ICPM-2012. Crisis Management in the Time of Changing World Management of Third Sector Highland Development Projects in the Upper Northern Region of

Jumpol Chaiwong (Email Address: [email protected])

Abstract The first issue involved the process of project management in seven dimensions: (1) In this dissertation, the researcher investigates organization structure; (2) planning; (3) (1) the management process involved in Third personnel management and development; (4) Sector highland development projects in the budget; (5) leadership; (6) control and upper northern region of Thailand; (2) evaluation, and; (7) organization ethics. conducts a strategic management analysis of The second issue required focusing on these projects; (3) inquiries into the results of strategic management in three dimensions: (1) the management of these projects, and; (4) vision; (2) mission, and; (3) strategies. provides new information concerning the management of the projects under study.In this 2.The third issue necessitates examining the study, the researcher focused on six results of project management in four organizations: (1) Mae Fah Luang Foundation dimensions: under Royal Patronage; (2) Highland Research and Development Institute (Public (1) the economy; (2) society; (3) the Organization); (3) Population and Community environment, and; (4) attitudes toward the Development Association; (4) Raksthai general public. Foundation; (5) Plan International Thailand Accordingly, the researcher collected data Organization, and; (6) Heifer International from: (1) primary sources taken from field Thailand. study work in conducting in-depth interviews with administrators, personnel, community Keywords: project Management , the Third leaders, and local people participating in the Sector, the Upper Northern Region of Thailand projects, group discussions, and participatory and non-participatory observations, and; (2) 1. Introduction secondary source materials involving documents, articles and related research Highland development in the upper northern inquiries. region of Thailand is conducted not only by the 2.1Findings are as follows: public and private sectors, but also by another type of organization called “the Third Sector”. The six Third Sector organizations conducted Third Sector organizations are nowadays project management largely in accordance with playing an important role in community a matrix organizational structure. The development in the upper northern region of management stressed delegating authority and Thailand. Inasmuch as there have been no community participation in improving projects previous Public Administration academic at all project stages involving planning, studies of these Third Sector projects, the operations, using the budget, and follow-ups researcher was interested in providing new and evaluations of projects. Authority was information and data concerning this new area decentralized, inasmuch as high-ranking of inquiry. administrators delegated decision making to In carrying out this investigation, the lower-level managers and encouraged researcher utilized a conceptual framework that teamwork at lower levels in a process of was applicable to the following three issues: project decentralization. Project administrators embraced a form of democratic leadership by

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stressing collective decision making and work Guidelines could then be formulated for processes, good ethical practices, teamwork, systematically dealing with the serious paying mutual respect and placing value on all problem of highlanders not having Thai involved to ensure the successful execution of citizenship. Since the Third Sector projects. Most applied the concept of organizations have limited budgets, it is sufficiency economy to project management. suggested that the state should establish an In addition, it was also found that Third independent organization to provide financial, Sector project management made use of a academic, technical and informational support. strategy of network cooperation with 2.3Background community organizations and private sector organizations at the local level. The upper northern region of Thailand consists Findings concerning project management in of hills and forests, and is a residential area for the four dimensions considered by the more than 10 tribes and ethnic minorities. The researcher are as follows: hill tribes are mostly Karen, Hmong, Lahu and (1) In respect to the economic aspect, it Akha. These areas are considered very was found that Third Sector important upstream sources of water for the management developed a strategy country. During the past 40 years, the of promoting sustainable population growth rate of hill tribes has rapidly agricultural production. increased, and accounted for 80% of the total (2) In this connection, autonomous population scattered sparsely along the hills. groups were organized in such a They needed more area for cultivating opium fashion that they would be able to to earn a living, but due to their increasingly overcome the problem of poverty rapid population growth, various problems by fostering income generating arose that can be summarized by the following occupations and to solve the issues: problem of internal and external Intrusion deforestation: Although the social conflict so that problem of opium cultivation is now only communities could develop slight, intrusion deforestation still exists. In effective social networks. addition, the legal use of land by the (3) In regard to the environment aspect, government promoting single crop agriculture, group support for conserving and constructing roads, and building reservoirs and sustaining the environment was dams seemed to increase problem of intrusion fostered