World History Trade Collection United States and the Soviet Union Guided Reading Workbook S 3ECTION Fast Track to a 5 Led to Global Competition

Home , Effects of the Cold War, Vietnamization

UNIT 8

Perspectives On the Present 1945–present

The Berlin Wall November 10, 1989 Right on the border between East and West Berlin, at the Pariser Platz, the Brandenburg Gate (pictured at right) was once the symbol of a divided Berlin. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the gate became the symbol of German reunification.

At the end of World War II, the Allied powers divided Germany and its capital, Berlin, into zones of occupation. Eventually, the zones were consolidated. West Germany and West Berlin came to be associated with western Europe On November 10, 1989, all borders and the United States; East Germany between East and West Germany were opened. Here, people celebrate and East Berlin were connected with the in front of the Brandenburg Gate, Soviet Union. one of the former border crossings between East and West. Between 1949 and 1961, about two and a half million East Germans fled to West Germany. To help stem the tide of emigration, East Germany decided to build a wall around West Berlin and prevent access to West Berlin and West Germany.

Begun in August 1961, the wall would ultimately stretch 28 miles across Berlin and 75 miles around West Berlin. The Berlin Wall quickly became one of the most notorious symbols of the Cold War. Nation Building This divide was in place until the 1980s, In Unit 8, you will learn about the emergence or growth of several different nations. At the end of the unit, you will have a when reform movements swept through chance to compare and contrast the nations you have studied. the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. (See pages 1100–1105.) The pressure for reform was eventually brought to bear on East German authori- ties, who finally agreed to open the 960 961 nation’s borders on November 9, 1989.

The photograph at right, taken the day after the borders were opened, shows a 9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833UO.indd 960 5/27/10 6:45:12 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833UO.indd 961 5/27/10 6:46:07 PM group of people standing on top of the Berlin Wall, just to the west of the Brandenburg Gate.

960 Unit 8 Teacher’s Edition 961

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833UO.indd 960 7/6/10 10:02:43 AM UNIT 8

Previewing the Unit This unit describes the momentous political, social, and economic changes occurring around the globe after World War II.

Power and Authority With much of Europe and parts of Asia in ruins after World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union emerge as rival superpowers. Their political and military confrontations dominate world affairs for the next 40 years.

Revolution The end of World War II also heralds the end of colonialism, as native peoples in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific demand independence. Although some European nations try to hold onto their colonies, others help native popula- On November 10, 1989, all borders tions prepare for independent rule. between East and West Germany were opened. Here, people celebrate The 1980s and 1990s witness a dramatic in front of the Brandenburg Gate, shift toward democracy in many areas one of the former border crossings around the world. The Soviet Union between East and West. dissolves into 15 separate republics, while military dictatorships fall in Latin America. Nigeria and South Africa pursue democratic goals, and China reforms its economy.

Science and Technology Advances in science, communications, and technology improve life for many people and help create a global economy. Nations around the world must adjust to new patterns of work, ensure the rights of their diverse populations, protect their environments, Nation Building and achieve peaceful relations with their In Unit 8, you will learn about the emergence or growth of several different nations. At the end of the unit, you will have a neighbors. chance to compare and contrast the nations you have studied. (See pages 1100–1105.) Comparing & Contrasting The unit feature on pages 1100–1105 960 961 uses charts, images, time lines, and primary source documents to compare five developing nations. Explain to students that these resources will help 9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833UO.indd 960 5/27/10 6:45:12 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833UO.indd 961 5/27/10 6:46:07 PM them to understand how the nations in Unit 8 are attempting to organize and govern themselves.

960 Unit 8 Teacher’s Edition 961

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833UO.indd 961 7/6/10 10:04:02 AM CHAPTER 33 PLANNING GUIDE Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–Present

OVERVIEW INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT

ESSENTIAL QUESTION In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Interactive Online Edition SE Chapter Assessment, pp. 992–993 How did the United States and s "UILDING 6OCABULARY P TOS ExamView® Assessment Suite %NGLISH3PANISH Formal Assessment the Soviet Union compete for Chapters in Brief %NGLISH3PANISH TOS CalendarPlanner s #HAPTER 4ESTS &ORMS ! " AND # economic and military superiority Block Schedule Pacing Guide PP n Power Presentations with Media Gallery in the Cold War era? Voices from the Past CD TOS ExamView® Assessment Suite %NGLISH3PANISH Electronic Library of Primary Sources Multimedia Connections Integrated Assessment Book Video: *OSEPH 3TALIN s /CTOBER &URY 4HE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS Strategies for Test Preparation Focus on the Essential Question Podcast

SECTION 1 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Geography Transparencies SE Section 1 Assessment, p. 970 Cold War: Superpowers s 'UIDED 2EADING P s '4 4HE "ERLIN !IRLIFT n Formal Assessment s ,ITERATURE FROM The Nuclear Age, P s 3ECTION 1UIZ P Face Off s #ONNECTIONS !CROSS 4IME#ULTURES P Test Practice Transparencies, TT127 MAIN IDEA The opposing economic s 3CIENCE AND 4ECHNOLOGY P and political philosophies of the s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P United States and the Soviet Union Guided Reading Workbook s 3ECTION led to global competition. Case Study 2, P

SECTION 2 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 World Art and Cultures Transparencies SE Section 2 Assessment, p. 975 Communists Take Power in s 'UIDED 2EADING P s !4 Spring Walk to the Chi-Ch’ang Park Formal Assessment s 3KILLBUILDER 0RACTICE P s 3ECTION 1UIZ P China s 0RIMARY 3OURCE P Test Practice Transparencies, TT128 MAIN IDEA After World War II, s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Chinese Communists defeated Guided Reading Workbook Nationalistic forces and two separate s 3ECTION Case Study 2, P Chinas emerged.

SECTION 3 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 World Art and Cultures Transparencies SE Section 3 Assessment, p. 981 Wars in Korea and Vietnam s 'UIDED 2EADING P s !4 Laying a Road Formal Assessment s 0RIMARY 3OURCE P Electronic Library of Primary Sources s 3ECTION 1UIZ P MAIN IDEA In Asia, the Cold War s (ISTORY -AKERS (O #HI -INH P s FROM h0EACE 7ITHOUT #ONQUESTv Test Practice Transparencies, TT129 flared into actual wars supported s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Video mainly by the superpowers. Guided Reading Workbook s +OREA 4HE &ORGOTTEN 7AR s 3ECTION s 6IETNAM (OW 7E 7ENT TO 7AR

SECTION 4 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Critical Thinking Transparencies SE Section 4 Assessment, p. 987 The Cold War Divides the s 'UIDED 2EADING P s #4 'LOBAL 3UPERPOWERS &ACE /FF Formal Assessment s 'EOGRAPHY !PPLICATION P Electronic Library of Primary Sources s 3ECTION 1UIZ P World s 0RIMARY 3OURCE P s FROM 444 Days: The Hostages Remember Test Practice Transparencies, TT130 MAIN IDEA The superpowers s (ISTORY -AKERS 2UHOLLA +HOMEINI P Video: !YATOLLAH +HOMEINI supported opposing sides in Latin s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P American and Middle Eastern Guided Reading Workbook s 3ECTION conflicts.

SECTION 5 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Critical Thinking Transparencies SE Section 5 Assessment, p. 991 The Cold War Thaws s 'UIDED 2EADING P s #4 #HAPTER 6ISUAL 3UMMARY Formal Assessment s 0RIMARY 3OURCE 0OLITICAL #ARTOON P Electronic Library of Primary Sources s 3ECTION 1UIZ P MAIN IDEA The Cold War began to s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P s 3PEECH ON 3TALIN BY .IKITA +HRUSHCHEV Test Practice Transparencies, TT131 thaw as the superpowers entered an Guided Reading Workbook s FROM A Student’s Diary era of uneasy diplomacy. s 3ECTION

961A Chapter 33

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833PG.indd 2 7/16/10 10:37:44 AM Chart Key: CHAPTER 33 PLANNING GUIDE SE Student Edition Block Scheduling DVD/CD-ROM TE Teacher’s Edition TOS Teacher One Stop MP3 Audio Restructurit the Postwar World, 1945–Present Printable Resource Presentation Resource HISTORY™

OVERVIEW INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT Program Resources available on TOS and @

In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Interactive Online Edition SE Chapter Assessment, pp. 992–993 s "UILDING 6OCABULARY P TOS ExamView® Assessment Suite (English/Spanish) Formal Assessment Supporting Resources Chapters in Brief (English/Spanish) TOS CalendarPlanner s #HAPTER 4ESTS &ORMS ! " AND # Block Schedule Pacing Guide pp. 544–558 Power Presentations with Media Gallery Voices from the Past CD TOS ExamView® Assessment Suite (English/Spanish) Electronic Library of Primary Sources Multimedia Connections Integrated Assessment Book Video: Joseph Stalin s 4HE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS Strategies for Test Preparation

s Multimedia Classroom Global History Series SECTION 1 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Geography Transparencies SE Section 1 Assessment, p. 970 s Global History Teacher’s Guide Cold War: Superpowers s 'UIDED 2EADING P s '4 4HE "ERLIN !IRLIFT n Formal Assessment s ,ITERATURE FROM The Nuclear Age, p. 14 s 3ECTION 1UIZ P GUIDE PLANNING 33 CHAPTER Face Off s #ONNECTIONS !CROSS 4IME#ULTURES P Test Practice Transparencies, TT127 MAIN IDEA The opposing economic s 3CIENCE AND 4ECHNOLOGY P Social Studies Trade Library Collections and political philosophies of the s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P s Modern World History Trade Collection United States and the Soviet Union Guided Reading Workbook s 3ECTION Fast Track to a 5 led to global competition. Case Study 2, p. 16 s AP test preparation for World History provides students with test-taking SECTION 2 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 World Art and Cultures Transparencies SE Section 2 Assessment, p. 975 strategies, review, and practice exams. Communists Take Power in s 'UIDED 2EADING P s !4 Spring Walk to the Chi-Ch’ang Park Formal Assessment s 3KILLBUILDER 0RACTICE P s 3ECTION 1UIZ P China s 0RIMARY 3OURCE P For more information or to purchase these resources, Test Practice Transparencies, TT128 MAIN IDEA After World War II, s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P go to Chinese Communists defeated Guided Reading Workbook Nationalistic forces and two separate s 3ECTION Case Study 2, p. 16 Chinas emerged. Power Presentations with Media Gallery are visual presentations of each chapter’s SECTION 3 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 World Art and Cultures Transparencies SE Section 3 Assessment, p. 981 main ideas. Presentations can be customized Wars in Korea and Vietnam s 'UIDED 2EADING P s !4 Laying a Road Formal Assessment s 0RIMARY 3OURCE P Electronic Library of Primary Sources s 3ECTION 1UIZ P by including Quick Facts charts, images from MAIN IDEA In Asia, the Cold War s (ISTORY -AKERS (O #HI -INH P s FROM h0EACE 7ITHOUT #ONQUESTv Test Practice Transparencies, TT129 the text, and video clips. flared into actual wars supported s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Video mainly by the superpowers. Guided Reading Workbook s +OREA 4HE &ORGOTTEN 7AR s 3ECTION s 6IETNAM (OW 7E 7ENT TO 7AR

SECTION 4 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Critical Thinking Transparencies SE Section 4 Assessment, p. 987 Enrichment Activities The Cold War Divides the s 'UIDED 2EADING P s #4 'LOBAL 3UPERPOWERS &ACE /FF Formal Assessment s 'EOGRAPHY !PPLICATION P Electronic Library of Primary Sources s 3ECTION 1UIZ P World s 0RIMARY 3OURCE P s FROM 444 Days: The Hostages Remember SE Student Edition, pp. 962–993 Test Practice Transparencies, TT130 MAIN IDEA The superpowers s (ISTORY -AKERS 2UHOLLA +HOMEINI P Video: Ayatollah Khomeini s Interact with History, p. 964 s Superpower Aims in Europe Map, p. 966 supported opposing sides in Latin s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P s Science and Technology: The s Interactive History: The Iron Curtain, p. 967 American and Middle Eastern Guided Reading Workbook Space Race, p. 971 s War in Korea, 1950–1953 Map, p. 977 s 3ECTION conflicts. s War in Vietnam, 1957–1973 Map, s Cold War Hot Spots, 1948–1975 p. 979 Map, p. 984 s History in Depth: How the Cold SECTION 5 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Critical Thinking Transparencies SE Section 5 Assessment, p. 991 War Was Fought, p. 983 The Cold War Thaws s 'UIDED 2EADING P s #4 #HAPTER 6ISUAL 3UMMARY Formal Assessment s 0RIMARY 3OURCE 0OLITICAL #ARTOON P Electronic Library of Primary Sources s 3ECTION 1UIZ P MAIN IDEA The Cold War began to s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P s 3PEECH ON 3TALIN BY .IKITA +HRUSHCHEV Test Practice Transparencies, TT131 thaw as the superpowers entered an Guided Reading Workbook s FROM A Student’s Diary era of uneasy diplomacy. s 3ECTION

Teacher’s Edition 961B

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833PG.indd 3 7/5/10 12:34:14 PM Differentiated Instruction Planning Guide

ENGLISH LEARNERS: Resources in Spanish

In-Depth Resources in ExamView® Test Generator Name Date CHAPTER Activities in the

L GUIDED READING Spanish on Teacher One Stop 33 Communists Take Power in China Section 2 Teacher’s Edition for

A. Reconocimiento de hechos y detalles Al leer acerca de la guerra civil en China s 'UIDED 2EADING L s #HAPTER 4EST &ORM ! y de la creación de las dos Chinas, toma notas para contestar estas preguntas. English Learners 1. ¿Quién? ¿Quién fue Mao Tse-tung? ¿Quién fue Jiang Jieshi? s 3KILLBUILDER 0RACTICE 2. ¿Cuándo? ¿Cúando comenzó la guerra civil en China? Plus ¿Cuándo terminó la guerra civil? s 5NDERSTANDING THE #OLD )NTERPRETING #HARTS 3. ¿Qué? ¿Qué ventajas tenían las fuerzas nacionalistas? 7AR P Modified Lesson Plans for ¿Qué ventajas tenían las fuerzas s 'EOGRAPHY !PPLICATION comunistas? 4. ¿Dónde? English Learners ¿Dónde se encuentra la China nacionalista? s 4HE #HRONOLOGY OF THE +OREAN ¿Dónde se encuentra la República Popular 4HE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS de China? 5. ¿Cómo? 7AR P ¿Cómo reaccionaron las superpotencias ante la formación de dos Chinas? Multi-Language Glossary of ¿Cómo transformó Mao la economía Chapters in Brief china? s 53 AND #UBA P 6. ¿Por qué? Social Studies Terms ¿Por qué fracasó el Gran Salto Adelante? ¿Por qué inició Mao la Revolución Cultural? s 3UMMARIZING AND 3EQUENCING Spanish/English © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. B. Reconocimiento de hechos y detalles Al reverso de esta hoja, explica las razones por las cuales se formaron las comunas y los Guardias Rojos en la %VENTS P Guided Reading Workbook China comunista. 234 Restructuring the Postwar World s 3ECTIONS n

