DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding Listing in Wales

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding Listing in Wales Understanding Traditional (pre-1919) and Historic Buildings for Construction and Built Environment Courses URCE RESO TEACHING Who should use this teaching resource? Princes Foundation Building Crafts Trainee Miriam Johnson gaining hands-on experience working with thatch. The programme involves working on a range of historic buildings using traditional materials and techniques. For more on the Building Crafts programme visit www.princes-foundation.org/education/building-craft- programme-heritage-skills-nvq-level-3. © Princes Foundation This teaching resource will help anyone who is It has been written as an introduction to traditional or will be teaching an understanding of traditional (pre-1919) and historic buildings and presents key (pre-1919) buildings as part of construction and terminology and approaches. built environment courses and qualifications. It will be useful for learners who will work on and It is designed for teachers, construction lecturers plan to work on a range of existing buildings. and assessors at schools, further education colleges and independent training providers. Further information and links to useful resources on careers in the heritage construction sector are provided in the Find out more section, as well as options for further study and training. Mae’r ddogfen yma hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg. This document is also available in Welsh. © Crown copyright 2019 WG37560 Digital ISBN 978-1-83876-519-4 This teaching resource has been written by Cadw and Historic England. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government and © Historic England. Version 1, July 2019. Cover photograph: Conservation works in 2018 to repair the chimneys at Castell Coch, a grade I listed building and scheduled monument in south Wales. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government 1 Understanding Traditional (pre-1919) and Historic Buildings for Construction and Built Environment Courses Contents ¬ Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, including the significant Blaenavon Ironworks and Big Pit, designated a World Heritage Site as an outstanding and remarkably complete example of a nineteenth-century industrial landscape. To visit this extraordinary site: www.visitblaenavon.co.uk/en/VisitBlaenavon/Visit-Blaenavon.aspx. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government Introduction 3 5. Understand and describe the difference in performance characteristics between 1. Identify and describe the age, materials and traditional and modern materials and construction methods of traditional construction methods 21 (pre-1919) and historic buildings 5 6. Identify and describe the causes of common 2. Understand and explain the legislation and defects in traditional (pre-1919) and historic official guidance relating to built heritage 11 buildings, and the range of investigative and 3. Understand and describe the heritage values recording techniques used to understand and significance of traditional (pre-1919) and a building’s condition 23 historic buildings, and how they contribute 7. Understand the range of maintenance to sustainable development 15 and repair operations, and explain the 4. Explore, analyse and evaluate how the importance of these for maintaining principles of conservation are applied in traditional buildings 27 practice, including using traditional skills, 8. Describe and evaluate the benefits, options materials and methods, minimum and risks of energy-efficiency and retrofit intervention, like-for-like repairs and measures, and of climate change adaptation 29 practices 18 Find out more 33 2 Understanding Traditional (pre-1919) and Historic Buildings for Construction and Built Environment Courses Introduction ¬ Heritage Bursary Trainee Painter Decorator Lisa Ferguson applying decorative stenciling within a listed building. The placement involved working on a range of historic and traditional buildings and towards a Heritage NVQ Diploma Level 3. © Traditional Building Skills Bursary Scheme This teaching resource on traditional (pre-1919) • As an outcome of the Qualifications Wales Sector buildings can be used to support learners on Review of Qualifications in Construction and construction and the built environment courses. the Built Environment, learners on government- funded construction courses at all levels, from It presents a key learning outcome in each chapter, GCSE through to apprenticeships, will develop an explains important terminology and approaches, understanding of the differences between the tools, suggests learning activities and provides links to useful materials, processes, skills and knowledge used for resources. The eight learning outcomes are relevant traditional and modern buildings. A new foundation to a range of construction and built environment qualification will be introduced as part of the roles that may work directly