by allocating a budget deforestation. Moreover, the growth of resort for this purpose. golf courses, parks, and other agricultural (4) As for the aspect of attitudes toward encroachment enhanced this serious problem the general public, the researcher because of the use of machine tools in the found that community leaders and invasion, destroying and opening forest areas most of the local people involved which lead to more natural disasters such as in the projects were aware of the floods, landslides, forest fires, and soil-erosion. benefits to be received and were (The Office for Academic Services, Chiang willing to exchange the role of Mai University, 2008, pp.1-1). “receiver” to that of “giver.” The problem of natural resource degradation: 2.2.Suggestions in regard to policy on the The land is no longer suitable for agriculture. basis of this study are as follows: This was a result of the traditional slash-and- burn agriculture of hill tribes in which the Most of the local people do not have Thai cultivated area is constantly moving location citizenship. Therefore, the researcher suggests depending on the fertility of the land. This kind that the government adopt a policy of of agriculture called “shifting agriculture” examining the question of citizenship for which exposes the surface of the soil to rain highland residents in conjunction with the and results in direct erosion resulting in a amassing of appropriate data by sub-district reduction of soil fertility, and with cultivated administration organizations, community land becoming rocky. organizations and NGOs involved in highland The problem of agricultural chemicals development. residues in soil and water: Inappropriate agricultural production by farmers who live on

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the uplands is due to a lack of appropriate Difficulty in accessibility of the locations of knowledge and skill in production. This communities on the uplands. The obstacle of problem affects water resources and people accessibility impacts development of basic who live in and around downstream areas (The services of the state including a better Highland Research and Development Institute marketing system. This directly results in low (Public Organization), 2007, pp. 32). efficiency of production, which in turn brings Poverty: In general, most of the people about the problem of poverty, food security, living in the uplands are poor. According to illiteracy, and higher rate of illness as well as baseline survey data from 2004 conducted by drug use. This is also due to settlements of Chiang Mai University, the average annual highland people being mostly near to the income of households was only around 1,004 borders of neighboring countries, so it is US$ . The crucial factor of poverty was due to difficult to control drug trafficking. low yields in agricultural production but high Attitude. People who live in the plains areas costs, as the price of agricultural produce is and government agencies misunderstood relatively low and fluctuates, as well as having communities in the highlands, especially limited marketing channels. In addition, communities in the upper northern region of farmers lacked opportunities to generate Thailand located near the origins of four main additional income from non-farm activities rivers – the Ping, Wang, Yom, and Nan – which led to insufficient income to offset which join to become the . household expenses and there was a wide Deforestation of the upstream areas of these difference of income distribution in their rivers lead to the problem of soil erosion and society. (Highland Research and Development making the river shallow, while soil erosion Institute,(Public Organization), 2007, pp. 32). can occur downstream as well. In addition, Conflict of Interest in Utilizing Natural destroying the natural environment of the Resources: This was conflict between people highlands causes both severe flooding and who benefited from natural resources, severe drought as well. Meanwhile, people particularly the conflict between people who who live in the lowlands believe that they are live in and around upstream areas and people at risk from agricultural chemical residues who live downstream, leading to conflict coming from the highlands. ( Office of between the state and local community. These Academic Services, Chiang Mai conflicts were caused by differential University,2008, pp. 2-8) exploitation resulting in a usurpation of Diversity of Culture and Society. This resources in the uplands. (Highland Research remains a crucial obstacle to work between the and Development Institute, (Public community and government sector. Hill tribe Organization), 2007,pp. 32). communities in particular often suffer mutual Social Problems: The highlands in upper misunderstanding. Previously, it was hard to region of Thailand are not only sparsely settled manage various problems in the society on the but have different cultures, ways of life, beliefs highlands. (Office of Academic Services, and religions among hill tribes, and the way of Chiang Mai University,2008, pp. 2-8). life of hill tribes also differs from people living The above problems in local communities in the lowlands. In this regard, it has led people are national problems that every sector has to in the uplands exposed to risk of various social participate in solving in order to rehabilitate problems such as youth problems, lack of the ecological balance of soil, water, air, and social awareness, drugs and HIV/AIDS, and the quality of life of people who live with security problems along the border of the nature. The government sector is directly country.( International Academic Institute, responsible for executing various development Chiang Mai University, 2004,pp. 54-55). activities for a better quality of life of the The problems mentioned above have been people on the highlands by stopping opium occurring for a long time in spite of the cultivation and promoting sustainable government and private sectors’ ongoing agriculture coupled with conservation of cooperation and participation in solving natural resources and other environmental problems. Nevertheless, there have been factors for people. However, the government obstacles in that work never run smoothly sector still lacks personnel who are according to planned targets. Such obstacles knowledgeable and amenable towards are as follows: development of the highlands, including lack

