HISTORICAL REVIEW THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1949, Chapter 183. OFFICERS 1959-1962 E. L. DALE, Carthage, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President WILLIAM L. BRADSHAW, Columbia, Second Vice President GEORGE W. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice-President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville ALLEN MCREYNOLDS, Carthage L. M. WHITE, Mexico GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City G. L. ZWICK, St. Joseph Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1960 RALPH P. BIEBER, St. Louis LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, Stanberry JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1961 RAY V. DENSLOW, Trenton FRANK LUTHER MOTT, Columbia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City JAMES TODD, Moberly ROBERT S. GREEN, Mexico T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1962 F. C. BARNHILL, Marshall RALPH P. JOHNSON, Osceola FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon ROBERT N. JONES, St. Louis HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The thirty Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. L. M. WHITE, Mexico, Chairman ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield Missouri Historical Review

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER DONALD H. WELSH Editor Assistant Editor

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

VOL. 54 APRIL 1960 No. 3

CONTENTS Page

FORTY-FIVE YEARS AS EDITOR AND AUTHOR OF MISSOURI HISTORY. By Floyd C. Shoemaker 225

THE PONY EXPRESS STARTS FROM ST. JOSEPH. By Olaf T. Ilagen 231

THE PONY EXPRESS IN RETROSPECT. By Donald II. Welsh 237

DR. BROWN'S ST. LOUIS. By John Francis McDermott 245

MISSOURI'S PROGRAM FOR HIGHWAY HISTORIC MARKING, 1959. PART I.

Directed by Floyd C. Shoemaker. Inscriptions by Ruby M. Robins 254

THE CONTROVERSIAL DRED SCOTT DECISION. By Harold Schwartz 262

VIGNETTES OF FAMOUS MISSOURIANS. By Nancy Weatherly Sharp and

Kitty Thomas Wilkinson 273

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 282

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 319

AUDRAIN COUNTY MUSEUM Verso Back Cover

SAW MILL Back Cover THE COVER: This year marks the The cover picture, which depicts a centennial of the Pony Express, one of scene at a relay station, is from a paint­ the most colorful interludes in the his­ ing by Frederic Remington and is tory of American communication. The reproduced through the courtesy of the key observance in Missouri is being owner, The Thomas Gilcrease Institute staged at St. Joseph, the eastern termi­ of American History and Art, Tulsa, nal of the operation. Oklahoma.

The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly at 119 S. Elson Street, Kirksville, Missouri. Send communications and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Second class postage is paid at Kirksville, Missouri. The Revieiv is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Member­ ship dues in the Society are $1.00 a year or $20 for a life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. AN INVITATION

The Officers and Trustees of The State Historical Society of Missouri are giving a luncheon in honor of Dr. Floyd C. Shoemaker, retiring Secretary of the Society, on May 18 at twelve noon in Room 214 of the Student Union, University of Missouri. Members of the Society and friends of Dr. Shoemaker are cordially invited to attend.

As the seating capacity is limited, please send your reservation with your remittance of $2.50 each at your earliest convenience to Miss Marie Woods, Administrative Assistant, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri.

Fickets will not be mailed. They may be picked up at a table in the hall near the entrance to Room 214 beginning at eleven o'clock on May 18.

No reservations will be accepted after May 12. FORTY-FIVE YEARS AS EDITOR AND AUTHOR OF MISSOURI HISTORY 1915-1960

BY FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER

As this is the last number and volume of The Missouri Historical Review with which my name will be officially connected I here pre­ sent a resume of my 45 years connection with it as its editor. While copy for the July Review will be prepared under my supervision and will go to the printer by or before the day of my retirement as sec­ retary, on May 5, 1960, it will not officially carry my name as editor or secretary.

I have also appended a list of the books of which I am author, editor, or co-editor, but have not compiled a list of the articles I have written for the Review and other magazines during these years.

THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW When I became editor of The Missouri Historical Review on May 5, 1915, the position came to me with my election that day to the office of secretary of the State Historical Society of Missouri. I had been assistant secretary to the Society since 1910 and was familiar with the duties of secretary, including the obtaining of appropriations but excluding the editing of the Review. On the day before, May 4, 1915, I had been elected secretary and treasurer of the Missouri Writers Guild organized that day. On May 7 I was twenty-nine years old. So those early days in May 1915 were red- letter days to me.

The one thing I was unfamiliar with was editing the Review, although several of my articles had been published in it. To give it wider appeal and to make it more interesting was the immediate problem as its circulation to paid members had increased from 70 in 1906 to only 400 in 1915. There was little time available as copy for July had to be collected and prepared for the printer in a few days. I recalled a 20-page address I had delivered at the St. Joseph meeting of the Missouri Society of Teachers of History and Govern­ ment on November 13, 1914, on which I had worked for months and which had been favorably commented on. I scheduled this address, 226 Alissouri Historical Review

"Six Periods of Missouri History," as the first article. It has since been the skeleton for the three Missouri school textbooks by Dr. Jonas Viles, Dr. C. H. McClure, and myself. For the second article I wrote a 7-page special appeal to Missouri club women and to observers of the recently legislated first Monday in October as ''Missouri Day." This was '"Missouri Day' Programs for Missouri Club Women," with a rather complete bibliography on each of the topics. The article was well received and is still referred to for these programs. The third article consisted of 870 lines of 7-point type listing "Historical Articles in Missouri Newspapers, April-May 1915." Six hundred and eighty-eight magazines and newspapers were read through these two months and 98 had one or more historical and biographical articles, a total of 401 articles. The series continued into the January 1927 Review and included newspaper articles from April 1915 to June 1925. I have gone into this series of articles at length because from it came three developments: first, the thousands of articles were typed on cards and became and still are valuable references for writers and research workers; second, the series in July 1921 gave birth to what is today the most popular section of the Review, "Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks;" and third, the series developed in 1924 into the Society's newspaper index over a period of 121 years of files in eight Missouri towns and covering 267 newspaper years, which now include 402,908 carded references. It is of interest to note that the July 1915 Review called attention to the expected completion of the new library building in the fall, as today the Society's quarters in the new East Wing will be completed this fall. The July Review contained 60 pages! The experimentation in the July 1915 Review to produce a maga­ zine that had reader interest and forwarded Missouri history and the Society has continued to the present. A corollary was attention to current historical news and events. In both world wars a series of articles on each relating to Missouri's participation was published. Missouri's centennial of statehood in 1920 and of admission to the Union in 1921 was given tremendous treatment, the 1920-1921 Review rising to 749 pages. But the quarterly was much more than a Time historical magazine. Features were introduced and continued or dropped as I gauged their worth, ever watching the paid membership barometer. I have always felt sold on "Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks," Forty-five Years as Editor and Author of Mo. History 227 and this feeling has been shared by the members. It will soon be forty years old and while it has varied in worth and interest, in rarity and suggestiveness, it has lived vigorously and reached The New Yorker peak in the 1940's and early 1950's. Belying a casual glance it is a difficult feature to assemble and present, involving both labor and almost congenital tact and wit. Ranking high in interest and worth among our historical features was "Missouriana," begun in July 1931 and continuing through July 1944. Most members of the Society have not, of course, seen this series, unless they have browsed through the old files, for when it began the Society had only 1986 paid members and when it ended, only 3672 paid members. But what a mother lode it was and still is! I am astounded when I run over even a year's subheads in it. Fortunately these subjects are brought out in the second cumulative Index of the Review as a special boon to the research worker and the reference librarian. It reached its peak in the late 1930's, but it never noticeably declined in value. Another remarkable feature was "The Missouri Reader," begun in October 1944 and closing in January 1954, embracing 30 separate, research articles. Compiled by staff member contributors, it was of unusual historical worth and required writing ability and scholarship seldom found in the same person. I regard the subject, embracing selected readings in Missouri history over the 150 years from the last quarter of the 17th century to the first quarter of the 19th century, as being excellent and think the articles were contribu­ tions of unusual worth and influence. The series had to be closed owing to the Society taking up a new project without an increase in the staff. The illustrated feature now appearing in the Review as *'Vig­ nettes of Famous Missourians" began in the quarterly in April 1951 as "This Week in Missouri History." The series had its origin in February 1925 as weekly releases to the press of the State, which later appeared in two volumes entitled Alissouri, Day by Day, in 1942 and 1943. The series was largely biographical, military, and institutional until 1951, when it became social in treatment. It returned to biographies in 1954. Its peak was reached in the early 1950's but its quality and reader interest has always been high in spite of changes in compilers. A special feature appearing intermittently has been "Missouri's Program for Highway Historic Markers," which began in the Jan­ uary 1955 Review. In this issue of the quarterly appears the first of 228 Missouri Historical Review two articles on the 1959 marker inscriptions, bringing the series to two articles on the 1959 marker inscriptions, bringing the series to date with the reproduction of the 99th marker. This feature gives the readers of the Review early access to the information on the markers themselves. It also keeps all informed on the progress made on this project by the Society and the State Highway Commission.

The "Historical Notes and Comments" department of the Review changed gradually rather than undergoing a revision to integrate current historical news. At first the obituaries were selective and long and "Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks" first appeared in "Historical Notes and Comments". There was little or no departmental treatment until the later 1920's when obituaries appeared under "Personals" and a "Notes" section was born as well as an "Anniversaries and Memorials" section. Book reviews, always present, were called "Historical Publications" in 1932 and a "List of New Members" was first printed in 1934. The later 1930's saw more space devoted to local historical societies and in 1939 the first list of members getting members appeared. Effort was made to give recognition to historical developments in the State and in the Society. "Obituaries" were finally greatly increased in number and decreased in length while membership lists grew longer and local historical society news grew larger. Accounts of the Society's Annual Meetings were taken out and given a place as articles. The section became more newsy, the coverage broader, and historical explanations decreased.

But articles are the meat of the magazine, and the problem of obtaining a sufficient number of satisfactory contributors has seldom been solved. For readable, scholarly contributions a state historical publication is dependent on graduate students in local history or a staff of trained research associates. Unfortunately the number of graduate theses relating to Missouri has been rapidly declining during the last two decades. Valuable contributions by such scholars as the late William G. Bek, the late Walter B. Stevens, the late Rollin J. Britton, the late Wiley Britton, Harrison A. Trexler, Thomas S. Barclay, Hattie M. Anderson, F. F. Stephens, Minnie M. Brashear, and others, were truly gifts of the gods. Equally prized were such staff contributors as Sarah Guitar, Roy T. King, Dorothy Penn, Marie G. Windell, Dorothy B. Dorsey, Monas N. Squires, Monia Cook Morris, Howard I. McKee, Floyd G. Summers, Dorothy D. Flynn, Ruby M. Robins, Vivian K. McLarty, Forty-five Years as Editor and Author of Mo. History 229

Jean Brand, Donald H. Welsh, Dorothy J. Caldwell, and the Editor of the Review. Beginning with the issue of January 1942 the entire appearance of the magazine was changed by the use of an attractive, illustrated cover carrying a historical sketch drawn by a contemporary artist, one of the first three historical magazines with a picture cover. The sketches were taken from pictures or drawings contemporary with the event depicted. This change was continued through July 1951, when a new improved format was begun, which can lay some claim to the greatly increased membership of the Society. With the October 1951 issue was begun the use of color on the cover, of a more highly glazed paper, and of many more illustrations—all of which made the Review more attractive and enjoyable to read. Another format change was made with the April 1953 issue, when the inside back cover of the Review was devoted to illustrated sketches of living Missourians who had rendered outstanding service to the Society. Beginning with the October 1957 issue this feature was changed to illustrated articles on outstanding buildings of a historical nature in the State. Equally popular have been the reproductions on the outside back cover of prints, usually colored, with descriptive text, which was begun in April 1954. But perhaps the outstanding Review contribution most used today by scholars, writers, and reference librarians is the two cumulative indexes. The first index of 353 pages, for the period October 1906 through July 1931, was published in 1934. In 1955 a 333-page index for October 1931 through July 1951, volumes 26-45, was published. With volume 44 (1949-1950) of the Review, the Society began indexing the current volume and publishing it in number four of each volume.

AUTHOR The First Constitution of Missouri: A Study of Its Origin. (Master's Thesis, 1911. Unpublished). Missouri's Struggle for Statehood, 1804-1821 (Jefferson City, The Hugh Stephens Printing Company, 1916). Missouri s Hall of Fame: Lives of Eminent Missourians (Columbia, Mo., The Missouri Book Company, 1918). The Pageant of Missouri: A Description and Historical Explanation ([State Fair Board, 1921]). 230 Missouri Historical Review

A History of Alissouri and Missourians, a textbook (Columbia, Mo., The Walter Ridgway Publishing Company, 1922). Missouri, Mother of the West, Vol. II (1860-1929). (Chicago, The American Historical Society, Inc., 1930). Missouri and Missourians, Land of Contrasts and People of Achieve­ ments. 5 vols., author and editor of Vols. I and II of history (Chicago, The Lewis Publishing Company, 1943). The State Historical Society of Missouri; A Semicentennial History, 1898-1948 (Columbia, Mo., The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1948). History of the Missouri Press Association, 1867-1916. (Unpublished).

EDITOR Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 through Vol. 54, No. 3 — 45 vols. (Columbia, Mo., The State Historical Society of Mis­ souri, 1915-1960). Missouri, Day by Day. 2 vols. (Columbia, Mo., The State Histori­ cal Society of Missouri, 1942 and 1943). Historic Missouri, A Pictorial Narrative of Our State (Columbia, Mo., The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1959). Fifth Biennial Report through the Twenty-Ninth Biennial Report of the State Historical Society of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1910-1959). "This Week in Missouri History," a historical release to Missouri newspapers, prepared from February 1925 through December 1960. CO-EDITOR Journal of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1875. 2 vols. (Columbia, The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1920). Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri. 18 vols. (Columbia, Mo., The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1922-1957). Debates of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1875. 12 vols. (Columbia, Mo., The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1931-1944). Ozark Folksongs. 4 vols. (Columbia, Mo., The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1946-1950). THE PONY EXPRESS STARTS FROM ST. JOSEPH

BY OLAF T. HAGEN*

The report of a proposed pony express service to California found its way into the New York papers on January 25, I860.1 Two days later William H. Russell, a partner in the firm of Russell, Majors & Waddell, in a telegram to John W. Russell bluntly stated: "Have determined to establish a Pony Express to Sacramento, California, commencing the 3rd of April. Time 10 days."2 How could a fast express service be operated through barren, Indian infested wilderness over the South Pass and the rugged Sierras, especially in the face of the winter snows? That these difficulties were not insurmountable was a matter to be proved by actual demonstration.3 Skepticism was so general that records suggest that aside from those who placed implicit faith in the firm there was a strong inclination to regard the whole thing as "chimeri­ cal." Alexander Majors recalled that only through considerable effort did Russell persuade his partners to underwrite the risky undertaking.4 To succeed, it was thought necessary to incorporate a new company, the Central Overland California & Pike's Peak Express Company, on February 13 under the laws of Kansas Territory.5 The proposed service was fully described in advertisements appearing in papers in Washington, D. C, New York, and St. Louis. The first courier was to start from St. Joseph at 5 p. m. on April 3. Letter mail would be received in Washington at 481 Tenth Street until 2:45 p. m. on March 30 and in New York at Room 8, Con­ tinental Bank Building, Nassau Street, until 6:50 a. m. on March 31. Telegraphic dispatches were to be received at the Missouri River

*This is a condensation and adaptation of Mr. Hagen's article in the Missouri Historical Review, XLIII (October 1948), 1-17. Olaf T. Hagan, a native of Minnesota, received his A.B. from Concordia College and his M.A. from the University of Minnesota. At the time of his article's publication Mr. Hagen was regional historian for Region Two and had been with the National Park Service for 15 years. iGeorge A. Root and Russell K. Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies. Part IV," Kansas Historical Quarterly, XIV (February 1946), 42, quotes this dispatch. ^Leavenworth, Kansas, Daily Times, January 30, 1860; St. Joseph Weekly West, February 4, 1860. 3St. Louis Missouri Republican, March 31, 1860. 4Prentiss Ingraham, editor, Seventy Years on the Frontier, Alexander Majors' Memoirs of a Lifetime on the Border (Chicago, 1893), 182-84. 5Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies," K.H.Q., XIV, 44, quotes the articles of incorporation. 231 232 Alissouri Historical Review

starting point up to 5 p. m. on the day of departure. The telegrams would be delivered in San Francisco in eight days and letter mail in ten days. To allay the misapprehensions of skeptical potential patrons, the firm gave assurance that mail would be handled care­ fully by special protection. Telegraphic messages would be made in triplicate, and if messages were not delivered in less time than by another service the charges would be refunded.6 The rate for telegrams between St. Louis and California was $5.30 for the first ten words and ten cents for each additional word. From Atlantic Coast points the rate was $6.90 for the first ten words and 20 cents for each over that number. The fee for letter mail was $5 for each half-ounce or less in addition to Government postage.7 Although ten-day delivery seemed impossible, messages began to arrive at St. Joseph on April 2.8 But the best laid plans go awry. The letter mail from Washington and New York for the first trip was being brought by special messenger. Arriving at Detroit, he found that his train had departed. A 24-hour delay threatened the start, but the cooperation of the superintendent of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad saved the day. A special train, a locomotive and one coach, set a record by reaching St. Joseph from Palmyra in four hours and 51 minutes, an average speed of about 40 miles per hour. But the horse express did not get away until 7:15 p. m. due, at least partially, to formalities indulged in to baptize appropriately this historic enterprise.9 Journalists, exuberant over the prestige which the occasion afforded their community, spilled forth effusive rhapsodies detailing events. Hundreds of persons anticipating the formal starting of the express had gathered at the point from which the express would leave and, as all wished a memento of the flying messenger, the little pony was almost robbed of her tail, and she had to be returned to the barn.10 Before the messenger was permitted to depart, the assembled multitude heard "brief and appropriate" addresses by the ebullient Mayor M. Jeff Thompson and by the well

''Ibid., 49-51. The advertisements appear to have been published as early as March 17 in San Francisco. See Le Roy R. Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-69 (Cleveland, 1926), 170. "'Missouri Republican, March 31, April 5, 1860. Telegraphic messages were to be "duplicated on paper besides a triplicate being taken on linen, prepared for the purpose in indelible ink, and carefully sealed waterproof. Copies are thus forwarded to different points, in order to guard against chances of delay or miscarriage." ^Missouri Republican, April 3, 5, 1860; Weekly West, April 7, 1860. 9Arthur Chapman, The Pony Express (New York, 1932), 102-04; Missouri Republican, April 5, 1860; Leavenworth Daily Times, April 5, 1860; Weekly West, April 7, 1860. ^Weekly West, April 7, 1860; Chapman, Pony Express, 105; Missouri Republican, April 5, 1S60. The Pony Express Starts From St. Joseph 233

known freighters, William H. Russell and Alexander Majors. The mayor stressed "the significance of the Express from our City over the Central Overland Route" and Mr. Majors, being loudly called for, responded with a speech characterized by his usual "practical manner of thought."11 The fact that at no distant time it was expected that the telegraph's electric chain would put east and west coasts in instantaneous communication did not dampen the ardor of the promoters. At 7:15 p. m., or possibly as much as 45 minutes earlier, the mayor at Russell's request placed the leathern bag upon the saddle of the spirited mare. The precious cargo consisted of 49 letters, nine telegrams, and some newspapers for San Francisco and intermediate points. The rider was Johnson William Richardson, a former sailor accustomed to every kind of hardship. As he mounted the little bay the mayor asked for three cheers on three, "Three cheers for the Pony Express, three cheers for the first overland passage of the United States Mail!" Then the rider dashed off for the Golden Gate amid the shouts and cheers of the immense crowd which had admid the shouts and cheers of the immense crowd which had gathered to witness the launching of this "huge undertaking . . . an enterprise as great as the country." It was but a few blocks to the landing at the foot of Jules Street where the ferryboat Denver, alerted by signal cannon, waited to carry the horse and rider across the Missouri River to El wood, Kansas Territory. From thence into the night he sped, a new Revere.12 San FYancisco had also sent its messenger on the way. On the afternoon of April 3 a little nankeen colored pony stood in front of the Alta Telegraph Company's office on Montgomery Street from 1:00 until 3:45 p. in., when he was "to take his line of march to the Sacramento boat." His headstall was adorned by flags, and on

uThe mayor, a colorful figure, was an advocate of civic improvements, especially active in promoting railroad projects, and very prominent at ceremonies celebrating achievements. He was defeated in the local election held the day before the start of the express. He later joined the Confederacy. Weekly West, April 7, 1860; St. Joseph Gazette, April 4, 1860, as quoted in Federal Writers' Project, The Oregon Trail (New York, 1939), 50; Missouri Republican, April 7, 1860. 12The accounts do not agree on the time, but reports of observers suggest 7:15 as the hour of departure. See Missouri Republican, April 5, 1860; Weekly West, April 7, 1860; Leavenworth Daily Times, April 5, 1800. The container developed for the Pony Express was not an ordinary saddle bag; it was a mochila, a leather covering with a cantina or leather pouch at each corner. Many riders and ponies participated in carrying one consignment of mail, but only the mochila made the entire trip. For discussion regarding the first rider, see Louise Piatt Hauck, "The Pony Express Celebra­ tion," Missouri Historical Review, XVII (July 1923), 435-40; Missouri Historical Review, XLI (April 1947), 342. 234 Missouri Historical Review

bags hanging from the broad saddle common in California was lettered "Overland Pony Express."13 As the westbound rider passed out of news zones, there was some anxiety in St. Joseph about the success of the undertaking. Two days before the eastbound express was due some of the citizens were "anxiously wait­ ing for the arrival of the first Pony Express from Califor­ nia," it being the opinion of some that the trip could be made in eight or nine days. The proprietors insisted, how­ ever, that barring accidents the express would arrive on schedule. The express arrived opposite St. Joseph at 4:30

p.m. on April 13 and entered From Visscher, Thrilling and Truthful the express office at St. Joseph Hist, of Pony Express at 5:00 p. m., exactly on time, The Pony Express Rider much to the honor of B. F. Ficklin, who deserves commendation for his role in handling the operation.14 Anticipating the reality when it was still a vision, one journalist had proposed that the arrival of the first express in St. Joseph, proving the feasibility of such a horse express, be celebrated as it deserved to be. Shortly after the first messenger arrived on April 13 a "spirited demonstration was in progress in St. Joseph." Citizens turned out "en masse" to witness the "memorable commemoration." Militia members donned their uniforms on short notice and paraded before the celebrants. Discharges from their musketry added to the noise, bonfires raged in the streets, fireworks illuminated the market square, church bells pealed out, and "constant huzzas spoke loudly of the importance of the event." Again, remarks were

13Chapman, Pony Express, 132; John Denton Carter, "Before the Telegraph; The News Service of the San Francisco Bulletin, 1855-1861," Pacific Historical Review, XI (September 1942), 314-15. The rider and his pony took the boat to Sacramento, where the first real rider set off. "The Liberty Weekly Tribune, April 20, 1860, quoting the St. Joseph Gazette, reported the arrival across the river at 4:30 and at the St. Joseph express office at 5:00 p. m. See also the Weekly West, April 21, 1860; St. Joseph Weekly Free Democrat, April 14, 1860; Missouri Republican, April 14, 1860. Benjamin F. Ficklin became route superintendent for the C. O. C. & P. P. Ex. Co. in 1859. He resigned in June, 1860, after a clash with Russell. The Pony Express Starts From St. Joseph 235 made "appropos" to the occasion. The ubiquitous Colonel Thomp­ son, now ex-mayor, eulogized the success of the Pony Express. The crowd dispersed with three cheers on three—"Hurrah then for the Pony Express and its enterprising proprietors. Long may they live and soon be the time when the 'Iron Horse' will supersede the Pony." The success of the express demonstrated "the practicability of communication between Atlantic and Pacific states in less than one-half the time required heretofore, and even this will be lessened by the extension of the Telegraph, until New York and San Fran­ cisco are joined in one fraternal embrace of progress, and time and the dreary space of hill and dale between is annihilated." Just as this had been printed, the transmission of news of the "complete success" of the experiment was delayed by the derangement of the telegraph line between St. Joseph and St. Louis on the evening of April 13.15 The promoters had demonstrated their ability as empire builders in launching the express on such brief notice. Their reck­ lessness was matched by the courage and endurance of the riders, whose reminiscences tell of many hair-raising episodes. The Pony Express established a fine record for speed and endurance, and the record time appears to have been set when news of Abraham Lincoln's inaugural address in March, 1861, was transmitted to California in seven days and 17 hours.16 The revenue, as had been foreseen, was not proportionate to the investment. But as far as the company was concerned some of these losses would certainly have been offset had the C. O. C. & P. P. Ex. Co. been awarded the lucrative contract for a daily mail to California, as provided by act of Congress on March 2, 1861.17 The transfer of the overland mail contract from the long Butter­ field route by way of El Paso, Tucson, and Los Angeles to San Francisco over to the South Pass and Salt Lake City to San Fran­ cisco line was a final blow to the promoters of the Pony Express. A subcontract with the Overland Mail Company by which the C. O. C. & P. P. Ex. Co. continued the pony express service under reduced rates prescribed by the Government did not bring returns

^Weekly Free Democrat, April 14, 1860; Weekly West, April 7, 14, 1860; St. Joseph Gazette, April 14, 1860; Marshall Democrat, April 25, 1860; Missouri Republican, April 14, 15, 1860. 16Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies," K. H. Q., XIV, 64; Dora Cowan, "St. Joseph, Missouri, As a Starting Point for Western Emigration, Freight, and Mail," (unpub­ lished Master's thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1939), 53. 17Ingraham, editor, Seventy Years, 185; Hafen, Overland Mail, 188-91, n. 468; Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies," K. H. Q., XIV, 63, n. 492. 236 Alissouri Historical Review sufficient to recoup their fortunes, and the company was further handicapped by the marred reputation resulting from the exposure of irregular financial transactions of William II. Russell, president of the company. Friends of the promoters of the Pony Express wished that "as one suitable reward, they will ere long have the satisfaction of know­ ing that they had been the means of hurrying forward the com­ mencement of that greatest American enterprise, the Pacific Railroad," and many believed that the success of the express had given "a new impulse to the Pacific Railroad in different parts of the union." The Eastern press had praised the express because it asked no Government subsidy, and Western papers emphasized that it was strictly a private affair. They were, however, outspoken in their hope that this new achievement of private energy would "prick the mind of the country to the necessity of Western wants and compel the Government to attend to these wants quickly."18

^Weekly West, April 7, 1860; Leavenworth Daily Times, January 30, April 15, 1800; Nebraska City, Nebraska, People's Press, November 1, 1860. THE PONY EXPRESS IN RETROSPECT

BY DONALD H. WELSH* As 1960 marks the Pony Express Centennial, it provides an opportunity to examine more carefully some of the points about which discussion has centered in recent years. There can be no doubt that Russell, Majors & Waddell, a firm which is closely associated with Missouri history, inaugurated the service. William Hepburn Russell, a native of Vermont, came to western Missouri in the late 1820's. After participating in a variety of busi­ ness enterprises in the area, he began freighting on the Great Plains in 1847, and in 1852 he joined William B. Waddell, a Lexington neighbor, to form the firm of Waddell & Russell. Alexander Majors, born in Kentucky, arrived in Lafayette County in 1819. In 1834 he started farming in Cass County and soon began to supplement his income through trade with the neighboring Indians. He embarked upon his first freighting expedi­ tion in 1848 and became a leader in that field.