on, or within the setting reforms and included in the first year of all further of traditional (pre-1919) buildings. This includes education construction programmes in Wales. construction trades, site supervision and management, • In England, the Institute for Apprenticeships and building services engineering, and design, surveying Technical Education has developed occupational and planning professions. maps to shape the core content of the new It supports recent developments in the reforms to T Levels and Trailblazer Apprenticeships. apprenticeships and further education and training: The description for a Core Building Tradesperson in the occupational map for construction, for 3 Understanding Traditional (pre-1919) and Historic Buildings for Construction and Built Environment Courses trades such as roofing, brickwork, plasterwork, Working on our built heritage can involve a wide and carpentry and joinery, includes the requirement range of activities including conservation, alteration, for a ‘knowledge of building methods and extension, refurbishment, repair and maintenance, materials including heritage ones and knowledge installation of services and energy-efficiency of appropriate regulations’. retrofit. There are 6.5 million traditional (pre-1919) • In England, the ‘principles of heritage and buildings in England, Scotland and Wales, which conservation, e.g. listed buildings, traditional is approximately 20-30 per cent of all buildings in buildings and maintenance of existing stock’ Great Britain. The number of traditional (pre-1919) is included in the core content of the new buildings in Great Britain provides a significant source Construction T Level for Design, Surveying of work. Repair and maintenance alone (housing and Planning. and non-housing) accounted for 35 per cent of the construction industry in Great Britain in 2016. • The number and range of Trailblazer This means that it is important for all learners to have Apprenticeships available in England is increasing. a knowledge and understanding of how to plan and Many of the employer groups developing the undertake work on traditional (pre-1919) buildings. new apprenticeships have incorporated specific requirements relating to traditional and historic See the Find out more section for more on careers buildings. Examples include the Plasterer, Bricklayer, opportunities in this sector and for additional Stonemason and Chartered Town Planner resources which can be used to help achieve apprenticeships. the learning outcomes suggested in this guide. • Knowledge of traditional (pre-1919) and historic buildings is embedded in the contents of the 14 to 19 UK Standards for Construction and the Built Environment Education. The specialist standard on heritage presents the same learning outcomes that are introduced in this guide. 4 Understanding Traditional (pre-1919) and Historic Buildings for Construction and Built Environment Courses 1. Identify and describe the age, materials and construction methods of traditional (pre-1919) and historic buildings ¬ Traditionally constructed buildings make up part of our built heritage and include nearly all buildings constructed before 1919. They are generally of solid wall (i.e. not cavity wall) or solid timber-frame construction. Our built heritage incorporates both traditional and environment, which also includes ancient monuments, historic buildings. Traditional buildings are usually historic parks, gardens and landscapes, shipwrecks and defined as those constructed before 1919 using battlefields, conservation areas and World Heritage solid wall construction methods and materials, Sites. including wood and stone. Construction changed rapidly after this time as new materials and faster The architectural period or style of a building methods of construction were introduced. This was (exterior and interior), its visual appearance and its prompted largely by the national programme of form of construction are the most important ways social house building that was introduced to tackle to determine its age. However, it is also important to the acute shortage of homes after the First World remember that some buildings have more than one War. Nevertheless, traditional buildings remain phase of construction. These phases reflect alterations an important and much loved part of the built to the original fabric, structure and services over environment. There are few towns and villages that a period of time. This means that a single building do not have traditional buildings at their heart, helping can include several different building styles and to create our sense of identity, quality of life and construction details. These changes may alter how the economic prosperity, through tourism for example. building
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taking Britain Further Heathrow’S Plan for Connecting the UK to Growth