STRUGGLING READERS

In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Chapters in Brief s 'UIDED 2EADING Name Date GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: REGION CHAPTER Activities in the Guided Reading Workbook L 33 The Cuban Missile Crisis Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer s "UILDING 6OCABULARY Section 4 the questions that follow. Teacher’s Edition for

s 3ECTIONS n n 1962, the world narrowly escaped nuclear siles. Finally, it could order an air strike to destroy Iholocaust during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The the missiles and then invade Cuba. Struggling Readers United States and the Soviet Union faced each On October 22, Kennedy announced a blockade s 3KILLBUILDER 0RACTICE other in a dispute over Soviet placement of nuclear of Cuba. The United States would seize “offensive missiles in Cuba, 90 miles off the coast of Florida. weapons and associated matériel” that the Soviets There are several possibilities why the Soviets were delivering to Cuba. After six tense days, placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. First, the missiles Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, agreed to halt could protect Cuba from possible U.S. military further shipments of missiles and to dismantle the )NTERPRETING #HARTS existing ones in Cuba. He agreed to this only after Formal Assessment aggression. Second, the Soviets would gain a strategic advantage on the United States in case of global Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. nuclear war. Finally, the missiles would counter the Khrushchev also wanted the U.S. missiles removed s 4HE "ERLIN !IRLIFT P U.S. installation of missiles in Turkey, near Soviet from Turkey. In formal negotiations, Kennedy territory, in 1959. refused but then informally agreed to remove them s 'EOGRAPHY !PPLICATION The U.S. government had an idea Soviets wanted and did so. s #HAPTER 4EST &ORM ! to place missiles in Cuba for some time. However, it Documents released 35 years later reveal that, was not until August 29, 1962, that a U-2 spy plane unknown to both U.S. and Soviet leaders, Soviet field commanders in Cuba had complete authority to s 5NDERSTANDING #OMMUNIST confirmed this to President John F. Kennedy. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara proposed fire their missiles. In addition, U.S. military officials 4HE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS L three courses of action for the United States. First, undertook several secret sabotage missions in Cuba, it could try to resolve the problem diplomatically and an American aircraft accidentally strayed into by discussing it with the Soviets and the Cubans. Soviet airspace at the height of the crisis. Any of #HINA P Second, it could form an air and naval blockade these situations could have triggered a nuclear war. s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITIES around Cuba to prevent further shipments of mis- Blockade of Cuba, 1962 30˚N FLORIDA A TLANTIC s 6IETNAM 7AR 0OSTERS P OCEAN Homestead Gulf of Miami A i r P a t r MexicoMexico Key WestWest o l TTropicropic of Cancer Havana CUBA DOMINICAN MEXICO s 4IME ,INE FOR THE #OLD REPUBLIC 20˚N Guantanamo Bay

HAITI PUERTOPUERTO C RICO C a E r i PPAA CIFIC OCEAN A N b b M T A e a 7AR P E i n S e R R r a Air and naval blockade A I P a C L t r o Soviet missile sites A l © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 70˚W 70˚W U.S. military bases 90˚W 90˚W 80˚W SOUTH AMERICA 60˚W 60˚W s (ONORING #OLD 7AR (EROES

8 Unit 8, Chapter 33 P

GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS

In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s 3CIENCE AND 4ECHNOLOGY 3UPER s 0RIMARY 3OURCES FROM No Tears 3PY 0LANE Name Date Activities in the Teacher’s PRIMARY SOURCE Political Cartoon L CHAPTER FROM 33 by Herbert Block for Mao; When Heaven Herbert Block drew this political cartoon shortly after the Cuban missile crisis, Section 5 Edition for Gifted and the most serious U.S.–Soviet confrontation. Notice that, unlike many American politicians and journalists who were severely critical of the Soviet leader at the Electronic Library of Primary time, Block depicts Nikita Khrushchev as an equal of President Kennedy in strug- and Earth Changed Places; gling to contain nuclear war. Talented Students Sources 4HE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS 3PEECH BY *OHN & +ENNEDY s FROM h0EACE 7ITHOUT #ONQUESTv s ,ITERATURE OF THE #OLD 0OLITICAL #ARTOON L s FROM 444 Days: The Hostages 7AR P s ,ITERATURE FROM The Remember s !RT AND 7AR P Nuclear Age s 3PEECH ON 3TALIN BY .IKITA s #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS P +HRUSHCHEV s (ISTORY -AKERS (O #HI -INH “Let’s Get a Lock for This Thing,” from Herblock: A Cartoonist’s Life (Lisa Drew Books/Macmillan, 1993). Discussion Questions 1. Analyzing Political Cartoons What message 2. Forming and Supporting Opinions 2UHOLLA +HOMEINI s FROM A Student’s Diary does this cartoon send to the leaders of the Considering the climate of the Cold War in United States and the Soviet Union? 1962, do you think the spirit of this cartoon is overly optimistic? Why or why not? s #ONNECTIONS !CROSS 4IME AND © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. #ULTURES 2ESTORING THE 0EACE Formal Assessment Restructuring the Postwar World 13 s #HAPTER 4EST &ORM #

961C Chapter 33

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833PG.indd 4 7/16/10 10:40:09 AM ENGLISH LEARNERS: Resources in Spanish CHAPTER 33: TECHNOLOGY IN THE CLASSROOM

Activities in the Teacher’s Edition for English Learners INTERNET HUNT: SPUTNIK s 5NDERSTANDING THE #OLD !N )NTERNET HUNT IS A GOOD WAY TO INTRODUCE STUDENTS TO THE WIDE RANGING ONLINE 7AR P MATERIAL RELATED TO 3PUTNIK )N THIS ACTIVITY STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO SEARCH A s 4HE #HRONOLOGY OF THE +OREAN SPECIFIED GROUP OF 7EB SITES FOR ANSWERS TO VARIOUS QUESTIONS ABOUT 3PUTNIK 7AR P 4EACHERS CAN USE THE EXERCISE TO EXPOSE STUDENTS TO ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLES s 53 AND #UBA P SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 7EB SITES AND GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS GUIDE PLANNING INSTRUCTION DIFFERENTIATED s 3UMMARIZING AND 3EQUENCING %VENTS P ACTIVITY OUTLINE

Class Time /NE CLASS PERIOD Task !NSWERING QUESTIONS ABOUT 3PUTNIK AND THE 3OVIET !MERICAN RELATIONS STRUGGLING READERS Purpose 4O HELP STUDENTS IDENTIFY IMPORTANT DETAILS THAT HELP COMPLETE THE PICTURE OF 3PUTNIKS RELATIONSHIP TO THE #OLD 7AR

Activities in the DIRECTIONS Teacher’s Edition for Struggling Readers 1. 0ROVIDE FIVE OR SIX QUESTIONS ABOUT 3PUTNIK AND 3OVIET !MERICAN RELATIONS THAT ARE NOT COVERED IN THE TEXTBOOK AND A LIST OF 7EB SITES WHERE THE ANSWERS CAN BE FOUND s 4HE "ERLIN !IRLIFT P 5SE QUESTIONS THAT ENCOURAGE STUDENTS TO EXAMINE THE BROAD ISSUES WHILE THEY HONE s 5NDERSTANDING #OMMUNIST IN ON THE DETAILS (ERE ARE SOME SAMPLE QUESTIONS #HINA P s 7HAT WAS THE REACTION OF !MERICAN ROCKET SCIENTISTS TO NEWS OF 3PUTNIKS WEIGHT s 6IETNAM 7AR 0OSTERS P s (OW DID 3OVIET LEADERS RELATE THE LAUNCHING OF 3PUTNIK TO SOCIALISM s 4IME ,INE FOR THE #OLD s 7HAT ROLE DID THE LAUNCH OF 3PUTNIK PLAY IN THE hKITCHEN DEBATEv BETWEEN 7AR P 6ICE 0RESIDENT 2ICHARD - .IXON AND 3OVIET 0REMIER .IKITA 3 +HRUSHCHEV s (ONORING #OLD 7AR (EROES s (OW DID THE 5NITED 3TATES REACT TO THE LAUNCH OF 3PUTNIK P 2. (AVE STUDENTS NAVIGATE THE 7EB SITES ON THE LIST TO FIND THE ANSWERS

TECHNOLOGY TIPS GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS s (AVE STUDENTS GO ONLINE AT hmhsocialstudies.com TO EXPLORE 7EB LINKS s 4HE .ATIONAL !IR AND 3PACE -USEUM OFFERS EXTENSIVE ONLINE MATERIAL ON 3PUTNIK THE Activities in the Teacher’s SCIENCE OF SPACE FLIGHT AND THE 3OVIET !MERICAN SPACE RACE Edition for Gifted and s 4HE 3MITHSONIAN )NSTITUTIONS !MERICAN HISTORY 7EB SITE OFFERS #OLD 7AR HISTORY Talented Students MATERIALS INCLUDING A TIME LINE AND INFORMATION ON 3PUTNIK AND THE SPACE RACE s 4HE 7EB SITE OF THE .ATIONAL !ERONAUTICS AND 3PACE !DMINISTRATION .!3! PROVIDES s ,ITERATURE OF THE #OLD 7AR P LINKS TO HISTORIES OF .!3! AND SPACE FLIGHT s !RT AND 7AR P s #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS P

Teacher’s Edition 961D

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833PG.indd 5 7/5/10 12:35:04 PM CHAPTER s INTRODUCTION CHAPTER Restructuring the Introducing the Essential Question s %XPLAIN TO STUDENTS WHAT IS MEANT BY THE Postwar World, +PTFQI4UBMJO TERM Cold War. 33 s 4ELL STUDENTS THAT THE 5NITED 3TATES AND THE 3OVIET 5NION BATTLED EACH OTHER 1945-Present THROUGH OTHER COUNTRIES USING A VARIETY OF METHODS Essential Question Previewing Themes s 0OINT OUT HOW NATIONS ALL OVER THE How did the United States and the Soviet ECONOMICS Two conflicting economic systems, capitalism and WORLD WERE PRESSURED AND ENTICED TO Union compete for economic and military superiority in the Cold War era? communism, competed for influence and power after World War II. TAKE SIDES The superpowers in this struggle were the United States and the What You Will Learn Soviet Union. Geography Study the map and the key. What does the map show In this chapter, you will learn that the United about the state of the world in 1949? Previewing Themes States and the Soviet Union competed for dom- %XPLAIN THAT THE REPRESSIVE GOVERNMENTS inance in the post–World War II world, with important consequences for other nations. REVOLUTION In Asia, the Americas, and Eastern Europe, people AND CONFLICTS STUDENTS WILL READ ABOUT revolted against repressive governments or rule by foreign powers. SECTION 1 Cold War: Superpowers These revolutions often became the areas for conflict between the IN THIS CHAPTER WERE NOTHING NEW TO THE Face Off two superpowers. WORLD 7HAT SET THIS PERIOD APART WAS The opposing economic and political philosophies of the United States and the Geography Look at the map. Which of the three areas mentioned THE GLOBAL SCALE OF THE CONFLICT AS TWO Soviet Union led to global competition. was not Communist in 1949? SUPERPOWERS COMPETED FOR DOMINANCE SECTION 2 Communists Take 4HE COMPETITION REACHED TO ALL PARTS OF Power in China EMPIRE BUILDING The United States and the Soviet Union used After World War II, Chinese military, economic, and humanitarian aid to extend their control over THE WORLD AND REPEATEDLY BROUGHT THE Communists defeated Nationalist forces and other countries. Each also tried to prevent the other superpower two separate Chinas emerged. NATIONS TO THE BRINK OF NUCLEAR WAR from gaining influence. SECTION 3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam Geography Why might the clear-cut division shown on this map be Accessing Prior Knowledge In Asia, the Cold War flared into actual wars supported mainly by the superpowers. misleading? 0OINT OUT THAT MANY OF THE POLITICAL EVENTS SECTION 4 The Cold War Divides the OF THIS PERIOD WERE DRIVEN BY World The superpowers supported TWO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES STUDENTS opposing sides in Latin American and Middle HAVE ALREADY STUDIED COMMUNISM AND Eastern conflicts. REALPOLITIK 'UIDE A REVIEW OF THESE TWO SECTION 5 The Cold War Thaws The Cold War began to thaw as VIEWS the superpowers entered an era of uneasy diplomacy. Geography Answers

ECONOMICS Possible Answer: )N THE WORLD WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO OPPOSING GROUPS#OMMUNIST AND NON #OMMUNIST COUNTRIES

REVOLUTION 4HE !MERICAS WERE NOT UNDER #OMMUNISM IN

EMPIRE BUILDING Possible Answer: 4HE DIVISION ON THE MAP LUMPS MANY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND CULTURES TOGETHER UNDER BROAD CATEGORIES 962

TIME LINE DISCUSSION RECOMMENDED RESOURCES

9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833CO.indd 962 6/28/10 4:38:47 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833CO.indd 963 6/25/10 4:58:56 PM %XPLAIN THAT THE CONFLICTS AND DISAGREEMENTS AS 2. %XPLAIN THAT A RACE INTO SPACE WAS ONE ASPECT 4. $URING WHAT TEN YEAR PERIOD DID Books for the Teacher WELL AS THE NEW ALLIANCES THAT EMERGED IMMEDI OF THE COMPETITION BETWEEN THE 5NITED 3TATES COMMUNISM EXPERIENCE THE MOST SUCCESSES +UTLER 3TANLEY ED Encyclopedia of the Vietnam ATELY AFTER 7ORLD 7AR )) CONTINUE TO DRIVE MANY AND THE 3OVIET 5NION 4HE 3OVIETS ACHIEVED 7HAT WERE THEY (1949–1959; Communists War .EW 9ORK 3CRIBNERS OF THE WORLDS EVENTS TODAY THE FIRST SUCCESS WITH THE LAUNCHING OF 3PUTNIK gained control of China and Cuba and #OHEN $ANIEL Joseph (OW MANY YEARS PASSED FROM THE TIME THE launched Sputnik.) 1. 0OINT OUT THAT THE 5NITED .ATIONS IS THE McCarthy: The Misuse of 3OVIET 5NION LAUNCHED 3PUTNIK UNTIL 53 MOST IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN 5. !FTER THE "ERLIN 7ALL WAS KNOCKED DOWN WHAT Political Power. "ROOKFIELD ASTRONAUTS LANDED ON THE MOON (12 years) HISTORY )N WHAT YEAR WAS THE 5NITED .ATIONS OTHER DEFEAT FOR THE #OMMUNISTS IS SHOWN #4 -ILLBROOK FORMED 7HAT EVENTS HAS THE 5. BEEN 3. 7HAT HAPPENED IN 3OUTH !FRICA IN ON THE TIME LINE (Communists voted out of INVOLVED WITH IN RECENT YEARS (1945; (first all-race election was held) power in Nicaragua) Books for the Student Possible Answers: weapons search in Iraq, (OLT -C$OUGAL ,ITERATURE war against terrorism, peace keeping) #ONNECTIONS -YERS 7ALTER $EAN Fallen Angels (with related readings). )N 962 Chapter 33 THIS NOVEL A SMALL GROUP OF Teacher’s Edition 963