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of an appropriate budget. These have led to the (David C. Korten, 1987, pp. 148). In order to failure of government projects, and other fulfill the expectations of society, the third government sector projects not yet succeeding sector organizations necessary seek capable in their goals. The business sector, which is personnel, appropriate technology, tools, and objectively established as profit-making good management if they need to accomplish organizations, and large organizations are the overall goal of the organization which capable in both budget and skilled staff in means organizational growth and production, marketing, production, and organizational survival. To achieve its goal of services, and have begun to pay more attention organization, mobilization of resources from to, participate in, and be responsible for social external sources is prerequisite. Fund raising in and environmental problems respectively. particular seeks large sums of capital that are However, the business sector has lacked often in the form of funds for development personnel who are really aware of and projects with conditions written in accordance understand local social problems and who are with rules and regulations and conditions for ready to contribute to development activities consideration by donors. This means that every which are social beneficial to society as a project is in competition, so some do not whole. For these reasons, another type of succeed in receiving funding from organization called “the Third Sector governmental, semi-governmental, and the Organization” has come to play a remarkable corporate sector, as well as third sector role in cooperating to help close the gap organizations working as donors to other between obstacles of the government and NGOs. Usually, funding sources are available business sectors by alternative co-development both domestically and from abroad. Operation of the upper northern region of Thailand. of third sector organizations is in the form of “projects”, therefore, the “goods and services” 3. The importance of Third Sector of the third sector organizations is “projects”. Organization By all means, this is quite similar to the goals and missions of the governmental and business The third sector refers to non-governmental sectors. So integration of thought and values as organizations (NGOs) or voluntary well as principles of both the government and organizations (VOs) which are considered non- business sectors apply to the third sector: non- profit prganizations (NPOs). Most were governmental development organizations established by individuals or by groups with (NGOs) or non-profit organizations (NPOs) are the intention of helping to alleviate social classified and grouped by scholars in the field problems and to meet the needs of this diverse of organizational studies as “The Third Sector”. and complex society. The third sector has a In this dissertation, the researcher investigates: vital role in public administration in almost (1) the management process involved in Third every country, be they liberal economic or Sector highland development projects in the socialist countries, or developed and upper northern region of Thailand; (2) a developing countries. For funding, the third strategic management analysis of these projects; sector is funded by several sources or donors (3) inquiries into the results of the management such as individuals, groups, and organizations, of these projects, and ; (4) provides new especially the government and semi- information concerning the management of the government sector, business sector and other projects under study. third sector organizations themselves. The third In this study, the researcher focused on six sector organizations work to achieve their organizations: (1) Mae Fah Luang Foundation objectives which focus on solving social under Royal Patronage; (2) Highland Research problems or to meet social needs in order to and Development Institute (Public gain trust, satisfaction and respect from the Organization); (3) Population and Community public or, especially, communities which are Development Association; (4) Raksthai the targeted group of the organization, so as to Foundation; (5) Plan International Thailand be accepted by donors who support funding if Organization, and; (6) Heifer International the project objectives are carried out by the Thailand. management. In other words, the third sector is not only working to meet social needs, but they 4. Concepts and theories formulating a also work to meet needs of donors as well conceptual framework

