucia, 206 39–40 divination, celestial. See astrology in astrological geography, 65 dodekatemoria, 79–80, 85, 88, 379, See in astrological medicine, 83 also microzodiac linked to zones of the liver, 232n.103 Dorotheus of Sidon, 77, 79 Lock of Berenice, 86 Dynastic Prophecy, 100, 107 zodiacal, 40, 46, 73, 382 Craterus of Antioch, 212 Ea (god), 183 Crates of Mallos Eanna temple, Uruk, 320, 327n.29, 331n.46 at Attalid court, 203 Eber-nāri. See Beyond-the-river interest in Chaldaeans, 162 Ecbatana, 272 cross-cultural connections eclipses Greek world and Babylonia Greek use of Babylonian data and meth- ancient approaches to, 17–18, 21 ods, 41–5, 53–4 modern historiography of, 9, 16–22 observation in Babylonia, 42–3 through borrowing and influence, ominous significance, 42, 70–1 16–20, 33–195, 267–76 prediction of, 53–4 through comparativism, 20–2 ecliptic, 46, 53, 74–5, 79–80, 379 through structural similarity, 2, 16, 22, Egypt, 55, 217 30–2, 196–4, 276–377 as land of thaumata, 300 Ctesias in Akkadian texts, 258, 266, 293, 297 as source for Aristotle, 287–8, 300 in Aristotle, 286, 300 cubit (unit of celestial measurement), 45–6 in Berossus, 270 cuneiform script, 25, 131, 370–1, 379. See in Theophrastus, 286, 301–3 also Graeco-Babyloniaca; Mesopotamian astronomy and astrology transcription in, 69–70, 85 Cyprus, 301, 303, 304n.136, 309 Ekur-zākir family, Uruk, 320–1, in Akkadian texts, 297, 313 324–5 Cyrus the Great, king of Persia Elam, Elymais, 293, 297, 313 435

Index

Enūma Anu Enlil, 36, 65, 82, 328, 379 Frontinus, 232–3 and eclipses, 42 and periodicity of Venus, 48 Galen bītniṣirti, 75 on Ptolemaic book acquisition, reflexes in Greek astrology, 69–71 150–2, 185 terrestrial geography, 65, 264 Gedrosia, 283 textual history and transmission, 62, 65, Geminus of Rhodes 329–30 on Chaldaean astrology, 82, 84 Enūma Eliš, 97–8, 103, 113 use of Babylonian astronomical para- ephemerides, 50, 56, 64, 379 meters, 50–2 epiphany narratives genethlialogy, 38, 65, 67, 71–2, 80, 84, 380. as diplomatic currency, 356, 366 See also horoscopes in Lindian Chronicle, 349, 354, 356 geography, astrological, 62, 65 Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 2, 214, 262 geography, intellectual Esagila, temple of Marduk in Babylon, 181, Babylonian, 262–6, 279, 288–97, 303–8 190, 219, 288, 356 archaism, 257–8, 263–6 and Berossus, 115, 117 difficulty in recovering, 262–3 and Graeco-Babyloniaca, 124, 126 Hellenistic changes in, 279, 288–97, cuneiform scholarship at, 26, 182–5 303–8 Greek knowledge of, 257 in Berossus, 271–3 library, 174, 177–8, 188, 191–3 lack of cross-cultural engagement, Seleucid patronage of, 223–5, 258, 373 256–60, 267 Esarhaddon (Aššur-aḫa-iddin), king of Greek, 261–2, 299–303, 307–8 Assyria, 75, 181–2, 217, 258 Hellenistic changes in, 277–88, ethnics, Greek 299–303, 307–8 as geographical proxy, 272, in Berossus, 271–3 299–300, 309 in Sudines, 273–6 delocalising force, 299–301 lack of cross-cultural engagement, Euclid of Alexandria 255–7, 267 knowledge of the zodiac, 46 Mesopotamian influence on, 255 Euctemon of Athens, 40 gerginakku. See libraries, Mesopotamian Eudoxos of Knidos Goal-Year Texts, 49 knowledge of the zodiac, 40, 46 Graeco-Babyloniaca, 120–5, 372 scepticism about Chaldaean dating, 133–41 genethlialogy, 71 palaeography, 123, 130, 134–41 Euhemerus of Messene, 204, 241, 243 purposes, 127–33 Eumenes I, 204 users, 125–7 Eumenes II Soter, 203–4, 232–3, 245, 247 grammatikos, grammatikoi, 13, 162n.64 Eumenes of Cardia, 240–1 Great Year, 47, 111, 380 Euphantos of Olynthus, 211 Greek language in Hellenistic Babylon. See Euphorion of Chalcis, 206, 244 Graeco-Babyloniaca Euphrates river, 23, 102, 270, 286, 313 Greeks, Greek world Eusebius of Caesarea contacts with Mesopotamia, 16–17 Berossus fragments, 97, 104, 115 Hellenistic sources, 27–9 Ezida, temple of Nabû in Borsippa, 26, 128, in Akkadian texts, 266, 304–6 190, 198, 235, 258 intellectual life. See astrology, Graeco-Roman; astronomy, Greek; finger (unit of celestial measurement), 45–6 geography, intellectual; historiogra- Firmicus Maternus, 72, 75 phy, local; scholarship, Greek 436