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833CO.indd 962 7/6/10 9:49:06 AM CHAPTER 33 CHAPTER Restructuring the 33 Postwar World, +PTFQI4UBMJO History from Visuals 1945-Present Interpreting the Map Tell students that geography played an important role in the development of U.S. Essential Question Previewing Themes and Soviet Cold War strategies. Point out How did the United States and the Soviet the huge landmass of the Soviet Union Union compete for economic and military ECONOMICS Two conflicting economic systems, capitalism and superiority in the Cold War era? communism, competed for influence and power after World War II. and the two oceans that surround the The superpowers in this struggle were the United States and the United States. Ask students how these Soviet Union. What You Will Learn factors may have influenced the coun- Geography Study the map and the key. What does the map show In this chapter, you will learn that the United about the state of the world in 1949? tries’ policies. (The oceans offered the States and the Soviet Union competed for dom- United States natural defense and moti- inance in the post–World War II world, with important consequences for other nations. REVOLUTION In Asia, the Americas, and Eastern Europe, people vated its leaders to build air and sea revolted against repressive governments or rule by foreign powers. SECTION 1 Cold War: Superpowers power. In contrast, the Soviet Union was These revolutions often became the areas for conflict between the Face Off vulnerable to land invasion, which led The opposing economic and political two superpowers. philosophies of the United States and the Geography Look at the map. Which of the three areas mentioned Soviet leaders to build massive armies.) Soviet Union led to global competition. was not Communist in 1949? Extension With the class, brainstorm a SECTION 2 Communists Take list of questions regarding the relation- Power in China EMPIRE BUILDING The United States and the Soviet Union used After World War II, Chinese military, economic, and humanitarian aid to extend their control over ship between the United States and the Communists defeated Nationalist forces and other countries. Each also tried to prevent the other superpower two separate Chinas emerged. Soviet Union. For example: What was the from gaining influence. SECTION 3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam capital of the Soviet Union? How far is it Geography Why might the clear-cut division shown on this map be In Asia, the Cold War flared into actual from the U.S. capital? How far apart were wars supported mainly by the superpowers. misleading? the Soviet Union and the United States at SECTION 4 The Cold War Divides the World their closest point? Where is that? Divide The superpowers supported the questions among students and have opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts. them find the answers using classroom SECTION 5 The Cold War Thaws resources. Have students share their The Cold War began to thaw as answers in class discussion. (Moscow, the superpowers entered an era of uneasy diplomacy. about 4,900 miles; about 55 miles, northwest Alaska and northeast Soviet Union at the Bering Strait)

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RECOMMENDED RESOURCES

9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833CO.indd 962 6/28/10 4:38:47 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833CO.indd 963 6/25/10 4:58:56 PM 4. During what ten-year period did Books for the Teacher men come of age during the Vietnam War. Videos and Software communism experience the most successes? Kutler, Stanley, ed. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam Holt McDougal Literature From the Bay of Pigs to the Brink. VHS. What were they? (1949–1959; Communists War. New York: Scribner’s, 1996. Connections. Kawashimav Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 1993. gained control of China and Cuba and Cohen, Daniel. Joseph Watkins, Yoko. So Far 800-257-5126. launched Sputnik.) McCarthy: The Misuse of from the Bamboo Grove The War at Home. VHS. Library Video Company, 5. After the Berlin Wall was knocked down, what Political Power. Brookfield, (with related readings). 1998. 800-843-3620. Examines the effects of the other defeat for the Communists is shown CT: Millbrook, 1996. 1997. This memoir Vietnam War on the American home front. on the time line? (Communists voted out of describes the odyssey of Decisions, Decisions Series: The Cold War. power in Nicaragua) Books for the Student a Japanese family from CD-ROM. Tom Snyder Productions, 1997. Holt McDougal Literature Korea to Japan at the end 800-342-0236. Connections. Myers, Walter of World War II. Dean. Fallen Angels (with related readings). 1997. In 962 Chapter 33 this novel a small group of Teacher’s Edition 963

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833CO.indd 963 7/6/10 9:53:23 AM CHAPTER s ).4%2!#4 If you were president, what policies would you follow to Interact with History gain allies? Objectives World War II has ended. You are the leader of a great superpower—one of two s 3ET THE STAGE FOR STUDYING THE #OLD 7AR in the world. To keep the balance of power in your nation’s favor, you want to gain as many allies as possible. You are particularly interested in gaining the s (ELP STUDENTS RECOGNIZE HOW THE support of nations in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America who do not #OLD 7AR AFFECTED NATIONS THROUGHOUT yet favor either superpower. THE WORLD You call your advisers together to develop policies for making uncommitted nations your allies. EXAMINING the ISSUES

Possible Answers s INCREASED TAXES POLITICAL UNREST AT Support HOME AND IN OTHER COUNTRY OTHER anti-government SUPERPOWER MIGHT TRY TO EXERT ITS rebels. POWER INCREASED RISK OF WAR STRONGER Send troops. Give POSITION IN WORLD AFFAIRS economic s 3TUDENTS MAY SAY THAT SUCH COUNTRIES Join together aid. MIGHT HAVE TO SACRIFICE THEIR IDEALS OR in an alliance. THEIR POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY

Discussion !SK STUDENTS TO IDENTIFY WAYS IN WHICH THE 5NITED 3TATES HAS SOUGHT TO INFLUENCE OTHER COUNTRIES (Possible Answers: threat of invasion or isolation, economic sanc- tions or rewards, financial or military aid, political support for leaders, opposition to policies in UN)

EXAMINING the ISSUES

s How might the actions taken affect your country? the other superpower? s How might being caught in a struggle between superpowers affect a developing nation? As a class, discuss how the conflict between the superpowers affects the rest of the world. As you read about how the superpowers tried to gain allies, notice the part weaker countries played in their conflict. 964 Chapter 33

WHY STUDY THE RESTRUCTURING OF THE POSTWAR WORLD?

9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833IH.indd 964 6/28/10 4:34:36 PM s 2USSIA REMAINS A WORLD POWER EVEN AFTER THE s 4HE 5NITED .ATIONS WAS FORMED TO PROMOTE BREAKUP OF THE 3OVIET 5NION 2ELATIONS AND PEACE AND STABILIZE RELATIONS AMONG THE WORLDS AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE 3OVIET 5NION AND THE NATIONS )T CONTINUES TO BE AN IMPORTANT RESOURCE 5NITED 3TATES CONTINUE TO AFFECT 53n2USSIA FOR RESOLVING ISSUES AMONG NATIONS RELATIONS TODAY s #HINA IS AN EMERGING ECONOMIC AND MILITARY s !LLIANCES BUILT THROUGH .!4/ DURING THE #OLD 7AR POWER 2ELATIONS THAT DEVELOPED BETWEEN #HINA REMAIN A CORNERSTONE OF 53 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND THE 5NITED 3TATES AS WELL AS WITH 2USSIA CAN #OMMITMENTS TO THE ORGANIZATION CONTINUE TO HAVE VAST SIGNIFICANCE NOW AND IN THE FUTURE AFFECT POLITICAL ECONOMIC AND MILITARY DECISIONS

964 Chapter 33

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833IH.indd 964 7/6/10 10:06:43 AM LESSON PLAN 1 OBJECTIVES s !NALYZE THE 53 3OVIET POSTWAR SPLIT s %XPLAIN HOW 3OVIET DOMINATION OF Cold War: Superpowers Face Off %ASTERN %UROPE DEVELOPED s $ESCRIBE 53 CONTAINMENT OF MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES #OMMUNIST EXPANSION

ECONOMICS The opposing The conflicts between the s 5NITED .ATIONS s #OLD 7AR s $EFINE THE #OLD 7AR economic and political United States and the Soviet s IRON CURTAIN s .!4/ philosophies of the United Union played a major role in s CONTAINMENT s 7ARSAW 0ACT States and the Soviet Union led reshaping the modern world. s 4RUMAN $OCTRINE s BRINKMANSHIP FOCUS & MOTIVATE to global competition. s -ARSHALL 0LAN !SK STUDENTS TO NAME THE WORLDS SUPER Pictured Above: SETTING THE STAGE During World War II, the United States and the Soviet POWERS !SK HAVE THERE BEEN OTHER (L) Military Union had joined forces to fight against the Germans. The Soviet army marched SUPERPOWERS IN THE PAST (Superpower: parade in west; the Americans marched east. When the Allied soldiers met at the Elbe United States; Possible Answers: past Red Square, River in Germany in 1945, they embraced each other warmly because they had superpowers: Soviet Union, United Moscow, defeated the Nazis. Their leaders, however, regarded each other much more Kingdom) USSR, 1987; coolly. This animosity caused by competing political philosophies would lead to (R) Buzz Aldrin a nearly half-century of conflict called the Cold War. and the U.S. flag on the INSTRUCT Allies Become Enemies moon, 1969 Allies Become Enemies Even before World War II ended, the U.S. alliance with the Soviet Union had begun to unravel. The United States was upset that Joseph Stalin, the Soviet TAKING NOTES leader, had signed a nonaggression pact with Germany in 1939. Later, Stalin Use the graphic organizer Critical Thinking blamed the Allies for not invading German-occupied Europe earlier than 1944. online to take notes on s (OW WERE THE OCCUPATION FORCES FOR Driven by these and other disagreements, the two allies began to pursue oppos- important early Cold War 'ERMANY CHOSEN (nations primarily events. ing goals. responsible for defeating Germany) Yalta Conference: A Postwar Plan The war was not yet over in February 1945. s 7HAT MADE AN ESPECIALLY GOOD But the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union met at the TIME TO FOUND THE 5NITED .ATIONS Soviet Black Sea resort of Yalta. There, they agreed to divide Germany into zones (Possible Answers: Superpowers still of occupation controlled by the Allied military forces. Germany also would have on good terms. With war fresh on their

S 7INSTON #HURCHILL minds, most people supported the effort &RANKLIN $ 2OOSEVELT to promote peace.) and Joseph Stalin meet at Yalta in 1945. In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s 'UIDED 2EADING P ALSO IN 3PANISH

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SECTION 1 PROGRAM RESOURCES

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 965 6/28/10 4:31:53 PM ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS s 3CIENCE AND 4ECHNOLOGY 3UPER 3PY 0LANE P In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY s 'UIDED 2EADING P s 'UIDED 2EADING P Student One Stop Formal Assessment s "UILDING 6OCABULARY P s 3ECTION 1UIZ P s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Voices from the Past Audio CD Guided Reading Workbook Teacher One Stop ENGLISH LEARNERS s 3ECTION s 0OWER 0RESENTATIONS In-Depth Resources in Spanish Geography Transparencies s 'UIDED 2EADING P GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS s '4 4HE "ERLIN !IRLIFT n Spanish/English Guided Reading Workbook In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s 3ECTION s ,ITERATURE FROM The Nuclear Age, P s #ONNECTIONS !CROSS 4IME AND #ULTURES 2ESTORING THE 0EACE P Teacher’s Edition 965

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083301.indd 965 7/6/10 10:10:50 AM CHAPTER s 3ection 1 to pay the Soviet Union to compensate for its loss of life and property. Stalin agreed Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain to join the war against Japan. He also promised that Eastern Europeans would have A major goal of the Soviet Union was to shield itself from free elections. A skeptical Winston Churchill predicted that Stalin would keep his another invasion from the west. Centuries of history had pledge only if the Eastern Europeans followed “a policy friendly to Russia.” */5&3"$5*7& '&"563& taught the Soviets to fear invasion. Because it lacked natural More About . . . Creation of the United Nations In June 1945, the United States and the Soviet See how the western borders, Russia fell victim to each of its neighbors in Union temporarily set aside their differences. They joined 48 other countries in Iron Curtain turn. In the 17th century, the Poles captured the Kremlin. descended forming the United Nations (UN). This international organization was intended to During the next century, the Swedes attacked. Napoleon over- The Security Council across Eastern protect the members against aggression. It was to be based in New York. Europe. ran Moscow in 1812. The Germans invaded Russia during In 1965, the membership in The Security The charter for the new peacekeeping organization established a large body A. Answer Their World Wars I and II. Council was increased to 15. Nonper- called the General Assembly. There, each UN member nation could cast its vote on aims were in Soviets Build a Buffer As World War II drew to a close, the a broad range of issues. An 11-member body called the Security Council had the conflict: the U.S. manent members are elected by the UN Soviet troops pushed the Nazis back across Eastern Europe. real power to investigate and settle disputes, though. Its five permanent members wanted to promote General Assembly and serve two years. the economic At war’s end, these troops occupied a strip of countries along were Britain, China, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Each could Members are chosen for regional bal- recovery and the Soviet Union’s own western border. Stalin regarded these veto any Security Council action. This provision was intended to prevent any mem- growth of Western ance. Five members come from Africa Europe; the Soviet countries as a necessary buffer, or wall of protection. He bers of the Council from voting as a bloc to override the others. or Asia, one from eastern Europe, two Union wanted ignored the Yalta agreement and installed or secured Differing U.S. and Soviet Goals Despite agreement at Yalta and their presence to protect itself Communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, from Latin America, and two from and spread on the Security Council, the United States and the Soviet Union split sharply after Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia. Western Europe. communism. the war. The war had affected them very differently. The United States, the world’s The Soviet leader’s American partner at Yalta, Franklin D. richest and most powerful country, suffered 400,000 deaths. But its cities and fac- Roosevelt, had died on April 12, 1945. To Roosevelt’s succes- S The Iron Curtain Summarizing tories remained intact. The Soviet Union had at least 50 times as many fatalities. is shown dropping Why did the sor, Harry S. Truman, Stalin’s reluctance to allow free elections in Eastern One in four Soviets was wounded or killed. Also, many Soviet cities were demol- on Czechoslovakia United States and European nations was a clear violation of those countries’ rights. Truman, Stalin, ished. These contrasting situations, as well as political and economic differences, in this 1948 History from Visuals the Soviet Union and Churchill met at Potsdam, Germany, in July 1945. There, Truman pressed political cartoon. affected the two countries’ postwar goals. (See chart below.) split after the war? Stalin to permit free elections in Eastern Europe. The Soviet leader refused. In a Interpreting the Map speech in early 1946, Stalin declared that communism and capitalism could not exist in the same world. Ask students to name the Communist countries shown on the map. An Iron Curtain Divides East and West Europe now lay divided between East B. Possible and West. Germany had been split into two sections. The Soviets controlled the (Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, UnitedUnited States States Answer because eastern part, including half of the capital, Berlin. Under a Communist government, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, the West would be s %NCOURAGEs %NCOURAGEDEMOCRACYDEMOCRACYIN OTHERIN OTHERCOUNTRIESCOUNTRIESTO TOHELPHELP unable to penetrate East Germany was named the German Democratic Republic. The western zones Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania) PREVENTPREVENTTHETHERISERISEOF OF#OMMUNIST#OMMUNISTGOVERNMENTSGOVERNMENTS Eastern Europe now became the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. Winston Churchill described the that it was under s 'AINs 'AINACCESSACCESSTO TORAWRAWMATERIALSMATERIALSANDANDMARKETSMARKETSTO TOFUELFUEL division of Europe: Extension Have students stage a debate Soviet control between U.S. and Soviet spokespeople BOOMINGBOOMINGINDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES PRIMARY SOURCE defending their postwar goals. s 2EBUILDs 2EBUILD%UROPEAN%UROPEANGOVERNMENTSGOVERNMENTSTO TOPROMOTEPROMOTE STABILITYSTABILITYANDANDCREATECREATENEWNEWMARKETSMARKETSFORFOR5353GOODSGOODS Analyzing From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across Primary Sources s 2EUNITEs 2EUNITE'ERMANY'ERMANYTO TOSTABILIZESTABILIZEIT ANDIT ANDINCREASEINCREASETHETHE the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Why might SKILLBUILDER Answers SECURITYSECURITYOF OF%UROPE%UROPE Eastern Europe. . . . All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in the Winston Churchill Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence 1. Drawing Conclusions Poland, use “iron curtain” but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow. to refer to the Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, SovietSoviet Union Union WINSTON CHURCHILL, “Iron Curtain” speech, March 5, 1946 s %NCOURAGEs %NCOURAGECOMMUNISMCOMMUNISMIN OTHERIN OTHERCOUNTRIESCOUNTRIESAS ASPARTPART division between Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Western and OF OFA WORLDWIDEA WORLDWIDEWORKERSWORKERSREVOLUTIONREVOLUTION Churchill’s phrase “iron curtain” came to represent Europe’s division into East Germany Eastern Europe? mostly democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe. 2. Comparing encourage democracy s 2EBUILDs 2EBUILDITS ITSWAR RAVAGEDWAR RAVAGEDECONOMYECONOMYUSINGUSING%ASTERN%ASTERN %UROPES%UROPESINDUSTRIALINDUSTRIALEQUIPMENTEQUIPMENTANDANDRAWRAWMATERIALSMATERIALS (U.S.), encourage communism (Soviet), s #ONTROLs #ONTROL%ASTERN%ASTERN%UROPE%UROPETO TOPROTECTPROTECT3OVIET3OVIETBORDERSBORDERS United States Tries to Contain Soviets reunite Germany (U.S.), keep Germany ANDANDBALANCEBALANCETHETHE5353INFLUENCEINFLUENCEIN 7ESTERNIN 7ESTERN%UROPE%UROPE U.S.-Soviet relations continued to worsen in 1946 and 1947. An increasingly wor- divided (Soviet) s +EEPs +EEP'ERMANY'ERMANYDIVIDEDDIVIDEDTO TOPREVENTPREVENTITS ITSWAGINGWAGING ried United States tried to offset the growing Soviet threat to Eastern Europe. WARWARAGAINAGAIN President Truman adopted a foreign policy called containment. It was a policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism. SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps and Charts Containment policies included forming alliances and helping weak countries resist This map is available in an interactive 1. Drawing Conclusions Which countries separated the Soviet Union from Soviet advances. format online and on the Student One Western Europe? 2. Comparing Which U.S. and Soviet aims in Europe conflicted? Stop DVD-ROM. 966 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 967