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Concepts and theories that the researcher Organization), the strong community approach utilized to formulate a conceptual framework generated by the Community Development for this research are as follows: scientific Department, Ministry of the Interior, Thailand, management of Frederick W. Taylor and Frank networking concepts written by Suthita Bunker Gilbert regarding the design of human Aphakalo Bhikkhu, and local cultural based work, such as the best way to design work to development concepts written by Kanchana fit human capacity, work standards to generate Kaew-thep and Chatthip Nartsupha. as much output as the manager and staff can 4.1In carrying out this investigation, the achieve by using division of labor and in- an researcher utilized a conceptual framework pre-employment training of staff, and payment that was applicable to the following three incentives by piece in order to control the issues: efficiency of work within the workplace. In addition, the 14 principles of management of The first issue involved the process of project Henry Fayol and bureaucracy theory of Max management in seven dimensions: (1) Weber are useful for examining the design organization structure; (2) planning; (3) structure and internal systems and standards personnel management and development; (4) design according to needs of top management, budget; (5) leadership; (6) control and and to ensure all resources of an organization – evaluation, and; (7) organization ethics. manpower, money, equipment and tools, and The second issue required focusing on information – are effectivelyutilized. strategic management in three dimensions: (1) Furthermore, theories of organizational vision; (2) mission, and; (3) strategies. structure by Henry Mintzberg and Stephen P. The third issue necessitates examining the Robbins, decision making theory of Herbert results of project management in four Simon, concepts of organizational project dimensions: (1) the economy; (2) society; (3) management of Turner & Bruke, the the environment, and; (4) attitudes toward the classification of projects by JL Goodman and general public. N.R. Love, the concept of team building by Accordingly, the researcher collected data from: Coming and Worley, and leadership theories (1) primary sources taken from field study by Ransis Likert, Frederick Herzberg, Bernard work in conducting in-depth interviews with Mausner and Barbara Snyderman, Henry Mayo administrators, personnel, community leaders, and Paul H. Appleby are necessary to analyze and local people participating in the projects, both characteristics of the organizations and group discussions, and participatory and non- the processes of project management. In order participatory observations, and; (2) secondary to investigate strategic management of the six source materials involving documents, articles third sector organizations, the researcher and related research inquiries. utilized concepts of strategic management 4.2. Findings are as follows: written by Thomas L. Wheelen & David J. The six third sector organizations conducted Hunger, and Jeffrey S. Harrison & Caren H. St. John. For examining project management, the project management largely in accordance with researcher adopted large project management a matrix organizational structure. Namely, there were four organizations that designed the written by Philip Selnick, strategic project structure of organization as a “matrix management of RJ. Turner, and comparison of organization” whereas the other two project cycle management of the public sector and private sector written by Pakorn organizations used “pure project organization”. Preeyakorn. For investigation of the results of By using pro and con analysis as a tool in explanation of the first-four matrix project management, the researcher utilized the organizations, the structure of the matrix concept of sustainable development identified organization could help support strategies of by the United Nations, concepts of top management to optimize work performance environmental conservation collected by Somporn Sangchai, concepts of development of all personnel working on both routine work written by Irwing Swerdlow, the principles of and projects. In addition, the matrix structure of organization could also help save costs of sufficiency economy written by Abhichai investment in managing and developing human Phandhasen & colleagues, sustainable resources of the organization in the long run. agriculture development conceptualized by the However, it also created some cons: the first Sirindhorn Anthropology Center (Public

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being that it caused an overlap of power and stateless and legally landless farmers living in authority between managers along the chain of areas of forest preservation as determined by command of routine work and the project the Department of Royal Forestry. In addition, manager. The second one was an insufficient farmers were faced with limitations on number of personnel in some positions in cultivated land and a lack of proper knowledge routine work selected to work in remote areas about the use of chemical inputs in agricultural of the mountains usually targeted as the project production which put them in danger from the working areas. In the other two organizations side-effects of chemical, as well as personal which designed the structure of organization as hygiene risks by using chemicals in vegetable “pure-project organization”, the project production and on other crops. Moreover, they structure is well-designed in consistence with were not safe from eating agricultural products the small size of the two third sector contaminated with chemicals as well. In other organizations and the management of the two words, conventional agricultural production on organizations were merely based on projects. the highlands effected both those who live on When the management process is examined, the highlands and those who live in the management stressed delegating authority and lowlands in negative ways for the quality of community participation in improving projects life of the public as a whole. For economic at all stages including planning, operations, problems, project