Index

Mesopotamian knowledge and percep- use of Babylonian terms and units, 45–6 tions of, 16 historiography, local, 316–18, 345–69 Gutium, Guti, 265–6 and community identity, 318, 345–69, 375 Hagelochos of Rhodes, 340 as diplomatic tool, 318, 360, 365–9 Hagestratos of Rhodes, 340 as response to Hellenistic imperialism, Halcyoneus, son of Antigonus II, 211 316–18, 345–69, 375 Ḫana, 290 engagement with supra-local traditions, location of, 265 342–4, 348 reuse for Greece/Macedon, 265–6 in Babylonia, 347–8, 351–3, 356–9 Hanging Garden, Babylon, 100n.21–2 in Greek world, 332–7, 349–50, 354–6, Harmodios of Lepreon, 337 359–60, 362–9 Harpalus, 287, 303 horoscopes Ḫattu, 258 at Nemrut Daǧ, 72–3, 87 Hegesianax of Alexandria Troas, 206, 242 Babylonian, 62–6 Hellas, Hellenes Greek, 72–82 compared with east in Greek scientific horoskopos, 74 writing, 301–3 Ḫunzû family, Uruk, 320, 324 lack of Akkadian transliteration for, 257 Hypsikles of Alexandria, 46–7, 86 Hellenistic hypsoma, 74–7 definition of, 15 Hyspaosines of Characene, 219 Hellenistic world ancient conceptions or sense of, iatromathematics. See medicine, 298–308, 374 astrological boundaries and unity of, 1, 6–8, 13–14, Idiqlat, 270 370–5 incantation priest. See āšipu intellectual history of. See intellectual India history, Hellenistic as land of thaumata, 300, 302 Hephaistion of Thebes, 70, 72 as world boundary in Greek Hermippos of Smyrna thought, 283 as evidence for Zoroastrian writings at in Akkadian texts, 265, 290, 306 Alexandria, 157 in Aristotle, 286, 288, 299 Herodikos of Babylon, 376–7 in Ctesias, 288 Herodotus of Halicarnassus in Seleucid literature, 205 as source for Aristotle, 287–8 in Theophrastus, 287, 301–2 cited in Lindian Chronicle, 339–40, 345 source of lyncurium, 275 knowledge of eastern geography and under Mauryas. See Aśoka Maurya; topography, 102, 271, 283, 287–8 Mauryan empire theories of cross-cultural borrowing, intellectual (n.), 11–13 17–18 intellectual history Hieronymus of Cardia, 204, 240–1, 243–4 definition of, 8–13 hieropoioi, at Delos, 333–4 Hellenistic Hipparchus of Nicaea definition of, 7, 9, 15–16 as source for Claudius Ptolemy, 44–5 Hellenocentrism of, 3–4, 15 link to Alexandria, 86, 145 new paradigm for, 4–8, 15–16, 252–3, uncertain relationship to astrology, 370–7 72, 88 intellectual patronage, royal, 198–251 use of Babylonian data and methods, as early dynastic legitimisation, 243, 51–3, 55, 59, 92 245, 247–9 437