Name Date

CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES THEMATIC CONNECTION: CHAPTER 33 Restoring the Peace POWER AND AUTHORITY As you read in this chapter, two superpowers—the United States and the Soviet Section 1 Union—emerged at the end of World War II. Allied during war, they disagreed CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES sharply over postwar plans for the “victorious peace” and split Europe into a democ- DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS ratic West and a Communist East. After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles tried to establish a lasting peace, but Europe was at war again barely 20 years later. What factors might account for the continuing tensions after both world wars of the twen- tieth century? Review Chapter 29, Section 4, and answer the questions that follow. 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 966 6/28/10 4:29:13 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 967 6/30/10 9:41:52 PM 1. After World War I, the victorious allies had different goals. France and England, determined to protect their national security, wanted to punish Germany and make it incapable of ﬁghting another war. America’s President Wilson wanted to create a lasting peace supervised by the Peacekeeping Institutions League of Nations. Understanding the Cold War

1. a. After World War II, what were the U. S. goals for peace? ______

1. b. What were the goals of the Soviet Union? ______Class Time 20 minutes consider why the League failed and the UN has endured 2. After World War I, the Allies took territory away from Germany, limited the size of the German Class Time 45 minutes army, and required Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations. How did the Allies treat Germany after World War II? ______and been somewhat successful in promoting world peace. ______Task Comparing and contrasting the League of Nations 3. The Treaty of Versailles established the League of Nations after World War I. However, the Task Creating political cartoons United States did not join, Germany and the Soviet Union were not members, and the League proved unable to preserve world peace. How successful was the United Nations, the world and the UN peacekeeping body established after World War II? ______League of United ______Purpose To use political cartoons as a means of understanding the 4. The Soviet Union was not included in the peace discussions among the Allies after World War I. Purpose To analyze the League of Nations and the UN In fact, some of its territory was taken to form independent nations in central Europe. cold war Nations Nations 4. a. How did the other Allies treat the Soviet Union after World War II? ______4. b. How might the experience of the Soviet Union after World War I have affected its policies after World War II? ______Instructions Project Critical Thinking Transparency CT74 5. The United States refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations after Instructions Call students’ attention to the political cartoon at the top Purpose international international World War I. How was U.S. policy different after World War II? ______

and complete it with the headings shown. Then give © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 6. A little more than 20 years after World War I ended, another massive international conﬂict of the page. Discuss the symbols with students: the iron wall represents began. Even though there have been many wars since the end of World War II, there has not peacekeeping peacekeeping been a worldwide war. In your opinion, what are the major factors that have contributed to students copies of the worksheet for Connections Across the relative peace since World War II? ______the iron curtain; the hammer and sickle represents the Soviet Union or ______Time and Cultures: Restoring the Peace. Have students Established Restructuring the Postwar World 19 Communism; the arm represents the people of Czechoslovakia; the torch work in pairs. Tell them to copy the chart and use it to Disbanded In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 represents liberty. Discuss the meaning of the cartoon: The iron curtain compare and contrast the UN with the League of Nations, Member nations has come down on the people of Czechoslovakia, squelching their attempt which they studied in chapters 29 and 31. Ask them to Accomplishments 966 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 967

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083301.indd 966 7/6/10 10:13:56 AM to pay the Soviet Union to compensate for its loss of life and property. Stalin agreed Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain CHAPTER s 3ection 1 to join the war against Japan. He also promised that Eastern Europeans would have A major goal of the Soviet Union was to shield itself from free elections. A skeptical Winston Churchill predicted that Stalin would keep his another invasion from the west. Centuries of history had pledge only if the Eastern Europeans followed “a policy friendly to Russia.” */5&3"$5*7& '&"563& taught the Soviets to fear invasion. Because it lacked natural Creation of the United Nations In June 1945, the United States and the Soviet See how the western borders, Russia fell victim to each of its neighbors in Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain Union temporarily set aside their differences. They joined 48 other countries in Iron Curtain turn. In the 17th century, the Poles captured the Kremlin. descended forming the United Nations (UN). This international organization was intended to During the next century, the Swedes attacked. Napoleon over- across Eastern Critical Thinking protect the members against aggression. It was to be based in New York. Europe. ran Moscow in 1812. The Germans invaded Russia during The charter for the new peacekeeping organization established a large body s 7HY DID 3TALIN REFUSE TO ALLOW FREE ELEC- A. Answer Their World Wars I and II. called the General Assembly. There, each UN member nation could cast its vote on aims were in Soviets Build a Buffer As World War II drew to a close, the TIONS IN EASTERN %UROPE He wanted a broad range of issues. An 11-member body called the Security Council had the conflict: the U.S. Soviet troops pushed the Nazis back across Eastern Europe. eastern Europe under Communist real power to investigate and settle disputes, though. Its five permanent members wanted to promote the economic At war’s end, these troops occupied a strip of countries along control as a buffer against invasion.) were Britain, China, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Each could recovery and the Soviet Union’s own western border. Stalin regarded these s (OW IS hIRON CURTAINv AN APT TERM FOR veto any Security Council action. This provision was intended to prevent any mem- growth of Western Europe; the Soviet countries as a necessary buffer, or wall of protection. He THE DIVISION BETWEEN DEMOCRATIC AND bers of the Council from voting as a bloc to override the others. Union wanted ignored the Yalta agreement and installed or secured #OMMUNIST %UROPE (Iron is visually Differing U.S. and Soviet Goals Despite agreement at Yalta and their presence to protect itself Communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and spread and physically impenetrable and cuts on the Security Council, the United States and the Soviet Union split sharply after communism. Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia. the war. The war had affected them very differently. The United States, the world’s The Soviet leader’s American partner at Yalta, Franklin D. off contact between each side.) richest and most powerful country, suffered 400,000 deaths. But its cities and fac- Roosevelt, had died on April 12, 1945. To Roosevelt’s succes- S The Iron Curtain Summarizing tories remained intact. The Soviet Union had at least 50 times as many fatalities. is shown dropping Why did the sor, Harry S. Truman, Stalin’s reluctance to allow free elections in Eastern One in four Soviets was wounded or killed. Also, many Soviet cities were demol- on Czechoslovakia United States and European nations was a clear violation of those countries’ rights. Truman, Stalin, ished. These contrasting situations, as well as political and economic differences, in this 1948 Tip for Struggling Readers the Soviet Union and Churchill met at Potsdam, Germany, in July 1945. There, Truman pressed political cartoon. affected the two countries’ postwar goals. (See chart below.) split after the war? Stalin to permit free elections in Eastern Europe. The Soviet leader refused. In a 7INSTON #HURCHILLS LANGUAGE MAY GIVE speech in early 1946, Stalin declared that communism and capitalism could not SOME STUDENTS DIFFICULTY %XPLAIN THAT exist in the same world. Stettin AND Trieste ARE CITIES IN %UROPE An Iron Curtain Divides East and West Europe now lay divided between East THE Baltic AND Adriatic ARE SEAS 4HE B. Possible and West. Germany had been split into two sections. The Soviets controlled the hSoviet spherev REFERS TO THE CIRCLE OR AREA UnitedUnited States States Answer because eastern part, including half of the capital, Berlin. Under a Communist government, the West would be OF INFLUENCE (ELP STUDENTS PARAPHRASE s %NCOURAGEs %NCOURAGEDEMOCRACYDEMOCRACYIN OTHERIN OTHERCOUNTRIESCOUNTRIESTO TOHELPHELP unable to penetrate East Germany was named the German Democratic Republic. The western zones THE QUOTATION FOR GREATER UNDERSTANDING PREVENTPREVENTTHETHERISERISEOF OF#OMMUNIST#OMMUNISTGOVERNMENTSGOVERNMENTS Eastern Europe now became the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. Winston Churchill described the that it was under s 'AINs 'AINACCESSACCESSTO TORAWRAWMATERIALSMATERIALSANDANDMARKETSMARKETSTO TOFUELFUEL division of Europe: Soviet control BOOMINGBOOMINGINDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES s 2EBUILDs 2EBUILD%UROPEAN%UROPEANGOVERNMENTSGOVERNMENTSTO TOPROMOTEPROMOTE PRIMARY SOURCE United States Tries to STABILITYSTABILITYANDANDCREATECREATENEWNEWMARKETSMARKETSFORFOR5353GOODSGOODS Analyzing From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across Primary Sources Contain Soviets s 2EUNITEs 2EUNITE'ERMANY'ERMANYTO TOSTABILIZESTABILIZEIT ANDIT ANDINCREASEINCREASETHETHE the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Why might SECURITYSECURITYOF OF%UROPE%UROPE Eastern Europe. . . . All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in the Winston Churchill Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence Critical Thinking use “iron curtain” but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow. to refer to the s (OW WERE THE 4RUMAN $OCTRINE AND SovietSoviet Union Union WINSTON CHURCHILL, “Iron Curtain” speech, March 5, 1946 s %NCOURAGEs %NCOURAGECOMMUNISMCOMMUNISMIN OTHERIN OTHERCOUNTRIESCOUNTRIESAS ASPARTPART division between THE -ARSHALL 0LAN ALIKE (Both provided Western and OF OFA WORLDWIDEA WORLDWIDEWORKERSWORKERSREVOLUTIONREVOLUTION Churchill’s phrase “iron curtain” came to represent Europe’s division into economic assistance to countries Eastern Europe? s 2EBUILDs 2EBUILDITS ITSWAR RAVAGEDWAR RAVAGEDECONOMYECONOMYUSINGUSING%ASTERN%ASTERN mostly democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe. opposed to Communisim.) %UROPES%UROPESINDUSTRIALINDUSTRIALEQUIPMENTEQUIPMENTANDANDRAWRAWMATERIALSMATERIALS s 7HY DIDNT 2USSIA WANT THE OCCUPIED s #ONTROLs #ONTROL%ASTERN%ASTERN%UROPE%UROPETO TOPROTECTPROTECT3OVIET3OVIETBORDERSBORDERS United States Tries to Contain Soviets ZONES OF 'ERMANY TO BE REUNITED ANDANDBALANCEBALANCETHETHE5353INFLUENCEINFLUENCEIN 7ESTERNIN 7ESTERN%UROPE%UROPE U.S.-Soviet relations continued to worsen in 1946 and 1947. An increasingly wor- (feared Germany would again become s +EEPs +EEP'ERMANY'ERMANYDIVIDEDDIVIDEDTO TOPREVENTPREVENTITS ITSWAGINGWAGING ried United States tried to offset the growing Soviet threat to Eastern Europe. a military threat) WARWARAGAINAGAIN President Truman adopted a foreign policy called containment. It was a policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism. SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps and Charts Containment policies included forming alliances and helping weak countries resist 1. Drawing Conclusions Which countries separated the Soviet Union from Soviet advances. Western Europe? 2. Comparing Which U.S. and Soviet aims in Europe conflicted?