From a painting by Julian Links. Courtesy Waddell Smith, Pony Express Hist. & Art Gallery, San Rafael, Calif. William H. Russell, Alexander Majors, and William B. Waddell, the Founders of the Pony Express

*Donald H. Welsh received his M.A. from the University of Montana and his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri. He is now assistant editor of the Missouri Historical Review. 237 238 Alissouri Historical Review

William Waddell, a native of Virginia, reached Lexington in 1835 or 1836 and engaged in a variety of business and civic enter­ prises. He later turned to freighting and in 1853 joined Russell in contracting to deliver military supplies to Fort Riley. In 1854 the quartermaster at Fort Leavenworth was instructed to make a single contract for the freighting of military supplies to Western posts for a two-year period and, since neither Russell, Majors, nor Waddell could finance such an undertaking, they formed the partnership in 1855 which was to be conducted in Lexington as Waddell, Russell & Company and in Jackson County as Majors & Russell. In 1858 the firm name was changed to Russell, Majors & Waddell.1 With the rising interest in the Pony Express there has been a growing curiousity about the appearance of the St. Joseph stables which sheltered the stock used by the express firm. Although local historians had known for years that the original stables had been altered, it was not known whether they had been restored or com­ pletely rebuilt. And then on March 15, 1950, an illustrated story in the St. Joseph Gazette reproduced an ink drawing of the stables made from a photograph of 1858 and printed in the St. Joseph Daily Herald, January 27, 1889. The Herald story includes the following information about "the old Pike's Peak stables, located on Penn street between Ninth and Tenth streets": Along toward the close of the fifties the Pike's Peak stables were quite a prominent institution in St. Joseph, but of the original building there is but little left now save the roof and a few pictures. ... In 1858 when gold was discovered at Pike's Peak . . . the Pike's Peak stables were built by "old Ben Holliday [sic]," as he was familiarly known, to accom­ modate the horses used in his overland freighting, and also to shelter the stock of the pony express . . . the original stable building was 60 x 125 feet. It was capable of quartering about 200 horses, besides it was surrounded by numerous sheds employed to shelter the wagons and also for horses when the stable room was scarce. The heavy timbers were of native lumber, while the walls were made of pine boards, with shingle roof. ... As soon as the railroads furnished a more iThe careers of Russell, Majors, and Waddell are most fully discussed in two books by Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Empire on Wheels (Stanford, California, 1949) and Saddles and Spurs (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1955). Russell died in 1872 and is buried at Palmyra, Missouri; Majors died in 1900 and is buried in Union Cemetery, Kansas City, Missouri; and Waddell died in 1872 and is buried in Machpelah Cemetery, Lexington, Missouri. The Pony Express in Retrospect 239

rapid means of transit to the rich country west of St. Joseph, the Pike's Peak stables were abandoned, and finally fell into the hands of Motter & McAleer, . . . After that time the stables were occupied by various parties for livery and other uses until about three years ago, when they were purchased by the St. Joseph Transfer company . . . [which] rebuilt the stables with brick, but in doing so preserved as much of the old material as was possible for the sake of the historical associations connected with the concern. They were rebuilt on the same plan of the original stables, and the roof [of] the present structure is the same that covered the old building.2 An examination of the pictures shows an obvious similarity between the sketch and the restored building, although a much different facade was installed. ;,:;v:f^ii5K During the Platte Purchase Centennial Celebration in 1938 the term "Pony Express Stables" was placed on the structure. In 1948 the St. Joseph Chamber of Commerce purchased the build­ ing. The late M. Karl Goetz soon established the Pony St. Joseph Daily Herald, Jan. 27, 1889 Express Foundation to restore Pike's Peak Stables, St. Joseph, 1858 and rebuild the stables with its present facade, and work began in 1950. The Foundation used the original timbers and brick in the restoration when possible, and the building opened as a museum in 1959.3 Although the Pony Express was organized by Russell, Ma­ jors & Waddell and began opera­ tion on April 3, 1860, it failed to receive Government recognition until passage of the Post Office Appropriation Bill of March 2, 1861, Which provided for dis- Courtesy XaCl Park Service continuance of operations over Pony Exprcss stables, St. Joseph, the Southern Route on or before 1947

*St. Joseph Daily Herald, January 27, 1889. 3This subject has been treated in detail in Floyd C. Shoemaker, "The Pony Express—Com­ memoration, Stables, and Museum," Missouri Historical Revieiv, XLIV (July 1950), 343-63. See also Museum Graphic, XI (Spring 1959). 240 Missouri Historical Review

July 1, 1861, specified that the contractors on that route should "transport the entire letter mail six times a week on the central route" for $1,000,000 annually, and ordered: They shall also be required, during the continuance of their contract, or until the completion of the overland tele­ graph, to run a pony express semi-weekly, at a schedule time of ten days, eight months, and twelve days four months, carrying for the Government, free of charge, nve pounds of mail matter, with the liberty of charging the public for trans­ portation of letters by said express not exceeding one dollar per half ounce.4 The act further provided that the contractors should continue to receive payment while moving to the new route and receive in addi­ tion two months pay on their present contract as liquidated damages. If the Overland Mail Company did not accept this modi­ fication by March 25 the Postmaster General was to advertise for bids and let the contract to the lowest bidder. Russell, Majors & Waddell continued to operate the Pony F2xpress until this contract went into effect on July 1, 1861. The question has frequently arisen as to why Russell, Majors & Waddell, which had by March 2, 1861, operated the Pony F^xpress for eleven months, failed to receive this contract. An examination of the Congressional debates indicates why the Overland Mail Com­ pany, a veteran of 30 months on the Southern Route, was favored. Senator Milton Slocum Latham of California summarized the argument on February 28, 1861, when he stated: My colleague says there are other claimants besides the Butterfield company; and he alludes to the gentlemen who are doing service over the central line. I recognize their right, and I recognize the great service they have done for the Government; but their contract expires on the 30th of June, the very day that this new service is to go into operation. This service is to commence, under any of the bills, at the time their contract expires, and hence they can have no claim for damages against the Government; and in order that there might be no question as to these persons coming to the Government for damages, I understand that the Butterfield company have agreed to take the stock belonging to the contractors on that line, according to an appraised price, so

4Unitcd States, Statutes al Large, XII, 206. The Pony Express in Retrospect 241

that there can be no cause of complaint. The present contrac­ tors running that service have signified an unwillingness to carry this mail matter at the rate of $1,000,000. I refer to Mr. Russell, or the California and Pike's Peak Express company ... of which he is president. Therefore 1 do not see that any injury can be done to them.5 Senator W. M. Gwin of California, who had been in close touch with Russell, Majors, and Waddell for several months, stated of the firm on that same day: These contractors, by the transfer of the Butterfield con­ tractors to their route, are to be sacrificed in all the improve­ ments they have made. They have got stations, they have got teams, as fine as there are in the world, and coaches; and they ought at least to have the opportunity, in open market, to bid for this contract; . . .6 But a few hours later Senator Gwin commented: The present contractors on the central route [Russell, Majors & Waddell] had a proposition before the Post Office Committee, for a long time, to do it for that sum [daily service over the Central Route for $1,000,000 annually], but just as we commenced this discussion, I was authoritatively inform­ ed that they had withdrawn their proposition, uncondi­ tionally. My colleague, to-day, stated the reasons. They have made arrangements with the Butterfield company, to sell their property and get paid for it. They withdrew this proposition to carry the mail for $1,000,000, and concurred in

'"Congressional Globe, 36th Congress, 2d Session, 1,275. For additional opinion by Senator Latham see Ibid., 1,268; see also the comment by Senator Stephen A. Douglas in Ibid., 1,277. Jones, Russell & Company, organized by John S. Jones and William H. Russell, began operat­ ing Leavenworth and Pike's Peak Express stages between Leavenworth and Denver in May, 1859. On May 11, 1859, the firm purchased J. M. Hockaday's contract to carry mail from .St. Joseph to Salt Lake City, effective May 15. Late in February, 1860, the C. O. C. & P. P. Ex. Co., incorporated on February 13, 1860, assumed management of the Leavenworth and Pike's Peak stages, without change in service. In May, 1860, the Post Office Department annulled George Chorpenning's contract for twice-a-month mail service from Salt Lake City to Placerville because of failure "to perform the service in accordance with the terms of his contract" and awarded a new contract to Russell. This gave the C. O. C. & P. P. Ex. Co. control of the mail service over the Central Route from St. Joseph to California. See House Executive Documents, 36th Congress, 2d Session, X, No. 73, 347, 447 [Serial 11011. See also Hafen, Overland Mail, 156-57; George A. Root and Russell K. Hickman, "The Pike's Peak Express Companies," Kansas Historical Quarterly, XIII (November 1945), 485-90, and XIV (February 1946), 72-84. ^Congressional Globe, 36th Congress, 2d Session, 1,271. 242 Missouri Historical Review

the proposition to give it to these other contractors [Overland Mail Company] for $1,150,0()0.7 Much the same thing transpired in the house debates. On March 2, 1861, Congressman Schuyler Colfax of Indiana stated: Mr. Russell . . . said last year that the [daily] service could be performed for $900,000. This year he states that it cannot be performed for less than $1,000,000, and said that he did not desire the contract himself at that price. . . . If you annul this contract [Overland Mail Company on the Southern Route], of course you will have to pay liberal damages. They will ask us to pay them damages; and every­ body will expect us to pay them remunerating damages for loss of stations, stock, equipage, produce on hand, &c.8 One of his colleagues, Congressman Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett of Virginia, commented a short time later: Mr. Russell is the pony express man. I understand that this Mr. Russell, who is now under a criminal prosecution by this Government in regard to certain bonds abstracted from the Interior Department, is the pony express contractor to which this amendment applies. ... I do not think he is precisely the man who should be intrusted with these immense privileges for which you propose to tax the commer­ cial men of the country.9 Soon after accepting the terms set forth in the bill, the Overland Mail Company concluded a contract by which the Central Overland California & Pike's Peak F'xpress Company, beginning July 1, 1861, agreed to handle all mail and passengers between the Missouri River and Salt Lake City for $470,000 annually for the mail after the deduction of half the amount paid for sea service, half the receipts for through express and passenger service, half the receipts from the Pony Express, and 70 per cent of the receipts from local business between the Missouri River and Salt Lake City. At the same time the firm contracted with the Western Stage Company to pay jointly with the Overland Mail Company $20,000 annually, and in turn Western agreed to discontinue all service west of Fort Kearny. This gave the Overland Mail Company and the C. O. C. & P. P. Ex. Co. a monopoly on mail and passenger service through the

Hbid., 1,277. Hbid., 1,418. Hbid., 1,420. The Pony Express in Retrospect 243

area and Russell, forwarding the contracts to Waddell on March 20, stated that he believed them "to be all the Co. could ask and as much as I ever encouraged them to hope for, and with all an A No. 1 contract, one that will pay big money if well managed, I am very content."10 The arrangement would seem to have been advan­ tageous for both firms. The career of the Pony Express was to be brief, however, as the colorful pony could not hope to compete with the electric telegraph. The story of the closing of the operation after 19 months is told tersely in the report of the Postmaster General for 1861, "The over­ land telegraph having been completed, the running of the pony express was discontinued October 26, 1861."11 Controversy has risen in recent years over the role played by Wells, Fargo & Company in the operation of the Pony Express during its latter days. Although it is difficult to give a definite answer to that question, these pieces of evidence are available: The Butterfield Overland Mail Company is now under the control of Wells, Fargo & Company of New York. Mr. But­ terfield has been deposed from the Presidency and replaced by William B. Dinsmore of Adams F^xpress Company.12 The Herald's Washington correspondent says that the Butterfield Overland Mail Company is now under the control of Wells, Fargo & Co.13 Another clause [in the Overland Mail Company-C. O. C. & P. P. Ex. Co.] provided that the Overland Mail Company should have the right to make an exclusive contract with Wells, Ivargo & Company to handle all express going east from any point west of Salt Lake City and all business ori­ ginating in the east going west of that point.14 The story of American express companies in the pre-Civil War period shows that the same names appear over and over again among the directors and that competitors frequently organized new companies in order to create a favorable economic atmosphere. In 1850 interests represented by Henry Wells, John Butterfield, William G. Fargo, and Johnston Livingston combined to form the American Express Company. In 1852 these men with their asso-

10As quoted in Settle, Empire on Wheels, 124. "Senate Executive Documents, 37th Congress, 2d Session, No. 1, III, 560 [Serial 1119]. ™New York Herald, April 16, 1860. 13San Francisco Alia California, April 30, 1860. "Settle, Saddles and Spurs, 182. 244 Alissouri Historical Review ciates organized Wells, Fargo & Company as an allied firm to operate in the West, with Wells, F'argo, and Livingston as members of the board of directors. When the Overland Mail Company was organized in 1857 to inaugurate regular and rapid stage communica­ tion between East and West, the board of directors included Butter­ field, Livingston, and Fargo. Other names to appear more than once in these three directorates include Alexander Holland, who was treasurer of both the American Express Company and the Overland Mail Company; Hamilton Spencer; Elijah P. J. Williams; and Dan- ford N. Barney, who was president of Wells, Fargo & Company and on the board of the Overland Mail Company.15 In addition, William B. Dinsmore, who was originally vice president of the Overland Mail Company and became president in April, 1860, had been a partner with Alvin Adams in the Adams Express Company since the early 1840's. An itemized list of costs for service over the Central Route from July 1, 1861, to July 1, 1864, while the Overland Mail Company had the contract, shows Government payments to S. M. Shoemaker, trustee for the Adams Express Company, $100,000; to Wells, Fargo & Company as assignees, $2,650,000; and to A. J. Center, treasurer of the Overland Mail Company, $460,000.16 And so the indications are that Wells, Fargo & Company, as a powerful Western firm, had some influence on the operations of the Pony Express during its last four months. But certainly this need not detract from the accomplishments of the three Missourians, William Russell, Alexander Majors, and William Waddell, who organized this colorful and spectacular business and operated it for 15 months in the face of almost insurmountable obstacles.

15Roscoe P. Conkling and Margaret B. Conkling, The Butterfield Overland Mail, 1857-1869 (Glendale, 1947), I, 123, and II, 376, lists the boards of directors of these firms. ^Senate Executive Documents, 46th Congress, 3d Session, No. 24, 5 [Serial 1941]. DR. BROWN'S ST. LOUIS

BY JOHN FRANCIS MCDERMOTT*

My only connection with the history of dentistry is Dr. B. B. Brown. Since I first met him more than 15 years ago, our paths have crossed occasionally. I have not come to know him well enough to penetrate the full secret of his initials, but I have gradually learned something of his story and can see him against a background of his times in St. Louis.1 Dr. Brown received his medical and surgical education at the University of Pennsylvania and began practising dentistry in 1828. Five years later he established himself in frontier St. Louis, and his professional card announcing the availability of his services, as was the custom, appeared from time to time in the local papers. Occa­ sional evidence turns up to show that Dr. Brown was regularly occupied with the ordinary work of the practitioner: in 1841, for example, he performed four separations for and removed the tartar from the teeth of a Miss Graham at a charge of $5, and later in that year he prepared nine gold plugs for her at $2 each.2 But his profes­ sional interests were not limited to dental and surgical practice. He was one of the founders of the Medical Society of Missouri in 1836 and its first recording secretary; two years later he was correspond­ ing secretary. In 1836 and 1837 (and possibly in other years) he was demonstrator in anatomy at St. Louis University. In the spring of 1840 he served as examiner in chemistry and natural philosophy at the public examination of pupils at Philip Mauro's school for young ladies.3 Towards the close of the 1840's (the St. Louis directory of 1848 still listed him as a resident) the natural affinity of gold for dentists drew Dr. Brown to California where a nephew, Dr. W. B. Gildea, had preceded him and died at Sutter's in 1846. This

*John Francis McDermott, a native of St. Louis, received his A.B. and M.A. from Washington University, where lie is now associate professor of English. Professor McDermott is the author of numerous articles and books dealing with the West. 1 Since this paper was read at the luncheon meeting of the American Academy of the History of Dentistry, St. Louis, September 6, 1952, Dr. J. Ben Robinson has written me that Brown received an honorary D.D.S. from the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1843, and Dr. Milton W. Asbell has informed me that the obituary of Dr. William Brown Gildea in the American Journal of Dental Surgery, VII (September 1846), 120, mentions Brown as his nephew's instructor in dentistry. The St. Louis directory for 1847 discloses his first name as Benjamin but preserves the secret of the second "B." 2Richard Graham Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 3St. Louis city directories for 1836, 1838, 1840; St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 4, 1837; May 9, 1840. He was also a member of the Society of the Illuminati. 245 246 Alissouri Historical Review

$T LOUIS UNiVCRSJTY \H t84S

St. Louis University in 1841

removal, however, did not cut him off from our city, for in 1857 he was elected a corresponding member of the year-old Academy of Science of St. Louis. He was then living in Sacramento. Such was Dr. Brown's life in capsule form. A picture of the St. Louis in which he lived and worked will help us to see him more vividly. When Dr. Brown arrived here in 1833, St. Louis was 69 years old. Founded by Pierre LaClede in 1764 as a trading post, the place quickly acquired about 40 families from the French villages of the Illinois Country who were disturbed by the prospect of becoming British citizens. St. Louis was no backwoods settlement, no chance accumulation of houses about a mission, but a planned town. It was the seat of a lieutenant governor of the province of Louisiana and so of military and political importance as well as economic. From the fur trade came a considerable degree of wealth, and William Henry Harrison found in 1804 that some of the citizens lived in as good style as anyone in the great eastern seaboard cities. He found houses of stone as large as 90 by 55 feet, two-storied with garrets and cellars, with summer kitchens, slave quarters, and other service buildings in the backyards. He found ladies and gentlemen in silk and satin, sat down to tables well laid with sterling silver, and saw rooms well supplied with books. At the time of the transfer this important center in the midst of the wilderness (it was 1,000 to 1,500 miles from places of greater Dr. Brown's St. Louis 247 size) still numbered only about 1,000 people, and one-third of those were slaves and free people of color. The Louisiana Purchase, of course, opened the country to unrestricted American settlement, and by 1821, the year of statehood, the town had nearly 5,000 people. When Dr. Brown arrived the population was perhaps 7,000. Thereafter growth was ever faster: in 1840 the population was 16,000, and by the time Dr. Brown left for the land of gold it had risen to 75,000. St. Louis Courthouse, ca. 1840 What this thriving place looked like to Brown can be shown by quoting from the letter of a young merchant who came here to look over business prospects in 1834. Marbel Camden wrote to his wife: Unless all the signs of the times decieve me this is cer­ tainly amoung the most growing & business doing citys I have ever seen. Enterprise & Industry must & will meet its due reward. The time is not far off when St Louis will rank high amoung the commercial citys of the new World. What progress it may make towards a character & reputation for learning & politeness I am not able to conjecture. Many places above this on each of the rivers are growing up into some Importance & boast that they will cripple if not rival St Louis—this tho is altogether impossible. Roman C Reli­ gion is the prevailing & popular doctrine here, altho other Religious Denominations flourish. French manners & cus­ toms are beginning to give way indeed the city is every way under American Influence. The country above is more rapidly filling up than even we had supposed, every Boat comes in crowded & the Hotels & Boarding Houses do not afford sufficient room & accommodations to receive strangers — Marketting is low & yet Board is high. Even when now there is so much travelling that there is no longer a necessity for Tavern Keepers to keep good & cheap Houses, expenses are double what 3 years ago they were, tis the fashion now a days to travel & all young & married are pushing through the 248 Alissouri Historical Review

country, when their monied means are exhausted they sell out their furniture to raise more — tis said that many are reduced to their carpets which are now offered for sale to enable owners to make one more trip. Times things & People must alter. Reaction will come & with it I hope to see the old order of bye gone times restored. We have too many & too much improvement & too much is yet looked for. Many men who are regarded as intelligent are convinced that the time is close by when men will learne to fly &c &c. 100 citys are now going up in Mo & 111 as owners think to rival New York, even now they immagine themselves some how or other connected with the wide Pacific. But the strangest infatuation of all under which many labour is the Banking Mania. The Difficulty of making Banks is no longer in the way—Money as a matter of course must & will be good & plenty.

To day I was at the Presb. church & heard a good Sermon. The House was well filled with People displaying I think as many ugly Faces & as much cheap & low priced Dry Goods as I ever saw in a Respectable P church. I was not a little supprised to see so little taste & fashion & Beauty amoung the Ladies, had you been here you would have been called &f thought the Meeting House Beauty. This Evening I called at the Catholic church one amoung the most beautiful & costly Buildings I have ever seen, the Paintings are unusually pretty & costly, the music & indeed all about the House was correspondingly elegant. . . . The Court House is a good Building & the Location a good one. the Theater judging from the outside is a poor concern. The met[hodist] church is a good substantial, large & plain House. Conference is now held or rather in Session—The famous Water Works I have not been out to see—My Wants & Business have taken me every where in the city, there are many vacancies to be filled in the most pleasant as well as the most Business streets in the City. Many of the streets are not paved & will be muddy enough, property is verry high, the Situation of this place is as good as could be desired. I see nothing to prevent its becomeing one of the Big American citys & upon the whole I like it very much, (yet I do not love Musketoes)4

4Camden Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Dr. Brown's St. Louis 249

Now Dr. Brown enjoyed a more active part in the intellectual life of St. Louis than my introductory sketch indicated. Although we have little more than an occasional listing of his name with which to work, we can reconstruct his public career with some satisfaction and through it glimpse many facets of life in this frontier city. He was, for instance, one of the seven incorporators of the Western Academy of Science in 1837 and its first corresponding secretary.5 The following year he was named vice president and chairman of the Department of Zoology, and he gave a number of zoological and mineralogical specimens to the "cabinet" of the Academy. In 1840 he was elected president. Though the records of this organization are lost, it is certain that he continued to be active in its affairs, for when John James Audubon came to St. Louis in 1843 the certificate of honorary membership voted the famous ornithologist was signed by B. B. Brown as vice president.6 With such interest it is likely that he talked with the amateur ethno­ grapher, Prince Maximilian of Neu-Wied, on his return from the Upper Missouri in 1834; with the astronomer-topographer, J. N. Nicollet, during some of his visits to St. Louis while engaged in exploring the upper reaches of the Mississippi and Missouri; with the botanist, Charles Geyer, who had accompanied Nicollet-, and with Thomas Nuttall and John K. Townsend when they passed through St. Louis on the way to the Rockies and the West Coast. Not long after his arrival Dr. Brown became interested in the public library. The wSt. Louis Library Association (the great­ grandfather, so to speak, of the St. Louis Mercantile Library) had been formed in 1824 and, though its fortunes had varied, by the middle 1830's its shelves held 3,000 volumes for the entertainment and edification of its subscribers. Among its books one could find not merely the ancient and modern classics and the standard works of reference but the very latest fiction and the most widely read travel books. Sir Walter Scott, James I^enimore Cooper, and Edward George Bulwer-Lytton were favorite novelists, George Gordon Byron the most popular poet, and Washington Irving was near the top in non-fiction. The autobiography of Davy Crockett, the Memoirs of Francois Eugene Vidocq, Six Months in a Convent by Rebecca Reed, the novels of William Gilmore Simms and Frederick Marryatt, the letters of Horace Walpole, Paul Prys

5Mary J. Klem, "The History of Science in St. Louis," Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, XXIII (1914), 114; Missouri Republican, January 13, 1837. 6This diploma was reproduced in the unnumbered pages at the close of Maria R. Audubon and Elliott Coues, Audubon and his Journals, II (New York, 1897). 250 Alissouri Historical Review

Comic Sketch Book, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's Discovery of the Source of the Mississippi, Mrs. Frances Trollope's latest work, William Prout's Chemistry and Aleteorology—books for every taste were there. Washington Irving spent some time in St. Louis in 1832 on his way to the prairies of the Southwest; no sooner was his Tour on the Prairies published than it was purchased by the Library Association.7 Though most of its volumes were purchased new, the library willingly accepted gifts. Dr. Brown in March 1835 donated Hugh Blair's Lectures, Tales of the Priory, Last of the Lairds, the New Gil Bias, and Books of Plays. In 1836 he was chairman of the Board of Directors; during his year of service the library added 250 new volumes to its collections. Chief among the donors that year was Brown, who gave eleven works; it is pleasing to see the breadth of interest indicated by these titles: Guiseppi Acerbi's Travels; The Lady of the Alanor; Lafayette in America; The Milesian Chief; Military Sketch Book; Tom Cringle s Log; History of America; History of Ireland; Homer's Iliad; the Western Messenger; Loss and Gain. The last of these titles, as well as the cryptic reference to a gift of Books of Plays the year before, shows another interest of Dr. Brown, the theater. Loss and Gain was a five-act play by T. Somers Nelson published in St. Louis in 1835. Very likely Brown saw the production of it in January, 1836, in the theater of which Marbel Camden had been so contemptuous. Whatever that young mer­ chant had thought of it, the old "salt house theater" had seen many a production of good, bad, and indifferent drama, Shakespeare and the latest farce from New York or Philadelphia, grand opera and ballet and vaudeville, since it had begun business as a showhouse a good many years earlier. We can be sure, too, that Brown attended the new theater opened in 1837 and described for us by another traveler a year later: The Theatre is situated.at the corner of 3d & Olive street; this is quite a respectable theatre; the building is about 150 feet by 80, with two tiers of boxes & gallery; the Pit or Parquette, as it is here called, is fitted up in better stile than we mostly see in the Eastern cities; there the pit is generally half price, and benches for seats, in consequence of which it is very much crowded and that, too, with the lower Classes;