Index

intellectual patronage, royal (cont.) Laodice II as politicised phenomenon, 226–7, report of death in Astronomical 235–51 Diary, 307 by Neo-Assyrian kings, 181–2 Larak Hellenistic, 28, 207–10, 229–31, in Berossus, 271 245–6, 372 Leon of Samos, 337, 341–2 Antigonids, 198, 204–5, 211–12, Letter of Aristeas, 147–50, 157–9, 203, 240–1, 244, 246–7 213, 239 Attalids, 164, 203–4, 211–12, 215, and Septuagint translation, 157–9 232–6, 245 as evidence for universal collection at Ptolemies, 163–4, 202–3, 210–11, Alexandria, 147–50 238–9, 242, 245. See also libraries, libraries, Greek Greek; Library of Alexandria; at Alexandria. See Library of Alexandria Museum of Alexandria at Antioch, 164, 244 Seleucids, 164, 205–7, 212, 215, at Pella, 164, 166 226–7, 244 at Pergamon, 162–4 definition, 168–72 Jerusalem, 268, 272 pre-Hellenistic, 166 John of Lydia, 70 royal patronage, 179–80 Josephus libraries, Mesopotamian, 172–95 Berossus fragments, 97, 100, 102, at Babylon (Esagila library), 174, 181, 109 191–2 at Nineveh. See Library of Aššurbanipal Kalendartexte. See Calendar Texts at Uruk, 322, 324, 327 kalû, kalûtu, 184, 321, 323–4, 328, bibliographic practices, 186–7 380 definition, 168–72 Keskintos Inscription, 47 religious dimension, 174, 177, Kidenas, astronomer, 55–6, 88 183–5, 327 identification as Kidin-Anu/Kidinnu, royal patronage, 173–4, 180–2 56–60 scope, 187–93 Kidin-Anu/Kidinnu, Babylonian astronomer, Library of Alexandria, 3, 144–64, 168, 170, 58–60 179–89, 193–5 king lists, Mesopotamian acquisition of books, 147–8, 150–2 and Berossus, 99, 106 bibliographic practices, 185–7 of Hellenistic rulers, 116, 227 foreign works, 146–64 Sumerian King List, 99 Graeco-Macedonian antecedents, 165–7 kingship, Hellenistic political dimension, 163, 179–80, 182 and Babylonian scholarship, 220–36, possible Mesopotamian influence, 373. See also intellectual patronage, 165–95 royal; scholarship, cuneiform relationship to Museum, 146n.4 and Greek paideia, 146–52, 164, religious dimension, 184 199–217, 237–51, 372. See also intel- scope, 146–53, 187–9, 193 lectual patronage, royal Library of Aššurbanipal, 173–4, 182 learned kings, 210–16 acquisition of tablets, 176–7, 189–91 kiništu, of Esagila, 181 later cultural memory of, 175–7 Kreophylos of Ephesus, 338 modern romance surrounding, 173 scope, 188–91 Lacydes of Pheres, 201 Lindian Chronicle, 338–41, 343, 349–50, lamentation priest. See kalû 354–7, 359–369 438