management mostly had budget, and follow-up and evaluation of developed a strategy of promoting sustainable projects. Authority was decentralized, agricultural production for income security inasmuch as high-ranking administrators generating activities for farmers in the form of delegated decision making to lower-level self help groups which were established and managers and encouraged teamwork at lower developed by the projects. The strategies for levels in a process of project decentralization. strengthening of income generating activities Project administrators embraced a form of via self help groups can be divided into three democratic leadership by stressing collective steps: First, the project set up the self help decision making and work processes, good group in each community with members of the ethical practices, teamwork, paying mutual group from each household and the group respect and placing value on all involved to committee came from a selection of members, ensure the successful execution of projects. consisting of both males and females. Second, Most applied the concept of sufficiency providing group members with a study tour on economy to project management. group management and sustainable agricultural In addition, it was found that third sector occupations from the successful self help project management made use of a strategy of groups. After that, the projects provided network cooperation with governmental several vocational training courses on various agencies, community organizations and other subjects concerning hygienic vegetable NGOs and business sector organizations at the production and cropping plantation. The local level. The strategy of a networking projects also promoted animal husbandry, cooperation system was not only adopted for especially pig raising, because the pig is a organization at the local level, but it was also prolific animal that is easy to make a profit adapted to promote various groups established from. Traditionally, pigs were allowed to roam under project management from the six free and find their own food. However, pig organizations, such as a network of savings- mortality rates were high, and it took 2-3 years based credit groups (micro finance groups), for an animal to grow to market size. The marketing network of agricultural production, a supply of pigs for home consumption and for network of youth groups for natural sale was quite limited, so, in order to help environmental conservation, a network of provide villagers with more pigs for their own watershed management committees and a table and for sale to the market, the projects network for forest-fire protection. have introduced a multi-faceted program. The 4.3. Findings concerning project projects provided pig producers with training management in the four dimensions on the proper health care of pigs, including the considered by the researcher are as follows: construction of pig pens or sties which help reduce the incidence of diseases and parasites In respect to the economic aspect, it was found both in the pigs and in the humans who come that most inhabitants of the highlands were into contact with the pigs. These hybrid pigs

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reach market weight more quickly –in only 8- Assistance in the form of revolving loan 10 months. The projects also provided villagers funding (RVLF). This system was designed for with half-breeds which are a mixture of use in the management of savings-based traditional breeds and imported breed pigs loaning systems of self reliance promotion of from Yunnan, China. This breed is called the self help groups in the projects by “Meishan” and even breeds called “Duroc providing certain amounts of funding from the Jersey” are taken from pig farms on the projects through the management system of lowlands. This increases the amount of protein each self help group. To start with, RVLF in the villager’s diet as well as increasing their provided loans with lower interest rates than cash income from the sale of pigs. Raising pigs those of local creditors to members of SHGs also helps farmers reduce the risk of disaster and finally, the projects hoped that the main should one or more of their crops fail. In sources of income for SHGs would be addition, to help farmers reduce the cost of sufficient from RVLFs and SBLs. With regard feeding the pigs, some projects requested to marketing promotion for hygienic assistance from experts of the department of agricultural outputs, such as organic vegetables livestock promotion in teaching farmers how to and commercial animals ( cattle, pigs and prepare their own pig feed using locally grown poultry such as chickens and mandarin duck corn rather than purchasing expensive ready- etc.), there were no problems, because after mixed feed from urban markets. For household consumption, the remainder was vegetable producers in the targeted villages of sold in the market outside of their communities. the projects, the projects provided Nowadays, hygienic agricultural yields have environmentally friendly techniques to produce increased in popularity especially for chemical- organic vegetables. The various crops included free vegetables (organic vegetables), but not cut flowers by organizing training courses on for some crop outputs such as rice, corn, tea how to produce organic vegetables, crops and and coffee. Some third sector organizations cut flower plantations without (or with less) have developed a new alternative by initiating use of chemical inputs such as fertilizer, the marketing networking system of self-help insecticide and pesticide. Third, the projects groups at a sub-district level, which was promoted a savings based credit system (SBCS) initiated for risk management of the