7For this library consult John Francis McDermott, "Public Libraries in St. Louis, 1811-1839," Library Quarterly, XIV (January 1944), 9-27. Dr. Brown's St. Louis 251

quarrels & fights are common. But here the seats of the Parquette are chairs; every one has his chair, there can be no crowding; the price of admission to the Parquette is the same as to the boxes; the consequence is, the Parquette is filled (when full) with men of respectability, taste & learning; the pit is the best place in the theatre if you can get a convenient seat, and men mostly, when they wish to see or criticize on a performance, take the pit in preference; they can hear more distinctly and see plainer than in any other part of the house, being nearer the performers and right in front of the stage. The Gallery is but half price; this part of the house is general­ ly intended for the hard customers, Darkies, &c, &c. This house will hold 12 to 1500 persons without much inconveni­ ence. The interior of the house presents quite a neat appear­ ance; the principal ceiling is canvassed with paintings of the Muses. . . . The exterior of the building makes rather a poor show, not being yet finished; it is intended to be plastered and a splendid Portico to be erected in front; if this is ever done, the house will make a splendid appearance. The hard times in money matters had quite a visible effect on the finishing of the exterior of the house. It has already cost upwards of $60,000. . . .8

You will recall that Dr. Brown gave a volume of the Western Messenger to the library in 1836. I do not know his religious persua­ sion, but it is quite possible that he was a Unitarian, for the Western Messenger was a famous Unitarian monthly published first at Cincinnati and later at Louisville between 1835 and 1841. There can be no doubt at all that Brown was acquainted with William Green leaf Eliot, who came out in 1834 to organize the first Unitarian parish (and was later the founder of Washington University), for Eliot served on the library board and was a member of the Western Academy of Science. Whether Unitarian or not, Dr. Brown had a variety of churches to choose among. Founded as a French town in a Spanish province, St. Louis was Catholic in its beginnings, though among the educated in the colonial days there was much Voltairian free-thinking. In the early days of the new century Protestantism came in with the Americans. Presbyterian and Baptist churches were started in

8T. M. Marshall, editor, "The Journal of Henry B. Miller," Missouri Historical Society Collections, VI (1931), 254-255. 252 Missouri Historical Review

1817; then the Methodist, and in 1819 an Episcopalian group was organized. By the time Brown arrived a second Presbyterian Church had been founded. Late in 1834 Eliot arrived to represent the Unitarians. So Dr. Brown had a choice ranging from Catholic­ ism to Unitariansim, from the rough atheism of the frontier to the deism and ireethinking of the philosophically educated. in the early years of Brown's residence here he might have read, if he chose, not merely the Western Messenger y but also the St. Louis Observer edited by Elijah P. Lovejoy, violent Presbyterian, whose mission as he conceived it was to fight the "menace of Rome." From this weekly he could have turned to another, The Shepherd of the Valley, which assured Catholics of the soundness of their position and lashed out vigorously at Lovejoy in return for his attentions. To top the matter there was, finally, the Western Examiner, which undertook to expose the error and stupidity and folly of all the Christian churches. It seems very likely, too, that Dr. Brown had some interest in art, though unfortunately I cannot name or describe any picture he owned. He did contribute one or more pictures to an exhibition held in St. Louis in 1838 for the joint benefit of the Protestant-Catholic orphans of the city.9 He must have met at this time the portrait painter, Daniel Steele, who also had a share in that show. And he must have been acquainted with Mary H. Mauro, since he served as public examiner for her father's school in 1840. Possibly his portrait was done by one or the other of those artists. There were 20 other artists resident in St. Louis during his years here or visiting the town as itinerants doing heads, the most famous of whom were Emanual de Franca and George Caleb Bingham. Surely Brown knew Leon Pom a rede, who in 1832 painted one of the earliest views of St. Louis and in 1834 decorated the Catholic Cathedral. His scientific interest as well as his courtesy John F. McDermott general curiosity would have led St. Louis Cathedral, 1835 him to talk with Sir William

^Missouri Saturday News, March 17, 1838. In 1840 J. Philipp Gerke painted Brown's portrait. See Brown to Dr. George Englemann, St. Louis, February 8, 1840, Engelmann Collection, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Dr. Brown's St. Louis 253

Drummond Stewart when that English sportsman returned trom the mountains in 1837, and he must then have seen the fat portfolios of watercolors that his artist, Alfred J. Miller, brought back as a record of the trip, just as in all likelihood he had looked over Karl Bodmer's sketchbooks when that Swiss artist had come back down the Missouri with Prince Max of Neu-Wied three years earlier. He must have met George Catlin, famous for his Indian portraits and his views of Upper Mississippi and Missouri River scenery, during some of the artist's visits to St. Louis. The frontier genre pictures of Charles Deas and the St. Louis and western town views of John Caspar Wild undoubtedly were familiar to him, for in the 1840's these were regarded as St. Louis artists. Dr. Brown had some interest, too, in public education, for in 1840-1841 he was director of a school for apprentices and minors maintained by the Mechanics Society.10 This group was more intellectually imposing than the name may seem to indicate, for professional men and merchants as well as skilled craftsmen belonged to this cultural organization which was primarily con­ cerned with improving the educational standards of the working class young. The Mechanics Society took over the collections of the old Library Association from the St. Louis Lyceum about 1844 and maintained a subscription lib­ rary until the establishment of the Mercantile Library a year or two later. We know that Dr. Brown shared all these phases of life in St. Louis. Had we more time, we might picture him going about town as others did, walk­ ing to Chouteau's Pond of an M,"'jM'iM evening, having a soda with Mercantile Library in 1856 ladies at Vinton's or a drink at The Shades, moving among election day crowds as Henry Miller did in 1838, attending the funeral of William Clark (many hundreds of St. Louisans followed the hearse to Colonel O'Fallon's farm north of the city), making an excursion up the Mississippi to Nauvoo or the Flails of St. Anthony, joining in the reception for Dickens—but we have no more time.

i°City directory for 1840. MISSOURI'S PROGRAM FOR HIGHWAY HISTORIC MARKING, 1959

DIRECTED BY FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER* INSCRIPTIONS BY RUBY M. ROBINS**

PART I

During 1959, the eighth year of the State's program for highway historic marking, nine new markers were completed. This brings the total of completed markers to 99 for historic sites in 92 of Missouri's 114 counties and the City of St. Louis. Begun in 1951, the State's highway historic marker program is the joint effort of The State Historical Society of Missouri and the State Highway Commission. The Society, through its Secretary and Finance Committee, selects the sites to be marked, supplies the inscriptions, and pays for the markers through appropriation made by the General Assembly and approved by the Governor. The State Highway Commission locates the site for the marker and installs and maintains it. Of the 90 markers completed between 1951 and 1958, all but seven have been installed. These await selection of site, highway relocation, or construction of a turnout. Selection of locations for the nine markers finished this past year is not yet complete. Dedication cermonies have been held for 20 or these handsome, two-sided, blue and gold markers which are topped by the State Seal in full color. The markers which have been dedicated are: Arrow Rock, Bethel, Bowling Green, Cape Girardeau, Cassville, Cedar County (near Stockton), Fort Orleans (in Carroll County), Fredericktown, Hermann, Kennett, Kingston, Liberty, Macon, Neosho, New London, New Madrid, Osceola, Tipton, Trenton, and Washington. This series of two articles will give the inscriptions for the nine markers completed in 1959 for Boonville, Cass County, Harrison County, Lawrence County, McDonald County, Mississippi Count)', Polk County, Scotland County, and Wayne County. Two counties

*Floyd C. Shoemaker, B.A., M.A., LL.D., University of Missouri, secretary and librarian of The State Historical Society of Missouri and editor of the Missouri Historical Review. **Ruby M. Robins, B.A., M.A., University of Maryland; formerly taught at Montgomery Blair Senior High School, Silver Spring, Md.; now director of research of highway historical marker project of The State Historical Society of Missouri.

254 Alissouri's Program for Highway Historic Marking, 1959 255 slated for marking in 1959, Clinton and Mercer, had to be deferred until later because of budgetary considerations. Articles on the marker program and the inscriptions on the 90 markers completed between 1951 and 1958 have been carried in these issues of the Review. January, April, July, 1955; April, July, October, 1957; April, July, October, 1958; and January, April, July, 1959. These articles reproduced inscriptions on the follow­ ing markers: Altenburg, Arrow Rock, Bagnell Dam, Bethel, Bonne Terre, Boonville-Franklin, Bowling Green, Canton, Cape Girardeau, Carthage, Caruthersville, Cassville, Cedar County, Chillicothe, Christian County, Clark County, Columbia, Daniel Boone-Gottfried Duden, DeKalb County, Doniphan, Edina, Eminence, F^ayette, Fort Davidson, Fort Orleans, F'ort Osage, FYedericktown, Fulton, Galena, Galla­ tin, Glasgow, Harmony Mission, Hermann, Independence, Jefferson City, Jefferson County, Joplin, Kansas City, Ken­ nett, Keytesville, Kingston, Kirksville, Laclede, Lamar, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lexington, Liberty, Louisiana, Macon, Marble Hill, Mark Twain State Park, Maryville, Mexico, Moberly, Montgomery County, Neosho, Nevada, New London, New Madrid, Osceola, Osage County, Palmyra, Platte County, Poplar Bluff, Potosi, Richmond, Rock Port, Rolla, St. Charles, St. Joseph, St. Louis (City), St.. Louis County, Ste. Genevieve, Salem, Sedalia, Springfield, Taney County, Texas County, Tipton, Trenton, Troy, Unionville, Van Buren, Warrensburg, Warsaw, Washington, Webster County, West Plains, and Wright County. The inscriptions to be reproduced here are quoted continuously and not line for line as they appear on the marker. The inscriptions for these large markers, located off the highway so that the motorist must stop to read them, give information on sites of interest, outstanding achievements and personages, and characteristics of the land within the orbit of the marker. The text is carried on each side of the marker and is a unit in itself, yet each side complements the other. Wording and use of abbreviated forms are determined by the length of the marker line. At the bottom of each side of the marker, but not reproduced here, is the information, "Erected by State Historical Society of Missouri and State Highway Commission, 1958." A line is here used to separate the two sides of the marker inscription. 256 Alissouri Historical Review

BOONVILLE

Historic Boonville's first settlers were pioneer mother Hannah Allison Cole and her 9 children who located on the Missouri River bluffs where St. Joseph Hospital now stands, 1810. Hannah, whose husband William T. Cole was killed by Indians, ran first river ferry here. In the War of 1812, her place served a wide area as a neighbor­ hood fort. Boonville, on trails west and southwest, was laid out in 1817 by Charles Lucas and Asa Morgan and named for Daniel Boone. It became the seat of Cooper County, 1819. Second county in the Boons Lick Region, it was organized, 1818, and named for pioneer Sarshall Cooper. Boonville grew as a river port, distribution point, and cultural center. Thespian Hall (Lyric), oldest theatre in use in Mississippi Valley, was built, 1855-57. In 1844, a boarding school opened which is today known as The Kemper School. The first State Fair was held here in 1853. The Battle of Boonville, first engagement of the War Between the States in Missouri, occurred near town, June 17, 1861. Federals under Gen. Nathaniel Lyon routed untrained State Guards under Gen. John S. Marmaduke.

Boonville, in an upland prairie county of grain and livestock farming, is in territory ceded by Osage tribes, 1808. Settlers from the South were later joined by many from Germany. By early 1900's the M. K. T. and Mo. Pac. railroads supplanted river trade. The railroad bridge at Boonville was built in 1874 and the highway bridge in 1924. Points of interest are the town's historic markers; Harley City Park; Christ Episcopal Church (1846); Walnut Grove r^ J i\ /r HP • • c u 1 National Park Service Cemetery. Mo. 1 raining School for Boys dates from 1889. Atop Christ Episcopal Church Oldest . , r Episcopal Church Building in an Indian mound near mouth of Missouri Alissouri's Program for Highway Historic Marking, 1959 257

the Lamine, in Cooper County, is grave of fur trader, first Mo. Lt. Gov. William H. Ashley. South is Chouteau Springs, part of the land given Pierre Chouteau by the Osage, 1792. At Rocky Cut, near Otterville, the James and Younger Boys robbed a train, July 7, 1876. Here was born William M. Williams, Mo. Supreme Court Justice; Lon V. Stephens, Gov. of Mo., 1897-1901; Walter Williams, journalist, educator. Here lived David Barton, first Mo. U. S. Senator; Jacob F. Gmelich, Lt. Gov., 1909-13; George G. Vest, lawyer, statesman; George C. Bingham, Mo. artist; C. C. Bell, horticulturist.

CASS COUNTY

Midway on Missouri's western border, Cass County was organized in 1835 and named Van Buren. The Free-Soil Party affiliation of Martin Van Buren led to name change, 1849, for Democrat Lewis Cass. In territory ceded by Osage tribes 1825, the county was first settled 1828, by David Creek. Early pioneers were mainly from Ky., Tenn., Va. Harrisonville, the county seat, was laid out 1837, and named for Albert G. Harrison, Mo. Congressman. The 1897 courthouse is the county's third. Pleasant Hill, the second town founded, was laid out, 1844, near store opened by "Blois," a French Canadian, 1833.

Pit a sunt II ill Times Back Home, April 1865, a Mural by Tom Lea 258 Missouri Historical Review

Torn by strife in the 1854-59 Mo.-Kan. Border War, Cass was one of the counties named in Union Gen. Thomas Ewing's Order No. 11. Issued Aug. 25, 1863, to curb guerrilla warfare, it. forced people Irom their homes except in or near Union-held Pleasant Hill and Harrisonville. Near Freeman is site of the "Battle of Morris- town," where about 500 men under Union Colonel H. P. Johnson, who was killed, routed some 100 State Guards led by Col. H. 1. Irvin, Sept., 1861. Resettlement brought the county a 19,296 pop. by 1870.

County of handsome livestock and grain farms, Cass is in Missouri's Western Prairie Region. During 1865-1904, the Mo. Pac; M. K. T.; K. C. So.; C. R. I. & Pac; Frisco; K. C, Clinton & Spfd. railroads were built in the county and many towns laid out. Pleasant TTill and Harrisonville grew as shipping points. In 1872 the county was victimized by a county court railroad bond swindle. Two of the guilty officials, out on bond, and a Iriend, attempting to leave, were killed by a mob which boarded their train at Gunn City. No one was ever punished. It took some 50 years to pay the bond debt. At Belton is buried temperance agitator Carry (Moore) Nation (1846-1911). Her grave marker states "She hath done what she could." In Pleasant Hill post office is Tom Lea's mural "Back Home April, 1865." Buried in cemetery there are Confed. Gen. Hiram S. Bledsoe and Caroline Abbott Stanley, the author of novel "Order No. 11," and there lived Mo. geologist Garland Carr Broad­ head (1827-1912) and political scientist James A. Smith (1860-1924). Musician Robert Russell Bennett lived near Freeman as a vouth.

HARRISON COUNTY

Here in the undulating glacial plains of north central Missouri, Harrison is one of 9 counties forming the State's border with Iowa. Twenty-sixth in size of Missouri's 114 counties, and second largest on the border, it was organized 1845 and named for Mo. Congress­ man Albert G. Harrison. Now 720 sq. miles, it did not achieve its Missouri's Program for Highway Historic Marking, 1959 259 present size until the U. S. Supreme Court established the Missouri- Iowa boundary in 1851. Bethany, the seat of justice, first called Dallas, was laid out 1845 at direction of John Allen, county seat commissioner, later member 1861 State Convention. Bethany is prototype of the town in the famed 1883 novel "The Story of a Country Town" by Edgar (Ed) W. Howe (1853- 1937), founder of the Atchison, Kansas, Globe. His father, Henry Howe, was minister and editor in Bethany when Ed was a boy. Union county in War Be­ tween the States, Harrison sent Howe, Plain People, Courtesy Dodd, Mead, &" Co. a number of Federal troops. The first railroad, a branch of the Edward (Ed) W. Howe C. B. & Q., reached Bethany in 1880. The town grew as trading and shipping point Handsome fairgrounds there date from early 1900's.

A county of fertile Grand River basin, Harrison is a grain and livestock farming area. In region ceded by Iowa, Sac, and F"ox tribes, 1824, the county was roamed by Indians into the 1840's. The Great Indian Trail ran east to northwest in the county. Sur­ veyed land was entered for sale, 1842. Early settlers from Ohio, 111., other parts of Mo., and the East, came in the late 1830's. Later a number of Bohemians settled in the county. Among county towns are Eagleville and Ridgeway, once contestants for county seat; Cainsville, once a coal mining town; Mt. Moriah; New Hampton; Martinsville; Gilman City; Blythe- dale; and Melbourne. Union Gen. Benjamin N. Prentiss practiced law in Bethany and there educator John R. Kirk (1851-1937) lived as a boy. He and progressive education leader Eugene Fair (1877-1937), born in 260 Missouri Historical Review

Gilman City, were both presidents of Northeast Mo. State Teachers College. Joseph H. Burrows (1840-1918), who introduced first bill (1881) to cut postage from 3ff to 2j£ and named John J. Persh­ ing for West Point appointment, was business man and minister in Cainsville.

LAWRENCE COUNTY

Wooded Ozark hills and fertile prairies form this county of contrasts organized in 1845 and named for Capt. James Lawrence of "Don't give up the ship" fame. The first settler, John Williams, located on Turnback Creek in 1831. Others with him turned back in discouragement. Southerners, and later pioneers from other sections, and Germans, Swedes, and Waldensians settled the county. Mt. Vernon, the county seat, was platted by J. A. Allen, 1845. One of the first state tubercular hospitals west of the Mississippi was founded there, 1905. Early schools were White Oak (Presby­ terian) Academy in 1840's near Verona; Collegiate Institute (1870's) at Marionville, which became Ozark Wesleyan at Carthage; Christian College (1870's) and a Presby. Academy (1880's) at Mt. Vernon; and Baptist College (1880's) at Pierce City. In the war years 1861-65, guerrilla bands and troops foraged the area. Mt. Vernon was a Union post. With coming of today's Frisco R. R., 1870, and Mo. Pac, 1907, expansion of agriculture and growth of zinc and lead mining, county population boomed from 13,067 in 1870 to 31,662 by 1900.

A dairy, livestock, grain and fruit area, Lawrence County was once a leading lead and zinc producer. Lead found in mid-1880's at Aurora made it a roaring mining camp by 1890. Founded 1870, now on two railroads, Aurora is the county's largest town. Mining was also done at Verona, founded 1868, and Stotts City, 1885. Pierce City, founded 1870, early railroad division point, produces lime. Near Mt. Vernon is the so-called Spanish Fort built by pre­ historic tribes. Indians roamed the area, part of 1808 Osage land cession, into the 1830's. Near Verona are site of what is said to be Missouri's Program for Highway Historic Marking, 1959 261 the first Sunday School in western Ozarks, founded 1840 by J. M. White; the spring forming Spring River; and Red Mill. At Pierce City is Harold Bell Wright Library in an 1873 build­ ing where Wright was once pastor. Chesapeake State Fish Hatchery and park are in the county. Agricultural scientist, educa­ tor, William Jasper Spillman (1863-1931) and soil expert, edu­ cator, geologist Curtis Fletcher Marbut (1863-1935) were born in Lawrence County. M. T. Davis, Comm. 1904 La. Pur- Portrait by Etheridge chase Cent. Exposition, lived Curtis Fletcher Marbut in Aurora.

This is the first of a series of two articles on Missouri's Program for Highway Historic Marking, 1959!VThe second article will appear in the July, 1960, REVIEW. THE CONTROVERSIAL DRED SCOTT DECISION

BY HAROLD SCHWARTZ*

A century has elapsed since the Dred Scott decision, probably the most famous that the Supreme Court ever delivered, dramatized the cleavage in American society even more strikingly than had the open warfare on the plains of Kansas. The facts of the case, decided on March 6, 1857, were simple enough. A Negro slave, Dred Scott, sued John F. A. San ford for freedom on the ground that four years' residence, from 1834 to 1838, in free territory had ren­ dered him free despite his return to Missouri, a slave state. Dur­ ing those years he had been the servant of John Emerson, an Army surgeon, at Fort Arm­ strong in Illinois, a free state, and at Fort Snelling, in what is now Minnesota, where slavery had been forbidden by the Mis­ souri Compromise. The simplicity was deceptive. In its ten-year passage through the various state and federal tribunals the case acquired poli­ tical importance far beyond its mere details, as each side in the worsening sectional controversy Courtesy Missouri Historical Society saw an opportunity to make Dred Scott political capital out of an elderly, shiftless Negro who may or may not have understood what was going on. Following 1848 the country was in turmoil over slavery expan­ sion. The South realized by this time that it had come out on the short end of the Missouri Compromise. The North was free to expand, while the South was restricted behind an inflexible barrier

*Harold Schwartz received his Ph.D. from Harvard University and is now assistant professor of history at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.

262 The Controversial Dred Scott Decision 263 of 36°30', north of which slavery was forbidden, and most Southern­ ers agreed that something was wrong with such an arrangement. Yet in 1820 Southern Congressmen had granted that Congress could legally prohibit slavery in a territory.1 The idea was unpleas­ ant, but for the sake of peace they voted for it. True, a small minority, among whom was former President James Madison, whose interpretation of the Constitution could not be lightly brushed aside, questioned the legality of the agreement.2 President Monroe's Cabinet, however, including Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, unanimously agreed that the Missouri Compromise was valid.3 By 1848 Calhoun had changed his mind. His native section was engaged now in a life-and-death struggle to preserve its social system in the face of increasing Northern hostility to the South's "peculiar institution" and determination to keep it out of the Mexican Cession. The South, Calhoun now said, had injured itself severely in 1820 by failing to insist on its rights. It must do so now and surrender no more. The Missouri Compromise was invalid. The Federal Government, he insist­ ed, had no control over slavery. Congress could no more restrict it than extend it, establish it, or abolish it.4 As time went on this view gained increasing sup­ port south of the Mason-Dixon line. Against this background Dred Scott v. Emerson was born. On April 6, 1846, the slave, backed by Peter E. Blow, the son of an earlier owner and now a prominent St. Louis merchant, brought suit for his freedom against Mrs. Irene Sanford Emerson, the widow of the Army surgeon. The case came

Krauthoff, Hist, of the Sup. ct. of Mo. Up for trial on June 30, 1847, and Judge William B. Napton the decision favored the defend-

xGlover Moore, The Missouri Controversy, 1819-1S21 (Lexington, Kentucky, 1953), 100. Hbid., 63-64, 122-23. Hbid., 124. ^Charles M. Wiltse, John C. Calhoun, Sectionalist, 18/+9-1S50 (Indianapolis, 1951), 304, 384. 264 Missouri Historical Review ant. Scott's backers appealed the verdict, the retrial began on January 12, 1850, Scott won, and Mrs. Emerson appealed.5 The political situation in Missouri was such at this moment that the case could no longer receive detached consideration. William B. Napton, chief justice, and James Birch, associate justice of the three-man Missouri Supreme Court, saw in the pending slave case the opportunity that they needed to influence an election. Fiery old Senator Thomas Hart Benton, a prominent supporter of the Wilmot Proviso, which prohibited slavery in the Mexican Cession, was fighting for his political life. Napton and Birch, prominent in the anti-Benton party, hoped to give the coup de grace to the veteran legislator's career by following Calhoun's reasoning and declar­ ing that Congress had no power over slavery in the territories while ruling both the Wilmot Proviso and the Missouri Com­ promise unconstitutional.6 The State Supreme Court began to argue the case on October 26, 1850. In the November election both Napton and Birch, were defeated, and both left the bench without having delivered their opinions. The case now had to be reargued before a reorganized court, but even the new justices showed how enven­ Courtesy Charles H. Whitaker omed the situation had become Judge James H. Birch in their decision of April 10, 1852, in favor of Mrs. Emerson, which marked a complete reversal of precedents.

Adopting a new line of reasoning, the Missouri Supreme Court overrode at least eight earlier decisions wherein Negroes who had worked in free states and had subsequently returned to Missouri had been granted their liberty by the courts.7 The opinion of the two-to- one majority, written by William Scott, an anti-Benton spokesman

•''Vincent Hopkins, Dred Scott's Case (New York, 1951), 10-16. HVilliam Nisbet Chambers, Old Bullion Benton: Senator from the New West (Boston, 1956). 432. The Controversial Dred Scott Decision 265 who had held long discussions with former Judge Napton, was a firm defense of slavery as an institution and a slashing attach on the free states for their refusal to grant interstate comity to slave states and for insisting on rights that they would not grant others.8 The political inspiration of this decision is even more appar­ ent when it is noted that there existed a decision of the United States Supreme Court, Strader v. Graham, 1851, which provided a ready formula for determining the status of slaves who returned to slave states after traveling or sojourning in free territory or states. The Court held that permanent manumission did not take place, but that the slave reverted to his servile status and was subject to the laws of the state in question.9 The existence of this decision was known to the Missouri tribunal, since it was referred to by counsel. Krauthoff, Hist, of the Sup. Ct. of Mo. Having been defeated in the Judge William Scott State courts, the supporters of Dred Scott turned to the Federal bench. Edmund La Beaume, Peter E. Blow's brother-in-law, asked Roswell Field, Scott's lawyer, how to appeal the case. Field, think­ ing that Scott had been sold to Mrs. Emerson's brother, John F. A. Sanford, formerly of Missouri but now of New York, suggested that they claim the jurisdiction of the Federal courts on the grounds of diverse citizenship. Actually, Sanford had become the executor of the Emerson estate since his sister, having remarried, was barred under Missouri law from exercising control of her first husband's estate which was in trust for her daughter.10

7Helen Tunnicliff Catterall, "Some Antecedents of the Dred Scott Case," American Historical Review, XXX, (October 1924), 56-71. 8Helen Tunnicliff Catterall and James J. Haze-den, eds., Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro (Washington, 1937), V, 185-86. 9*7.5. Reports, 10 Howard, 82. 10Hopkins, Dred Scott's Case, 23. 266 Missouri Historical Review

It should be pointed out that there was nothing friendly about these proceedings as most brief textbook accounts and articles say.11 Vincent Hopkins in his book-length study of the case shows that Sanford fought to protect his niece's interests as well as he could. Had he not been in earnest he would hardly have secured such talent as Senator Henry Sheffie Geyer and then added Reverdy Johnson. Both of these famous lawyers made strong efforts on behalf of their client, in particular Johnson.12 Some months after the final decision Calvin Chaffee, now married to the former Mrs. Emerson, publicly denied any connection with the case by him or his wife.13 Suit was filed on November 2, 1853, in the United States Circuit Court in St. Louis. Without having attracted too much attention, Dred Scott v. Sanford came to trial on May 15, 1854. Judge Robert W. Wells ordered a directed verdict for Sanford, which the jury dutifully reported. The case was then taken on a writ of error to the United States Supreme Court, where once again Dred Scott was to be used for political advantage. After waiting its turn on the crowded docket, the case was finally heard on February 11, 1856. As the term neared its end, the justices took it up in conference on April 7. Unable to agree on a complicated point of law, they ordered the case held over. Four days, December 15-18, 1856, were devoted to the rehearing, Geyer and Johnson appeared for Sanford, and Montgomery Blair and George T. Curtis, Justice Benjamin R. Curtis's famous younger brother, gave their services gratis for the slave. On February 14, 1857, the Court met to discuss the decision. The tribunal was not impartial. At least eight of the justices felt very strongly about the issues. The violence of the civil war in Kansas, the rancor of Congressional debate which had culminated in the attack on Senator Charles Sumner the preceding spring, and the bitterness of the recent presidential election were reflected as they deliberated. The vote was seven to two against Dred Scott, with Justices John Mc­ Lean and Curtis dissenting. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney assigned Justice Samuel Nelson the preparation of a simple opinion which was to follow the precedent of Strader v. Graham.