Index

as local historiography, 343, 345, 350, Mnesiptolemus of Cyme, 206 354–6 moira. See degree as response to contemporary MUL.APIN, 48, 113, 381 imperialism, 359–60, 362–9 Museum of Alexandria, 3, 86, 245. See also classification of, 349–50 Library of Alexandria; intellectual exemplary force of, 354–6 patronage, royal sources, 344 evolving institutional character, 179–80 Lindos, 28, 338–41. See also Lindian relationship to Library, 146n.4 Chronicle religious dimension, 184 List of Kings and Sages, 99 Lyceum Nabonidus (Nabû-nā’id), king of as model for Alexandrian Library and Babylonia, 217, 361 Museum, 166–7, 179–80 in Berossus, 100, 107 library of, 151–2, 166 Nabopolassar (Nabû-apla-uṣur), king of Lyco of Troas, 201, 204 Babylonia, 361 lyncurium/lyngurium, 275–6 in Berossus, 100, 270 Nabourianos, astronomer, 55–6, 58–9, Macedon 88 in Akkadian texts, 290, 293, 306 identification as Nabû-rēmannu, 57 under Antigonids. See Antigonus I, II, Nabû (god), 128, 190, 198, 222, 251, 381 III; kingship, Hellenistic; intellectual Nabû-rēmannu, Babylonian astrono- patronage, royal; Pella mer, 57–9 Manetho, 2, 116, 159–60, 348 Nabû-ša-ḫarê temple, Babylon, 128 Manilius, 79 nagû, 304–5 Marduk (god), 98, 190, 266 Nebuchadnezzar II (Nabû-kudurri-uṣur), marratu, 259, 313–14 king of Babylonia Mauryan empire, 154–6, 206 as ideal king, 361–2 Media, 300, 314 in Berossus, 100–2, 108, 268 in Akkadian texts, 293, 297 royal inscriptions and Hanging in Aristotle, 300 Garden, 101 medicine Nechepso, 69, 78, 84, 86 astrological, 62, 67–8, 82–3 Nemrut Daǧ Egyptian, 2 horoscope, 72–3, 87 Mesopotamian, 20 Nicomedes of Bithynia (I or II), 215 Mediterranean Sea. See also marratu nilion, 275 Akkadian terms for, 259–60, 303 Nineveh, 27 as conceptual boundary in Mesopotamia, in Berossus, 270 303–6 intellectual life. See Library of in Astronomical Diaries and Chronicles, Aššurbanipal; scholarship, cuneiform 305–6 Normal Star Almanacs. See Almanacs Megasthenes, 205, 242 melothesia, 83, 90 Oannes, 98. See also Adapa Meluḫḫa, 258, 265–6, 314 Oxyrhynchus Glossary, 160–2 Mesopotamia Oxyrhyncus Papyri definition of, 23 Babylonian astronomical schemes Meton of Athens, 40, 89 in, 52 Metonic Cycle, 40, 380 microzodiac, 79–80, 85, 323, 329, 381 parapegmata, 40, 381 Miṣir, 258, 314 Park of Bagoas, Babylon, 286 439

Index

Parthian conquest, of Babylonia, 370–1 on Hellenistic royal patronage, 203, effect on cuneiform scholarship, 134, 215 293–7, 307 on Hipparchus, 72 Patrocles, 205, 242, 248n.146, 286n.88 on the introduction of the zodiac, 40 Pautibibla. See Bād-tibīra on the Library of Alexandria, 157 Peisistratos, library of, 165–6 point (unit of celestial measurement), Pella, 2, 28 47 intellectual culture at, 205, 241 Polemon of Ilium library at, 164, 166 Against Anaxandridas, 343 Pelusium Polyaenus Greek knowledge of, 286 Stratagemata, 232–3 Pentateuch. See Septuagint procedure texts, 50 Pergamon, 2, 27 Prytanis of Carystus, 204, 244 intellectual culture at, 162–4, 196, Pseudo-Scymnus 203–4. See also Antigonus II Gonatas; Periodos to Nicomedes, 215 intellectual patronage, royal Ptolemy I Soter, 216 period relations and cuneiform libraries, 177–8 Babylonian models of, 47–9 and Demetrius of Phaleron, 239 deﬁnition, 381 and Library of Alexandria, 175 Greek borrowing of Babylonian and Manetho, 160 schemes, 51–2 and Septuagint, 157 Periodos to Nicomedes. See Pseudo- patronage of Greek intellectual culture, Scymnus 180, 245, 249 Persaeus of Citium, 201, 205, 208, 211 Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 152, 155 Persian Gulf, 23, 154n.33, 259, 283, 366 and Library of Alexandria, 147–9, Petosiris, 69, 78, 84, 86 151, 158 Petra, 286 and Manetho, 160 Phanodikos of Delos, 342 and Septuagint, 147–9, 157 Pharos Island patronage of Greek intellectual culture, Greek knowledge of, 286 180, 202, 209, 213, 242, 247 Philip III Arrhidaeus royal tutors, 211, 245 in Babylonian Chronicles, 305 Ptolemy III Euergetes, 245 Philip V of Macedon, 363 and Alexandrian Serapeum, 146n.4 Philippos of Theangela, 338 and Library of Alexandria, 150–1 Philitas of Cos, 180, 211 royal tutor, 211 philoi Ptolemy IV Philopator, 202, 211 Greek scholars as, 207–10, 242 Ptolemy V Epiphanes, 203 of Nebuchadnezzar in Berossus, Ptolemy VI Philometor, 211, 245 105, 270 Ptolemy VIII Auletes, 214 philologos Ptolemy, Claudius (of Alexandria) Hellenistic king as, 210–16 Almagest, 37, 41, 44, 52–3, 89 semantic ﬁeld of, 13 relationship to Hipparchus of Philonides of Thebes, 201 Nicaea, 44–5 Pinaros river, 287 Tetrabiblos, 37, 67, 70–1, 75, Pliny the Elder 80–1 fragments of Sudines, On Gemstones, use of Babylonian astrology, 70–1, 273–5 75, 81 on Chaldaean celestial expertise, 34, use of Babylonian astronomy, 41–5 56, 109 Purattu, 270 440