966 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 967

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CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES THEMATIC CONNECTION: CHAPTER 33 Restoring the Peace POWER AND AUTHORITY As you read in this chapter, two superpowers—the United States and the Soviet Section 1 Union—emerged at the end of World War II. Allied during war, they disagreed sharply over postwar plans for the “victorious peace” and split Europe into a democ- DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS ratic West and a Communist East. After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles tried to establish a lasting peace, but Europe was at war again barely 20 years later. What factors might account for the continuing tensions after both world wars of the twen- tieth century? Review Chapter 29, Section 4, and answer the questions that follow. 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 966 6/28/10 4:29:13 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 967 6/30/10 9:41:52 PM 1. After World War I, the victorious allies had different goals. France and England, determined to protect their national security, wanted to punish Germany and make it incapable of ﬁghting another war. America’s President Wilson wanted to create a lasting peace supervised by the Peacekeeping Institutions League of Nations. Understanding the Cold War

1. a. After World War II, what were the U. S. goals for peace? ______

1. b. What were the goals of the Soviet Union? ______2. After World War I, the Allies took territory away from Germany, limited the size of the German Class Time MINUTES TO ACHIEVE LIBERTY %XPLAIN THAT POLITICAL CARTOONS TYPICALLY USE STRONG army, and required Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations. How did the Allies treat Germany after World War II? ______SYMBOLISM TO COMMUNICATE AN OPINION ABOUT EVENTS 3. The Treaty of Versailles established the League of Nations after World War I. However, the Task #REATING POLITICAL CARTOONS United States did not join, Germany and the Soviet Union were not members, and the League proved unable to preserve world peace. How successful was the United Nations, the world peacekeeping body established after World War II? ______(AVE STUDENTS WORK IN FOUR GROUPS AND ASSIGN EACH OF THE PARTS OF THIS SEC- ______Purpose 4O USE POLITICAL CARTOONS AS A MEANS OF UNDERSTANDING THE 4. The Soviet Union was not included in the peace discussions among the Allies after World War I. In fact, some of its territory was taken to form independent nations in central Europe. COLD WAR TION TO A DIFFERENT GROUP 4ELL EACH GROUP TO READ AND DISCUSS THEIR SECTION 4. a. How did the other Allies treat the Soviet Union after World War II? ______

4. b. How might the experience of the Soviet Union after World War I have affected its policies after World War II? ______(AVE THEM EVALUATE AND DISCUSS THEIR IDEAS AND THOUGHTS ABOUT THE EVENTS 5. The United States refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations after Instructions #ALL STUDENTS ATTENTION TO THE POLITICAL CARTOON AT THE TOP World War I. How was U.S. policy different after World War II? ______4HEN HAVE THEM BRAINSTORM IDEAS FOR EXPRESSING AN OPINION IN A POLITICAL

© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 6. A little more than 20 years after World War I ended, another massive international conﬂict OF THE PAGE $ISCUSS THE SYMBOLS WITH STUDENTS THE IRON WALL REPRESENTS began. Even though there have been many wars since the end of World War II, there has not been a worldwide war. In your opinion, what are the major factors that have contributed to CARTOON ABOUT ONE OR MORE OF THE EVENTS !LLOW THEM TO WORK INDIVIDUALLY the relative peace since World War II? ______THE IRON CURTAIN THE HAMMER AND SICKLE REPRESENTS THE 3OVIET 5NION OR ______OR AS A GROUP TO CREATE A CARTOON (AVE STUDENTS POST THEIR CARTOONS ON THE Restructuring the Postwar World 19 #OMMUNISM THE ARM REPRESENTS THE PEOPLE OF #ZECHOSLOVAKIA THE TORCH WALL AND USE THEM AS BASIS FOR A CLASS REVIEW OF THE MAIN IDEAS In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 REPRESENTS LIBERTY $ISCUSS THE MEANING OF THE CARTOON 4HE IRON CURTAIN HAS COME DOWN ON THE PEOPLE OF #ZECHOSLOVAKIA SQUELCHING THEIR ATTEMPT

966 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 967

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083301.indd 967 7/6/10 10:14:32 AM 9-12_SNLAETE491264_083301.indd 968 1. questions: following the answer to together work students of pairs Have Union. Soviet the of hands the of out Berlin West keep to months 11 over flights 278,000 made planes allied that students Remind Airlift. Berlin I Union Soviet the and allies its and U.S. Purpose T C T INSTRUCTION: DIFFERENTIATING 2. 1. S France) Britain, (Germany,Great partners. trading U.S. 10 top the among rank currently chart the in listed countries which out find to abstract statistical or E 4) million; ($29 aid? in billion $1 than more received countries many How received. Iceland aid much how students Ask I Visuals from History it.”of me cured they half a and year a Russia—in toward feeling kindliest the with 1945] in Three Big The of conference wartime final [the Potsdam to went “I daughter. his to letter a in wrote he Spain,” Franco’s or Communist, Fascist, Nazi, it call you whether different no is state ian “AStalin. totalitar with line tough a took therefore He war. the in disaster a such to led that indecision French and British the mimic to not determined was He II. War World before France and Britain promises broken Hitler’s of repetition a Truman saw Europe, in elections free hold to promise his broke Stalin When T More CHAPTER 968 nstructions nterpreting the nterpreting ask KILL xtension he lass he Berlin he D West Berlin? Berlin? West around blockade a up set Union Soviet the did Why II. War World during allies U.S. principal the were They Making rawing Answering questions about the Berlin Airlift

T B T ruman UILDER UILDER ime Chapter 33 Chapter To better understand the conflict between the the between conflict the understand To better A Have students use an almanac almanac an use students Have bout . . . . . bout 20 minutes I nferences C Show Geography Transparency GT33, The GT33,Transparency Geography Show onclusions A D (To force the Allies to either give up their their up give either to Allies the (To force nswers A octrine irlift C

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- 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 968 S 968 TRUGGLING READERS TRUGGLING

Chapter 33 Chapter 2. 3.

Germany to become a single nation? single a become to Germany allowing of afraid so Union Soviet the was Why nation.) one become to Germany allowing of idea the up give or city the of parts to communism.) to opposed were They him. distrusted and disliked they because Stalin to in give to want didn’t (They Berlin? into supplies and food fly Allies the did Why divided.) and weak Germany keep to wanted Russia army. German the by invaded been had Russians The Germany. to Doctrine starvation. Stalin gambled that the Allies would surrender West Berlin or give up give or West Berlin surrender would Allies the that gambled Stalin starvation. faced Berlin’scity into The zones. western highway,traffic off rail cut water,and Union Soviet The page.) next on map (See zones. four into divided been had too byholding Westresponded nation. SovietUnion one Thehostage. Berlin form to zones occupation their allow and Germany from forces their withdraw to decided States United the and Britain, France, 1948, in But divided. and enemyweak mer clashed with the Soviet Union over Germany. The Soviets wanted to keep their for- ThePlan Marshall pressures. outside by or minorities armed by [control] subjugation attempted resisting . . peoplefree. supportUnitedStates theto policy of the be mustfreedoms.believe it I fixedelections,suppressionthe. personalandoppression terrorupon.andof . minorityforciblya majority.imposedofwillthe uponthebasedupon is life reliesof It freedompoliticalandfrom .oppression. elections.free The.. institutionssecond way . . majority,theof will thebaseddistinguishedupon isislife and freeof wayby One PRIMARYSOURCE The Truman Doctrine The Berlin Airlift Berlin The Sovietdomination. from awaybroke it after aid YugoslaviaCommunist received Even success. ular As chart.) (See Czechoslovakia.in immediately voted Congress approval. wasplan The spectac- a Europe. Western rebuild to Congress debated the $12.5 billion program in 1948, the materials Communists seized power other and machinery, Greece, Truman contrasted democracy with communism: with democracyGreece, contrasted Truman countries. the called program, assistance This of Secretary giveStates United Georgethe State that U.S.proposed Marshall European needy to aid 1947, In food. and jobs of scarcity turmoil—a economic also fod o ar o a lbl rsd aant omns. oges however, Congress, communism. against crusade global to aid Turkeyin million Greece. $400 and than a more immediatelyauthorized on carry to not could afford States United the that argued Others affairs. nations’ other in ference 2. 1. SKILLBUILDER:

lhuh eln a wl wti te oit cuain oe f emn, it Germany, of zone occupation Soviet the within well lay Berlin Although Truman’scountriessupportforrejectedthat communism calledwas the Making Inferences Making Conclusions Drawing Millions of Dollars 2000 3000 2500 1000 1500

Great Britain 500 0 . It causedcontroversy.greatIt . opponentsSomeobjected toAmerican inter- Countries AidedbytheMarshallPlan,1948–1951

France 2,826 Interpreting Charts Interpreting West Germany 2,445 While Europe began rebuilding, the United States and its allies its and States United the beganrebuilding, Europe While

Why do you think Great Britain and France received so much aid? much so received France and Britain Great think you do Why Italy Much of Much Westernwar.the after layEurope ruins in wasThere

Which country received the most aid from the United States? United the from aid most the received country Which 1,316 In a speech asking Congress for foreign In aid a for speech asking Congress Turkey and PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN, S. HARRY PRESIDENT Holland 1,297

Austria Belgium/Lux. 877 561 547 Greece (Russia is close close is (Russia 515 Denmark 257

Norway Plan Marshall 237

Source: Turkey speech to Congress, March 12, 1947 153

Ireland ProblèmesÉconomiquesNo.306

146 Sweden 119 Portugal would, provide food,

Yugoslavia 51 Geography TransparenciesGeography

C Iceland DOUGAL LITTELL orld History: Patterns ofInteraction orld History:Patterns 29

Other Truman 350

Making Inferences Making expansion Communist resist to enough strong become and rebuild tries coun- European Answer C. to other countries? other to aid offering for son rea- major Truman’s

What was was What

The BerlinAirlift,1948–1949 help 7/6/10 10:15:58 AM 6/28/10 4:25:37PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 969 West Berlin West of blockade Soviet Answer D. Summarizing Cold, Carre’s le John as such novels Spy up. opened war the that possibilities the and War Cold the during life of realities the on reflected ers writ as dimensions new on took Fiction well. as literature I society and literature Purpose T C L INSTRUCTION: DIFFERENTIATING Berlin airlift? Berlin the to led actions nstructions ask lass iterature of the of iterature

What Soviet Soviet What even Christmas gifts to West Berliners. West to gifts Christmas even food,fuel,medicine,millionof2.3tonsand in West278,000Berlin.On flights,pilotsbrought landedeverythreeminutesandoffintook From1948June1949,May to Allied planes Airlift Berlin The Analyzing the literature of the Cold War for example, include agents with double agendas agendas double with agents include example, for T ime the To understand the effects of the Cold War on on War Cold the of effects the To understand 45 minutes The Cold War affected not only politics, but but politics, only not affected War Cold The nations joined with the United States and Canada to form a defensive military military defensive a form alliance. It was to called the North Atlantic Canada Treaty Organization and ( States United the with joined nations European western ten 1949, in result, a As aggression. Soviet of Europe’sfears eign policy, but influenced world alliances as well.policy,as worldeign alliances influenced but Union brokefinally up in 1991, the Cold War dictated not only U.S. and Soviet for- Sovietthe until fact, other.In the or side one with worldallied the of other.Much each with dealings their in operations secret diplomacy,and propaganda, spying, used superpowers the 1949, in Beginningwar. by or on action military carried of differences short means political over struggle a is war cold A Union. Soviet was called the e h t d e l l a c s a w nations. member anyNATObyall force armed with met wouldbe member tmc ob. n 99 te oit no epoe is w aoi weapon. 1950. weaponin thermonuclear a workon authorized atomic He Sovietsthe did. before own weapon deadly its more a develop exploded to determined Union was Truman Soviet President the 1949, In bombs. atomic had already States United world.The the destroy to enough up heat to threatened Communist country, came to distrust the Soviet Union. It remained nonaligned. remained It SovietUnion. the distrust country,to Communist came new the joined country every alliances. Some, not However, like India, camps.chose not to rival align with either into side. dividedAnd China, worldthe largest a Germanswallbuiltaseparate to Eastand West Berlin. TheBerlin Wall symbolized Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. In 1961, the East h Tra o Ncer War Nuclear of Threat The Alliances Rival Form Superpowers These conflicts marked the start of the World the WarDivides Cold The blockade. the lifted and defeat admitted food and supplies into Westflew Berlin for nearlyofficials 11 months. In May 1949, British the Soviet Union and American But Germany. reunifying of idea their h SovietThe Union saw threat NATO formed and it’s a as own alliance 1955. It in The Spy Who Came in from the the from in Came Who Spy The C old Warold asw Pact Warsaw n icue te oit no, at Germany, East Union, Soviet the included and s hs alacs ee omn, h Cl War Cold the forming, were alliances these As Cold War h Bri bokd hihee Western heightened blockade Berlin The G BELG.

between the United States and the IFTEDAND TALENTED STUDENTS FRANCE NETH. - LUX. Freiburg 0 0 SWITZ. GERMANY WEST

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CZECHOSLOVAKIA AUSTRIA

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50 969

N Teacher’sEdition

969 The Berlin Airlift Berlin The 968

Chapter 33 Chapter 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 968 968

Chapter 33 Chapter Doctrine starvation. Stalin gambled that the Allies would surrender West Berlin or give up give or West Berlin surrender would Allies the that gambled Stalin starvation. faced Berlin’scity into The zones. western highway,traffic off rail cut water,and Union Soviet The page.) next on map (See zones. four into divided been had too byholding Westresponded nation. SovietUnion one Thehostage. Berlin form to zones occupation their allow and Germany from forces their withdraw to decided States United the and Britain, France, 1948, in But divided. and enemyweak mer clashed with the Soviet Union over Germany. The Soviets wanted to keep their for- ThePlan Marshall pressures. outside by or minorities armed by [control] subjugation attempted resisting . . peoplefree. supportUnitedStates theto policy of the be mustfreedoms.believe it I fixedelections,suppressionthe. personalandoppression terrorupon.andof . minorityforciblya majority.imposedofwillthe uponthebasedupon is life reliesof It freedompoliticalandfrom .oppression. elections.free The.. institutionssecond way . . majority,theof will thebaseddistinguishedupon isislife and freeof wayby One PRIMARYSOURCE The Truman Doctrine The Berlin Airlift Berlin The Sovietdomination. from awaybroke it after aid YugoslaviaCommunist received Even success. ular As chart.) (See Czechoslovakia.in immediately voted Congress approval. wasplan The spectac- a Europe. Western rebuild to Congress debated the $12.5 billion program in 1948, the materials Communists seized power other and machinery, Greece, Truman contrasted democracy with communism: with democracyGreece, contrasted Truman countries. the called program, assistance This of Secretary giveStates United Georgethe State that U.S.proposed Marshall European needy to aid 1947, In food. and jobs of scarcity turmoil—a economic also fod o ar o a lbl rsd aant omns. oges however, Congress, communism. against crusade global to aid Turkeyin million Greece. $400 and than a more immediatelyauthorized on carry to not could afford States United the that argued Others affairs. nations’ other in ference 2. 1. SKILLBUILDER:

Great Britain 500 0 . It causedcontroversy.greatIt . opponentsSomeobjected toAmerican inter- Countries AidedbytheMarshallPlan,1948–1951

France 2,826 Interpreting Charts Interpreting West Germany 2,445 While Europe began rebuilding, the United States and its allies its and States United the beganrebuilding, Europe While

Why do you think Great Britain and France received so much aid? much so received France and Britain Great think you do Why Italy Much of Much Westernwar.the after layEurope ruins in wasThere