"See for example, Frank H. Hodder, "Some Phases of the Dred Scott Case," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XVI (June 1929), 7; Carl Brent Swisher, American Constitutional Develop­ ment (Boston, 1943), 244; "Dred Scott," Dictionary of American Biography, XVI, 488-89; Leland D. Baldwin, Survey of American History (New York, 1955), 278; Richard Hofstadter, William Miller, and Daniel Aaron, The United States (New York, 1957), 347. 12Johnson served without fee. It is not known whether Geyer was paid. Hopkins, Dred Scott's Case, 166, and note 39, 179. uibid., 176. The Controversial Dred Scott Decision 267

The two dissenters announced that they would write full opinions covering all disputed points, such as the problem of Negro citizen­ ship and the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise. Upon learning of this, the majority reconsidered the desirability of a simple decision. Justice James M. Wayne of Georgia suggested that the Chief Justice himself wTrite a full opinion and reminded his colleagues that the case had attracted great attention and that they owed it to the Nation to settle all the uncertainties once and for all.14 Much has since been written to establish the responsibility for having forced the issue in the Dred Scott Case. Neither side is blameless, as each sought to make political capital out of the misery and suffering of a helpless slave. In doing so, they compounded and aggravated to an infinite degree the suffering of millions of others, both white and black. At first glance it would appear that the dissenters bear most of the blame for what happened since, it has been said, had they not been so insistent the unconstitutionality of the Missouri Com­ promise would not have been affirmed with all that it portended. It has been held that they had ulterior motives. The usual charge against McLean is that he had presidential ambitions and that ever since 1831 he had been trying to get a nomination. His hopes are supposed to have been so raised by the 196 votes he received at the Republican convention of 1856 that he felt that he had a good chance for 1860 if only he could keep his name before the public. It is unfair to McLean to dismiss him so simply. He had always been an antislavery man who regarded the institution with abhorrence. As a young man he emancipated some slaves whom he could have sold to pay debts. As early as 1817 he had written that all slaves were entitled to their freedom as a matter of natural justice.15 McLean had let it be known that he would dissent. Long before the case came to trial he had written a newspaper editor giving the ground he would take. But at that time it was not considered improper for a judge to tell his decisions in advance.16 And McLean was not the only one to do so. The other dissenter, Benjamin R. Curtis of Massachusetts, an old Cotton Whig, was not publicly on record against slavery. To the contrary, he had not only defended the Fugitive Slave Law

14Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln (New York, 1950), II, 473. ^Francis P. Weisenburger, The Life of John McLean (Columbus, 1937), 188-89. 16Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History (Boston, 1926), II, 295. 268 Missouri Historical Review at its passage in 1850, but he had procured indictments against Theodore Parker and Wendell Phillips for their part in the famous slave case of Anthony Burns in 1854. A commonly held view offers the hypothesis that Curtis, planning to leave the bench to recoup his fortunes in private practice, wished to redeem his reputation in his home state.17 While anything is possible, there is reason to feel that Curtis was sincere. By the mid-fifties many of the Massachu­ setts Cotton Whigs had broken permanently with their earlier viewrs, the Kansas-Nebraska Act having shown them that com­ promise with the "Slavocracy" was impossible.18 To his dying day Curtis felt that he had been treated unjustly for his part in the Dred Scott Case.19 An examination of the views of the majority shows that they were also partial. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Maryland, wraithe-like, approaching 80, but mentally as keen as ever,20 was deeply concerned over the future of the South in a Nation falling under the control of what he considered an aggressive North.21 Of the inferior legal status of Negroes, Taney had no doubts. While Jackson's Attorney General, he had written an opinion in 1832 upholding the power of South Carolina to imprison free Negroes who landed in Charleston as crew members in foreign ships. Slave states had the right to protect themselves against the introduc­ tion of free Negroes, he held, and the Negroes had no rights in the matter. Even when free, he continued, they were a degraded class which enjoyed whatever privileges it had only as a result of white benevolence. The framers of the Constitution did not look upon Negroes as citizens, he concluded, nor was it intended that they be covered by its provisions, except those that refer to them directly.22 Not by any means was the Chief Justice what the Boston abolitionists called a "lackey of the Slave Power" who looked on the institution as a positive good. If anything, he disliked it. Years before he had freed what slaves he had inherited. It would not be easy for him to doom a man to bondage, but he had no choice. Taney did not have to change his views in 1857 to meet political

17Hodder, "Some Phases of the Dred Scott Case," 14. lsFor expressions of such opinions see Harold Schwartz, Samuel Cridley Howe (Cambridge, 1956), 195; and Harold Schwartz, "Fugitive Slave Days in Boston," New England Quarterly, XXVII, (June 1954), 207. ^Benjamin R. Curtis, Jr., A Memoir of Benjamin Robbins Curtis (Boston, 1879), I, 195. wlbid., I, 193. 2iCarl B. Swisher, Roger B. Taney (New York, 1935), 493. nibid., 153-54. The Controversial Dred Scott Decision 269 exigencies, and he never doubted the correctness of his decision. The views of some of the others are also on record. As early as February 6 it was known that Justice Daniel wished to deliver his opinion at length.23 Peter V. Daniel, an old-time states-rights Virginia Democrat, had long been opposed to the Missouri Com­ promise. He wrote former President Van Buren in 1847 that the agreement was utterly without warrant from the Constitution.24 McLean has been criticized for giving inside information to an outsider. If his action is unethical, then Justice John Catron of Tennessee was equally guilty, for not only did he keep President­ elect Buchanan fully informed of the Court's decisions, but he betrayed a willingness to twist the Constitution to fit political exigencies. Catron granted that Congress did have the power to govern the territories. Yet there was a way out of the slavery impasse. The treaty of 1803 by which the United States bought Louisiana could be held to restrict the power of Congress over the territories thus acquired by virtue of the requirement that the resi­ dents of the region were to be maintained in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion. This could be interpreted, Catron thought, to mean that slavery could not be prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase even if Congress had the power in other terri­ tories.25 A scholar can hardly be accused of prejudice if he ventures the opinion that Catron's view is rather strained. The complaint that Curtis changed his mind can also be leveled against Justice John A. Campbell of Alabama. In his concurring decision he held that Congress could not regulate slavery in the territories, but in 1848 he had written exactly the opposite in a private letter to Calhoun. Slavery could exist, he had held, only where it was protected by law. The Constitution recognized the title of a master to a slave only in certain areas, and it did not pro­ vide that such a right was to be protected throughout the country. Congress, having the right to form territorial governments, also had the right to define what was property in the territories, so that slavery could be abolished. While it is probable that Campbell was sincere in reversing himself, the possibility still remains that politics determined his interpretation in 1857.26

23Nevins, Emergence of Lincoln, II, 473. 24Swisher, Roger B. Taney, 478. 25Philip Auchampaugh, "James Buchanan, the Court, and the Dred Scott Case," Tennessee Historical Magazine, IX (January 1926), 235. 26E. I McCormac, "Justice Campbell and the Dred Scott Decision," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XIX, (March 1933), 568. 270 Missouri Historical Review

The Southern justices were under great pressure to write broad decisions.27 Montgomery Blair feared that they might be swayed.28 Just such pressure was exerted on Justice Robert C. Grier. Catron told Buchanan that Grier doubted the desirability of a full decision that would invalidate the Missouri Compromise. The Pennsylvania jurist hoped to avoid discussion by simply holding that Dred Scott was still a slave because he had not acquired a domicile at Fort Snelling. Catron urged Buchanan to write his hesitant colleague to tell him how necessary it was that the Court settle the slavery agitation. Grier had no doubt that the Compromise was invalid, Catron assured Buchanan, but had been persuaded "to take the smooth handle for the sake of repose."29 Grier, ignorant of Catron's action, answered Buchanan's note the day he received it, February 23. He hoped to avoid giving a sectional character to the majority view, he explained, since his colleagues agreed in the result but not in their reasons. He would concur with the Chief Justice, but he feared that his colleagues would all write decisions, which would not look well since they would be based on clashing and inconsistent arguments.80 Of all the tribunal only Nelson of New York appears to have wished to avoid controversy by writing the only truly judicial decision. Chief Justice Taney read his decision on March 6, 1857. The frail old jurist had worked intensely during the preceding three weeks. The long document he produced is a tribute to his industry. His reasoning is something else. In as many ways as he could the Chief Justice tried to prove that Dred Scott had no claim to freedom. In the first place, Taney denied jurisdiction in the case. Only citizens of the United States can sue in the Federal courts, and no Negro could be a citizen, he held. Paralleling his opinion of 1832, he wrote that when the Constitution was drafted Negroes were "so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. ..." Con­ sequently, there was no thought of conferring on them the privileges of citizenship.31 Turning to the second point, Taney declared that Scott had not been freed by virtue of his stay in free territory, because Congress

27Nevins, Emergence of Lincoln, II, 473. 2sHopkins, Dred Scott's Case, 53. ^Ibid., 56. 3"Warren, Supreme Court in United States History, II, 296-97. «£/.£. Reports, 15 Howard (1857), 407. The Controversial Dred Scott Decision 271 did not have discretionary powers over the territories. The Con­ stitution limits the powers of the Government, and it could not have more power in a territory than elsewhere in the Nation. The Fifth Amendment protects the property rights of a citizen. An act ol Congress, he continued, "which deprives a citizen of the United States of his liberty or property . . . could hardly be dignified with the name of due process of law. ..." Consequently the eighth sec­ tion of the act admitting Missouri was unconstitutional.32 The last point to be cleared up was the effect of Dred Scott's residence in Illinois. By following the reasoning of Strader v. Graham, Taney declared that Scott was subject to Missouri law.33 As has been pointed out many times since, the errors of fact and weaknesses of argument are manifold. The question of whether a Negro could be a citizen was not before the Court. Thus, the point should not have been discussed. Had Taney not lost his perspective, it would not have been. Curtis, in his dissent, showed that in some states, New Hamp­ shire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and North Carolina, tree Negroes had been regarded as citizens in 1789.34 (This was no longer true for North Carolina, which by constitutional amendment in 1835 had deprived free Negroes of the right to vote.)35 To Taney's claim that slaves were property nationally, McLean and Curtis pointed out that the fugitive slave clause of the Constitu­ tion recognized that slaves wTere property by state law; hence Taney's reasoning that Congress could not regulate slavery in the territories was defective.36 As has been pointed out by Hodder, since Congress had acted within the scope of its powers, the prohibi­ tion of slavery north of 36°30' was due process of law.37 The concurring justices reached the same conclusions by different lines of reasoning, just as Grier had said they would, giving rise to the conclusion well expressed by Corwin in his famous analysis that there is reason to feel the result induced the processes, rather than the other way around.38 Campbell, following Calhoun's view, took the extremest position in declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Congress, he held, was merely the trustee of the

wibid., 450. uibid., 452. **Ibid., 572-73. ssjohn Hope Franklin, The Free Negro in North Carolina, 1700-1860 (Chapel Hill, 1943), 115. ™15 Howard, 624-33 (Curtis); 536-53 (McLean). 37Hodder, "Some Phases of the Dred Scott Case," 19. 3SEdward S. Corwin, "The Dred Scott Decision in the Light of Contemporary Legal Doc­ trines," American Historical Review, XVII, (October 1911), 68. 272 Missouri Historical Review territories. The duty of the Federal Government was not only to admit slavery into the territories but to protect it there as well.39 Daniel was only slightly less extreme.40 Catron held that the sovereignty of Congress over the territory under discussion was limited by the treaty of 1803 with France.41 Grier and Wayne wrote brief opinions concurring writh Taney.42 In the century since the Dred Scott, decision, the reputations of the members of the Court have declined, none more so than Taney's. Just one instance of prejudice has been enough to wipe out the distinguished record he had compiled during the preceding forty years. However, the complaint that the Court entered politics is invalid. It is impossible for the justices to avoid politics since many of their decisions have political repercussions. The tribunal cannot avoid controversy, no matter how it decides a case, but it is another thing to lorce political issues, as it did in the case ol Dred Scott. The glory of American life has been its regard for the rights of minorities, especially the individual, however despised and rejected he may be. Regardless of every other condition, so long as one can get justice in the courts the Nation is safe. The tragedy of a century ago was that the courts no longer could be depended upon to provide that.

*H5 Howard, 512-17. nibid., 469-93. "Ibid., 524-25. vibid., 469 (Grier); 454-56 (Wayne). VIGNETTES OF FAMOUS MISSOURIANS

The prosperous Missouri merchant who helped to found the Pony Express, the St. Louis surgeon and physiologist who first accurately observed a human stomach digesting food, and the last territorial governor of Missouri are the subjects of the following sketches. These biographies were released to newspapers of the State in January, February, and March under the title, "This Week in Missouri History." The first was written by Nancy Weatherly Sharp and the other two by Kitty Thomas Wilkinson. References accompany each sketch for those who wish addi­ tional information.

THIS PROSPEROUS MISSOURI MERCHANT WAS ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE PONY EXPRESS

Released January 7, 1960

This stately and dignified Lexington, Missouri, businessman was known as the "silent partner" in a huge freighting firm which transported virtually all the military goods to the western Army posts in the era just before the Civil War. Who was lie?

What was his background? A descendant of Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Colony, he was born on October 14, 1807, in F^auquier County, Virginia. When he was a young boy, he moved with his family to Mason County, Kentucky. While in his late teens he worked in the lead mines in Galena, Illinois, and clerked in stores in St. Louis and 274 Missouri Historical Review in Washington, Kentucky. He finally settled down on a farm, and on January 1, 1829, he married Miss Susan Byram. After a number of years on the farm they moved to Mayslick, Kentucky, where he operated a dry goods store.

What was his early career in Lexington?

In 1835, or early in 1836, he moved to Lexington, Missouri, and opened a store on the riverfront. During the next 15 years he continued managing this thriving wholesale and retail business and also became connected with a host of other enterprises. He took a great interest in civic affairs, especially the Baptist Church and the Lexington Baptist F'emale Col­ lege. He bought land and a spacious home and soon gained prominence as a successful Lex­ ington businessman. In 1853 he and William Hepburn Russell contracted to send several freight trains of military sup­ plies to F^t. Riley. This first freighting venture made a good profit, and in 1854 the partners sent another freight train to California. Although he and Russell were almost direct oppo- sites (he was conservative and slow to make decisions, while Courtesy Waddell F. Smith RllSScll WilS ail impulsive pllUl- ,^. . . , ,, . gcr), they remained partners for He Became a Distinguished Lexing- \ ' ton Businessman almost a decade. How was the famous freighting partnership formed?

\\\ 1855 he and Russell joined a well-known Missouri freighter, Alexander Majors, and formed a partnership to (ill a huge Govern­ ment contract to supply the western Army posts. He was in charge of finances, Russell represented the company in the luist, and Majors directed the freight trains on the road. The freighting- partnership was highly successful the first year or so, but that proved to be the high tide, and by 1861 the partnership had gone bankrupt. Vignettes of Famous Missourians 275

Why did the partnership fail?

In the first place the partnership suffered important losses when its freight trains were attacked by Mormons in the Mormon War of 1857-1858. Secondly, the partnership was forced to take over a failing stage-coach and express line started by Russell. In 1860 Russell persuaded his partners to launch the colorful but financially unsuccessful Pony Express. The final blow came the same year when Russell, while representing the company in the East, became involved in the greatest financial scandal of the time. The partner­ ship's holdings were sold in 1861.

What was his later career?

After the collapse of the freighting partnership, he retired from business life. Continuing to live in his magnificent home, he was constantly harassed by creditors. In October, 1869, his home was :\J ,-wJi** \ I jflfe deeded to the Lexington Baptist !/ T Jtntxttteilli Female College, and on April 1, 1872, he died near Lexington at the home of a daughter, Mrs. A. G. Williams.

Courtesy Waddell F. Smith IIOW WCIS lie JlOUOred? His Remodeled Home Became the Lexington Baptist Female College I he Alexander Majors Muse­ um in Kansas City displays some of his articles, and the site of the partnership warehouse in Lexington is marked by a bronze tablet. His name is inscribed on the pedestal of the Pioneer Mother Momument in Lexington. He is historically identified as one of the founders of the famous Pony Express, which is honored with a museum and a statue in St. Joseph, Missouri, and a magazine and two museums in California.

What was his name?

William Bradford Waddell.

[References: Floyd C. Shoemaker, editor, Missouri Day by Day (Jefferson City, 1943), II, 252-53; Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Saddles and Spurs (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1955); Kansas City Star, November 22, 1942; Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Empire on Wheels (Stanford, California, 1949); Missouri Historical Review, XLVI (January 1952), 118-19; Lexington Weekly Caucasian, April 13 1872; Lexington Weekly Intelligencer, April 10, 1872.] 276 Missouri Historical Review

THIS ST. LOUIS SURGEON AND PHYSIOLOGIST WAS THE FIRST TO OBSERVE ACCURATELY THE STOMACH OF A HUMAN BEING IN ITS MOVEMENTS TO DIGEST FOOD

Released February 4, I960

This surgeon, who was a member of the regular army medical staff for more than 20 years, acquired international recognition and fame for his experiments with the stomach of a French Canadian voyageur. Who was he?

What ivas his background? He was born on November 21, 1785, in Lebanon, Connecticut, where he obtained his early education. After moving to Champlain, New York, in 1807, he read medicine and taught school to obtain money for medical apprenticeship. Following two years of study with a prominent physician in St. Albans, Ver­ mont, he was granted a license to practice medicine.

What was his early career as a surgeon?

Commissioned surgeon's mate in the United States Army in September, 1812, he began a diary which was a valuable source of information for the medical history of the War of 1812. Fie resigned from the Beaumont Exhibit of the Washington U. Med. School Army in 1815 and entered pri­ He Was the First To Observe the vate practice in Plattsburg, New Human Digestive Process York. Reenlisting as a post surgeon in 1820, he was assigned to Fort Mackinac, Michigan Terri­ tory, and was commissioned surgeon in 1826.

What accident influenced his later work?

On June 6, 1822, at a rendezvous of fur company employees at Mackinac, a 19-year-old French Canadian half-breed, Alexis Vignettes of Famous Missourians 277

St. Martin, received a gunshot wound in the upper left abdomen that was to make him and his surgeon famous forever. The wound, which penetrated the stomach, healed with a fistulous opening through which the organ's structure and action could be observed.

What were his experiments? This young surgeon met the opportunity—where his predecessors had failed. Beginning the gastric experiments in May, 1825, he continued them periodically until 1833 when he published the results, Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion, the greatest contribution ever made to the knowledge of gastric digestion. Financially the book was a failure. He observed the digestibility of different foods and the effect of alcohol and various drugs on the stomach, and he was the first to study the properties of the gastric juice. Universally acclaimed, his results were included in all physiology texts, and English and German editions were soon published. From 1836 to 1852 he tried unsuccessfully to get St. Martin, known as "the man with the lid on his stomach," to return for further study.

Courtesy Wyeth Laboratories The Pioneer Study of Gastric Digestion 278 Missouri Historical Review

What was his later career? Transferred to Jefferson Barracks near St. Louis in 1834 and later to the St. Louis arsenal, he unsuccessfully sought a Congres­ sional appropriation for his work and an extended leave to take St. Martin to Europe for scientific study. He resigned from the Army Medical Corps in 1840 in order to remain in St. Louis, where he engaged in private practice. He served as vice president and president of the Missouri (St. Louis) Medical Society in 1838 and 1840, respectively. He died on April 25, 1853, shortly after a fall and is buried with his wife in Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis. He had three children. St. Martin lived 20 years longer than his doctor and died at the age of ^3.

What honors did he receive?

An honorary member of the Michigan and Connecticut medical societies, he received an honorary degree ol Doctor e.! Medicine in 1833. Fie was the first professor of surgery in the St. Louis Univer­ sity Medical Department. A World War II Liberty ship and a St. Louis high school have been named for him. His name and work are immortal in the field of medicine.

What was his name?

William Beaumont.

[References: E. J. Goodwin, A History of Medicine in Missouri (St. Louis, 1905), 56-65; William Hyde and Howard L. Conard, editors, Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (St. Louis. 1899), I, 125-26; Allen Johnson, editor, Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), II, 104-09; Jesse S. Myer, Life and Letters of Dr. William Beaumont (St. Louis, 1912); George Rosen, The Reception of William Beaumont's Discovery in Europe (New York, 1942); J. T. Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883), II, 1,524; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri Day by Day (Jefferson City, 1943), II, 365-66; Missouri Historical Review (Octobei 1916), XLI, 110; .S7. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 26, 1950.]

MISSOURI'S LAST TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR WAS JOINT LEADER OF AMERICA'S GREATEST EXPLORING EXPEDITION

Released March 3, 1900

The first Indian agent for Upper Louisiana, he later was Federal Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis and a founder of the St. Louis Missouri F'ur Company. Who was he? Vignettes of Famous Missourians 279

What were his early experiences?

Brother of the famous Revolutionary War hero who was most instrumental in adding the Old Northwest to American territory, this Indian agent was born on August 1, 1770, in Caroline County, Virginia. He lived here until 1784, when his family moved to the present site of Louisville, Kentucky. He received training in surveying and drafting as a youth and also participated in several war parties against the Indians. After being commis­ sioned lieutenant of infantry in the United States Army on March 7, 1792, he held several posts until ill health caused his resignation in July, 1796.

How was he associated with

United States explorations? ^ x , Tr. ^ T . x Encyc. of the Hist, of St. Louts Accepting joint command of Indians Galled Him "Red Head" the first successful United States exploring expedition to the Pacific Northwest, he was the principal military director and the dominant figure in all negotiations with the Indians. The expedition began its ascent of the Missouri River in 1804, crossed the Continental Divide, and descended the Colum­ bia River to the Pacific Ocean, observing and recording the flora, fauna, and geography of the Northwest. The expedition returned to St. Louis in September, 1806.

What public offices did he hold in Missouri?

Fie was appointed Governor of the Territory of Missouri on July 1, 1813, and served until Missouri became a state in 1820. Settling in St. Louis after his western expedition, he was commis­ sioned brigadier general of militia and Indian agent for Louisiana Territory on March 12, 1807. A founding partner of the St. Louis Missouri Fur Company in 1809, he was the firm's St. Louis agent and its president following reorganization in 1812. Fie was defeated in Missouri's first gubernatorial race in 1820. 280 Missouri Historical Review

What name did the Indians give him? Calling him "Red Head" and calling St. Louis "Red Head's Town," Indians made annual pilgrimages to his home. From the mouth of the Missouri to the Columbia River his name was revered by scores of tribes.

What was his later career? His Indian collection, opened to the public in 1818, was the first real museum in the West. Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis from 1822 until his death in 1838, he had jurisdiction of agencies at Council Bluffs, Fort Armstrong, Prairie du Chien, St. Peters, and Osage. He was also surveyor-general for Illinois, Arkansas, and Alissouri during 1824-1825. In September, 1836, he was instrumental in completing the Platte Purchase treaty to extinguish Indian land titles and extended the northwestern boundary of the State to the Missouri River,

How was he honored? Among the memorials to him and his explorations are markers and monuments in Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Oregon, South

Buel, Louisiana and the Fair Their Indian Woman Guide Helps Point the Way to the Pacific Vignettes of Famous Missourians 281

Dakota, and Nebraska. A Missouri county, a State park, and a town in Washington bear his name. A tablet commemorating the return of his expedition to St. Louis, a monument at his grave, and a statue in the State capitol have been erected in his honor. He became the father of five children after marrying Julia Hancock in 1808 and, after her death in 1820, Mrs. Harriet Radford, who died in 1831. Requesting burial in sight and sound of the Mississippi, he died on September 1, 1838, in St. Louis and was buried with military and Masonic honors in Bellefontaine Cemetery.

What was his name? William Clark.