Index

Rēš, temple of Anu in Uruk, 99, 178, 192, negative reputation in Uruk, 362 354, 360, 364 patronage of Greek intellectual culture, cuneiform scholarship at, 170n.100, 227, 205, 242, 244 319–24, 327 Seleucus II Callinicus, 226, 358 Hellenistic restorations, 226–7, 368 Seleucus III Ceraunus, 224, 227 Rhodes, 28, 47, 338–41, 359–60 Semos of Delos, 4–5, 333–6, 342 Delias, 334–5, 342 Sardis localism of works, 334–5, 342 in Akkadian texts, 229n.96, 290, 293, member of Delian local elite, 333–4 305–6, 314 Nesias, 342 in Berossus, 272 On Paeans, 335 Saros Cycle, 54, 381 On Pergamon, 342 šatammu, of Esagila, 181 Periodoi, 342 identiﬁcation of Berossus as, 115, 117 Seneca scholarship, cuneiform on Library of Alexandria, 150 Akkadian terms for, 12–13 Sennacherib (Sîn-aḫḫē-erība), king of Assyrian inﬂuence in Babylonia, 25, 176 Assyria at Neo-Assyrian court, 42, 181–2, 192 annals, 258 education, 123, 127–33 in Berossus, 105–7, 270 familial dimension, 320–6 transcription of name in Greek localism and local traditions in, 317, alphabet, 118 319–32, 375. See also historiography, Septuagint local connection to Ptolemies and Library, mobility of practitioners and texts, 326 147–8, 157–9, 163 relationship to politics, 198, 220–5, transcriptions of Hebrew, 121 324–6, 358–62. See also intellectual Siberos river, 275 patronage, royal Simonides of Magnesia, 206 relationship to religious life, 25, 183–5, Sîn (god), 223, 321, 356, 361 320–6, 356–7, 360–2 Sîn-lēqi-unninni family, Uruk, 320–1, scholarship, Greek. See also astrology, 323–5 Graeco-Roman; astronomy, Greek; Sippar geography, intellectual; historiogra- Babylonian World Map tablet, 260–1 phy, local cuneiform scholarship in, 177, 328 Greek terms for, 12–13 in Astronomical Diaries, 314 localism and local traditions in, 317–20, in Berossus, 271–2, 347 332–45, 375. See also Sosibius of Laconia, 213 historiography, local Sotades of Maroneia, 209 mobility of practitioners and texts, 342–4 Sphaerus of Borysthenes, 202 relationship to politics, 359–60. See also stigme. See point intellectual patronage, royal Stilpo of Megara, 202 relationship to religious life, 184, 333–6, Stoics 338–41, 354–6 connections with Berossus, 104–6, 111, scribe of Enūma Anu Enlil, 36, 219, 162–3 322–3, 379 engagement with Babylonian Seleucia on the Euphrates, 256n.6, 314 astrology, 71–2 Seleucia on the Tigris, 26, 87, 246, 256n.6 Strabo, 26, 278 in Akkadian texts, 258, 306–7 on Chaldaean celestial expertise, 38, Seleucus I Nicator, 207, 305 46, 55 and Chaldaeans, 87 on Hellenistic libraries, 151, 165 441