    VOLUME 1 Taking Britain further Heathrow’s plan for connecting the UK to growth #BritainsHeathrow Disclaimer This document has been prepared by Heathrow Airport Limited solely in response to an invitation from the Airports Commission. It should not be used for any other purpose or in any other context and Heathrow Airport Limited accepts no responsibility for its use in that regard Contents Volume 1 - Technical submission Contents ........................................................................................................................ 3 Foreword ....................................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary ................................................................................................... 11 Connecting for growth ................................................................................................................... 12 Listening to what our stakeholders say ........................................................................................... 18 Our vision for a world-class hub airport ........................................................................................... 20 Connecting all of the UK ................................................................................................................ 24 Building a sustainable Heathrow ..................................................................................................... 29 The deliverable solution .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Access Our Libraries Online
    News from your council September/October 2019 How we’re improving your air Access our Get involved in libraries online Recycle Week Plus refurbishments How you can on the way become a Street Champion OPEN HOUSE CULTURE BITE VOLUNTEERS advertisements people Contents September/October 2019 ▸ Cover stories 4 Heathrow expansion appeal am delighted that one of our local MPs, Boris Johnson, is Date set for fresh legal challenge. now the Prime Minister. He has already given instructions that there should be a review of the viability and value of the ▸ 12 Get involved in Recycle Week I Why it’s more important than ever. HS2 project and stated that he will be closely following the legal challenge against the proposal to expand Heathrow. An expanded Heathrow would damage our borough’s ▸ 14 We say thank you to our Street Champions Event celebrates volunteers who are the eyes and environment immensely, through the loss of homes, the ears of our community. destruction of protected habitats and an increase in air and noise pollution. It would also significantly impact the health ▸ 16 ‘Appy Families of our residents, particularly the elderly and young. Residents of all ages are enjoying our libraries’ The next stage of the legal challenge, which may take some digital services. years to conclude, will commence in the Court of Appeal on 22 ▸ 20 How we’re improving your air October where the presiding judge, overturning the decision of Find out about our air quality action plan and the Divisional Court to not grant an appeal hearing stated: “The claim your free trees.
    [Show full text]
  • COLNE VALLEY – LANDSCAPE on the EDGE Landscape Conservation Action Plan - March 2018
    COLNE VALLEY – LANDSCAPE ON THE EDGE Landscape Conservation Action Plan - March 2018 Chair of Landscape Partnership Lead Partner Colne Valley Park Community Interest Company Friends of the Colne Valley Park Spelthorne Natural History Society Front cover photo of Stockers Lake – Greg Townsend provide an essential project management tool for effective and efficient delivery. The partnership involved in preparing this LCAP considers it to be a compelling, innovative and realistic bid, with a range of projects which will connect people, biodiversity and access. ‘Colne Valley – Landscape on the Edge’ meets all the objectives of the Heritage Lottery Landscape The Landscape Partnership programme, run by the Heritage Lottery Partnership programme, with each of the projects proposed under the Fund, seeks to ‘conserve areas of distinctive landscape character’ and Scheme meeting at least one objective. promote a ‘holistic and balanced approach to the management of landscape heritage at a landscape scale’. Landscape Conservation Action Covering parts of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Greater London, Plans (LCAPs) required as part of this programme, provide the foundation Hertfordshire and Surrey, ‘Colne Valley – Landscape on the Edge’ will for planned work to benefit heritage, people and communities and are harness and stimulate organisations and communities across the area to needed in order to secure the Heritage Lottery Fund grant towards the support and sustain delivery. Residents and visitors will gain positive proposed work. perceptions about the area, will learn more about the landscape and feel more confident about exploring it. They will be supported to assist in Our LCAP, ‘Colne Valley – Landscape on the Edge’, comprises a suite of ‘shaping their place’, and feel more motivated to venture out and enjoy exciting projects (the Scheme), and seeks to: set these in the landscape the area, and to participate in efforts to improve and maintain it.