[References: James Truslow Adams, editor, Dictionary of American History (New York, 1940), V, 12-13; Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, editors, Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), IV, 141-44; Harlow Lindley, "William Clark—The Indian Agent," Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, 1908-1909 (Cedar Rapids, 1910), II, 63-75; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (Chicago, 1943), I; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri Day by Day (Jefferson City, 1943), II, 64-65; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 16, 1922; Olin D. Wheeler. The Trail of Lewis and*Clark, 1804-1904 (New York, 1926), I, 78-83; Missouri Historical Review (July 1956), L, 361.] HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

MEMBERS ACTIVE IN INCREASING THE SOCIETY'S MEMBERSHIP During the three months of November and December, 1959, and January, 1960, the following members of the Society have increased its membership as indicated:

ONE LIFE MEMBER Barnstorff, Hermann, Columbia Becker, Julius A., Joplin Cunningham, F. L., Columbia Riordan, John J., Kansas City

THIRTY-EIGHT NEW MEMBERS

Reading, Mrs. N. W.f Curryville

THIRTY-ONE NEW MEMBERS Gilbreath, Olga, Parkville

TWENTY-THREE NEW MEMBERS Elliott, R. Kenneth, Kansas City

NINE NEW MEMBERS House, William H., Bonne Terre

EIGHT NEW MEMBERS Flaherty, Mrs. H. E., Appleton City Hughes, Mrs. Mary O., Keytesville Kelly, Clement T., St. Louis McCormack, Jamerson C, Sulphur Springs

SIX NEW MEMBERS Dickey, O. H., Canton McQuie, Mrs. W. D., Sr., Montgomery McFarland, Annah, Richland City Robinson, Mrs. Frank F., St. Joseph

FOUR NEW MEMBERS Anderson, A. D., Norborne Morgenthaler, Mrs. Charles, Kasle, Shirrell, Kansas City Gettysburg, Pa. Myers, C. R., Brunswic k

THREE NEW MEMBERS Evans, Mrs. C. A., Boonville Sharp, Mr. and Mrs. Roger, Columbia Fitzpatrick, Francis J., Kansas City Thompson, Glen A., Columbia Hawkins, Mrs. J. H., Rush ville Waninger, Lois H., St. Louis Jeffries, T. Victor, Lebanon Wilson, Mrs. George O., Kansas City Jones, Paul L., Macon Wolf, E. H., Bonne Terre

282 Historical Notes and Comments 283

TWO NEW MEMBERS

Bird, W. Donnell, Charleston Mead, Anna Lou, Kansas City Black, Mrs. Sam K., Fulton Moore, Mrs. Cecil F., Kansas City Blalock, Roy, Canton Murray, Mrs. Laura C, Maryville Bogart, Robert C, Springfield Prince, Stephanie, Kansas City Caldwell, Mrs. Joseph, Columbia Ream, Mrs. Floyd M., Clinton Crawford, Mrs. Todd, Camdenton Robbins, William R., Trenton Engel, Laura, Hickman Mills Scibel, Dorothea, St. Louis Eslinger, Lucille, Pekin, 111. Shoemaker, Floyd C, Columbia Evans, 0. D., St. Louis Smith, A. H., Webster Groves Givens, Oma, Boonville Goodson, Mrs. Glen, Ravenwood Smith, El wood H., West Plains Gross, Mrs. E. W., Pacific Stroud, Mrs. James, Dexter Hicklin, Mrs. J. R., Sr., Concordia Thompson, Harley, St. Louis Himes, Mrs. W. F., Odessa Turner, Mrs. L. H., Springfield Keotting, Charles H., St. Louis Van Cleave, Mrs. Benjamin L., Lemmon, A. Sidney, Kansas City Lookout Mountain, Tenn. Lyon, Mrs. W. H., Sr., Marshall Wilson, Mrs. A. Reed, Kansas City McNutt, Mrs. William C, Pevely Winn, Mrs. Nell, Kirksville

ONE NEW MEMBER

Anderson, Mrs. A. L., Springfield Cosby, Byron, Columbia Anderson, J. L., Harrisonville Cramer, Charles R., Kansas City Atkinson, Mrs. Guy, Rogcrsville Denney, Carolyn, Deepwater Ault, Frederick, St. Louis Detjen, C. W., Clayton Baird, L. M., Hamilton Dickey, Ella, Marshfield

Baker, Betty L., Mexico Dickey, H. B.; Jefferson City Baker, Harold W., Kansas City Doane, D. Howard, McCredie Barnard, John F., Palenville, N. Y. Dobson, George, Canton Bean, Lyle H., North Kansas City Dunlap, Mrs. M. N., Rivermines Binder, Clyde A., St. Louis Eiffert, Larry, Springfield Block, Helen L., Pasadena, Calif. Elbert, Mrs. Dan LI., St. Louis Boyd, Eleanora, Springfield Ferguson, Robert P., Sarasota, Fla. Bradshaw, Mrs. William, Columbia Finley, York B., Marshall Britton, J. Boyd, Boston, Mass. Fitzwater, Mrs. Bertha M., Bushnell, Richard, St. Charles Los Angeles, Calif. Butler, Robert L., Rock Island, 111. Foster, Arabelle, Marshfield Butler, Mrs. Robert O., Granite City, Foster, L. A., Hannibal 111. Frieze, Virginia, Greenfield Cale, Mrs. Beryl, Springfield Gerard, W. F., Columbia Campbell, Edna Millay, Kirksville Glynn, Mrs. Robert, Springfield Capehart, Mrs. Nobel, Caruthersville Goold, Virginia, Aurora Carr, Nanon, Kansas City Graham, Harold T., Kirkwood Carver, Paul E., Neosho Gregory, Ralph, Washington Caylor, John A., Nevada Hall, Stanley W., Union Chapman, Sam C, Liberty Hall, Mrs. Stanley W., Union Cleaveland, A. B., Kingston Hammon, J. W., Springfield Cockrell, Ethlyn, Princeton Harriman, Fred L., St. Louis 284 Missouri Historical Review

Marty, W. J., Jefferson City Owen, Mrs. Aubrey S., Kansas City Marty, Mrs. W. J., Jefferson City Parker, Mrs. W. A., Pleasant Hill Hawkins, Mrs. J. II., Rushville Penney, Usher II., St. Louis Hergct, John F., Cincinnati, Ohio Peters, Thomas B. R., Grand view Heddens, Mrs. Barret, Kansas City Pohl, Walter II., St. Louis Ileldman, Donald, Columbia Pring, Mrs. Martha Jo, Cape Girardeau Hesse, Mrs. Anna, Hermann Pritchard, Mrs. L. K., Grandvicw I licks, Mrs. Samuel, Walla Walla, Quinn, Lloyd M., Independence Wash. Randall, Mrs. R. R., Santa Cruz, Calif. Morton, Alton Easton, Webster Groves Reed, Mrs. Mabel, St. Clair Mouse, W. B., Kansas City, Kans. Reid, Raymond, Montgomery City Hunter, Harry S., Kirkwood Richardson, L. F., Nevada Hyman, Lawrence C, Los Angeles, Riley, Mabel Orra, Ft. Worth, Tex. Calif. Robertson, R. E., Kansas City Iden, Charles, West Plains Rogers, Lawrence G., St. Louis Ingram, Glenn, Bowling Green Roney, T. Chester, W^ebb City Irvine, J. W., Marshall Rose, Mrs. Billie, Edwards Johnson, T. Bryant, Osceola Roszak, Mrs. Mary U., Washington, Jones, Mrs. D. H., Webster Groves D. C. Krehbiel, B. F., Lake Ozark Sanders, Robert, Davison, Mich. Kuchs, Albert, Maryville Scharff, Martha, Clayton Lillard, Ross W., Kansas City Schmandt, Raymond II., Jr., Chicago, Lorimer, Mrs. George, Marshall 111. McFarlane, Larry, Columbia Selleck, Mrs. Bessie J., Felton, Calif. McQueen, Joe W., Kansas City Sheldon, Mrs. V. B., Hannibal Mackey, Mrs. L. L., Sturgeon Sheppard, Myrtle Vorst, Webster Martin, Mr. and Mrs. T. A., Groves Brookfield Shrewsbury, Ralph, St. Louis Mason, Mrs. Eugene C, Bartlett, 111. Sims, Mrs. C. E., West Plains Maxwell, A. L., Lexington Skaggs, Jerry D., Liberty Mayfield, Robert J., Jefferson City Sparr, M. V., Moberly Mense, Raymond C, Hannibal Stephens, Mrs. Grovcr F., Marshall Mcrz, John A., St. Louis Stewart, Monroe, Berryvillc, Ark. Meyer, Alberta J., Jefferson City Stidham, J. II., Fulton Miller, Barney, Dexter Stinc, Adcle II., Webster Groves Miller, Mrs. Henry A., Rock ville Stover, Ruth Ann, Edina Minks, Edna Mae, Brunswick Strelow, Mrs. E. A., Sedalia Moncrief, Adiel }., Jr., St. Joseph Swofford, Mrs. Robert T., Jr., Kansas Moentmann, Mr. and Mrs. E. K., City Norborne Talbot, Wallace L., Sr., Fayette Montgomery, Mrs. Isabel, Marshfield Tellnian, William II., Jefferson City Moore, Mrs. Robert M., Washington, Thomas, Bernice, St. Joseph I). C. Thomas, Henry L., Jefferson City Moorhead, Barbara, Mexico Thompson, Edmund B., St. Louis Motley, Mrs. Robert L., Bowling Green Thompson, Mrs. J. Frank, Columbia Mueller, Helen B., Cape Girardeau Thompson, R. M., Mather Air Force Myers, W. W., Bethany Base, Calif. Myers, William T., Hannibal Tipton, Annabel, Taft, Calif. Noland, Ethel, Independence Trussell, Wyllie Odell, Marshall Historical Notes and Comments 285

Upton, Lucile Morris, Springfield Williams, Roy D., Boonville Van Meter, Ruth and Ray, Princeton Willing, Mr. and Mrs. S. E., Brookfield Walden, Mrs. Hazel, Bolivar Wintermote, Mrs. Joyce 13., Kansas Waters, Herbert E., Sr., Golden City City Watson, Mrs. Sam M., Kirkwood Wirthman, F. G., Kansas City Way man, Bessie, St. Louis Wiseman, Mrs. Sam, Poplar Bluff Whitaker, Glen L., Kansas City Wood, Mrs. Benson, Jefferson City White, Mrs. Clifton, Lexington Whiteside, E. R., Elsberry Wright, Charles, Cape Girardeau Williams, Mrs. Helen T., Bowling Wright, J. A., Mexico Green Wyre, Robert L., Independence

NEW MEMBERS IN THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Six hundred and seven applications for membership were received by the Society during the three months of November and December, 1959, and January, 1960. The total annual and life memberships as of February 1, 1960, was 11,804. The new members are: Adams, Mrs. Harold O., Sarcoxie Balcome, A. LI., Tomahawk, Wis. Adamson, Gary, Columbia Barber, Katharine, St. Joseph Akins, Earnest, Maiden Barnes, Danny, Vandalia Albin, Mrs. Frances, Clinton Barnett, Ray, Princeton Alden, Mrs. Junior, Kidder Bascom, Alex S., Kansas City Alexander, Harvey, Nettleton Battles, R. M., Sedalia Alexander, James H., St. Louis Beck, Doris R., Kansas City Allen, Barbara, Parkville Bedsworth, Mr. and Mrs. Tress G., Allen, Bonita, Lawson Yermo, Calif. Allen, Henry E., Keytesville Beeson, Thomas C, Springfield Allen, Mrs. James, Appleton City Bell, L. M., Oklahoma City, Okla. Alley, Louis E., Iowa City, Iowa Bentley, David W., Silver Spring, Md. Allin Sisters, Brunswick Benton, Mr. and Mrs. J. W., Kansas Allison, Mr. and Mrs. Paul, Jefferson City City Besch, George J., St. Louis Amyt, M. C, West Plains Beshears, Mr. and Mrs. R. P., Anders, Mrs. Bob, Columbia St. Joseph Andres, Mrs. Bob, Pampa, Texas Bird, Mr. and Mrs. W. 1)., Jr., Palos Arfsten, Robert E., Kansas City Verdes Estates, Calif. Armitage, Mr. and Mrs. Everett, Bishop, Carol, Farber Nevada Bishop, Mrs. Carter R., San Francisco, Asher, Glenn, Butler Calif. Asplin, Mr. and Mrs. Ike, Bourbon Bishop, Delbert A., Grandview LIFE Augustana College, Rock Island, 111. Bishop Hogan High School, Kansas Bachmann, J. W., St. Louis City Baender, Mrs. F. G., Butler Bixby, Glenn A., Lamoni, Iowa Baker, George, Columbia Bixby, Ora J., Lamoni, Iowa Baker, Ike, Ellington Blackhurst, Mrs. Steve, St. Charles 286 Missouri Historical Review

Blackwell, George W., New York, N.Y. Carter, Mary F., Los Angeles, Calif. Blake, Leonard W., St. Louis Carty, Mr. and Mrs. J. W., Canton Bland, Yicki, Vandalia Chambers, Allen, Independence Blansett, George A., Jr., Kansas City Chaney, Don, Cincinnati, Ohio Bledsoe, R. A., Osceola Chick, W. W., Kansas City Bloebaum, J. C, Bonne Terre Christopher, Mrs. Orville, Kansas City Blue, John L., Cape Girardeau Clare, Mrs. Tom, Bowling Green Books, Morris, Williamsburg Clark, Barbara Jo, Parkville Boone, Mrs. Charles, Portland Clark, Charles A., Florissant Bouchard, Joseph F., Bonne Terre Clark, George, Parkville Bower, H. Virgil, North Kansas City Clayton, Goerge H., Kansas City Bowers, Robert, Independence Clifton, W. C, Kansas City Boyd, Eleanor, Springfield Coburn, Mrs. Royal L., Washington, Boyd, Trenton, Sikeston D. C. Bradley, Mr. and Mrs. J. V., Butler Cochran, John W., Bakersfield, Calif. Brady, Ewing Paul, University City Cochrane, K. E., Sr., Sacramento, Brammer, Earl, Jacksonville Calif. Brandt, Mrs. E. W., Brunswick Coe, Frank, Kansas City Breckner, Hedi, St. Louis Coe, Mrs. William, Hermann Brehe, Adele, Washington Coffman, Mrs. Irene Nail, Roberts ville Brennan, Bernadine, San Francisco, Collier, Claudette, \Tandalia Calif. Cooke, Sally, Parkville Brenner, Gretchen, North Kansas City Cooksey, Nathan C, St. Joseph Brenner, Harva, Parkville Cordry, Mrs. Lucile, Riverside, Calif. Brink, Dianna, Parkville Corson, Mr. and Mrs. XV. B., Brinkman, Marcia, Vandalia Los Angeles, Calif. Briscoe, David, Parkville Covey, Mr. and Mrs. Ben S., Denver, Brooks, Everett, St. Louis Colo. Brown, Mrs. Edith, Vandalia Crain, Glen E., North Kansas City Buckler, George, Springfield Cramer, William B., Monroe, Mich. Buckley, Mrs. Roy, Edwards Creasy, Mildred L., Mexico Buie, J. F., Marshall Cronan, Pat, Vandalia Burdette, James R., Valley Park Daniel, Berthe, W'arrensburg Burk, Mrs. Pence, Liberty Davidson, W. E., Hannibal Burke, Thomas L., Norwood Davis, Mrs. J. R., Wright City Burnidge, A. C, North Kansas City Davis, Joseph II., St. Louis LIFE Bushnell Country Museum, St. Charles Debo, W. B., Devil's Elbow Cahill, Ann, Vandalia DeClue, Ted, Bonne Terre Cahoon, Wr. H., Knoxville, Tenn. Delahunty, Michael, Parkville Cale, Mrs. Beryl, Springfield Dennis, Mrs. D. L., San Antonio, Tex. Campbell, Mrs. Bess M., San Antonio, Detjen, David, Sewickley, Pa. Tex. Diaz, Maria, Parkville Campbell, Mr. and Mrs. J. P., Bourbon Dick, Hilary II., Tipton Campbell, Leonard R., Kansas City Dickey, John W., New York, N. V. Canaday, R. P., Glens Falls, N. Y. Dinklage, William A., Kansas City Cannady, Dennis, Parkville Dixon, D. Verdell, Macon Capehart, P. S., Holland Dobson, H. R., Lemay Carron, Carroll W., Bloomsdale Dock, Albert E., Portland, Oregon Carson, George R., Gaithersburg, Md. Dohn, Mrs. Orpha, Los Angeles, Calif. Historical Notes and Comments 287

Doolin, R. B., Kansas City Gehl, Mrs. Keith, El Paso, Tex. Dorris, Sydney, Vandalia Gerstenschlager, Alvin E., Bonne Terre Douglan, Marie, Willow Springs Gibson, Horace H., Rock Hill Dow, Blanche H., Nevada LIFE Gill, Maxine, Columbia LIFE Dow, William E., North Kansas City Girth, John J., Kimmswick Duke, John, Auburn, Georgia Givens, B. B., Hope, Kans. Duncan, Juanita, Butler Good, Mrs. Julia B., Westphalia Dunklin, Daniel, III, Whittier, Calif. Goode, Mrs. Mary F., Moberly Dunklin, Lewis L., Whittier, Calif. Goodell, Frank, EAFB, Vermillion, Dunn, T., Auxvasse S. Dak. Dunn, William H., Kansas City, Kans. Goodson, D. C, St. Louis Dunsing, Gerald, Overland Goold, Virgil, Aurora Durham, Victor C, Savannah, Ga. Gordon, H. E., Kansas City Eddleman, Mrs. Louise, Springfield, Gottschalk, Mrs. V. H., Sr., Washing­ Ky. ton, D. C. Edds, Mr. and Mrs. Fred, Butler Graham, Roy G., Denver, Colo. Ekern, Mr. and Mrs. P. C, Mexico Gratton, Shane, Clayton Elliott, R. Kenneth, Kansas City Green, Mrs. Claud, Butler Ellis, Oscar A., North Kansas City Gregg, Mrs. M. Sparks, St. Louis Ellis, Mrs. S. J., Rushville Grieve, E. L., Kansas City Elmer, Mrs. S. L., Jr., St. Louis Griggs, Addie Kay, Vandalia Epstein, Stanley, University City Grinstead, Mrs. Ivan M., Windsor Erickson, O., Camdenton Groff, Erie E., Savannah Ervin, Mrs. J. W., Oklahoma City, Groom, Andrew, Worth Okla. Gross, Donald F., Cincinnati, O. Erwin, W. B., Brookfield Gross, Lyndon W., San Rafael, Calif. Evers, Ed, St. Louis Guenther, Charles, St. Louis Faenger, P. L., Bonne Terre Guenther, Frank J., Kansas City Farr, Tom, Marshfield Guilfoil, Ralph, Kansas City Farrar, Susan, Braymer LIFE Gwaltney, Mrs. Reba, Springfield Farris, B. W., Macon Haas, Larry, Vandalia Fay, Fred, Kansas City Hair, Mrs. Mary Scott, Hurley Ferrell, John P., Olathe, Kans. Halter, Mark, Richland Ferring, Mrs. Clara, Los Angeles, Calif. Hamill, Kennedy, Pasadena, Calif. Fine, Edward A., St. Louis Hanick, Victor, Parkville Fisher, Mary, Parkville Harker, Mrs. Dora, La Plata Fitchett, Mrs. Frank, Lexington Flarper, Mr. and Mrs. J. A., Longmont, Flood, Barbara, Lebanon Colo. Flueck, Albert, La Crosse, WTis. Harriman, W. J., La Junta, Colo. Foree, Bonnie, Farber Harrison, Mrs. Georgia W., Harrison­ Forgy, Dan, Vandalia ville Fox, Lillie F., Pasadena, Calif. Harrison, Lyman, Benton Fox, Roy, Spickard Harte, Houston, San Angelo, Tex. Frakes, Mrs. Charles, Rushville Hartung, Brenda, Vandalia Freese, Mary Ann, St. Louis Harty, Pauline, Washington, D. C. Gafner, Harry, Los Angeles, Calif. Haynie, Edwin M., Imperial Garrett, G. W., Kansas City Heagler, Arthur E., Warren, Ark. Gates, Curtis B., Springfield Heagler, W. R., Carlisle, Ark. Gee, Owen F., Barre L'Etang, France Heath, Roger Monroe, Sturgeon 288 Missouri Historical Review

Heath, Willard, Long Island, N. Y. Jones, Leonard H., Parkville Heaton, Larry, Vandalia Jones, Ross I7., Phoenix, Ariz. Heidbrink, Louis, Jr., Odessa Jones, Roy F., Marble Hill Henry, Mr. and Mrs. Carl J., Butler Jones, Stuart C, Arlington, Va. Henry, Mrs. Mary R., Rushville Joy, Sharon, Parkville Herrera, F. N., Imperial Keay, Thomas B., Bonne Terre Heyde, Bill, Columbia Keithley, E. S., Manitou Springs, Colo. Hicklin, J. R., Jr., Hilliards, O. Kelly, Amy, Columbia Hicks, Charles I., Rutledge Kelly, Mrs. Mary Kirk, Joplin Hiersteiner, Walter, Kansas City Kelso, H. A., Nevada Higdon, Mrs. W. T., Houston, Texas Kendig, Mrs. A. L., Wheatland, Wryo. Hobbs, Coranan, Vandalia Kendig, John Howard, St. Louis Hoedl, Richard, Kansas City Kennard, Mrs. F. J., Sulphur Springs, Hoffman, Charles J., Cape Girardeau Ark. Hofmann, Mercedes, Norborne King, James G., Bethany Hopper, Mrs. T. H., New Orleans, La. Kirby, Marvin L., St. Clair House, Beverly, Parkville Kirchner, Arthur J., Arnold Hudson, Jane Ann, Vandalia Kirn, Ann, Tallahassee, Fla. Huffman, Mrs. E. H., Dearborn, Mich. Knierim, Gilbert F., Fredericktown Hughes, Mrs. Dewey, Keytesville LIFE Hughes, Harry, Bolivar Koelkeheck, Charlotte, Kansas City Hughes, Jackson Jackman, Columbia Kraft, Joe C, Nevada Humphreys, Allan S., Springfield Krisch, Lucille S., San Antonio, Tex. Humphreys, Homer, Lebanon Krueger, Mrs. Jack, St. Louis Hunt, Sylvia L., Appleton City Krug, Mr. and Mrs. Fred, St. Louis Hurt, Virginia M., Gallup, N. Mex. Kunze, Paul E., Kansas City Huston, M. N., Ft. Monroe, Va. Kurz, Louis, Vandalia r Huston, Mrs. Ruth, Deepw ater Lange, Robert H., Kansas City Ichoub, Mrs. Vina, Springfield Langtry, Mrs. Dwight, Riverside, Ingram, Mr. and Mrs. James, Sharon, Calif. Pa. Lauf, Alex, Jefferson City Isbell, Mrs. Hugh O., Columbia Lawson, Jack B., Bonne Terre Jackson, Mrs. Laura, Chicago, 111. Lay, David, Parkville Jackson, Wade M., Elm Grove, Wis. Ledbetter, Sandra, Vandalia Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. Walter, Paris Lee, Willis L., Kansas City James, Karen, Vandalia Leibengut, Audrey, St. Louis James, Mrs. Robert F., Excelsior Lemmon, George R., Kirkwood Springs Levine, Jo Ann, Vandalia Jardine, Mrs. Alby LI., West Covina, Lewis, Judy, Vandalia Calif. Lewis, Mrs. W. C, St. Louis Jennens, W. C, Kansas City Lillard, Ross W., Kansas City Jester, Bob, Bolivar Linehan, Pat, St. Louis Johnson, Carol, Parkville Lintecum, Duane, North Kansas City Johnston, H. H., El Paso, Texas Lishman, L. L., Oakland, Calif. Johnston, Lyle Tesson, Sedalia Logan School District R-8, Rogersville Jolley, Mr. and Mrs. H. T., St. Louis Logue, John T., Columbia LIFE Jolley, T. A., Sr., University City Lopez, Adolfo C, Guayaman, Sonora, Jones, C. Fred, Flat River Mex. Jones, Mrs. L. E., Windsor Lorie, Percy S., Jr., Kansas City Historical Notes and Comments 289

Louden, Robert E., Columbia Mayer, Carolyn, Parkville Lovelace, Joe, Vandalia Meigs, J. R., Normandy Lyon, Garrett B., Kansas City, Kans. Mercer County Library, Princeton Lyon, Mrs. John J., Sedalia Merrill, Mrs. W. O., McAlester, Okla. Lyon, W. H., Flagstaff, Ariz. Merritt, Emmett, Kansas City Lysinger, Mrs. Lulu, Lowry City Merz, John A., St. Louis McBurney, E. B., Independence Meyer, Duane, Springfield McClary, Carolyn, Parkville Miller, Diana, Parkville McCloskey, Gladys Rogers, Springfield Miller, Mrs. E. Lee, Lawson McCormick, John T., Sumner Miller, Mrs. Elizabeth, Rolla McCoy, Janice, Vandalia Miller, Joe, Parkville McCoy, William Lee, Jr., Wright City Miller, Max D., Bartlesville, Okla. McDannold, Bonny, Vandalia Miller, Nancy, Parkville McDonald, Carol, Parkville Mills, Mrs. Charles Bennett, Kansas McDonnold, Lyndal, Vandalia City McFarland, Annah, Richland Miner, Mrs. Doyle, St. Anthony, Ida. McFarland, George N., Fredericktown Minton, Bert, Dexter McFarland, Walter C, Fredericktown Minton, Mrs. Clifford, Murphysboro, McFarland, William H., Fredericktown 111. Mcllvaine, Mrs. George W., Kansas Mitchell, Billy, Vandalia City Moehring, Ahrand, Palmyra McLeod, James C, Columbia Moore, Robert N., Cape Girardeau McMillan, Margaret, Independence Morganthaler, Mildred, Hallsville McNeely, Leila, Cape Girardeau Morrell, J. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. LIFE Mack, C. S., Trenton Morris, Ronnie, Vandalia Marcel, L. F., North Kansas City Morrison, Mr. and Mrs. Harry C, Mark Twain High School, Center Ladue Marr, Mr. and Mrs. A. Logan, Morrison, Mr. and Mrs. J. A., McAllen, Versailles Tex. Marshall Chapter D.A.R., Marshall Murphree, Janet, Parkville Marshall, Elvin Lee and Elfrieda, New Murtha, Mrs. E. J., Olympia, Wash. York, N. Y. Myers, Claude, St. Louis Marshall, Mrs. Frances J., Moberly Myers, H. G., Greeley, Colo. Martain, Mr. and Mrs. Cecil R., Myers, John W., Vero Beach, Fla. St. Joseph Nafziger, Nathalie S., Kansas City Martain, Mr. and Mrs. Harry B., Nay, Noble E., Pasadena, Calif. Mountain Home, Ark. Nelson, Carol, Parkville Martin, Frederick W., St. Louis Nelson, Mrs. W. P., Jr., Columbia Martin, Mr. and Mrs. George C, Nethington, H. L., Bonne Terre Canton Nichols, Mr. and Mrs. O. D., Bartles­ Martin, James Fay, Prairie City, la. ville, Okla. Martin, Lynn, Brookville, Kans. Nichols, Mr. and Mrs. R. L., Scotia, Martin, Nita Sue, Vandalia N. Y. Martin, W. A., Jefferson City Nichols, Mr. and Mrs. Ray, Richland Mason, Joseph, Fayette LIFE Odo, Sandra, Parkville

Mason, Robert C.f Lafayette, La. Oliver, Walter, Kansas City Matthews, R. H., Canton Olson, Mrs. Effie, Hermitage Mattingly, William R., Charleston Overfelt, Mr. and Mrs. Sam, Lake May, Howard L., Lincoln Ozark 290 Missouri Historical Review