Index

Strabo (cont.) Tharsagoras of Lindos, son of Stratos, 339 on Lyceum and Museum, 180 thaumata, 300, 302 use of Hellenistic local historians, 337–8 Theocritus Strato of Lampsacus, 180, 211 relationship to Ptolemaic court, 202 substitute king ritual, 42, 182 Theophrastus of Eresus for Alexander the Great, 229–31 Historia Plantarum, 256, 279–88, Sudines 300–3. See also geography, as astronomer, 55–6 intellectual as Babylonian scholar, 57, 234 knowledge of the east, 279–88, 300–3 as liver diviner, 234 on Chaldaean astrology, 34, 69, 84 at Attalid Pergamon, 232–6 On Stones, 274–5 connection to astrology, 88 refusal of invitation to Ptolemaic On Gemstones court, 202 engagement with Babylonian scholar- Tigris river, 23, 270 ship, 273–4 Timachidas of Lindos, son of Hagesitimos, engagement with Greek scholarship, 338–9 273–6 transcription Šulgi, king of Ur of Akkadian in Greek alphabet, 117–19, as avatar for Seleucus I, 362 271–2 in Uruk Chronicle, 351–2, 356–7, 361–2 of Greek place names in cuneiform, 257 Šum(a)-iddin(a). See Sudines, as of Hebrew in Greek alphabet, 121 Babylonian scholar of Sumerian in Greek alphabet, 121 Sumerian language, 4, 25, 125 system used in this book, xiv transcriptions in Greek alphabet, 121 transmission, of knowledge Susa cross-cultural, 17, 20, 36, 38–9, 235, 253 in Astronomical Diaries, 305, 315 astrology, 61, 84–8 in Berossus, 272 astronomy, 45–7, 55–60 Syncellus deﬁnition, 38–9 Berossus fragments, 97, 104, 106 in cuneiform scholarship, 134, 320, Manetho fragments, 160 328–9 Syria trine, 81–2, 382 in Akkadian texts, 258, 307 ṭupšarru, 13. See also scribe of Enūma Anu in Aristotle, 286 Enlil in Berossus, 100, 105, 270 Tzetzes, 148 in Theophrastus, 274, 283, 303 Syriskos of Chersonesos, 337 U’an. See Adapa System A astronomy, 49, 52–3, 329 ubānu. See ﬁnger System B astronomy, 49, 51–4, 330 Uruk, 4, 26 cuneiform scholarship in, 49, 68, 175–6, temples 192, 319–32, 370 and intellectual activity, 338–41 astrology, 65, 72, 83 in Babylonia, 25, 127, 177, 183–5, astronomy, 52, 330 320–8, 364. See also libraries, historiography, 99, 227–8. See also Mesopotamian; scholarship, historiography, local; Uruk cuneiform Chronicle in Greek world, 333–6 local identity, 362–3 Terms (astrology), 77–9, 88, 381 Seleucid treatment of, 358–62, 373 Teucer of Babylon, 78 Uruk Chronicle, 351–69 Thales of Miletus, 255 as local historiography, 356–7 442

Index

as response to contemporary Yawan(n)u, Yawnāya imperialism, 358–69 in Hellenistic texts, 257, 290, 313 classiﬁcation, 352–3 in pre-Hellenistic texts, 16, 257n.10, 304 exemplary force of, 356–7 Uruk Prophecy, 360–2 Zeno of Citium, 201, 208, 212 Zeno of Rhodes, 340 vaticinia ex eventu, 100, 219n.71, 227–8, Zenodotos of Ephesus, 179, 211 360–1, 382. See also Dynastic Zenodotos of Mallos, 162 Prophecy; Uruk Prophecy zodiac Vettius Valens, 56, 79, 86 astrological applications, 62–6 invention in Babylonia, 40, 46 world structure, conceptions of. See transmission to Greek world, geography, intellectual 39–40, 46–7 Zoroaster, writings of Xerxes I, king of Persia, 218, 304 in Library of Alexandria, 156–7

443