projects by to the self help groups as a helping tool for promoting value added goods produced from generating income from the regularly agriculture such as rice grain goods in accumulated savings funds of its members, and, different attractive packages etc., and the at the same time, enabling each member not projects have also encouraged SHGs to think only to learn about saving, but also to benefit outside the square in promoting income from the dividend of shares after paying back generating activities from non-agricultural the loan from members who borrowed money sources for the community. Examples of this from the savings fund. However, in order to include promoting rural cultural tourism, or keep up with the time management of the eco-tourism by simultaneously promoting project effectively, the projects enhanced the handicrafts for additional income for farmers' management strength of each SHG to be self families. By cooperation with the corporate reliant by adding financial support to the self sector in the tourism business, projects could help groups in two ways, namely; (1) help generate more income for both the assistance in the form of revolving funds (RVF) community and villager SHGs. The fourth is or “in-cash assistance”. This RVF was one the last step before ending the projects as financial tool of The Population & Community scheduled. The projects stressed strengthening Development Association (PDA) in of self help groups so as to ensure the strengthening individual members of self help sustainability of community enterprises by groups who lacked capital in agricultural enhancing the capacity of SHGs with specific production. After finishing the training, each training courses on financial management with one could apply for capital from the projects to appropriate computer –based accounting, buy farming inputs and the borrower paid back adjusted to fit the size of group and capital to the project without interest after selling funds, including competency of members who farming produce so that the project can be used were accountants and clerks. In addition, some for other members. This system was designed projects developed their capacity to meet the for use only by the management of the PDA. (2) requirements to be registered as legal entities

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such as an agricultural cooperatives problems. Establishment of self-help groups organization, and/or a foundation, and some (SHG) was the first priority in the development SHGs had developed the organizational project management of the third sector capacity to achieve the conditions of the Bank organizations. This activity was the key for the for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives projects in mobilizing resources in the (BAAC) in applying for special loans from the communities to solve the problem of poverty BAAC. Meanwhile, some SHGs preferred to on their own in both the short run and the long be registered as a “community enterprise term. In the short term, SHGs were assisted by organization” (CEO) to meet the financial the projects in organizing the group in the subsidizing conditions of government agencies. community; in other words, the projects were Some SHGs could develop their management firstly mobilizing “social power”, followed by capability to work as a “partner organization” mobilizing a “social fund” from members of of some third sector organizations whose SHGs through savings activities of SHGs, and strategy was extending the scope of project thirdly, members and group committee of areas without recruitment of new staff, but SHGs were encouraged by the projects to carry rather utilizing CEOs in the community instead. out SHGs to become self reliant groups in both In conclusion, in respect to the economic economic and social aspects. In addition, the aspect, the outcome of project management in participation of villagers in SHGs in the the forms of legal entities could function as a community could lead them to resolve conflicts “umbrella organizations” in helping, in their families. For instance, for social equity supporting and solving the problems of its beliefs according to the traditional conduct of members who were the members of small the Lahu, routine work in the household is SHGs and of new SHGs which were not yet regarded as only for female members or self reliant. housewives, it was not a responsibility of In connection to topic (1), autonomous males. But after attending the training courses groups were organized and promoted in on “The Role of Males and Females in different forms of entity, depending on both the Managing Self-Help Groups” the role of males needs of groups and the socio-economic in the community changed. Husbands context of each group in order that they would recognized how to be a proper leader of the be able to overcome the problem of poverty by family by undertaking some duties that had fostering income generating occupations and to previously belonged to housewives in the solve the problem of internal and external routine work in the household. Moreover, this social conflict so that communities could not only allowed housewives to participate in develop effective social networks. As communal activities, but it also led to an mentioned earlier, hill-tribes are mostly acceptance of the “role of women” in the stateless, so they are disadvantaged in access to matter of leadership in the group committee of basic assistances by the government. For SHGs. Apart from successfully mobilizing example, stateless people are not eligible to resources within communities or societies in apply for loans from the Bank for Agriculture the project areas, the projects had guided SHGs and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) and in creating a