Ozias, Arthur, Marshall Riordan, John Floyd, Hazelwood LIFE Pangborn, Mrs. Roland, Humansville Roberts, Merle, Vandalia Pankey, Mrs. Hugh B., Iowa City, la. Robertson, Mrs. Louise, Harviell Park, Mr. and Mrs. James E., Butler Rogers, Ralph, Columbia Parker, Anita Jo, Parkville Roland, Mary Ellen, Jefferson City Parks, Janice, Lovell, Wyoming Rolla Public Library, Rolla Parrish, L. W., Kansas City Rose, Jean B., Independence Pasley, James L., Jefferson City Roseville Union High School, Roseville, Pennington, Charles E., Springfield Calif. Pennington, Mrs. Eunice, Fremont Roux, Donald E., Desloge Pennington, Mrs. Marion, Keytesville Rudolph, C. Roy, Cape Girardeau Peters, Mrs. Charles F., New Haven Rueweler, Eugene F., St. Louis Peters, Clinton and Bob, Independence Russell, Mrs. George W., Altus, Okla. Peters, Mrs. Edward, Beaufort Rutherford, J. C, Santa Fe, N. Mex. Peters, Roylee W., Sedalia St. Louis County Library, Normandy Pettig, Mrs. O. P., Deming, N. Mex. Sailor, Nelle M., New York, N.Y. Phillips, Mrs. Edward, Canton Sanford, Susan, Independence Phillips, Mr. and Mrs. S. II., Cincin­ Santhuff, Don, Ellington nati, O. Sawyer, Earl, Parkville Phillips, Mrs. T. E., Bonne Terre Sayers, R. II., Lebanon Pierce, Gerald S., Rio de Janiero, Brazil Schaumburg, Mrs. Norman, Poe, Mrs. Leroy, Oran Brentwood Pooker, Jack Lyman, Columbia Schmandt, Mr. and Mrs. R. II., St. Powell, Lantz, Carthage Louis Powell, Mrs. R. F., Kirkwood Schmid, Ralph D., Granite City, 111. Prewitt, P. R., Richland Schnitzmeyer, Herman, St. Louis Price, Clun, Maryville Schrader, Mrs. William, Chillicothe Pritchard, Mrs. L. K., Grand view Schulten, R. A., Hannibal Prulihiere, Doyne, Parkville Schumacher, Norman T., St. Louis Rahill, Peter J., University City LIFE Schwab, Virginia Kay, Vandalia Randall, William J., Independence Scott, Ruby, Pattonsburg Rasmussen, Mrs. A. H., Portland, Ore. Scrivner, CM., Jefferson City Ray, Arnim L., Crestwood Sealock, Richard B., Kansas City T Reddig, William, Jr., Alexandria, \ a. LIFE Reger, Mr. and Mrs. W. J., Canton Seevers, Gene, Alexandria, Va. Renne, F. A., Zephyrhills, Fla. Sego, Mrs. L. C, Rushville Reynolds, Mrs. E. G., Tucson, Ariz. Sermon, Todd, Independence Rice, J. S., Lexington Sevra, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, Ozark Richards, Mr. and Mrs. Wilbur, Beach Montrose Sevra, Stanley J., Prairie Village, Kans. Rieger, James L., Kansas City Sharp, Mr. and Mrs. F. W., St. Joseph Rieger, Nathan, Kansas City Shattuck, William, San Francisco, Riemeier, Mr. and Mrs. M. O., Kirk­ Calif. wood Shaw, Mrs. R. D., Thomasville Riemeier, Mr. and Mrs. N. W., Kirk­ Sherman, George A., Glendale wood Sherman, George W., Kansas City Riffle, Mrs. Ronald G., Columbia Shinsel, Ruth, La Grande, Ore. Riley, Albert Chilion, New Madrid Showen, Marion, Macon Riley, James F., Clinton LIFE Simpson, Howard B., Mackinaw, 111. Historical Notes and Comments 291

Siperko, Helen, Lebanon Toler, Mrs. Jo, West Plains Sisco, Clyde, Springfield Traw, Jerry, Richland Sittenfeld, Leon B., Kansas City Tredway, Dallas A., St. Louis Smith, A. H., Webster Groves Trenton Junior College, Trenton Smith, David E., Kansas City Tribble, Debbie, Vandalia Smith, George S., Holt's Summit Trost, Jesse, Parkville

Smith, Oscar L.f Parkville Turner, Mrs. D. G., Savannah Smith, Ray E., North Kansas City Turner, Mrs. M. M., Kansas City Snider, Warren A., St. Louis Unionville Public Schools, Unionville Snyder, Harold G., Kansas City University of London Library, London, Southern Missionary College, College- England dale, Tenn. Urech, Ernest M., St. Ann LIFE Southwest Missouri State College, Vance, Daisy N., Independence Springfield Vanderbeck, Charles, Moberly Sparks, Mildred Barry, St. Louis Van Pelt Florist, Carthage Spears, L. L., Crocker Vaught, Mrs. W. W., Fayetteville, Ark. Spitzmiller, Ermal, Tulsa, Okla. Veira, Kenneth P., Kansas City Springer, Mrs. J. J., Lincoln, 111. Vergin, Mrs. P. S., Garden Grove, Staley, E. M., Bowling Green Calif. Stayton, Mr. and Mrs. G. E., Kansas Vineyard, Mrs. John, Independence City Waite, Mrs. T. W., Pleasanton, Calif. Steck, W. A., St. Louis Walker, Merle, North Kansas City Steele, Reta, Springfield Walters, Charlie, Farber Sterry, Mrs. Hamilton, Carmel, Calif. Walters, Mrs. Herman D., St. Joseph Stevenson, Mrs. Albert, St. Louis Wanglin, Wade H., Joplin Stewart, Walter H., Rolla LIFE Ward, Mrs. Harry E., Atlanta, Ga. Stolte, Charles H., Mexico Ward, Winston C, Bonne Terre Strange, Mr. and Mrs. H. H., Decatur, Warren, Florence, Richland Ga. Warren, Henry E., Ill, Richland Street, Mr. and Mrs. James O., Dallas, Warren, Ray, Norborne Tex. Waters, Herbert E., Jr., Ava Stump, L. H., Canton Watts, Mrs. Maude Minter, Waxa- Swisher, James D., Warrensburg hachie, Tex. Sydnor, George B., Portland, Ore. Weatherly, Mrs. E. P., Kansas City Talbert, Clark, Vandalia Webb, Ross A., Lexington, Ky. Talbot, W. L., Jr., New Port, R. I. Webster, Eber D., Wellington Tarcay, Mrs. Eileen S., Columbia Weir, Mrs. Ruth H., Marshall Teague, Faye, Farber Weiser, Johnny, Vandalia Thomas, Charles, St. Louis Welker, Clarence, Lemay Thomas, Joan J., St. Joseph West, John M., Kansas City Thompson, Ford W., Jr., Ladue West Virginia University Library, Thompson, George A., Kansas City Morgantown, W. Va. Thrailkill, George, Liberty White, Mrs. John G., Checotah, Okla. Tillery, Susan, Columbia White, Mrs. Joseph W., Ladue Tillman, Mr. and Mrs. Ty, Canton White, Lawrence, Macon Tilly, Mr. and Mrs. V. S., Tulsa, Okla. Whitworth, Kernan B., Columbia Tindall, Mrs. R. K., Exclesior Springs Wick, Mrs. Margaret, Overland Tingler, Garnett, Butler Willard, Mark, Santa Maria, Calif. Todd, Chuck, Vandalia Williams, E. Warner, Mexico 292 Missouri Historical Review

Williams, Mrs. L. C, El Paso, Tex. Wood, William, Boonville Wilson, C. A., Minneapolis, Minn. Woodward, Lee, Parkville Wilson, Frances J., Vandalia Wright, Carl J., Cape Girardeau Wilson, Larry F., Fayette Wright, Mrs. Mollie H. A., Gower Wilson, Richard O., Kansas City Wright, Porter, York, Pa. Windsor, John H., Kansas City Wright, Mrs. Tucker, Atlanta, Ga. Winfree, Dannie, Salisbury Wright, Wayne B., St. Louis Winfree, Stephen W., Golden Beach, Yawitz, Marvin A., University City Fla. Winn, C. K., Mexico Younger, R. J., Dayton, O. Wolverton, Richard A., Kansas City Yowell, Mrs. Emmett, University City Wood, Louren R., Richland Ziegler, Dewey, Kansas City

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR STATE AND LOCAL HISTORY The activities of the American Association for State and Local History during the past year offer ample evidence as to why local historians and every local historical society should join the organiza­ tion. The association was formed in December, 1940, "to coordinate the efforts of both institutions and individuals interested in state, provincial, and local history and to serve as the central clearing house for activities in this field." The following accomplishments of 1959 indicate that it is fulfilling its objectives: The association has continued to issue its monthly publication, History News, and recently expanded it from eight to twelve pages. It has published Organizing a Local Flistorical Society, by Clement M. Silvestro; Local History Contributions and Techniques in the Study of Two Colonial Cities, by Benjamin W. Labaree, Edward M. Riley, and Bayard Still; The Management of Small History Museums, by Carl Guthe; The Present World of History, edited by James Rodabaugh; and Directory of Historical Societies and Agencies in the United States and Canada, compiled by Cle­ ment M. Silvestro and Ardelle J. Hough. All these, with the excep­ tion of the last two items, were distributed free of charge to members. The association has become a clearing house for information regarding historical agencies and a placement center for job oppor­ tunities in the field. It holds meetings in conjunction with profes­ sional organizations and has conducted a campaign on behalf of legislation aimed at aiding the work of local historical agencies. To help develop a broadly based interest in history, it has cosponsored the Lincoln essay contest and radio-TV history competition. As a part of its effort in developing programs to attract competent personnel into the growing field of state and local history, it is cosponsoring a seminar for historical administrators. Historical Notes and Comments 293

At its annual meeting the association gives recognition to outstanding achievements in the field through a variety of awards to historical societies, books, newspapers, individuals, and organizations. Correspondence regarding publications and membership (at only $3 per year) should be addressed to Clement M. Silvestro, Director, American Association for State and Local History, 816 State Street, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

RESTORATION OF FORT OSAGE PROGRESSES Construction at the Fort Osage restoration, which lies 20 miles east of Kansas City, is approaching completion with the exception of one blockhouse and some stockade and grading. The entire project consists of the fort proper, including officers' quarters, five joined barracks cabins, and four blockhouses, all to be enclosed by a stockade, and the factory area, comprising the factory or trading house, the interpreters' house, and one blockhouse. The buildings and grounds are open to the public daily without admission charge. Shortly after the organization of the Fort Osage Restoration Society on April 4, 1940, the Jackson County Court authorized the purchase and development of the 13-acre site on which troops directed by William Clark began construction of the original fort in 1808. In 1952 the American Association for State and Local History granted an Award of Merit to the Native Sons of Kansas City, based on outstanding work in cooperation with local agencies in originating and sponsoring restoration of the fort. The Native Sons have designed the project historically and provided exhibits, while Jackson County owns the site and has done the construction work.

RICHMOND HIGHWAY HISTORICAL MARKER DEDICATED The Richmond Highway Historical Marker, which stands on the lawn of the Ray County courthouse, was officially dedicated with appropriate ceremonies in the circuit court room on January 30. Elmer L. Pigg, treasurer of the Ray County Historical Society, gave the principal address on "Some Little Known Ray County His­ tory." Dr. Floyd C. Shoemaker, secretary of The State Historical Society, presented the marker and M. J. Snider of Kansas City, district highway engineer, accepted for the State. The program opened with the presentation of colors by the Richmond American Legion and the pledge of allegiance led by the Boy Scouts of Troop 294 Alissouri Historical Review

424. The Reverend John L. Armstrong delivered the invocation, and Charles H. Sloan, prosecuting attorney of Ray County, extended a welcome to those present. William E. Dye, president of the Ray County Historical Society, served as master of ceremonies and introduced the distinguished guests, and the Reverend Charles Mills offered the benediction. The Ray County Historical Society sponsored the dedication ceremony.

"MOSTLY GHOSTS"

Cyrus R. Truitt of Novinger has given the Society "Mostly Ghosts," two looseleaf albums portraying the history of Novinger and western Adair County in pictures. Each volume includes 50 photographs, all approximately eight by ten inches, and each picture is accompanied by a brief but informative sketch. Mr. Truitt's project has aroused much local interest and resulted in uncovering some valuable and very interesting photographs. By copying the originals in a standard size, he has created a very attractive volume. Explanatory notes on the inside of the front and back covers discuss the project and highlights in the history of the community. Mr. Truitt regards this as a continuing project and is already at work on additional volumes, which he plans to present to the Society at a future date.

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

The doll collections of the late Rosemary Creasey has been placed on exhibit in the Audrain County Historical Society's museum. The display consists of nearly 500 dolls collected from all over the LTnited States and from many foreign countries and some books on the history of dolls.

As a part of the Carter County centennial observance the centennial board reconstructed a log cabin on the site where the first settler of Van Buren homesteaded, now a part of the courthouse lawn. Many museum materials are kept in the cabin, which is now sponsored by the Carter County Historical Society, and it is open without charge to the public.

The Chariton County Historical Society, meeting in Keytesville on January 24, heard Ralph R. Rea of Harrison, Arkansas, discuss Historical Notes and Comments 295 his recent book, Sterling Price, The Lee of the West. Jordan R. Bentley, president, discussed the possibility of a county museum and the preservation of historical materials, and Mrs. Paul H. Car­ ter summarized the society's activities during its three-year life.

The work of the Cole County Historical Society is featured in "'Old' Flourishes in Museum, But New Project Pushed," an illus­ trated article by Glenn Davis in the Jefferson City News and Tribune, January 10.

The Florissant Historical Society sponsored its second annual bullion party on January 6. The party is in keeping with a custom of former times in Florissant. The society met in White Hall on January 21 and elected the following officers: Mrs. Leslie S. Davison, president; Mrs. Fred H. Kiener and H. H. Wilmes, vice presidents; Mrs. Fred Gladbach, Jr., secretary; Marjorie Albers, treasurer; Edwin J. Benton, historian; and Esther Millman, Charlotte Bindbeutel, and Charles J. Harke, directors. The society plans to sponsor a house tour on May 1 and a garden party and tour of the formal gardens at Hazelwood Retreat on May 15.

The Gentry County Historical Society, meeting in Albany on October 4, heard Dr. G. F. Kling talk on the "History of Albany" and Miss Rena Lowe discuss "Old Homes of Albany." The society met in the Island City Christian Church on Janu­ ary 3 and enjoyed a varied program dealing with the history of the area.

The Grand River Historical Society and Museum met in the community room of the Chillicothe State Bank on January 14 and enjoyed a display and discussion of Indian artifacts by Wayne Purcell. Officers elected for the year include George W. Somerville, president; William Stilwell and Miss Kate Johnson, vice presidents; and Leo P. Hopper, secretary-treasurer.

The December, 1959, "Bulletin" of the Greene County Histori­ cal Society includes the following articles of general interest: "Christmas Times of Long Ago," by D. D. Howard, in which the author records his memories of the Christmas season in Taney County in the 1870's; "Why Was County Named Thelps'," by 296 Missouri Historical Review

Dr. Clair V. Mann; and "Lampe, Missouri—How the Town Was Named," by Dr. H. Lee Hoover. Several members of the society are formulating plans for the organization of a Civil War Roundtable for the Ozarks. The group will meet once a month to discuss Civil War personalities, cam­ paigns, and tactics. Dr. H. Lee Hoover, president of the Greene County Historical Society, is temporary chairman of the group.

The Hickory County Historical Society met in Hermitage on December 8 and heard brief talks by several members, including Mr. and Mrs. Ed Peterson, W. L. Dorman, and Mrs. Ida Carpenter.

Historic Hermann has launched a new project, the addition to its museum of the "Steamboat Room," which will occupy a part of the old German school building and where exhibits will be confined to river material, especially steamboats.

The Jackson County Historical Society held its annual dinner meeting in the Nelson Gallery of Art, Kansas City, on December 8 and heard Richard Hagen, director of memorials for the State of Illinois, discuss in an illustrated lecture the relationship between archaeology and historic preservation.

The Johnson County Historical Society met in Warrensburg on January 10 and discussed a proposal to accept the gift of the old Francis Marion Cockrell home. The home would be given to the society by the United Telephone Company to be used for civic pur­ poses if a plan for the purchase of the tract upon which it stands is carried through by the company. The group heard summaries of the last year's work and discussed a proposed new constitution. Officers elected include Phillip C. Houx, president; Mrs. John Lee and Mrs. Elmer Adkins, vice presidents; Miss Mildred Brown, secretary; and C. E. Schwensen and Mrs. Willina Brown, treasurers. The society, meeting in the Warrensburg Christian Church on February 14, voted conditional acceptance of the two lots on which the home of former Senator Francis Marion Cockrell stands. The offer was made by the United Telephone Company of Missouri. The organization also voted the adoption of a new constitution and bylaws proposed at the annual meeting in January. Historical Notes and Comments 297

The Ray County Historical Society held its organization meet­ ing in the Christian Church at Richmond on December 3. Russell V. Dye of Liberty, a vice president of The State Historical Society, spoke briefly, and the chair named Charles H. Sloan to prepare a constitution and bylaws for the group. Officers elected include William E. Dye, president; Garner Settle, vice president; Louise Darneal, secretary; and Elmer Pigg, treasurer. The Ray County Historical Society held its charter night banquet in Richmond on January 30 and heard Dr. Floyd C. Shoemaker, secretary of The State Historical Society, speak on "A Suggested Program for the Ray County Historical Society." The program opened with the blessing by Mrs. Harry B. Smith and music by Mrs. Dick B. Dale, Jr., and Mrs. Harry S. Jones, Jr. William E. Dye extended the welcome, and Elmer L. Pigg intro­ duced the guest speaker. Mr. Dye introduced the distinguished guests; Miss Louise Darneal read the minutes of the founding meet­ ing, and Charles H. Sloan presented the constitution.

The St. Charles County Historical Society, meeting in St. Charles on January 28, heard Dr. Homer Clevenger speak on "Education, Early and Modern." About 150 persons viewed a display of objects used in the educational process many years ago.

The Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks held its first meeting at the Kentwood Arms Hotel in Springfield on January 13 and heard Ralph R. Rea of Harrison, Arkansas, speak on "General Sterling Price." Rea is the author of the recent biography, Sterling Price, the Lee of the West. The organization met in Springfield on February 10 and heard John K. Hulston, Springfield attorney, discuss "West Pointers at Wilson's Creek." Officers elected include Walker A. Tynes, presi­ dent; Dr. H. Lee Hoover and Charles Sheppard, vice presidents; Jerry Pace, secretary; Ed Corrigan, treasurer; Fred DeArmond, historian; and John K. Hulston, executive committeeman.

As a result of action taken by the Board of Governors of the Concordia Historical Institute of St. Louis, a farm homestead near Frohna may be purchased and restored as a memorial to the Lutherans who settled in Missouri in 1838-1839. Log buildings still standing at the farm, which was owned by the Bergt family from 298 Missouri Historical Review

1839 until recently, include a two-story home, a large barn, and smaller buildings. The Institute has reached, for the first time in its history, a membership in excess of 1,000. The Institute was founded in March, 1927, in order to collect and preserve materials and historical items depicting the growth and expansion of Lutheranism in America.

The Friends of Arrow Rock, meeting in the Arrow Rock Fed­ erated Church on December 6, selected as their initial project the acquisition, repair, and restoration of the building in Arrow Rock which served as courthouse prior to the establishment of the county seat at Marshall. Officers elected include Mrs. David F. Eads, Columbia, president; Hugh Stephens, Jefferson City, and Dr. John Lawrence, Arrow Rock, vice presidents; Mrs. E. E. Hailey, Arrow Rock, secretary; and L. W. Van Dyke, Marshall, treasurer.

The Kansas City Posse of the Westerners met in the Bellerive Hotel on January 12 and heard Dr. Donald H. Welsh, assistant editor of the Missouri Historical Review, speak on "Three Bonanza Ranchers in the Little Missouri Bad Lands."

Members of the Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis met in the Jefferson Memorial on January 29 for an armchair tour of his­ toric Virginia mansions, an hour's program of films which provide glimpses of eighteenth century plantation life, great moments of American history, and close-up views of some of the great houses.

The Missouri Society of the Inland Empire met in Spokane on February 6. Officers elected include Mrs. Tom Kirkland, president; Martin Montgomery and Mrs. Elmer Marsh, vice presidents; A. A. Beyersdorf, secretary; and Kenneth Caudill, treasurer. The society will hold its annual picnic in Manito Park, Spokane, on July 31. Missouri societies also exist in Lewiston, Idaho, and in Clarkston, Washington, and the latter will hold its 1960 picnic on August 28.

The Missouri "Show Me" Club of Los Angeles held its Christmas party at Clifton's Cafeteria on December 18. The club met at Clifton's Cafeteria on January 15 and heard Daniel Taylor, St. Louis newspaper columnist, speak on "The Wind of Korea." Historical Notes and Comments 299

Arthur K. Atkinson, chairman of the board of the National Museum of Transport, St. Louis, announced on December 2 the appointment of the board of four additional members, Harry F. Harrington, president of Boatmen's National Bank of St. Louis; James P. Hickock, president of the First National Bank in St. Louis; George E. Leighty, chairman of the Railway Labor Executives' Association; and Sidney Maestre, chairman of the board of Mercan­ tile Trust Company. The National Museum of Transport, St. Louis, met on Febru­ ary 17 and named the following officers for 1960: Arthur K. Atkin­ son and Robert E. Burns, chairman and vice chairman of the board; John P. Roberts, president; Raymond E. Rowland, vice president; Malcolm W. Martin, secretary; and Robert K. Heineman, treasurer. John F. Lilly was elected to a three-year term as director of the museum.

The Native Sons of Kansas City met on January 20 and heard Dr. E. O. Hammond, director of guidance and counselling in the Kansas City Public Schools, discuss the Civil War, the data coming from information gathered from personal interviews with veterans during the 1930's. New officers elected include Norton Adler, presi­ dent; John J. Doohan and Herman H. Hoelzel, vice presidents; Sterrett S. Titus, secretary; Charles F. Rouse, treasurer; and James Anderson, historian.

ANNIVERSARIES The United States Post Office Department will issue a four-cent commemorative stamped envelope at St. Joseph on July 19, in connection with the Pony Express Centennial. A commemorative stamp will go on sale in Sacramento on the same day. Commemora­ tive stamped envelopes are comparatively scarce and have been issued only six times previously in American postal history.

A provisional committee drawn from South Central Missouri met at the home of Dr. Clair V. Mann in Rolla on February 14 to initiate appropriate regional plans for the observance of the Civil War Centennial.

Concordia's centennial celebration will conclude with a pageant staged during the annual Fall Festival. The Reverend Julius Blitz, 300 Missouri Historical Review who was responsible for changing the name of an earlier settlement, Humboldt, to Concordia, came to the pastorate of St. Paul's Lutheran Church in 1860, the date selected as the approximate founding of the community. Hugo Alewel is president of the Fall Festival Board.

Rockhurst College of Kansas City celebrated the fiftieth anniver­ sary of the granting of its charter with a series of special events beginning on September 25, 1959, and ending on May 3, 1960. Nationally known scholars and authorities brought to the campus for the observance included Father Edward J. O'Donnell, Frank J. Dugan, Robert Frost, David Sarnoff, Anton Pegis, Dr. Samuel Eliot Morison, and Dr. William F. Albright.

St. Louis, one of the few cities west of the Mississippi River which is older than the Nation itself, has begun to plan for its 200th birthday anniversary, which will be celebrated in 1964. Mayor Raymond R. Tucker has appointed a committee headed by Charles van Ravenswaay, director of the Missouri Historical Society, to lay the groundwork for the observance.

The Salem Lutheran Church of St. Louis County observed its fiftieth anniversary with a series of special services which ended on December 13. Miss Doris Aeschliman has given the Society a copy of the nicely illustrated, 50-page booklet issued to commemorate the occasion.

Committee members in charge of planning Salem's centennial celebration met on January 22 and named the following officers: Dr. Haydn Powell, president; Raymond Whitaker, vice president; Miss Helene Bircher, secretary; and Miss Ralpha Peck, treasurer.

Sikeston is observing its centennial with a series of events to be climaxed by a nightly pageant on June 13-18. John Donoho is president of the Sikeston Centennial Council.

Versailles began the observance of its 125th anniversary with the publication of "Do You Remember," a weekly column by Dorothy Bartram, in the Leader-Statesman beginning on January 15. The celebration will continue through August, reaching a climax during the Morgan County fair. Historical Notes and Comments 301

The centennial of Abraham Lincoln's visit to northeastern Kansas in 1859 was observed on December 5 as a caravan, which included the carriage in which the Illinoisan rode, formed at Elwood, opposite St. Joseph, retraveled the original 51-mile route, and participated in ceremonies at Troy, Atchison, and Leavenworth. Rolla A. Clymer, editor and manager of the El Dorado Times, portrayed Lincoln and read authentic quotations from his speeches. He was introduced by Fred Brinkerhoff, editor of the Pittsburg Headlight and originator of the anniversary observance. Members of the caravan included Dr. and Mrs. Floyd C. Shoemaker.

ERRATUM A note on page 88 of the October, 1959, Review states that "Kindly Frank James and Beautiful Wife Recalled in Oklahoma Town," a feature story by Tom Sharrock, appeared in the Kansas City Star on May 5. The correct date of publication is May 19. Pierce Munsey of Denver, Colorado, called this error to our attention. HONORS AND TRIBUTES Friends and associates of Dr. William A. Albrecht, professor emeritus of soils at the University of Missouri and a 43-year veteran of the staff, gave a lecture fund of $2,700 to the University at a recognition banquet held in Memorial Student Union on Decem­ ber 2. The fund, to be called the Albrecht Lecture Fund, will be used to bring authorities on soils to the campus. Dr. Albrecht was also honored with a life membership in the Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Council of Missouri, presented by Austin A. Mount, president of the council.

F. C. Barnhill, Marshall, executive vice president of the Wood & Huston Bank, was honored by the organization at a banquet on December 3, his eightieth birthday and sixtieth anniversary with the firm. The Marshall Daily Democrat-News, December 4, includes Mr. Barnhill's talk, in which he discusses the changes in Marshall during his employment. Mr. Barnhill is trustee of The State Histori­ cal Society, a trustee of the Friends of Arrow Rock, and a founder of the Saline County Historical Society.

Dr. Thomas A. Brady, dean of extra divisional activities at the University of Missouri, was invested as a Papal Knight of St. 302 Missouri Historical Review

Gregory in a ceremony at Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Columbia, on December 6. Pope Gregory XVI established the order in 1831 to reward persons distinguished in personal character, reputation, and notable accomplishments within the Church.