    [Show full text]
  • Consultation Response on Draft Airports National Policy Statement
    Consultation Response on Draft Airports National Policy Statement On behalf of: London Borough of Hillingdon London Borough of Richmond London Borough of Wandsworth Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead 25 May 2017 Contents 1. Foreword ....................................................................................... 1 2. Summary ....................................................................................... 3 3. Question 1 ..................................................................................... 5 4. Question 2 ..................................................................................... 7 5. Question 3 ................................................................................... 25 6. Question 4 ................................................................................... 33 7. Question 5 ................................................................................... 37 8. Question 6 ................................................................................... 51 9. Question 7 ................................................................................... 53 10. Question 8 ................................................................................... 65 11. Statement of Facts and Grounds, dated 8 December 2016 setting out the law on air quality and other background ............................. 73 12. Witness Statement of Cllr Ray Puddifoot MBE, dated 8 December 2016, setting out the history of Heathrow and other relevant background ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Airport Expansion Consultation Document
    AIRPORT EXPANSION CONSULTATION DOCUMENT JANUARY 2018 Page 2 Contents Contents Page 1. Heathrow Expansion 2 2. Our Emerging Plans 12 2.1 Runway 14 2.2 Terminals, Satellites and Aprons 18 2.3 Taxiways 20 2.4 M25 Alignment 23 2.5 M25 Junctions 25 2.6 Local Roads 26 2.7 River Diversions and Flood Storage 32 2.8 Airport Supporting Facilities 36 2.9 Land Uses Affected by Expansion 38 2.10 Airport Related Development 40 2.11 Construction 42 3. Around the Airport 44 4. Managing the Effects of Expansion 48 4.1 Property Compensation, Property Hardship, 48 Land Acquisition 4.2 Noise 50 4.3 Surface Access 54 4.4 Air Quality and Emissions 58 4.5 Carbon and Climate Change 60 4.6 Natural Environment 62 4.7 Historic Environment 64 5. Have Your Say 66 Page 1 Foreword Heathrow is a critical part of the UK economy, but its expansion is also vital to securing the country’s economic future as an outward looking nation. This consultation is a central part of delivering that plan. It is We want our local communities to share in the benefits of your opportunity to share your views on the options for how Heathrow’s growth. Expansion will create up to 40,000 jobs we expand. Your feedback will inform a second consultation in the local area and create a wealth of new opportunities next year where we will present detailed plans and again ask for local businesses. Thousands of young people will have a for your views before finalising our proposals.
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage Report
    Gatwick Airport Limited Response to Airports Commission Consultation Appendix 16 RPS - Place: Heritage Report GATWICK TECHNICAL REPORT IN RESPONSE TO AIRPORTS COMMISSION CONSULTATION PLACE: Heritage January 2015 Our Ref: OXF8027 RPS 20 Western Avenue Milton Park Abingdon OX14 4SH rpsgroup.com QUALITY MANAGEMENT Prepared by: Mick Rawlings/Robert Masefield Authorised by: David Cowan/Julia Tindale Date: January 2015 Project Number/Document OXF8027/AC Consultation Response Reference: COPYRIGHT © RPS The material presented in this report is confidential. This report has been prepared for the exclusive use of Gatwick Airport Limited and shall not be distributed or made available to any other company or person without the knowledge and written consent of RPS. rpsgroup.com CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... i 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 GATWICK .................................................................................................................................. 2 3 HEATHROW NORTH WEST RUNWAY .................................................................................. 15 4 HEATHROW EXTENDED NORTHERN RUNWAY (ENR) ...................................................... 24 5 COMPARATIVE TABLES ....................................................................................................... 31 APPENDICES
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
    Tuesday Volume 528 24 May 2011 No. 163 HOUSE OF COMMONS OFFICIAL REPORT PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) Tuesday 24 May 2011 £5·00 © Parliamentary Copyright House of Commons 2011 This publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Parliamentary Click-Use Licence, available online through The National Archives website at www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/our-services/parliamentary-licence-information.htm Enquiries to The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU; e-mail: [email protected] 757 24 MAY 2011 758 The Deputy Prime Minister (Mr Nick Clegg): Ihave House of Commons received many representations expressing a wide variety of views— Tuesday 24 May 2011 Mr Speaker: Order. I believe the Deputy Prime Minister is seeking a grouping. The House met at half-past Eleven o’clock The Deputy Prime Minister: Yes, forgive me. [HON. MEMBERS: “Oh!”] I would like to group questions 3, 4, 5, PRAYERS 11 and 12. A major issue—my omission to group the questions. That is how over-excited Members on the Opposition Benches get. [MR SPEAKER in the Chair] 4. Charlie Elphicke (Dover) (Con): What recent representations he has received on his proposals for Oral Answers to Questions House of Lords reform. [56962] 5. Mr Ben Bradshaw (Exeter) (Lab): What recent representations he has received on his proposals for reform of the House of Lords. [56963] DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER 11. Mr Alan Reid (Argyll and Bute) (LD): What The Deputy Prime Minister was asked— representations he has received on his plans for the future composition of the House of Lords. [56969] Disabled People (Elected Office) 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer with the Colne Valley