Austria Belgium/Lux. 877 561 547 Greece 515 Denmark 257

Norway Plan Marshall 237

Source: Turkey speech to Congress, March 12, 1947 153

Ireland ProblèmesÉconomiquesNo.306 146 Sweden 119 Portugal would, provide food,

Yugoslavia 51 Geography TransparenciesGeography

C Iceland DOUGAL LITTELL orld History: Patterns ofInteraction orld History:Patterns 29

Other Truman 350 Making Inferences Making expansion Communist resist to enough strong become and rebuild tries coun- European Answer C. to other countries? other to aid offering for son rea- major Truman’s

What was was What The BerlinAirlift,1948–1949 help 6/28/10 4:25:37PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 969 9-12_SNLAETE491264_083301.indd 969 West Berlin West of blockade Soviet Answer D. Summarizing Cold, Carre’s le John as such novels Spy up. opened war the that possibilities the and War Cold the during life of realities the on reflected ers writ as dimensions new on took Fiction well. as literature I society and literature Purpose Task Time Class WarCold the of Literature D Berlin airlift? Berlin the to led actions nstructions

IFFEREN What Soviet Soviet What even Christmas gifts to West Berliners. West to gifts Christmas even food,fuel,medicine,millionof2.3tonsand in West278,000Berlin.On flights,pilotsbrought landedeverythreeminutesandoffintook From1948June1949,May to Allied planes Airlift Berlin The Analyzing the literature of the Cold War for example, include agents with double agendas agendas double with agents include example, for the To understand the effects of the Cold War on on War Cold the of effects the To understand 45 minutes The Cold War affected not only politics, but but politics, only not affected War Cold The T nations joined with the United States and Canada to form a defensive military military defensive a form alliance. It was to called the North Atlantic Canada Treaty Organization and ( States United the with joined nations European western ten 1949, in result, a As aggression. Soviet of Europe’sfears eign policy, but influenced world alliances as well.policy,as worldeign alliances influenced but Union brokefinally up in 1991, the Cold War dictated not only U.S. and Soviet for- Sovietthe until fact, other.In the or side one with worldallied the of other.Much each with dealings their in operations secret diplomacy,and propaganda, spying, used superpowers the 1949, in Beginningwar. by or on action military carried of differences short means political over struggle a is war cold A Union. Soviet was called the e h t d e l l a c s a w nations. member anyNATObyall force armed with met wouldbe member tmc ob. n 99 te oit no epoe is w aoi weapon. 1950. weaponin thermonuclear a workon authorized atomic He Sovietsthe did. before own weapon deadly its more a develop exploded to determined Union was Truman Soviet President the 1949, In bombs. atomic had already States United world.The the destroy to enough up heat to threatened Communist country, came to distrust the Soviet Union. It remained nonaligned. remained It SovietUnion. the distrust country,to Communist came new the joined country every alliances. Some, not However, like India, camps.chose not to rival align with either into side. dividedAnd China, worldthe largest a Germanswallbuiltaseparate to Eastand West Berlin. TheBerlin Wall symbolized Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. In 1961, the East h Tra o Ncer War Nuclear of Threat The Alliances Rival Form Superpowers These conflicts marked the start of the World the WarDivides Cold The blockade. the lifted and defeat admitted food and supplies into Westflew Berlin for nearlyofficials 11 months. In May 1949, British the Soviet Union and American But Germany. reunifying of idea their I h SovietThe Union saw threat NATO formed and it’s a as own alliance 1955. It in AT INGINS The Spy Who Came in from the the from in Came Who Spy The asw Pact Warsaw T RU CT n icue te oit no, at Germany, East Union, Soviet the included and s hs alacs ee omn, h Cl War Cold the forming, were alliances these As ION: Cold War h Bri bokd hihee Western heightened blockade Berlin The G BELG.

between the United States and the IF FRANCE NETH. - LUX. Freiburg T 0 0 E SWITZ. GERMANY D Unit 8, pages 14–16.pages 8, Unit O’Brien’s from excerpt the read students have Alternatively, world. today’s in seems it realistic how analyzes that report a write O’Brien’s Tim continued. fear pervasive and weapons nuclear in trends War Cold if like be might Finney’s Bradbury’s Ray as works fiction Science technology. sophisticated and THE during living like was it what of view realistic a provides WEST

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n 16 E Gatow E D BERLIN Tegel POLAND S Tempelhof Occupation zones explore what the world world the what explore READ T Airport Air corridor U.S. Soviet French British U in In-Depth Resources for for Resources In-Depth in D ONE 6/28/10 4:23:53PM

50 EN 969

N OF The Nuclear Age Nuclear The T THESE S and Jack Jack and BOOKS s Critical Thinking Critical World the Divides War Cold The s TransparenciesGeography Berlin. on grip its release to Union Soviet the force helped that hardships economic about bringing nations, Communist the from exports embargo an placed allies the Second, goods. exporting continue to industry ing allow by alive economy Berlin’s keeping also and goods needed with Berliners the supplying both directions, two in operated airlift the First, Union. Soviet the on tables the turn to able were allies the fact, In Berlin. up give to allies the force would blockade the believed Soviets The Airlift Berlin The s History CHAPTER

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4HE DID DID "ERLIN A THE In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Unit Resources: In-Depth 3OVIET in 14 Name utterly silent I feared I’d gone deaf. Absolute deaf. gone I’d feared I silent utterly so were Things ached. dizzy.eyeballs up My woke I night, quiet May,very early a in night finally,a on and months, for sleep my squeezing been had mares truth. the face to willing also was I but levelheaded, and stable yes, power,normal, danger.was real I circuitry.fire- tangled Real and dials and wiring the cone, nose sleek a it: see truly gravity.could and I combustion of laws the like physics, like real, was better.fantasy.knew midnight It I No hocus-pocus. doomsday.about No make-believe nothing was there that understood I kid, a was I imagination, . . . in end. world the watched dreams, In dark. the in whining ICBMs and and caps gleamings radioactive ice melting with and clotted sirens be my would dawn, dreams to close sometimes came, finally sleep when then and sheets, snagged At night I’d toss around in bed for hours, battling the life. human for wasn’tsafe world the that conviction coded a in genes, the in fears, inherited own my In me. inside deep rooted was it maybe Or thing. real the for practice in heads our cover and desks our under crawl we’d when school in times in H-bombs of pictures System, Broadcast Emergency the of tests radio, the on stuff CONELRAD that all was it Maybe started? it how knows Who scared. was I and 1958, was year The something. you tell Well,me age? let modern the on comment nifty A W Life Section 1 Section Anyway, I didn’t have much choice. The night- The choice. Anyway,much didn’thave I I because maybe kid, a as Even happen. it saw I witness. a was I child. frightened a was I sources, the Whatever Really,knows? who Unit 33 CHAPTER ARMS table into a fallout shelter.Poignant? fallout Funny? a into table Ping-Pong my converted I kid, a was I hen magazine, strontium 90 in the milk, the milk, the in 90 strontium magazine,

8 , Chapter !IRLIFT Teacher’sEdition Depth you think his plan could help him survive a nuclear war? nuclear a survive him help could plan his think you Do himself. protect to takes Cowling steps the about think read, you As 1950s. the in States United the in up growing was he when attack nuclear of threat the to reacted he how recalls Cowling War.excerpt, Cold this the In of height the during loomed that anxiety of cloud dark the under up grew Cowling, William 49-year-old TimO’Brien, author American by novel this of character main The LITERATURESELECTION 33 DOMINANCE RACE s n I saw it happen. it saw I I was a witness. a was I I watched the watched I In dreams, in dreams, In imagination, 3 world end. world by TimO’Brien by from HELP ection 1 ection The Nuclear Age Nuclear The me coil up. coil me floor.concrete the father’sacross glide slippers planet. another from come might’ve hollow,it and that muffled so distant, so voice a in name my out calling him heard I asleep, card- of out shaft ventilation a built I find. could I junk basement whatever and two-by-fours and newspapers with filled boxes cardboard of out walls fashioned I radiation. deadly the up soak to briquettes charcoal of layer a with it shingling roof, thick a ing mak- table, the onto rugs old and bricks and lumber it. did just I decision, real No basement. the for ran sleep. its in died had universe the that seemed it silence, dreadful now,that ash—and with in cities boiling, oceans fire, on continents war—whole of dreaming been I’d itself. rebalance to world the for waited and face my wiped and up sat I silence. His voice had a stern, echoing sound. It made It sound. echoing stern, a had voice His “Hey,“Out.” said. cowboy,”father my shelter.my into deeper sank I said. he “William?” my watched I on. clicked lights opened, door A didn’tanswer.I half Still there. down me found father My of scraps piling began I awake, wide Shivering, table. Ping-Pong the for straight went I thought. I Basement, and slippers, my on put bed, of out scrambled I options. few were There child. a was I Date PREVENT arms folded across my chest. my across folded arms safe, up, face there lay and table the under crawled I dawn, near mask. fallout little own my designed iodine, and Aids Band- of dispensary a water,up set bottled of supply a pantry,in laid kitchen the from rations with shelter the stocked I tubing. board

IN And, yes, I slept. No dreams. No slept. I yes, And, ﬁnished, was this all When SPACE 7/6/10 10:16:26 AM

969

on on -

CHAPTER s 3ection 1 The hydrogen or H-bomb would be thousands of times more powerful than the A-bomb. Its power came from the fusion, or joining together, of atoms, rather than the splitting of atoms, as in the A-bomb. In 1952, the United States tested the first H-bomb. The Soviets exploded their own in 1953. E. Answer The U.S. and the Soviet The Space Race Dwight D. Eisenhower became the U.S. president in 1953. He appointed the Union began a More About . . . firmly anti-Communist John Foster Dulles as his secretary of state. If the Soviet contest to see who Beginning in the late 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union Union or its supporters attacked U.S. interests, Dulles threatened, the United States could amass the competed for influence not only among the nations of the world, but in U-2 greater number of the skies as well. Once the superpowers had ICBMs (intercontinental would “retaliate instantly, by means and at places of our own choosing.” This will- nuclear weapons The U-2 was first flown in 1955 and ingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war became known as brinkmanship. more quickly. ballistic missiles) to deliver nuclear warheads and aircraft for spying missions, they both began to develop technology that could be used to became central to U.S. strategic surveil- Brinkmanship required a reliable source of nuclear weapons and airplanes to explore—and ultimately control—space. However, after nearly two deliver them. So, the United States strengthened its air force and began producing Recognizing lance during the 1960s. It flew at 494 decades of costly competition, the two superpowers began to cooperate stockpiles of nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union responded with its own military Effects miles per hour and cruised at about in space exploration. buildup, beginning an arms race that would go on for four decades. How did the 70,000 feet. In addition to its use over U.S. policy of brink- The Cold War in the Skies The Cold War also affected the science and education the Soviet Union, it was used to observe manship contribute S In a major technological triumph, the United programs of the two countries. In August 1957, the Soviets announced the develop- to the arms race? the Soviet missile buildup in Cuba in RESEARCH WEB LINKS Go online for States put human beings on the moon on July 20, ment of a rocket that could travel great distances—an intercontinental ballistic mis- more on the space race. 1969. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin is shown on the lunar 1962. The U-2 was in service only until sile, or ICBM. On October 4, the Soviets used an ICBM to push Sputnik, the first surface with the lunar lander spacecraft. the mid-1960s when it was replaced by a unmanned satellite, above the earth’s atmosphere. Americans felt they had fallen new, much faster surveillance plane, the behind in science and technology, and the government poured money into science SR-71 Blackbird. education. In 1958, the United States launched its own satellite. 19581958 19611961 19621962 19651965 19691969 In 1960, the skies again provided the arena for a superpower conflict. Five years U.S.U.S. launches launches First First American American FirstFirst American American MarinerMariner 4 space4 space ApolloApollo 11 11 first first manned manned moon moon In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 anan artificial artificial in inspace space (Alan (Alan orbitsorbits Earth Earth probeprobe flies flies landinglanding (Neil (Neil Armstrong, Armstrong, Buzz Buzz earlier, Eisenhower had proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union be satellitesatellite Shepard)Shepard) (John(John Glenn, Glenn, Jr.); Jr.); past past Mars Mars Aldrin,Aldrin, Michael Michael Collins) Collins) s 3CIENCE 4ECHNOLOGY 3UPER 3PY 0LANE able to fly over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks. The (Explorer(Explorer I) I) MarinerMariner 2 flies2 flies 19731973 pastpast Venus Venus P Soviet Union said no. In response, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) PioneerPioneer 7 sent7 sent toward toward Jupiter Jupiter started secret high-altitude spy flights over Soviet territory in planes called U-2s. UNITEDUNITED STATES STATES 19751975 U.S. U.S. and and In May 1960, the Soviets shot down a U-2 plane, and its pilot, Francis Gary SovietSoviet Union Union Powers, was captured. This U-2 incident heightened Cold War tensions. SOVIETSOVIET UNION UNION launchlaunch first first joint joint spacespace mission mission While Soviet Communists were squaring off against the United States, 19571957 19591959 19611961 19631963 19701970 19711971 Communists in China were fighting a civil war for control of that country. SovietSoviet LunaLuna 2 2 FirstFirst FirstFirst woman woman in in VeneraVenera 7 7 FirstFirst manned manned UnionUnion probeprobe humanhuman spacespace (Valentina (Valentina landslands on on spacespace station; station; launcheslaunches reachesreaches orbitsorbits Tereshkova)Tereshkova) VenusVenus MarsMars 3 drops3 drops SputnikSputnik thethe EarthEarth capsulecapsule on on Mars Mars ASSESS moonmoon (Yuri(Yuri Gagarin)Gagarin) SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT Have students work in pairs to answer TERMSTERMS & NAMES& NAMES 1. For1. For each each term term or orname, name, write write a sentencea sentence explaining explaining its itssignificance. significance. s United Nations s iron curtain s containment s Truman Doctrine s Marshall Plan s Cold War s NATO s Warsaw Pact s brinkmanship the questions. Have volunteers share their charts for Item 2 with the class. USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING

S The joint Apollo and Soyuz Formal Assessment 2. Which effect of the Cold War 3. What was the purpose in 6. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING What factors help to mission ushered in an era of U.S.- was the most significant? forming the United Nations? explain why the United States and the Soviet Union Soviet cooperation in space. s 3ECTION 1UIZ P Explain. 4. What was the goal of the became rivals instead of allies? Marshall Plan? 7. ANALYZING MOTIVES What were Stalin’s objectives in 5. What were the goals of NATO supporting Communist gov ern ments in Eastern Europe? 1945 1960 and the Warsaw Pact? 8. ANALYZING ISSUES Why might Berlin be a likely spot for RETEACH trouble to develop during the Cold War? Yalta U-2 9. WRITING ACTIVITY ECONOMICS Draw a political cartoon Have students use the Reading Study conference incident that shows either capitalism from the Soviet point of view Guide for Section 1 for reviewing the or commu nism from the U.S. point of view. 1. Comparing Which destinations in main ideas of the section. space did both the United States and S The Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first successful artificial space the Soviet Union explore? Spanish/English Guided Reading Workbook MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITY PREPARING A CHART satellite, on October 4, 1957. As it circled the earth every 96 minutes, See Skillbuilder Handbook, page-R7. s 3ECTION Use the Internet to research NATO today. Prepare a chart listing INTERNET KEYWORD Premier Nikita Khrushchev boasted that his country would soon be “turning 2. Making Inferences What role might members today and the date they joined. Then compare it with a list North Atlantic Treaty out long-range missiles like sausages.” The United States accelerated its space continue to play in achieving In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 of the founding members. Organization space program. After early failures, a U.S. satellite was launched in 1958. world peace? s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P 970 Chapter 33 971