co-vision for how to mobilize they could not apply for loans from external resources, including governments, the commercial banking systems or even apply for corporate sector, NGOs, beneficial groups, and funds from the village development fund individuals. External resources refers to (VDF). In addition, stateless people who live resources that could be utilized in on the highlands can not receive social welfare strengthening the self reliance of groups and from the state – not even health care services communities in the long run, such as money, when they were sick and had to go to hospital. materials, workforce and know-how, or even Moreover, poverty and lack of opportunities the opportunity to prove to one-self whether is for a better job for stateless girls often led to worth applying for Thai citizenship. After the human trafficking and the girls became projects could develop the quality of life of prostitutes which caused physical and metal SHGs and their members in terms of socio- anguish in the young women and their parents. economic resource mobilization, to a certain These situations should not occur in any extent, it enabled members to know how to be society. So, to solve these problems, it seemed good recipients by utilizing and managing that poverty was the root cause of other acquired resources effectively in line with the

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concept of sufficiency economy that focuses on development activities that was mentioned living sufficiently with rationality, wisdom, previously. These activities encouraged local knowledge and morality in earning a living and people to become more public-minded. living in society. The projects had shown that in terms of social development, SHGs learned 5. Conclusions to work with others through networking systems under networking concepts and could Most of the local people do not have Thai help SHGs and communities learn how to live citizenship. Therefore, the researcher suggests in interdependence with each other without that the government adopt a policy of conflict of interest. examining the question of citizenship for In regard to the environment aspect, group highland residents in conjunction with the support for conserving and sustaining the amassing of appropriate data by sub-district environment was fostered by allocating a administration organizations, community budget for this purpose through the organizations and NGOs involved in highland management of SHGs at a village level and development. through the networking committee for Guidelines could then be formulated for environmental conservation that was systematically dealing with the serious established in the form of a joint committee by problem of highlanders not having Thai working as a network for protecting forest citizenship. Since the third sector organizations preservation areas and upstream areas that have limited budgets, it is suggested that the belong to the community where the SHG is state should establish an independent located. Apart from allocating a budget from organization to provide financial, academic, the projects to support environmental activities, technical and informational support. i.e. surveillance for forest fires and reforestation activity including construction of 6.Acknowledgements small dams (check-dams) and reservoirs for keeping soil moisture and forests for This article is part of the author's dissertation rehabilitating the balance of nature. These which was accomplished with the good care activities in fact take a long time and have to and kindness of Associate Prof. Dr. Somporn be implemented continuously. Thus, all SHGs Sangchai as the chairman of the advisory agreed with the idea of the project to allocate committee of the dissertation. the budget from the profits from income Many thanks to Dr. Suchart Sriyarunna and generating activities of the SHG as mentioned Dr. Surang Virakitpanich who gave good in topic (1) every year for this purpose. advice in regard to methodology and content of As for the aspect of attitudes toward the the dissertation. general public, the researcher found that Special thanks to Professor. Dr. Voradej community leaders and most of the local Chantharasorn who was the chairman of the people involved in the projects were aware of examination committee for this dissertation the benefits to be received and were willing to and who kindly gave additional useful advice exchange the role of “receiver” to that of that enabled this dissertationto be of more “giver.” As mentioned earlier, villagers value to the field of development involved in the projects, especially in working administration in the third sector organizations with SHGs, had learned how to mobilize in Thailand. resources for developing their self help groups In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Pakorn (SHGs). These activities were a very important Siriprakorb who was one of the examination experience in incubating a good attitude in committee of this dissertation and who helped members of SHGs about working for the revise the accuracy of wording in this public interest through activities, particularly dissertation that made it more useful and SHGs that had allocated a budget from profits interesting for readers. for social development activities, for example, Finally, the author would also like to thank scholarships for poor students, social welfare the College of Public Administration, Burapha to members admitted to hospital, and University for providing an opportunity to me promoting traditional customs and supporting as an author to present this article to the public. sports in the community, as well as allocating Jumpol Chaiwong budget to support the environmental

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