    Newsletter Summer 2021 FREE COLNE VALLEY PARK FESTIVAL FORTNIGHT Festival Fortnight will be a fantastic programme of events between Saturday July 24th to Sunday August 8th 2021, so please put the date in your diary. Check on our website and social media channels to see what will be on offer, including guided walks, special events, informative talks and children’s activities See below for more details. Harmondsworth Great Barn. Welcome to Summer with the Colne Valley ummer has finally arrived, and it is time amongst others, and include to get out, explore and really enjoy the recruiting more than 90 volunteer Slocal countryside on your doorstep. River Rangers to help care for the The Colne Valley Park has a truly wonderful major rivers in the Park; establishing variety of landscapes and places to visit, ranging three new conservation grazing Blue from woodlands to Country Parks and from areas with lots of lovely cows to help Butterfly hidden nature reserves to tranquil lakes and encourage new wildlife; working water courses. There are also some stunning with the local Wildlife Trust to enhance habitats views and walks. for Water Voles; transforming council-owned Our aim is to help protect and improve areas into community green spaces for local the local countryside and its biodiversity and residents; improving direction signs for walks landscapes, as well as helping local people and many other river conservation and habitat discover more of the Park. We are working on improvement programmes. a wide programme of projects, all designed to enhance the Colne Valley Park countryside for You can read about these important projects the benefit of people and wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • EC Harris - Heathrow NWR Critique
    Gatwick Airport Limited Response to Airports Commission Consultation Appendix 31 EC Harris - Heathrow NWR Critique GATWICK AIRPORT LIMITED HEATHROW NORTH WEST RUNWAY CRITIQUE PROGRAMME & COST REVIEW REPORT LEGALLY PRIVILEGED & STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL JANUARY 2015 Legally Privileged & Strictly Confidential Intentionally left blank © 2014 EC Harris LLP Legally Privileged & Strictly Confidential CONTACTS PAUL WILLIS GLOBAL HEAD OF AVIATION EC HARRIS LLP 34 YORK WAY LONDON N1 9AB TELEPHONE : +44 (0) 207 832 2273 UK MOBILE : +44 (0) 7826 535 496 EMAIL : PAUL .WILLIS @ECHARRIS .COM www.echarris.com An ARCADIS Company EC Harris LLP is part of the ARCADIS Group of Companies © 2014 EC Harris LLP Legally Privileged & Strictly Confidential Intentionally left blank © 2014 EC Harris LLP Legally Privileged & Strictly Confidential CONTENTS 1. Executive Summary ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ..................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 CAPEX Shortfall ......................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Programme Risks & Timetable Delays ....................................... 5 2. Key Findings & Issues................................................................. 9 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 9 2.2 Heathrow NWR Scheme Description .......................................... 9 2.3 Land use Planning ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hillingdon Conservation Council Minutes 16Th June 1998 Page 1 Jon Finney Introduced This Item, Which Would Form the Theme for Meetings to Be Held in the Coming Year
    HILLINGDON CONSERVATION COUNCIL Meeting held at Manor Farm House on Tuesday 16th June 1998 at 7.30pm Councillor Graham Horn (Chairman) Present : Michael Hirst Canal Locks Panel Audrey Wormold Hillingdon Village Panel Sheila Liberty Eastcote Village Panel Clive Pigram Ruislip Panel Kenneth Wintle Ruislip Panel David Horne Councillor Elma Hutton Ruislip Panel Eileen Bowlt Ruislip Panel Robert Bedford Ruislip Panel Robert Whytehead Archaeologist, English Heritage (West London) Colin Boult West Middlesex Archaeological Field Group Harvey Sheldon Consultant Archaeologist, London Borough Of Hillingdon 1. APPOINTMENT OF CHAIRMAN Councillor Graham Horn was appointed as Chairman for the forthcoming year. 2. MINUTES The minutes of the meeting held on 3rd February and 31st March were agreed as correct records. 3. MATTERS ARISING Conservation Area Reviews - Jon Finney informed the meeting that the next step in the process would be consultation on the review. This was agreed. It was noted that the Ruislip,Northwood and Eastcote Conservation Area reviews had been reported to the May meeting of the Ruislip/Northwood Planning Sub- Committee. The next review to be reported will be the Harefield Village to the July meeting. 4. NOTIFICATION OF ANY OTHER BUSINESS ITEMS Two items were notified. Further information about these is included in minutes and below. 5. MUSEUM PIECES Hillingdon Conservation Council minutes 16th June 1998 Page 1 Jon Finney introduced this item, which would form the theme for meetings to be held in the coming year. A series of slides showed the settlement patterns in the West Middlesex area and a number of ancient monuments. There are 5 ancient monuments in Hillingdon Borough as follows:- · Motte & Bailey at Ruislip · Pynchester Moat · Brackenbury Moat · Ickenham Manor Moat · Harmondsworth Great Barn, which was also Listed Grade 1.