ANSWERS CONNECT TO TODAY: ANSWERS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 970 6/28/10 4:20:16 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083301.indd 971 6/28/10 4:16:40 PM 1. 5NITED .ATIONS P s IRON CURTAIN P s CONTAINMENT P s 4RUMAN $OCTRINE P s -ARSHALL 0LAN P s #OLD 7AR P 1. Comparing s .!4/ P s 7ARSAW 0ACT P s BRINKMANSHIP P 4HE 5NITED 3TATES AND THE 3OVIET 5NION BOTH EXPLORED 6ENUS -ARS AND 2. Sample Answer: 1945—Yalta Conference; 5. Possible Answer: Both military alliances 9. Rubric The political cartoon should the moon. 1945—United Nations; 1946—Iron Curtain; had been formed to contain its enemies with s HAVE EITHER A 3OVIET OR !MERICAN VIEWPOINT 1947—Truman Doctrine; 1947—Marshall force, if necessary. s BE UNDERSTANDABLE TO THE VIEWER Plan; 1948—Berlin Airlift; 1949—NATO; 6. Possible Answer: competition for leadership, s EXHIBIT CREATIVITY 1955—Warsaw Pact; 1960—U2 incident. different goals, conflicting ideologies Students may say the Marshall Plan was 7. Possible Answers: to protect borders; to MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITY most significant because it rebuilt Europe. counteract U.S. influence; to have access Rubric The chart should 3. to protect members against aggression to raw materials; to keep Germany from s BE CLEARLY LABELED 4. to provide aid to European countries damaged rebuilding and threatening Russia s CONTAIN DATE MEMBERSHIP AND PURPOSE FOR by World War II 8. Possible Answer: The West wanted to keep each alliance. Berlin free even though it was inside s PRESENT DATA IN AN UNDERSTANDABLE STYLE 970 Chapter 33 Communist East Germany. Teacher’s Edition 971

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083301.indd 970 7/6/10 10:41:04 AM The hydrogen or H-bomb would be thousands of times more powerful than the CHAPTER s 3ection 1 A-bomb. Its power came from the fusion, or joining together, of atoms, rather than the splitting of atoms, as in the A-bomb. In 1952, the United States tested the first H-bomb. The Soviets exploded their own in 1953. E. Answer The U.S. and the Soviet The Space Race Dwight D. Eisenhower became the U.S. president in 1953. He appointed the Union began a firmly anti-Communist John Foster Dulles as his secretary of state. If the Soviet contest to see who Beginning in the late 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union Science & Technology Union or its supporters attacked U.S. interests, Dulles threatened, the United States could amass the competed for influence not only among the nations of the world, but in greater number of the skies as well. Once the superpowers had ICBMs (intercontinental would “retaliate instantly, by means and at places of our own choosing.” This will- nuclear weapons ingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war became known as brinkmanship. more quickly. ballistic missiles) to deliver nuclear warheads and aircraft for spying OBJECTIVE Brinkmanship required a reliable source of nuclear weapons and airplanes to missions, they both began to develop technology that could be used to explore—and ultimately control—space. However, after nearly two s $ESCRIBE IMPORTANT MILESTONES IN THE deliver them. So, the United States strengthened its air force and began producing Recognizing decades of costly competition, the two superpowers began to cooperate HISTORY OF SPACE EXPLORATION stockpiles of nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union responded with its own military Effects in space exploration. buildup, beginning an arms race that would go on for four decades. How did the U.S. policy of brink- The Cold War in the Skies The Cold War also affected the science and education ).3425#4 manship contribute S programs of the two countries. In August 1957, the Soviets announced the develop- In a major technological triumph, the United to the arms race? RESEARCH WEB LINKS Go online for States put human beings on the moon on July 20, %MPHASIZE THAT ALTHOUGH THE SPACE ment of a rocket that could travel great distances—an intercontinental ballistic mis- more on the space race. 1969. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin is shown on the lunar PROGRAM DEVELOPED AS A DIRECT RESULT OF sile, or ICBM. On October 4, the Soviets used an ICBM to push Sputnik, the first surface with the lunar lander spacecraft. THE ARMS RACE IT HAS BECOME PRIMARILY A unmanned satellite, above the earth’s atmosphere. Americans felt they had fallen behind in science and technology, and the government poured money into science SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVOR !LONG THE WAY IT HAS education. In 1958, the United States launched its own satellite. 19581958 19611961 19621962 19651965 19691969 GIVEN THE 5NITED 3TATES AND THE 3OVIET In 1960, the skies again provided the arena for a superpower conflict. Five years U.S.U.S. launches launches First First American American FirstFirst American American MarinerMariner 4 space4 space ApolloApollo 11 11 first first manned manned moon moon 5NION NOW 2USSIA THE OPPORTUNITY TO anan artificial artificial in inspace space (Alan (Alan orbitsorbits Earth Earth probeprobe flies flies landinglanding (Neil (Neil Armstrong, Armstrong, Buzz Buzz earlier, Eisenhower had proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union be satellitesatellite Shepard)Shepard) (John(John Glenn, Glenn, Jr.); Jr.); past past Mars Mars Aldrin,Aldrin, Michael Michael Collins) Collins) COOPERATE IN EXPLORING SPACE 0OINT OUT able to fly over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks. The (Explorer(Explorer I) I) MarinerMariner 2 flies2 flies 19731973 THAT THE PATCH FOR THE !POLLO3OYUZ pastpast Venus Venus Soviet Union said no. In response, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) PioneerPioneer 7 sent7 sent toward toward Jupiter Jupiter MISSION DEMONSTRATES HOW FAR THE started secret high-altitude spy flights over Soviet territory in planes called U-2s. UNITEDUNITED STATES STATES 19751975 U.S. U.S. and and COLLABORATION HAS GONEALL THE WAY TO In May 1960, the Soviets shot down a U-2 plane, and its pilot, Francis Gary SovietSoviet Union Union Powers, was captured. This U-2 incident heightened Cold War tensions. SOVIETSOVIET UNION UNION launchlaunch first first joint joint COMBINED 53 3OVIET FLIGHTS spacespace mission mission While Soviet Communists were squaring off against the United States, 19571957 19591959 19611961 19631963 19701970 19711971 Communists in China were fighting a civil war for control of that country. SovietSoviet LunaLuna 2 2 FirstFirst FirstFirst woman woman in in VeneraVenera 7 7 FirstFirst manned manned UnionUnion probeprobe humanhuman spacespace (Valentina (Valentina landslands on on spacespace station; station; launcheslaunches reachesreaches orbitsorbits Tereshkova)Tereshkova) VenusVenus MarsMars 3 drops3 drops SputnikSputnik thethe EarthEarth capsulecapsule on on Mars Mars moonmoon (Yuri(Yuri More About . . . SECTION ASSESSMENT Gagarin)Gagarin) 1 Current Space Exploration TERMSTERMS & NAMES& NAMES 1. For1. For each each term term or orname, name, write write a sentencea sentence explaining explaining its itssignificance. significance. 4HE EXPLORATION OF SPACE GOES FORWARD s United Nations s iron curtain s containment s Truman Doctrine s Marshall Plan s Cold War s NATO s Warsaw Pact s brinkmanship WITH MANY PROJECTS &IRST AMONG THEM IS

USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING THE )NTERNATIONAL 3PACE 3TATION WHICH IS

S The joint Apollo and Soyuz 2. Which effect of the Cold War 3. What was the purpose in 6. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING What factors help to mission ushered in an era of U.S.- THE LARGEST AND MOST SOPHISTICATED SPACE was the most significant? forming the United Nations? explain why the United States and the Soviet Union Soviet cooperation in space. CRAFT EVER BUILT )T HAS BEEN CONTINUOUSLY Explain. became rivals instead of allies? 4. What was the goal of the OCCUPIED SINCE .OVEMBER 4HE Marshall Plan? 7. ANALYZING MOTIVES What were Stalin’s objectives in 5. What were the goals of NATO supporting Communist gov ern ments in Eastern Europe? 5NITED 3TATES -%2 MISSION LANDED 1945 1960 and the Warsaw Pact? 8. ANALYZING ISSUES Why might Berlin be a likely spot for TWO ROBOT ROVERS TO EXPLORE THE SURFACE trouble to develop during the Cold War? Yalta U-2 OF -ARS IN 4HE (UBBLE 3PACE 9. WRITING ACTIVITY ECONOMICS Draw a political cartoon conference incident that shows either capitalism from the Soviet point of view 4ELESCOPE CONTINUES TO PROVIDE SCIENTISTS or commu nism from the U.S. point of view. 1. Comparing Which destinations in WITH DETAILED VIEWS OF DEEP SPACE THAT space did both the United States and WERE NEVER POSSIBLE FROM %ARTH 4HE S The Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first successful artificial space the Soviet Union explore? MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITY PREPARING A CHART satellite, on October 4, 1957. As it circled the earth every 96 minutes, See Skillbuilder Handbook, page-R7. 5NITED 3TATES HAS MANY OTHER PROJECTS Use the Internet to research NATO today. Prepare a chart listing INTERNET KEYWORD Premier Nikita Khrushchev boasted that his country would soon be “turning UNDERWAY AND PLANNED 3OME PROJECTS 2. Making Inferences What role might members today and the date they joined. Then compare it with a list North Atlantic Treaty out long-range missiles like sausages.” The United States accelerated its space continue to play in achieving ARE IN COOPERATION WITH OTHER NATIONS of the founding members. Organization space program. After early failures, a U.S. satellite was launched in 1958. world peace? 970 Chapter 33 971

CONNECT TO TODAY: ANSWERS

Rubric The chart should s BE CLEARLY LABELED s CONTAIN DATE MEMBERSHIP AND PURPOSE FOR EACH ALLIANCE s PRESENT DATA IN AN UNDERSTANDABLE STYLE 970 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 971

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083301.indd 971 7/6/10 10:41:51 AM Chinese Political Opponents, 1945 LESSON PLAN Nationalists Communists 2 Jiang Jieshi Leader Mao Zedong OBJECTIVES Southern China Area Ruled Northern China United States Foreign Support Soviet Union s !NALYZE THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE .ATIONALISTS AND THE #OMMUNISTS Defeat of Communists Domestic Policy National liberation s %XPLAIN HOW #HINA SPLIT INTO Weak due to inflation Public Support Strong due to promised TWO NATIONS Communists Take Power in China and failing economy land reform for peasants s $ESCRIBE HOW -AOS -ARXIST REGIME MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES Ineffective, corrupt Military Organization Experienced, motivated leadership and poor morale guerrilla army TRANSFORMED #HINA REVOLUTION !FTER 7ORLD 7AR )) #HINA REMAINS A #OMMUNIST s -AO :EDONG s 2ED 'UARDS #HINESE #OMMUNISTS DEFEATED COUNTRY AND A MAJOR POWER IN s *IANG *IESHI s #ULTURAL 2EVOLUTION .ATIONALIST FORCES AND TWO THE WORLD s COMMUNE FOCUS & MOTIVATE SEPARATE #HINAS EMERGED (AVE STUDENTS LIST THE QUALITIES THAT CAN MAKE SOMEONE A GREAT LEADER 4HEN SETTING THE STAGE In World War II, China fought on the side of the victori- Pictured Above: EXPLAIN THAT WHEN #HINA UNDERWENT A ous Allies. But the victory proved to be a hollow one for China. During the war, (L) Military CIVIL WAR EACH SIDE WAS LED BY A CHARIS Japan’s armies had occupied and devastated most of China’s cities. China’s parade in MATIC LEADER 4ELL STUDENTS TO EVALUATE civilian death toll alone was estimated between 10 to 22 million persons. This Red Square, Moscow, THESE LEADERS AS THEY READ AND DECIDE vast country suffered casualties second only to those of the Soviet Union. However, conflict did not end with the defeat of the Japanese. In 1945, opposing USSR, 1987; WHICH SHARES MORE OF THE QUALITIES (R) Buzz Aldrin Chinese armies faced one another. THEYVE LISTED and the U.S. flag on the Communists vs. Nationalists moon, 1969 INSTRUCT As you read in Chapter 30, a bitter civil war was raging between the Nationalists TAKING NOTES and the Communists when the Japanese invaded China in 1937. During World Communists vs. Nationalists Use the graphic organizer War II, the political opponents temporarily united to fight the Japanese. But they online to take notes on continued to jockey for position within China. the causes and effects Critical Thinking of the Communist World War II in China Under their leader, Mao Zedong (MOW DZUHsDAHNG s (OW DID -AOS USE OF MONEY COMPARE Revolution in China. the Communists had a stronghold in northwestern China. From there, they mobi- TO *IANGS (Mao spent money on the lized peasants for guerrilla war against the Japanese in the northeast. Thanks to peasants; Jiang allowed money to be their efforts to promote literacy and improve food production, the Communists taken by corrupt officers.) won the peasants’ loyalty. By 1945, they controlled much of northern China. Meanwhile, the Nationalist forces under JEEsAHNG JEEsSHEE s 7HAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN THE Jiang Jieshi dominated southwestern China. Protected from the Japanese by rugged mountain STRONGEST REASON FOR *IANGS DEFEAT ranges, Jiang gathered an army of 2.5 million men. From 1942 to 1945, the (Possible Answer: He failed to gain United States sent the Nationalists at least $1.5 billion in aid to fight the popular support.) Japanese. Instead of benefiting the army, however, these supplies and money In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 often ended up in the hands of a few corrupt officers. Jiang’s army actually fought few battles against the Japanese. Instead, the Nationalist army saved its s 'UIDED 2EADING P ALSO IN 3PANISH strength for the coming battle against Mao’s Red Army. After Japan surrendered, the Nationalists and Communists resumed fighting. Civil War Resumes The renewed civil war lasted from 1946 to 1949. At first, the Nationalists had the advantage. Their army outnumbered the Communists’ army by as much as three to one. And the United States continued its support by providing nearly $2 billion in aid. The Nationalist forces, however, did little to win popular support. With China’s economy collapsing, thousands of Nationalist soldiers deserted to the Communists. In spring 1949, China’s major cities fell to 972 Chapter 33