Morton D. May received the St. Louis Globe-Democrat Man-of- the-Year award at ceremonies held in his office on December 28. The award, presented by Richard H. Amberg, Globe-Democrat publisher, recognizes May's work in the development of the St. Louis riverfront and his leadership in civic and cultural affairs.

David P. Wohl, St. Louis humanitarian, benefactor, and good citizen, received on December 24 the first Humanities Award, an award to be bestowed annually through the St. Louis Globe- Democrat by an anonymous donor. The award, which includes a citation and a gift of $1,000, gives recognition to a person with a continuing humane concern for the physical and spiritual welfare of the community.

Dr. Floyd C. Shoemaker was elected president of Alpha of Missouri chapter of Phi Beta Kappa at the University of Missouri on November 10, and Dr. Saul S. Weinberg and Dr. K. B. Whit­ worth were named vice president and secretary-treasurer respec­ tively. This chapter, founded in 1901, is the oldest in the State.

Citations of merit for outstanding service were awarded to three distinguished graduates of the University of Missouri at the annual arts and science banquet on December 3. Those honored were Dr. Minnie M. Brashear, Kirksville, authority on Mark Twain and a retired professor of English; Leland Hazard, Pittsburgh, distin­ guished lawyer, industrial administrator, civic leader, and educator, now professor of industrial administration and law in the Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie Institute of Technol­ ogy; and Dr. Eldon H. Newcomb, Madison, authority in the field of plant biochemistry and professor of botany at the University of Wisconsin.

Rockhurst College, Kansas City, as a part of its fiftieth anniver­ sary celebration is recognizing achievement by granting the Pro Meritis award to selected individuals. On October 5 the award was conferred upon Dr. Elmer Ellis, president of the University of Historical Notes and Comments 303

Missouri, for "representing in an outstanding way the ideals of liberal education," on James A. Hazlett, Kansas City super­ intendent of schools, for his "contributions to effective secondary education in the Kansas City area," and to Sister Rose Carmel, S. C. L., instructor in Cathedral High School, Helena, Montana, for "excellence in the field of secondary education." On March 29 the award was granted to Dr. Floyd C. Shoemaker, secretary of The State Historical Society of Missouri, "in recognition of your great service to scholarship and to our State in your fifty years' service in the State Historical Society" and to Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison, U. S. N. R. Retired, professor of history at Harvard University.

NOTES In competition for the best 1,500 word essays on "Reflections While Standing Before the Lincoln Memorial," a contest cospon- sored nationally by the American Association for State and Local History and Broadcast Music, Inc., the Missouri winners were Mrs. Mary Abney Gamble, St. Louis, and FYances Denham, Kansas City, in the professional class and Jean M. Heusler, St. Louis County, and Arline McNutt, Bowling Green, in the nonprofessional. Helen M. Newell of Boise, Idaho, and Nancy Potter of Voluntown, Connecticut, have been selected as the national contest winners. The State Historical Society of Missouri handled over 100 completed contest blanks.

Irving Dilliard, a member of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch staff for nearly 33 years, retired on February 5 after serving as an editor­ ial writer since 1930 and editor of the editorial page from 1949 to 1957. He is now a faculty member at the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies at Salzburg, Austria, and on his return in the spring he will devote his time to speaking and writing. Mr. Dilliard has an established reputation as a lay authority on the Supreme Court.

John R. James of Independence has given the Society a copy of Recollections of James Francis Riley, 1838-1918, an 84-page booklet which Mr. James edited and supplied with a foreword. In the book­ let Riley describes his adventures between 1859 and 1865, including the border warfare and trips from his home in Cass County to Salt Lake City, Fort Larned, Fort Lyon, and Fort Union, New Mexico. 304 Missouri Historical Review

The Society has purchased from Mrs. Elizabeth Ellsberry, Chillicothe, a copy of her "Macon County, Missouri, Will Records, 1838-1880," copied by Mrs. Ellsberry, and "Marriage Records," copied by Mrs. W. E. Muff.

Evangel College, Springfield, has acquired a log cabin built 111 years ago in Webster County by Thomas Simpkins. The cabin, located near Fordland, will be dismantled by a group of students under the direction of Professor Bernard Bresson, each piece will be numbered and transported to the college campus, and the structure will be reassembled and eventually furnished in pioneer style. Plans call for the completion of the project this summer.

John Francis McDermott, professor of English at Washington University, St. Louis, has given the Society a copy of The Art of Seth Eastman, a 34-page illustrated publication with biography and catalogue information, which he prepared to accompany a traveling exhibition arranged through the Smithsonian Institution of 68 paintings and drawings by Eastman.

The James Foundation has retained James D. Norris of the University of Missouri to devote two years' time to an intensive examination of all available documentation and the preparation of a history of the Maramec Iron Works and its immediately surround­ ing area. Norris will work under the direction of Professor Lewis Atherton of the University's Department of History.

The Society has purchased three letters written by Nathan and Thomas Dresser from St. Louis to members of their family in Vermont and New Hampshire in 1837, 1838, and 1841.

Howard C. Grisham of Jefferson City has given the Society pic­ tures of two children of Hannah Cole of Cole's Fort fame, Jennie and Samuel, of Andey Cole, and of Schuyler C. Grisham, and a mimeo­ graphed copy of "Greshams of America and Across the Seas," com­ piled by Alexander Taylor Strange in 1913.

Bela Batchkai, national secretary of the American Hungarian Federation, Washington, D. C, conferred with several Springfield historians on January 15 regarding the possible erection of a monu­ ment to honor Major Charles Zagonyi, Hungarian leader of John C. Historical Notes and Comments 305

Fremont's bodyguard, which made a dash into Springfield on October 25, 1861. The matter will be settled in May.

Judge R. Kenneth Elliott of Liberty has given the Society a typescript copy of "My Early Recollections of Brunswick," written by Dewitt Clinton Basey and dated March 22, 1911. Basey was born in 1837 in Brunswick, where his father operated an inn.

Justus R. Moll of Washington, D. C, and his son, William Moll of Springfield, have given the Society the first volume of the Spring­ field Missouri Daily Patriot, September, 1866-September, 1867. A microfilm copy of this unique item is being placed in the collections of the Greene County Historical Society.

Among the new attractions in Hermann is Hutson's Clock Museum, opened by Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Hutson in their home in early 1959. The collection includes nearly 140 different items, and all except two are running. The museum is open daily with no admission charge.

The Society has purchased from Mrs. Elizabeth Ellsberry of Chillicothe a copy of her mimeographed publication, "Marriage Records, 1820-1850, and Will Records, 1824-1849, of Ray County, Missouri."

Sister Mary Eulalia Warin, C. H. M., of Ottumwa, Iowa, has given the Society a photostatic copy of the Currier & Ives print entitled "Genl. Shields at the Battle of Winchester, Va. 1862."

The third national assembly of the National Civil War Centen­ nial Commission will be held in the Sheraton-Jefferson Hotel of St. Louis on May 5-6.

Mrs. George Gellhorn, St. Louis, has given the Society a copy of The League of Women Voters in St. Louis, the First Forty Years, 1919-1959, by Avis Carlson.

Davis Hall, at the new Museum of Science and Natural History in Clayton, was dedicated in formal ceremonies on September 30. The opening exhibit in the museum, which is sponsored by the St. Louis Academy of Science, is "The Story of Flight." 306 Missouri Historical Review

Martin Eichenlaub of Bonne Terre has given the Society a copy of the November 30, 1861, issue of Harper s Weekly, a print from a portrait of Thomas Hart Benton, and miscellaneous items.

The Nathan Boone home near Defiance, the 150-year-old stone mansion where Daniel Boone died in 1820, was heavily damaged by fire on February 12. The Daniel Boone Shrine Association immedi­ ately began to repair the structure which it hopes to reopen in April.

Harry C. Hoffman of Oxford, Ohio, has given the Society a 30-page typescript folder, "Historical Events in the Lives of the James and Younger Brothers," which he has compiled and a number of related pictures and newspaper articles.

The Division of Resources and Development has issued a new promotional publication, Missouri Spectacular, which portrays with concise commentary and 77 illustrations in full color the State's attractions as a family vacationland. The photography is by Gerald R. Massie and Ralph W. Walker and the art layout by Ron Hinote.

The Tobacco Institute, Incorporated, of Washington, D. C, has given the Society a copy of its new 12-page booklet, Missouri and Tobacco, which discusses tobacco's role in the State's history.

"Misunderstood Medic," an illustrated article by Louise Davis in the Nashville Tennessean Magazine, December 6, describes the career of Dr. John Sappington, who lived near Arrow Rock from 1819 until his death in 1856. F. C. Barnhill, Marshall, has supplied the Society with a copy of the article.

The origin of the names of towns in Lawrence County is dis­ cussed by Fred G. Mieswinkel in the Aurora Advertiser, February 2, and the Mount Vernon Lawrence County Record and Lawrence Chieftain, February 4.

As a result of an article in the Green City Press, February 11, regarding the opening of the railroad to Green City, the publisher received information about the early history of the area from many informants, and this data is included in the issue of February 18. Historical Notes and Comments 307

"Early American Home in Ralls County Still Has Real Charm," an illustrated feature by B. B. Watson in the Hannibal Courier- Post, December 18, discusses Thomas P. Norton and the home which he built six miles northwest of Center in 1826.

An interesting phase of early Barton County history is discussed in "Churches Were Opposed by Free-Thinkers Who Founded Liberal, Mo.; Town Now Has Four," a feature story by Porter Wittich in the Joplin Globe, February 14.

'"G. Tinker' Artistry Never Wanes," in the Kansas City Star, January 24, describes the work of Mrs. Grace Tinker of Pierce City and her creation of colorful pieces of hand-painted china. "Lure for Sight-Seers at Ft. Osage, Where Indians Traded in 1809," an illustrated feature by Margaret Olwine in the Kansas City Star, February 14, discusses the history and the restoration of the outpost which was located "26 days by keel boat from St. Louis" and is 24 miles northeast of Kansas City.

In "Felling the Bee-Tree," a feature story in the Kansas City Times, November 25, Hugh P. Williamson recreates with an air of nostalgia an episode which still remains clear in his memory of boyhood.

"Osceola, Land of Osage River Lore," the address delivered by Dr. Floyd C. Shoemaker at the dedication of the Osceola Highway Historical Marker on November 8, is printed in the Osceola St. Clair County Courier, December 10.

A series of weekly articles by Mrs. Edna McElhiney Olson and concerning places of historic interest in St. Charles and St. Charles County began in the St. Charles Journal on June 4, 1959. Recent articles in the series, which will end in June, 1960, include "A Bit of Old Europe," January 7; "Duplicated German Tavern," Janu­ ary 14; "Bank Allows 60 Days to Save Fur Trade Post," January 21; "Once Thriving Fur Post," January 28; "Former Inn and Post Office," February 4; and "Where Post Office Stands," February 11. Interest created by the series has resulted in a number of gifts to the society. 308 Missouri Historical Review

"Portrait of Daniel Boone," an illustrated article in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat Sunday Magazine, November 22, supplies the back­ ground story behind the Chester Harding painting of the frontiers­ man which was recently acquired by the Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis.

"Nobel Winners," a feature story by William K. Wyant, Jr., in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 29, notes that nine persons with St. Louis connections have been rewarded for their intellectual accomplishments by winning the Nobel prize. Those honored, the date, and the achievement are: Dr. Arthur Kornberg and Dr. Severo Ochoa, 1959, pioneering research into basic mechanisms of heredity; Thomas Stearns Eliot, 1948, pioneering work in modern poetry; Dr. Carl F. Cori and the late Dr. Gerty Cori, 1947, isolation of the enzyme that starts conversion of animal starch into sugar; Dr. Joseph Erlanger and Dr. Herbert S. Gasser, 1944, research on the action of the nerves; Dr. Edward A. Doisy, 1943, research into and discovery of Vitamin K; and Dr. Arthur Holly Compton, 1927, discovery of the dispersion of X-rays. "Custer Fights On, From Bar to Bar," an illustrated feature by Jack Rice in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 20, discusses Custer's Last Fight, a painting by Cassilly Adams, a St. Louis artist. Adolphus Busch acquired the original in the 1890's and sent revised lithographs everywhere that he sold beer. The Anheuser-Busch brewery has given away more than 1,000,000 copies.

"Treasures of the Archdiocese in the Archives," an illustrated feature by the Reverend Peter J. Rahill, official archivist of the St. Louis Archdiocese, in the St. Louis Review, December 4, briefly describes the collections at St. Louis.

'"Battle of Salem' Created National Interest in 1861," a feature story by Margaret Vickery in the Salem News, January 14, describes the skirmish which occurred on December 3, 1861. An interesting phase of Dent County history is discussed by William Thomas Furry, Caledonia, in "Old Mill Sites Described by Former County Resident," Salem News, February 4.

The two Washington newspapers, the Citizen and the Mis­ sourian, have continued through December, January, and February to publish the series of articles by Ralph Gregory, curator of the Historical Notes and Comments 309

Washington Museum Society, dealing with the history of Washing­ ton and Franklin County.

HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS George Caleb Bingham, River Portraitist. By John Francis McDermott. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959. xxviii, 454 pp. Indexed. $15.00.) George Caleb Bingham, born in Virginia in 1811, moved to Franklin, Missouri, with his family in 1819. Here his father died four years later, and in 1824 his mother took her six children to a 160-acre Saline County farm. After being apprenticed to a Boonville cabinet maker in 1827, Bingham began painting in 1833 and by 1834 "without instruction or example, was painting quite acceptable portraits." (p. 19) This was the begin­ ning of an astonishing career which included the creation of well over 100 genre, landscape, historical, and picture paintings and, at the very least, 1,000 portraits. Bingham also served in other capacities, as a member of the State Legislature, 1848-1850, State Treasurer, 1862-1865, president of the Kansas City Board of Police Commissioners, 1874, and adju­ tant general of Missouri, 1875-1877. Perhaps the author, an associate professor of English at Wash­ ington University, St. Louis, speaks two basic truths when he states that "It is in the portrayal of the political scene and of life on the great rivers that his timeless achievement lies" (p. 3) and "Bingham could paint the men of the West so effectively because he was one of them. The world he drew with so much understanding was his own world." (p. 4) The volume is written in three parts, in which the author provides a description of the country in which Bingham passed his boyhood, narrates his career, and then evaluates his work. The appendix includes a detailed Bingham chronology, a 26-page check­ list of his works, and reproductions of 79 paintings and 112 sketches.

Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Introduction by Roy F. Nichols. (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, Inc., 1956. lxxx, 3,097 pp. Indexed. $24.95.) During the 1880's many Civil War veterans became aware that the rising new generation remembered little of the struggle and had a compelling curiosity about it. At the same time the editors of Century were thinking in terms of novel features for their magazine. The result was a series of articles on the prin- 310 Missouri Historical Review cipal battles of the war written by leaders from both sides. Before publication an elaborate means of checking accuracy was worked out with the War Department, which was then compiling the Official Record. The articles immediately proved popular and in 1887 were bound together in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, a four- volume, gilt-edged work filled with interesting military history and human interest features and well illustrated with pictures and maps. Now with the approach of the Civil War Centennial, these vivid accounts have been reprinted in a new four-volume work. Among the 15 essays dealing with action in Missouri are "In Command in Missouri," by General John C. Fremont; "The Flanking Column at Wilson's Creek," by General FYanz Sigel; "The Siege of Lexington," by Colonel James A. Mulligan; "Island Number Ten," by Colonel J. W. Bissell; "General Polk and the Battle of Belmont," by Cap­ tain William M. Polk; and "Resume of Military Operations in Missouri and Arkansas, 1864-65," by Wiley Britton.

The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875. Volume X. The Diaries of William Henry Jackson, Frontier Photo­ grapher. Edited by LeRoy R. Hafen and Ann W. Hafen. (Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1959. 345 pp. Indexed. $10.00.) William Henry Jackson, who is famous in western history as the "Pioneer Photographer," was born in New York in 1843. After a lifetime filled with activity, during which he became famous as a photographer and artist, Jackson died in 1942. This volume includes three of Jackson's diaries, "To California and Return: Diaries of 1866-1867," which chronicles a journey from Davenport, Iowa, to Los Angeles and the return to Omaha; "To the Central Rockies and Mount of the Holy Cross: Diary of 1873," written while he served as a photographic chief for a section of the F. V. Hayden Survey; and "To the Utes and Cliff Dweller Ruins: Diary of 1874," which records his journey to the Mesa Verde region of Colorado when he discovered and photographed the lost cities of the cliff dwellers.

George Catlin and the Old Frontier. By Harold McCracken. (New York: The Dial Press, 1959. 216 pp. Indexed. $18.50.) George Catlin, born in Pennsylvania in 1796, practiced law briefly and then fulfilled commissions for portraits of several important Easterners. His family background was deeply rooted in frontier and Indian lore, Historical Notes and Comments 311 however, and in 1830 he visited St. Louis, became acquainted with William Clark, and painted a number of portraits. During the next seven years he wandered among some 48 tribes of Western Indians, and his art portrays these people as they then lived in that vast, unknown territory. Catlin, his last years filled with disappointment, died in New Jersey in 1872. This volume, which includes 36 illustra­ tions in full color and 131 in black and white from Catlin's works, provides a complete biography of the artist and quotes liberally from his own writings about wilderness life in the 1830's.

The Management of Small History Museums. By Carl E. Guthe. (Madison, Wisconsin: The American Association for State and Local History, 1959. 80 pp. Not indexed. $1.00 to members of the Association; $1.25 to non-members.) The publication of this manual marks a significant milestone in museum literature as, for the first time, the small history museum is singled out as the institution that needs both professionalization and historical perspective. Carl Guthe, one of the leaders in the movement to define, establish, and encourage better museum practices, after retiring as director of the New York State Museum spent five years visiting museums of every description throughout the United States and Canada. From this background he has written the present volume, which is filled with procedural and technical advice and the basic knowledge necessary for carrying on a good program.

The Joseph Hunter and Related Families. By Stephen Ben Hunter and Mary Amanda Medley Hunter. Edited by Felix Eugene Snider. (Cape Girardeau: Ramfre Press, 1959. 374 pp. Indexed. $8.00.) This is a genealogical compilation of the Beckwith, Bird, Byrd, Flunter, Medley, Phillips, Riley, and Sikes families, the progenitors of which came to Southeast Missouri before or shortly after 1800. The volume includes many documents related to the families. Mr. Hunter, a resident of Cape Girardeau, a member of the Society since 1916, and a trustee of the Society since 1925, was elected to honorary membership on November 1, 1957, and both he and Mrs. Hunter have for years been active supporters of the organization.

Indians of the High Plains, From the Prehistoric Period to the Coming of Europeans. By George E. Hyde. (Norman: University 312 Missouri Historical Review of Oklahoma Press, 1959. xiii, 231 pp. Indexed. $4.00.) This volume, which portrays Indian life on the western high plains from about 1300 to 1800, explores the entire area and deals with many tribes. The author, who has written many books on the Indian and was at one time associated with the late George Bird Grinnell, believes that from 1300 to 1700 the Apaches and Navahos played pivotal roles, but that after 1700 the Comanches and Snakes came to the fore, and that they in turn were swept aside by others, notably the Blackleet and Sioux.

The White Hound. By Ward Dorrance and Thomas Mabry. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1959. xiv, 205 pp. Not indexed. $3.75.) This volume, the first book of fiction published by the new University of Missouri Press, includes four short stories by each of two talented American writers. Both write of the conflict and changing values in the areas in which they were raised, Dor­ rance of Missouri's "Little Dixie" and Mabry of Tennessee's "Black Patch." The stories, whose settings vary from post-Civil War Missouri to contemporary Tennessee, have previously been pub­ lished in magazines, but this is their first appearance in book form.

Territorial Papers of the United States. Volume XXIV. The Territory of Florida, 1828-1834. Compiled and edited by Clarence Edwin Carter. (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1959. 1,143 pp. Indexed. $8.00.) This volume contains selections from the original records in Washington, D. C, pertaining to Florida during Governor William P. DuVal's third and fourth administrations, 1828-1834. A headnote provides the source of each document, and footnotes supply additional relevant information. There is no editorial interpretation of the text.

Santa Fe: The Autobiography of a Southwestern Town. By Oliver La Farge. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959. xviii, 436 pp. Indexed. $5.95.) The Santa Fe New Mexican began publication on November 28, 1849, and this book, composed from the newspaper's columns, is the city's autobiography throughout the last century. The author's selection of material and the con­ nective passages which he has prepared make up a highly interesting account of life in Santa Fe and its view of national events. Historical Notes and Comments 313

The Desloge Family in America: A Genealogy. By Lucie Fursten- berg Huger. (St. Louis: Nordmann Printing Company, n. d. 64 pp. Indexed. $3.00.) The author provides a brief introduction to the Desloge family, quoting freely from early nineteenth century letters, and then presents statistical information on all the descendants of Firmin Rene Desloge, who left France in 1822, reached the home of his uncle, Ferdinand Rozier, in Ste. Genevieve in 1823, and operated businesses in Potosi from 1824 until his death in 1856.

Seventeenth Century Songs and Lyrics. By John P. Cutis. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1959. ix, 460 pp. Indexed. $6.00.) This anthology includes more than 400 English songs and lyrics collected and edited from original manuscripts in English museums and libraries. These previously unpublished lyrics range from bawdy tavern ballads to sincere religious lyrics, but most are love songs. This is the first volume to be issued by the new University of Missouri Press.

Revolutionary Soldiers in Kentucky. Compiled by Anderson Chenault Quisenberry. (Baltimore: Southern Book Company, 1959. 223 pp. Not indexed. $10.00.) This reprint from an 1895 publication includes a list of soldiers of the Virginia line who received land bounties from Virginia, a roll of the Revolutionary pensioners in Kentucky, a list of the members of "The Illinois Regiment" who served under George Rogers Clark in his campaign in the Old Northwest, and a roster of the Virginia Navy.

Arrow Rock: The Story of a Town, Its People, and Its Tavern. By Charles van Ravenswaay. (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society, 1959. 21 pp. Not indexed. $.75.) This is a reprint of "Arrow Rock, Missouri," written by the director of the Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis and originally published in the April, 1959, issue of the society's Bulletin. The booklet, which includes 16 attractive illustrations, carefully traces the history of the town from its beginning to the present.

A History of the Circus in America. By George L. Chindahl. (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1959. xvi, 279 pp. Not indexed. $5.00.) This book traces the development of the circus in America since 1771, beginning with troupes which traveled country roads in horsedrawn vehicles and moving on to the present organiza- 314 Missouri Historical Review tions which travel by truck and trailer. The appendix provides a portial list of American circuses and menageries from 1771 through 1956 and a bibliography of the America circus.

"Family Notes and Recollections." By Claude Franklin Clay­ ton. (Knoxville, Tennessee: The Fine Printing Company, 1959. vi, 1,076 pp. Indexed. $20.00.) This volume relates especially to the lineage of James Newton and Virginia E. (Ligon) Clayton and of Hubert Pascal and Alberta (Strother) Warden but includes miscel­ laneous notes on allied families. The volume contains many sketches related to Missouri history, and the author is a native of Stoddard County.

Quantrill and His Civil War Guerrillas. By Carl W. Breihan. (Denver: Alan Swallow, 1959. 174 pp. Not indexed. $3.50.) The author, a St. Louisan, first tells the story of John Brown and then, after introducing William Clarke Quantrill, briefly discusses the rise and fall of the guerrilla bands. The book includes an "authentic list of the 296 men" who at some time rode with Quantrill and has 32 fine illustrations.

Good Bye, Jesse! With an introduction by Martin E. Ismert. (Kansas City: Kansas City Posse of the Westerners, 1959. 20 pp. Not indexed. $2.50.) This is a reprint of the article which appeared in the Kansas City Daily Journal, April 4, 1882, regarding the death and the career of Jesse James, who was killed in St. Joseph on the day before. The booklet includes the testimony given by Mrs. James before the coroner's jury a few hours after the shooting.

Just Memories and Twelve Years With Cole Younger. By Todd Menzies George. (Kansas City: Quality Flill Printing Company, 1959. ii, 99 pp. Not indexed. $3.00.) The author, a native of Kentucky who came to Lee's Summit, Missouri, in 1882, records in 35 brief essays his memories of life in the area as he observed it and as he heard of it from his acquaintances.

Livery Stable Days. By Upton Barnard. (San Antonio: The Naylor Company, 1959. ix, 186 pp. Not indexed. $3.95.) This book recalls the day when the livery stable was a hub of social activity in nearly every American community and discusses Texan liverymen, their establishments, and details of their operations. Historical Notes and Comments 315

Calamity Was the Name for Jane. By Glenn Clairmonte. (Den­ ver: Alan Swallow, 1959. 215 pp. Not indexed. $3.75.) This is another account of the "lady wildcat" who is reputed to have spent part of her childhood in Princeton, Missouri.

OBITUARIES

ATWOOD, MRS. WILLIAM G., Carrollton: March 10, 1894- November 14, 1958. Religious and civic leader.*

BAKER, LOUIS INGALLS, Warrensburg: January 22, 1891- January 21, 1960. Former editor of the Versailles Statesman and employee of the Warrensburg Star-Journal.

BASYE, OTTO, Burlingame, California: April 27, 1872-Febru- ary 6, 1960. Kansas City attorney, 1905-1958.

BEAT, MRS. ANNIE F., Colorado Springs, Colorado: April 10, 1861-November 30, 1959. Organization worker. Cofounder and associate of her husband in publication of Mexico (Missouri) Message, 1899-1918. Civil service employee in Washington, D. C, 1918-1933.*

BICE, F. S., Oran: June 21, 1878-December 2, 1957.*

BOYD, HENRY B., Sarcoxie: June 27, 1868-December 30, 1959. Loan and insurance agent. Former banker. Church and organiza­ tion leader.*

BREEN, ALOYSIUS, Cincinnati, Ohio: September 1, 1867- January 12, 1960. Treasurer emeritus of Xavier University. Presi­ dent of St. Mary's College in Kansas, 1907-1914, and of Rockhurst College, Kansas City, 1914-1919. Formerly on staff of Regis College, Denver; Carroll University, Cleveland; and managing editor of The Queen s Work magazine.

BUEHLER, SANFORD, Perryville: August 2, 1904-November 22, 1959. Businessman. Organization leader.*

CAMPBELL, JOHN WILLIAM, Stockton: March 17, 1873-Janu- ary 1, 1960. Attorney. Former Cedar County official. Member Statute Revision Commission, 1919, 1929, 1949. Secretary Public Service Commission, 1928-1929. State representative, 1903-1904, 1917-1920, 1923-1926, 1929-1930, 1943-1946. 316 Missouri Historical Review

CARLETON, MRS. J. B., Berkeley, California: February 19, 1887- July 3, 1959.* CHUBB, PERCIVAL, St. Louis: June 17, 1860-February 10, 1960. Leader emeritus of the Ethical Society of St. Louis. Author and educator. President of the American Ethical Union, 1934-1939. President of the Drama League of America, 1915-1917, 1918-1920.