    [Show full text]
  • LAMAS Newsletter, 84 Lock Chase, Blackheath, London SE3 9HA
    CONTENTS Page Notices 2 Reviews and Articles 4 Books and Publications 16 Affiliated Society Meetings 18 NOTICES Newsletter: Copy Date The copy deadline for the May 2017 Newsletter is 20 March 2017. Please send items for inclusion by email preferably (as MS Word attachments) to: [email protected], or by surface mail to me, Richard Gilpin, Honorary Editor, LAMAS Newsletter, 84 Lock Chase, Blackheath, London SE3 9HA. It would be greatly appreciated if contributors could please ensure that any item sent by mail carries postage that is appropriate for the weight and size of the item. **************** LAMAS 161st Annual General Meeting and Presidential Address Tuesday 14 February 2017 Notice is hereby given of the LAMAS 161st Annual General Meeting and Presidential Address to be held on Tuesday 14 February at 6.15pm in the Clore Learning Centre at the Museum of London, London Wall. Light refreshments will be available from 5.30pm. The AGM will be followed by the Presidential Address by John Clark, entitled New Troy to Lud’s Town: Geoffrey of Monmouth’s London revisited. Minutes of the 160th AGM, held on 9 February 2016, will be available. The 161st AGM Agenda is as follows: 1. Apologies for absence 2. Minutes of the 160th AGM, 2016 3. Annual Report and Accounts 4. Election of Officers and Members of Council 5. Appointment of Examiner(s) 6. Election of President 7. Any Other Business Council would welcome nominations of anyone interested in becoming a member of Council. These should be addressed to the Chair at the address given on the back page of the Newsletter, or by email to the Secretary ([email protected]) to arrive no later than Tuesday 17 January 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • 12372 2M Heathrow Response Conference Report.Indd 1 07/10/2015 11:33 CONTENTS
    Assessing the work of the Airports Commission A report by Hillingdon, Richmond, Wandsworth, and Windsor and Maidenhead councils, members of the 2M Group October 2015 12372 2M Heathrow response conference report.indd 1 07/10/2015 11:33 CONTENTS Foreword . 3 1 . Strategic fit . 5 2 . Economy . 7 3 . Surface access . 9 4 . Environment . 11 5 . People . 18 6 . Costs, delivery and operational viability . 20 12372 2M Heathrow response conference report.indd 2 07/10/2015 11:33 FOREWORD This document sets out why we, as members of the 2M Group of councils opposed to Heathrow expansion, believe that the Airports Commission’s findings are not convincing. We wish to make it absolutely clear from the start that we strongly oppose the proposed building of a third runway on environmental, health, and community impact grounds. We believe the UK Airports Commission has presented MPs with an inflated and distorted case for expanding Heathrow. Throughout this report we point to a series of omissions, errors and perverse lines of argument in the Commission’s work, all of which serve to promote the third runway scheme over and above rival options for expanding the UK’s aviation capacity. As we will explain, the Commission’s methodology for comparing new runway options was engineered to favour Heathrow. Critical factors which present the greatest challenge to the third runway – such as air quality and flightpaths – have been misinterpreted or simply avoided. We examine the Final Report’s economic claims, in particular the colossal economic windfall the Commission expects to generate from a handful of new trade routes.
    [Show full text]