CLAY, CASSIUS, Paris, Kentucky: March 2, 1895-November 26, 1959.*

COWDEN, HELEN MAE, Fresno, California: January 20, 1905- December 22, 1958. Head reference librarian at Fresno since 1949. Head reference librarian at Southwest Missouri State College, 1928- 1942.* DUNCAN, RALPH C, Neosho: June 19, 1906-September 18, 1959. Assistant cashier of first National Bank of Neosho. Organization leader. A founder of Newton County Historical Society; secretary treasurer, 1951-1958; president, 1958-1959 EDWARDS, WALDO, Macon: June 24, 1883-November 30, 1959. Prominent jurist. Circuit judge, 1955-1959. Former city and county official. Recipient of University of Missouri School of Law's Distin­ guished Service Award, 1957. Masonic leader.*

FEUERBORN, HARVEY, St. Louis: February 25, 1894-August 21, 1959. Attorney.*

FLOWER, MRS. WILLIAM, Webster Groves: October 6, 1878- November 7, 1959.*

GOETZ, M. KARL, St. Joseph: May 23, 1909-January 17, 1960. President of M. K. Goetz Brewing Company since 1954; associated with firm since 1933. President of Missouri Pony Express Centen­ nial Association, Director of Goetz Pony Express Foundation. Prominent executive and civic booster.

GRANT, AMOS, Omaha, Nebraska: May 5, 1889-November 8, 1958.*

HALL, HOMER, St. Louis: August 25, 1871-January 25, 1960. Retired attorney. State representative, 1899-1901. Assistant United States District Attorney, 1910-1915. Member of Army Judge Advocate's staff during World War I. General attorney for Wabash Railroad, 1921-1940. Civic and religious leader.* Historical Notes and Comments 317

HESS, HERMAN, LOS Angeles, California: September 11, 1872- November 7, 1959.*

LAWLOR, THOMAS C, LOS Angeles, California: December 23, 1874-May 8, 1959.*

LOEB, LEO, Clayton: September 21, 1869-December 28, 1959. Professor emeritus of pathology at Washington University School of Medicine; staff member since 1915. Research scientist of inter­ national reputation, specializing in cancer, blood clotting, and transplantation of tissue. Past president of American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists and of Society of Cancer Research.

LORENZ, MRS. EVELYN PAULINE, Armstrong: January 31, 1910- January 2, 1960. Editor and publisher of the Armstrong Herald since 1948 and of the New Franklin News since 1953. Publisher of Higbee News, 1949-1953. Former radio and lyceum musician. LIFE editor member.*

MORRISON, JAMES R., Louisiana: February 5, 1867-January 2, 1960. City editor of Louisiana Press-Journal. Former editor and manager of Doniphan Prospect-News.

NEALE, MRS. MARGARET MUMFORD, Minneapolis, Minnesota: December 11, 1895-December 5, 1959. A native of Columbia, Missouri. Former educator. She helped to create a "talking book" of recipes for sightless homemakers and a set of records for teaching typing to the blind.

PENMAN, THOMAS A., Portageville: December 15, 1884- December 7, 1959. Farmer and gin operator. Organization and civic leader. State representative, 1927-1928, 1931-1932, 1949- 1959.*

PRENTIS, HENNING W., Lancaster, Pennsylvania: July 11, 1884- October 29, 1959.*

SMITH, CRAIG AL, Webster Groves: November 12, 1912- January 14, I960.*

TOBERMAN, WALTER II., Jefferson City: April 19, 1879-Febru- ary 1.3, 1960. Missouri Secretary of State since 1949. Founder in 1904 of Toberman Grain Company. Former St. Louis city official. President of National Hay Association, 1929. President of St. Louis Merchants Exchange, 1942. 318 Missouri Historical Review

TRALLER, MAE, Everton: May 9, 1891-December 7, 1959. Columnist; speaker; poet. Retired teacher.

WELLINGTON, C. G. "PETE," Kansas City: March 27, 1890- January 20, 1960. Executive editor of the Kansas City Star since 1954; employee since 1916. Director of American Society of News­ paper Editors. Past president of Associated Press Managing Editors Association.

*A member of the Society. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS

BEFORE THE FOUR-CENT POSTAL RATE

From the Liberty Weekly Tribune, June 14, 1861.

PONY EXPRESS! GREAT INCREASE OF LETTERS.—On yesterday the Pony Express brought from California four hundred and sixty-six letters, (double the number brought at any time heretofore,) the rates of postage on which ranged from two to fifteen dollars.—St. Joseph Gazette.

THE MISSOURI SLAVE TRADE

From the Waverly & St. Thomas Saturday Weekly Visitor, October 15, 1850. There are in Jackson county at this time no less than half a dozen negro traders, who are buying up our surplus and unruly slave population at unpre­ cedented high prices. First class negro men command $1,200, women $1,000 and boys and girls from $500 to $1,000, according to size and age.—Notwithstanding our close proximity to Kansas, negro property in this region is yearly appreciating in value.

BOOM TIMES

From the Bloomfield Vindicator, February 2, 1889.

Never before in the history of Stoddard county did she ever realize as great a boom as she has in the past twelve months. During this short period there has been a railroad constructed through the county from north to south through some of the finest timbered land that can any where be found and now there is being built saw mills and stave factories all along the line preparatory to converting the massive oaks into staves and lumber of all kinds, and when this is done the lands can be made into farms that will soon make their owners independent and even wealthy.

THE FIRST PASSENGER TRAIN ACROSS THE MISSOURI

From the Kansas City Weekly Journal of Commerce, July 3, 1869.

Yesterday morning at 8 o'clock, the first passenger train passed over the Missouri! The regular morning train of the Missouri, Fort Scott, and Gulf Rail Road, under conductor J. L. Barnes, with engine No. 5, Tommy Haffer, engineer, crossed to connect with the Cameron train. Quite a number of our citizens, availed themselves of the opportunity of crossing on the first train, and among them two ladies, Mrs. LI. A. Towne and Mrs. J. B. White, who seemed as much at their ease, on this trial trip over the raging waters of the Missouri as if seated in their own cozy parlors. Thus another step has been taken in the grand march of Progress. 320 Missouri Historical Review

THE PONY ARRIVED ON TIME From the Liberty Weekly Tribune, April 20, 1860. We were informed by one of the proprietors, that the Express would arrive in exact time (3 o'clock yesterday) unless some accident should happen to the last pony or its rider. So perfectly were all the arrangements affected that the Express arrived at the opposite bank of the river at half-past four o'clock, and as the Expressman entered the office in this city, the clock told the hour of five. The first pony left San Francisco at 5 o'clock, P. M. on the 3d of April, . . . arrived at Great Salt Lake City on the 8th at 12:10; . . . and arrived here at 5 o'clock on the 13th, making the trip through from San Francisco to St. Joseph in exactly ten days. The Express brought through eighty-five letters—full as many as were expected on the first trip, and before it was known whether or not the experiment would prove successful. This is one of the most important enterprises that has been undertaken for a number of years, and when Messrs. Russell, Majors & Co. proposed carrying despatches to and from the Pacific coast in ten days it was deemed by many an impossibility. They, however, entered upon the undertaking with an energy and a will which knows no such word as fail. The management of the whole route was left to Mr. B. F. Ficklin, one of the most experienced and energetic voyagers on the plains, and so perfectly were all the [plans] effected that not a man, nor pony, but what was at his place and in readiness to start when the hour arrived.— St. Joseph Gazette.

EARLY MISSOURIANS FELL INTO THREE CLASSES From E. M. Violette, "Early Settlements in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, I (October 1906), 39-40. Up to 1763 but one permanent settlement had been formed, and that was Ste. Genevieve. But prior to 1763 numerous temporary settlements had been formed. During the early part of the eighteenth century three classes of men came into Missouri, and by these sometimes temporary settlements were made. The first of these classes was made up of mining adventurers. The earliest movement into what is now Missouri was prompted by the hope of finding great and immediate riches in mines. . . . Instead of finding gold or silver or copper as was expected, these adventurers found lead, but for a long time the results of lead mining were unprofitable, owing to the ignorance of the proper methods of mining and smelting. The upper course of the Meramec was the scene of most of the early lead mining. The second class of men who came into Missouri in the early part of the eighteenth century, was made up of hunters and fur traders, chiefly from the Illinois country. They made their camps here and there along the Missouri and its tributaries and carried on a rather extensive traffic with the Indians. The third class was made up of the soldiers who were sent out by the French government to garrison the country. So far as I have been able to investigate this matter from the English sources, only one French garrison was established in Missouri prior to 1763 ... a post was erected above the mouth of Grand River and called Fort Orleans, and a garrison stationed there. Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 321

KANSAS CITY: A CENTER OF LITERARY INTEREST From the Kansas City Times, September 1, 1959. Extracts from "Solid Evidence of Literary Interest," by Thorpe Menn. People of the Kansas City area buy more and borrow more books than people of almost any other metropolitan area of the United States. That seems to be the only conclusion possible from a study of U. S. Census Bureau business reports and American Library Association statistics. Only in metropolitan Seattle, among the 25 largest U. S. cities, do people spend more per capita in book stores—$3.03 compared with $3.10 here. . . . Library statistics show that only metropolitan Cleveland and Minneapolis- St. Paul of the major U. S. metropolitan areas show a larger per capita circulation of books. The book-mindedness of metropolitan Kansas City is reflected in other ways, such as the number of book stores. Only 10 U. S. cities have more. And apparent­ ly individual stores here do an above-average business. ... In total dollar volume only seven American cities rank ahead of Kansas City—New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Boston and Washington. But when all four categories of statistics are compared only six cities would appear in a ranking of "best book towns"—Kansas City, San Francisco, Boston, Los Angeles, New York and Minneapolis-St. Paul. . . . Further evidence of interest in serious literature was shown in the last season when several top literary figures were brought here by the University of Kansas City for public appearances. W. H. Auden, Henry M. Peyre and Mark Van Doren, for example, attracted full houses with standees filling aisles and doors at the Playhouse. . . .

WHEN A WOMAN ATTACKED GEORGE GRAHAM VEST From the Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1S61-1865 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905), VII, 332. Mr. [Henry C] Chambers offered the following preamble and resolutions; which were unanimously adopted, viz: Whereas the Honorable G. G. Vest, of Missouri, has called the attention of this House to the fact that, upon yesterday [December 6, 1864], when the House was in the act of assembling, an attack was made upon him in the presence of a large number of members and spectators by a woman who had intruded her presence into the Hall; and Whereas this Llouse is of opinion, from the conduct of the woman at the time, from declarations denunciatory and threatening toward other members, and from other facts communicated to the House, that the said woman is, as she is reported to be, of unsound mind; Therefore, Resolved, That the members of this House hereby declare their fullest con­ fidence in the Honorable G. G. Vest, as a gentleman of honor, incapable of giving cause for the perpetration of any such outrage, and we recognize the fact that an incident of a nature so disagreeable, but involving no disgrace, might have befallen any one of the many persons present at the time of the occurrence. Resolved, That the conduct of the Honorable G. G. Vest, at the time of the attack, was eminently manly and proper under the circumstances. 322 Missouri Historical Review

Resolved further, That we deem the passage of these resolutions an act of simple justice to the Honorable G. G. Vest and the other members threatened in order to protect him and them against the unexplained version which may go to the public of this disagreeable affair.

INDEPENDENCE CLAIMED THE AMERICAN BASKETBALL CHAMPIONSHIP From the Independence Examiner, February 6, 1942. . . . sports enthusiasts of this vicinity recall that Dr. James Naismith, who invented the game [basketball] in 1891, came to Independence from Chicago in 1895 and introduced the game to the local populace. His teachings apparently stuck for this city has produced many outstanding teams, including the Modern Woodmen of America team, which defeated Fond du Lac, then the World Cham­ pions, in 1901. This victory won for the M. W. A. team national recognition and popularity. . . . In 1895 Dr. Naismith was brought to Independence by [Frank L.] Riley to organize a basketball team. The men he picked for the first cage team Independ­ ence ever had were all six feet tall and when on the court were an imposing lot. He chose seven men, because the first game of basketball, as Dr. Naismith invented it, required seven, and was played in much the same manner as it is today. . . . Emil Helff recalls that "when we first started practicing ... we used a couple of kitchen chairs, with the bottoms missing, suspended upside down on the wall at either end of the old Armory for goals. The Armory was then in an old livery stable and it was the coldest place in the world. Why, I have taken a shower after a good workout there when the thermometer registered eight degrees below zero." Lie said they used a medicine ball until a basketball could be purchased in Chicago. . . . In 1899, 1900 and 1901 the Modern Woodmen of America were the undisputed champions of this vicinity and 1901 put in an unofficial claim for the championship of the United States. This championship was claimed by virtue of two victories out of three over a basketball team from Fond du Lac, Wis., which had defeated all the best teams in the country including a team from Akron, O., Yale, Harvard, and everything else worth while. . . . [Editor's Note. Independence won the first two games by a score of 22-17 and 18-16, and Fond du Lac won the final contest, 25-18.]

THE PONY EXPRESS WAS A LOSER From "Timely Observations," by Harold M. Slater, in the St. Joseph News-Press, February 15. 1960. The Pony Express . . . made history, but it certainly didn't make money. It lost about $13 on each letter it delivered. That figure is based on information that was obtained by the Library of Congress for Phil J. Welch when he was a member of Congress. The data . . . showed the cost of delivering a letter was about $16 and the average return, the postage as it were, was $3. . . . Records show the Pony Express just never did carry a lot of mail. Its average was about 100 letters a trip. On its opening trip from St. Joseph it carried just 85 pieces of mail. The original rate was $5 an ounce, but, at the instigation of the Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 323 government, that later was cut to $1 an ounce to bring the average "postage" to about $3 per letter. The line had plenty of expenses and it never got what its backers apparently were aiming for—political support, federal aid. Even then? The Pony Express . . . was in actual operation just 79 weeks starting in 1860. From that is to be deducted four weeks suspension due to the Pah-Ute War. During the first month the trips between St. Joseph and Sacramento were weekly. After that they were semi-weekly. The Pony Express during its brief history made 308 one-way trips of 1,975 miles each. . . . Many [of the horses] were blooded animals. Their cost averaged $200. They were the best money could buy. . . . The riders received salaries varying from $50 to $150 a month, which was more than some bank presidents got then. Besides the 80 riders there were 400 station men and assistants. Add to that the cost of 190 stations, and don't forget the 420 horses. Remember the cost of saddles and bridles too. Time of the Pony Express was about half that of the Butterfield stage. The first trip from St. Joseph to Sacramento was made in nine days, 23 hours. The east-bound trip took 11 days, 12 hours that time. The Pony mail had clipped ten days from the schedule of its predecessor. . . . Records indicate the operating expense of the Pony Express amounted to about $30,000 a month and that the income never came close to meeting that amount. . . . Alexander Majors, one of the founders and operators, said in his rcminiscenses the loss was "several hundred thousand dollars." . . . To the nation it [the Pony Express] was a great thing. It was a supreme achievement in physical endurance, in American courage, ingenuity, and know how. . . .

THE LEAD MINES OF SOUTHWEST MISSOURI

Adapted from a letter written by Ernest J. Palmer, Webb City, Missouri, August 15, 1959. As a resident of Webb City since 1891 and one who has watched closely the development and decline of the mining industry, I was naturally much interested in the articles by A. M. Gibson in the April and July [1959] numbers of the Missouri Historical Review. The papers give a very good general account of the mining activities in this district, but there are some characteristics that have given color to this district and made it distinctly different from other mining regions. About the beginning of this century the Missouri Pacific Railway built a branch line from Carthage to the coal fields of eastern Kansas, calling it the Carthage & Western. Alba and Neck City were then growing towns, each having a population of over 1,000, I believe. Alba was an old farming village, but the population had doubled with the discovery of the mines. Neck City came into existence only when mines were opened there. The locality had long been known as Hell's Neck, and the people applied for a post office under that name. But some purists or moralists in the post office department refused to accept that picturesque name, and Neck City was adopted as a compromise. The new railroad passed through Alba and very near to Neck City, but the officials refused to build a station at either place. Instead, speculators connected with the road bought up land between the two places and platted the town of Purcell, locating the station there. 324 Missouri Historical Review

In the mining days there was much rivalry between Webb City and Carter­ ville, and unlike Blytheville and Murphysburg they never succeeded in uniting into one municipality Land in Jasper and Newton counties, as stated by Mr. Gibson, was originally homesteaded from the Government for agricultural purposes by pioneers largely from Kentucky and Tennessee. What little mining was done in the early period was only to supply the needs of pioneer farmers and hunters for, unlike most mining camps, these mines lay in a rich agricultural region. And even during the height of the mining days agriculture remained one of the principal sources of wealth, as the mining operations in all the camps covered a comparatively few sections. Since the decline of mining, much progress has been made both agricul­ turally and industrially; most of the country is now occupied by fine grain and stock farms, and orchards, strawberries, and grapes are found in the rougher sections. Two other things distinguish this mining region from any other in the country. The first is the system of leases and royalties which developed. In most cases the land owners did not attempt to exploit the mineral found on their property, but instead they leased standard mining lots or acreages to miners. The miners worked in partnership and sometimes took in business or professional men as "paying partners" to grubstake them until the mine was developed. The royalty charged was usually 15 or 20 percent on lead, and sometimes it was as low as ten percent on zinc after the value of that ore was recognized. Some of the landowners became quite wealthy from royalties without having to take the chances attendant on mining ventures. This system of leases and royalties contributed to making the Joplin district a poor man's camp, for it was said that a man needed only a pick, a shovel, and a strong back to become a mine operator. The system of leases and royalties and the small units of operation also kept the mines from being unionized in the early days, for the miner who might be working temporarily for wages often planned or expected to prospect, and he might soon be working for himself or even employing labor. Another result of the system was the disregard for mining laws and safety measures. Many of the early miners worked with inadequate equipment and were willing to take long chances. So fatal accidents and those involving the loss of limbs or of eyesight were much too common; and silicosis or "miners consump­ tion" was so frequent as to become a national scandal. But many of these con­ ditions were remedied or improved when capital came into the district and mining was conducted on a larger scale with modern machinery. The other distinctive characteristic of the district was the absence of foreign labor. The miners were nearly all native born Americans, recruited from the Ozark region or nearby states. And the few men of foreign birth were generally British or Germans who came from other mining regions.

MISSOURI HISTORICAL DATA IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage, October, 1959: "The Carondelet Runs the Gantlet," by Phillips Melville.

f December, 1959: "Mark Twain in Hartford: The Happy Years," edited by Henry Darbee. Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 325

Annals of the Association of American Geographers, December, 1958: "Changing Economy and Landscape in a Missouri Ozarks Area," by Earl W. Kersten, Jr.

Brand Book, Los Angeles Corral, The Westerners, Book Eight (1959):" A Dynasty of Western Outlaws: The Wild Riders of Missouri," by Paul I. Wellman.

Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, October, 1959: "To Fort Lisa by Keelboat," translated by Mrs. Max W. Myer; "Correspondence Between Mexican Officials at Santa Fe and Officials in Missouri: 1823-1825," by James W. Covington; "The Growth of Independence, Missouri, 1827-1850," by Eugene T. Wells; "Mississippi River Excursions: Port of St. Louis," by Ruth Ferris.

, January, 1960: "New Letters of Walt Whitman," by Edwin 11. Miller; "The Western Academy of Natural Sciences of St. Louis," by Walter B. Hendrickson; "William Clark's Museum Once More," by John Francis McDermott; "The Civil War in Kansas City," by Joe Klassen; "St. Louis Business and Industry, 1877."

Chronicles of Oklahoma, Summer, 1959: "A Social History of the Tri-State District," by A. M. Gibson.

Civil War History, September, 1959: "The Jayhawkers and Copperheads of Kansas," by Albert Castel.

"Florissant Historical Society Quarterly," January, 1960: "History of Ferguson," by Cornelia Coulter; "Christmas at Florissant in 1819."

Ford Times, October, 1959: "The Heritage of Maramec," by Marie Higgs.

Journal of the Illinois Historical Society, Autumn, 1959: "Three Antislavery Prisoners [James E. Burr, George Thompson, and Alanson Work]," by Clyde S. Kilby.

Kansas Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1959: "The Pony Express Rides Again."

Mid-America, October, 1959: "The First Missouri Editor's Convention, 1859," by William II. Lyon.

.f January, 1960: "Search for Fortune Along the Mississippi," by Dorothy J. Ernst.

Midwest Folklore, Fall, 1959: "The 'Granny Woman' in the Ozarks," by Otto Ernest Rayburn.

Missouri Alumnus, November, 1959: "Shoemaker to Retire From Post in May"; "Brownlee Is Successor." 326 Missouri Historical Review

Museum Graphic, Summer, 1959: "The Pony Express Stables Opened As An Addition to St. Joseph Museum," by Roy E. Coy; "The Old Cemetery"; "Charles K. Soper"; "Miss Mary Alicia Owen"; "The Tombstone of Michel Robidoux," by Bartlett Boder.

•, Fall, 1959: "The Hughes Family of St. Joseph and Denver," by Bartlett Boder.

Ozarks Mountaineer, September, 1959: "Gainesville—Rich in History and Wondrous Fishing Waters," by Ruby M. Robins; "A Private Serves Under General Price," by Ralph R. Rea; "The Ozarks Hills Produce Able Leaders for the Nation," by Clyde Edwin Tuck.

, October, 1959: "The Old Tent Show Was 'King' in Rural Areas of the Ozarks"; "Springfield As It Appeared During the Civil War," by a Union Colonel.

, November, 1959: "Whinery, Greene County's Oldest Surviving WTater Mill," by Winslow A. Kingman; "Our Fine Scotch-Irish Heritage Here in the Ozarks," by Fred DeArmond.

— , December, 1959: "Smith, Both Miller and Maker of Whiskey," by S. C. Turnbo; "Hawkins Water Mill on the Finley Goes Way Back to 1833," by Winslow A. Kingman; "Aurora Built Back After Its Big Mining Boom Collapsed."

, February, 1960: "Growing Marshfield Still Retains the Charm of Neighborliness"; "Riverdale, Historic and Scenic Water Mill on the Finley"; "The Harnessed Osage River Again Builds Warsaw and Its Valley"; "Catholic Sisterhood Orders Operate Major Hospitals in the Ozarks," by Louis W. Reps.

Palimpsest, September, 1959: " Iowans and the Civil War," by Mildred Throne; "The First Battle—Wilson's Creek," by Mildred Throne.

Pony Express, November, 1959: "Meeting the Pony Express," by Donald Ashton.

Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, July, 1959: "Daniel Boone, Uncommon Common Man," by Edward C. O'Rear.

Together, November, 1959: "Methodism Spans the Mississippi."

Trail Guide of the Kansas City Posse of the Westerners, October, 1959: "The Mormons in Northwestern Missouri," by Frank H. Moore.

Utah Historical Quarterly, October, 1959: "Daniel S. Tuttle, Missionary Bishop of Utah," by James W. Beless, Jr. AUDRAIN COUNTY MUSEUM

The board of directors of the Audrain County Historical Society at a special meeting on August 25, 1958, voted to buy the Ross House from the City of Mexico for $10,000 and Robert S. Green, presi­ dent of the Society, stated that its renovation would both preserve an ante bellum mansion and pro­ Courtesy L. M. White vide the society with desirable quarters. The large, square, two-story frame house with a captain's walk on the roof, some scroll saw work around the porch, and imported hued glass around the front door is located in the middle of a densely wooded, eleven-acre city park near downtown Mexico. The main architectural feature is an elaborate portico with columns.

John P. Clark built the home in 1854, but it is commonly called the Ross House for James Evans Ross, a prominent Mexico citizen, who purchased the home in 1874. Members of the Ross family retain their interest in the house, and Mrs. Miriam Hubbard Morris of Washington, D. C, a granddaughter of James Evans Ross, is an adviser in its resotration.

In addition to the original cost, the society has spent over $30,000 on the project, including the conversion of space in the rear into an apartment for the park superintendent, who is also caretaker of the museum. The house will soon be officially opened to the public, and since September a large room with a capacity of 50 persons, formerly a double parlor, has provided a meeting place for special groups.

The museum displays are planned to include a variety of items, including L. Mitchell White's collection of more than 200 original Currier and Ives prints, mementoes of Hardin College, and a Cones- toga wagon bed which brought an Audrain County family from Virginia over a century ago. Mrs. A. P. Green's collection of early Three-Face glassware will comprise a display, as will the Rosemary Creasey collection of 450 dollars from all lands. Plans call for rotat­ ing the exhibits in order to maintain a high degree of interest. From an original wood engraving by Fred Geary, owned by The State Historical Society SAW MILL Saw mills have operated in Missouri almost from the beginning of white settlement. The extent of the State's timber resources is indicated by the following article, adapted from the Jefferson City Weekly Missouri State Times, August 23, 1867: It is popularly supposed that California has the biggest trees in the world, but Professor [George C] Swallow . . . claims the distinc­ tion for his own State. He gives the following actual measurements of big trees in Southeast Missouri: "The largest is a sycamore in Mississippi county, 65 feet high; which, two feet above the ground, measures 43 feet in circumfer­ ence. ... A cypress in Cape Girardeau county, at a distance of one foot above the ground, measures 29 feet in circumference. A cotton- wood in Mississippi county measures 30 feet round, at a distance of six feet above the ground. A pecan in the same county is 18 feet in circumference. A black walnut in Benton county measures 22 feet in circumference. A white oak in Howard county is 26 feet in circum­ ference. A tulip tree (poplar) in Cape Girardeau county is 30 feet in circumference. There is a tupelo in Stoddard county 30 feet in circumference. A Spanish oak in New Madrid county is 26 feet in circumference. A white ash in Mississippi county is 16 feet in circumference. A honey locust in Howard county is 13 feet round. There is a willow in Pemiscot county that has grown to the size of 24 feet in circumference and 100 feet in height. Mississippi county boasts of a sassafras that must be king of that tribe; it measures nine feet in circumference. There is a persimmon in the same county nine feet in circumference. In the same county is a red bud six feet in circumference. In Pemiscot county there is a dogwood six feet in circumference. In Mississippi county pawpaws grow to a circum­ ference of three feet, and grape vines and trumpet creepers to a circumference of 18 to 22 inches."