SECTION 2 PROGRAM RESOURCES

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083302.indd 972 6/28/10 4:13:18 PM ALL STUDENTS Spanish/English Guided Reading Workbook GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s 3ECTION In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s 'UIDED 2EADING P s 0RIMARY 3OURCE FROM No Tears for Mao, P STRUGGLING READERS s 3KILLBUILDER 0RACTICE )NTERPRETING #HARTS P In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Formal Assessment INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY s 'UIDED 2EADING P s 3ECTION 1UIZ P Student One Stop s "UILDING 6OCABULARY P Teacher One Stop ENGLISH LEARNERS s 3KILLBUILDER 0RACTICE )NTERPRETING #HARTS P s 0OWER 0RESENTATIONS s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P In-Depth Resources in Spanish World Art and Cultures Transparencies s 'UIDED 2EADING P Guided Reading Workbook s !4 3PRING 7ALK TO THE #HI #HANG 0ARK s 3KILLBUILDER 0RACTICE )NTERPRETING #HARTS P s 3ECTION

972 Chapter 33

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083302.indd 972 7/6/10 10:45:28 AM CHAPTER s 3ection 2 Chinese Political Opponents, 1945 Nationalists Communists Jiang Jieshi Leader Mao Zedong Southern China Area Ruled Northern China History from Visuals

United States Soviet Union Foreign Support Interpreting the Chart Defeat of Communists Domestic Policy National liberation Make sure that students understand that Weak due to inflation Public Support Strong due to promised the middle column identifies the topic of and failing economy land reform for peasants each row. Ask which rows help explain Ineffective, corrupt Military Organization Experienced, motivated why the Nationalists lost to the leadership and poor morale guerrilla army Communists. (the last three) Extension Have students examine a SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Charts A. Possible 1. Drawing Conclusions Which party’s domestic policy might appeal more to Chinese peasants? map and contrast the topography, cities, Answer The victory 2. Forming and Supporting Opinions Which aspect of the Communist approach do you think and resources of northern and southern of the Chinese was most responsible for Mao’s victory? Explain. Communists China. Which area seems to be better reinforced U.S. developed and more economically belief that the Communists would the well-trained Red forces. Mao’s troops were also enthusiastic about his promise important? (southern China) Ask students take over the world. to return land to the peasants. The remnants of Jiang’s shattered army fled south. to discuss how Mao triumphed over Jiang In October 1949, Mao Zedong gained control of the country. He proclaimed it the despite his weaker geographic position. Recognizing People’s Republic of China. Jiang and other Nationalist leaders retreated to the Effects island of Taiwan, which Westerners called Formosa. SKILLBUILDER Answers How did the Mao Zedong’s victory fueled U.S. anti-Communist feelings. Those feelings only outcome of the grew after the Chinese and Soviets signed a treaty of friendship in 1950. Many 1. Drawing Conclusions Communists Chinese civil war 2. Forming and Supporting Opinions contribute to Cold people in the United States viewed the takeover of China as another step in a War tensions? Communist campaign to conquer the world. Possible Answers: military organization and public support. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War China had split into two nations. One was the island of Taiwan, or Nationalist China, with an area of 13,000 square miles. The mainland, or People’s Republic of China, had an area of more than 3.5 million square miles. The existence of The Two Chinas Affect the two Chinas, and the conflicting international loyalties they inspired, intensified the Cold War. Cold War The Superpowers React After Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan, the United States helped him set up a Nationalist government on that small island. It was called the Critical Thinking Republic of China. The Soviets gave financial, military, and technical aid to s (OW DID THE #OLD 7AR CONTRIBUTE TO Communist China. In addition, the Chinese and the Soviets pledged to come to Jiang’s survival? (It ensured aid and each other’s defense if either was attacked. The United States tried to halt Soviet protection from the U.S., which wanted expansion in Asia. For example, when Soviet forces occupied the northern half of to maintain some influence in China.) Korea after World War II and set up a Communist government, the United States s (OW DID #HINESE PROMISES TO THE supported a separate state in the south. Tibetan people resemble the Soviet China Expands under the Communists In the early years of Mao’s reign, Chinese Union’s promises to the countries troops expanded into Tibet, India, and southern, or Inner, Mongolia. Northern, or Outer, Mongolia, which bordered the Soviet Union, remained in the Soviet sphere. of eastern Europe? (Both promised In a brutal assault in 1950 and 1951, China took control of Tibet. The Chinese autonomy but later took control away.) promised autonomy to Tibetans, who followed their religious leader, the Dalai Lama. When China’s control over Tibet tightened in the late 1950s, the Dalai Lama fled to India. India welcomed many Tibetan refugees after a failed revolt in Tibet in

Restructuring the Postwar World 973

Name Date

CHAPTER SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Charts

33 Historians use charts to organize and summarize information in a simple, easy-to- Section 2 follow way. In a chart, information is grouped into categories, making compar- SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE: INTERPRETING CHARTS isons between entries immediately clear. Use the information presented in the chart below to compare the two Chinas. (See Skillbuilder Handbook)

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083302.indd 973 6/28/10 4:13:54 PM Characteristics People’s Republic of China Taiwan Population 1,210,004,956 21,655,515 Understanding Nationalists and Communists Language Mandarin (official) Mandarin (official) % Urban 29% 75%

Per capita GDP* $2,500 $13,510

Industries Iron, steel, textiles and clothing, Textiles, clothing, electronics, Class Time 20 minutes 1. Based on the chart, which characteristics did the machine building, military equipment processed foods, chemicals Labor Force 60% agriculture and forestry, 49% services, 25% industry and commerce 39% industry and commerce, 11% agriculture Task Interpreting a chart Nationalists and Communists share? (none) Government Communist Party–led state Democracy Education Compulsory ages 7–16 Compulsory ages 6–15 2. Which category indicates that the conflict in China was Literacy Rate 82% 94% Purpose To practice skills in using charts *Gross Domestic Product Source: The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1998. Copyright © 1997 Primedia Reference Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission.

part of the Cold War? (foreign support) 1. Based on the information in the chart, what characteristics are similar in the two Chinas? ______Instructions Explain that charts provide a visual ______3. Which category indicates that the Nationalists and the ______presentation of information that clarifies the relationships 2. Which category indicates that the two Chinas hold opposing philosophies? ______Communists were directly opposed? (domestic policy) ______

______information is grouped into categories. Reading down the For students who need additional help, use the ______columns and across the rows of a chart offers a quick Skillbuilder Practice worksheet for Unit 8, p. 7 Restructuring the Postwar World 7 summary of the information in a category. It also makes In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 the comparison and contrast between entries clear. Ask students the following questions: Teacher’s Edition 973

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083302.indd 973 7/6/10 10:46:43 AM CHAPTER s 3ection 2 1959. As a result, resentment between India and China grew. After the failure of the Great Leap Forward and the split In 1962, they clashed briefly over the two countries’ unclear with the Soviet Union, Mao reduced his role in government. border. The fighting stopped but resentment continued. Other leaders moved away from Mao’s strict socialist ideas. For example, farm families could live in their own homes and The Communists Transform China could sell crops they grew on small private plots. Factory History Makers For decades, China had been in turmoil, engaged in civil workers could compete for wage increases and promotions. war or fighting with Japan. So, when the Communists took Mao thought China’s new economic policies weakened Mao Zedong power, they moved rapidly to strengthen their rule over the Communist goal of social equality. He was determined to Ask students what qualities made China’s 550 million people. They also aimed to restore revive the revolution. In 1966, he urged China’s young peo- Mao a strong leader. (recognized the China as a powerful nation. ple to “learn revolution by making revolution.” Millions of high school and college students responded. They left their power of the peasants, their need for Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven” After classrooms and formed militia units called Red Guards. economic opportunity) Mao Zedong taking control of China, the Communists began to tighten 1893–1976 The Cultural Revolution The Red Guards led a major In 1972, when President Nixon told Mao their hold. The party’s 4.5 million members made up just 1 Born into a peasant family, Mao percent of the population. But they were a disciplined uprising known as the Cultural Revolution. Its goal was Zedong that his teachings had trans- embraced Marxist socialism as a group. Like the Soviets, the Chinese Communists set up two to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all The Red Guards young man. Though he began as an were equal. The new hero was the peasant who worked with formed China and affected the whole parallel organizations, the Communist party and the The Red Guards were students, urban labor organizer, Mao quickly world, Mao replied, “All I have done is his hands. The life of the mind—intellectual and artistic mainly teenagers. They pledged their realized the revolutionary potential national government. Mao headed both until 1959. activity—was considered useless and dangerous. To stamp devotion to Chairman Mao and the change Beijing and a few of its suburbs.” of China’s peasants. In 1927, Mao Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism Mao was determined Cultural Revolution. From 1966 to predicted: out this threat, the Red Guards shut down colleges and Considering the size of China’s popula- to reshape China’s economy based on Marxist socialism. 1968, 20 to 30 million Red Guards The force of the peasantry is like C. Possible schools. They targeted anyone who resisted the regime. tion (a quarter of the world’s total), Eighty percent of the people lived in rural areas, but most Answer The social roamed China’s cities and country- that of the raging winds and Intellectuals had to “purify” themselves by doing hard labor however, Mao may have been the most owned no land. Instead, 10 percent of the rural population upheaval it caused side causing widespread chaos. To driving rain. . . . They will bury brought about in remote villages. Thousands were executed or imprisoned. controlled 70 percent of the farmland. Under the Agrarian smash the old, non-Maoist way of influential leader of the 20th century. beneath them all forces of economic chaos Chaos threatened farm production and closed down fac- life, they destroyed buildings and imperialism, militarism, corrupt Reform Law of 1950, Mao seized the holdings of these and threatened tories. Civil war seemed possible. By 1968, even Mao beat and even killed Mao’s alleged officialdom, village bosses and landlords. His forces killed more than a million landlords civil war. admitted that the Cultural Revolution had to stop. The army enemies. They lashed out at evil gentry. who resisted. He then divided the land among the peasants. was ordered to put down the Red Guards. Zhou Enlai (joh professors, government officials, Mao’s first attempt to lead the Later, to further Mao’s socialist principles, the government factory managers, and even parents. The Communists Drawing EHNsLEYE #HINESE #OMMUNIST PARTY FOUNDER AND PREMIER peasants in revolt failed in 1927. But forced peasants to join collective farms. Each of these Conclusions Eventually, even Mao turned on Transform China during the Japanese occupation, Mao since 1949, began to restore order. While China was strug- them. Most were exiled to the farms was comprised of 200 to 300 households. Why did the and his followers won widespread gling to become stable, the Cold War continued to rage. Two countryside. Others were arrested Mao’s changes also transformed industry and business. Cultural Revolution Critical Thinking peasant support by reducing rents fail? full-scale wars were fought—in Korea and in Vietnam. and some executed. and promising to redistribute land. Gradually, private companies were nationalized, or brought s 7HAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF -AOS ROLE under government ownership. In 1953, Mao launched a as head of both the Communist party five-year plan that set high production goals for industry. SECTION ASSESSMENT and the national government? (nation RESEARCH WEB LINKS Go online for By 1957, China’s output of coal, cement, steel, and electric- Analyzing Issues 2 more on Mao Zedong. ity had increased dramatically. What aspects of was united behind single leader, had TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. Marxist socialism “The Great Leap Forward” To expand the success of the s Mao Zedong s Jiang Jieshi s commune s Red Guards s Cultural Revolution clear goals and political philosophy) did Mao try to bring s (OW DID NATIONALIZING INDUSTRY FURTHER first Five-Year Plan, Mao proclaimed the “Great Leap Forward” in early 1958. This to China? USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING plan called for still larger collective farms, or communes. By the end of 1958, about B. Answer the Communist goal of social equality? 2. Which effect of the 3. How did the Chinese 6. MAKING INFERENCES Why did the United States support 26,000 communes had been created. The average commune sprawled over 15,000 collective ownership (eliminated private ownership and with Communist Revolution in Communists increase their the Nationalists in the civil war in China? acres and supported over 25,000 people. In the strictly controlled life of the com- of land, communal it the wealth of some compared to living, government China do you think had the power during World War II? 7. ANALYZING ISSUES What policies or actions enabled the munes, peasants worked the land together. They ate in communal dining rooms, slept control of industry most permanent impact? 4. What actions did the Communists to defeat the Nationalists in their long civil moderate or low income of others) in communal dormitories, and raised children in communal nurseries. And they Explain. Nationalists take during World war? s 7HY WERE INTELLECTUALS TARGETED IN THE owned nothing. The peasants had no incentive to work hard when only the state prof- War II? 8. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS What circumstances prevented Cultural Revolution? (They were the ited from their labor. Cause Effect 5. What was the goal of the Mao’s Great Leap Forward from bringing economic Cultural Revolution? prosperity to China? elite, not consistent with social equality.) The Great Leap Forward was a giant step backward. Poor planning and ineffi- 1. 1. REVOLUTION cient “backyard,” or home, industries hampered growth. The program was ended in 2. 2. 9. WRITING ACTIVITY Write summaries of the reforms Mao Zedong proposed for China that could be 1961 after crop failures caused a famine that killed about 20 million people. 3. 3. placed on a propaganda poster. New Policies and Mao’s Response China was facing external problems as well as internal ones in the late 1950s. The spirit of cooperation that had bound the CONNECT TO TODAY CREATING A COMPARISON CHART Soviet Union and China began to fade. Each sought to lead the worldwide Find political, economic, and demographic information on the People’s Republic Communist movement. As they also shared the longest border in the world, they of China and Taiwan and make a comparison chart. faced numerous territorial disputes. 974 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 975

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS ANSWERS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083302.indd 974 6/30/10 7:29:53 PM9-12_SNLAESE491127_083302.indd 975 6/30/10 7:33:49 PM Understanding Communist China 1. -AO :EDONG P s *IANG *IESHI P s COMMUNE P s 2ED 'UARDS P s #ULTURAL 2EVOLUTION P Class Time 30 minutes China. Ask them to write a letter to their friend in which 2. Sample Answer: cause—civil war; effect—two Chinas; cause—superpowers reacted; Task 7RITING LETTERS ABOUT #HINA they ask questions about life and events in China at that effect—Soviets supported Communists; Purpose To master information about Communist China time. They should limit their questions to information that can be found or inferred from details in the text. You may U.S. supported Taiwan; cause—Communists Instructions Tell students to choose a date during the wish to review the format of a friendly letter with students controlled mainland; effect—China expanded; 1930s through 1960s. Then have them imagine that they before they begin to write. cause—Mandate of Heaven; effect—reshaped are living at this time. Remind them that important events economy; cause—Great Leap Forward; 7HEN STUDENTS HAVE FINISHED WRITING HAVE THEM were occurring in China throughout this period, including effect—failure of economy; cause—Cultural EXCHANGE LETTERS AND WRITE A RESPONSE 7HEN THEYVE the Chinese civil war between the Communists and the Revolution; effect—destruction of intellectual, finished these letters, tell them to meet with their partner Nationalists, the invasion of Tibet, the establishment of artistic base. Possible Answers: land distribu- to review their letters and check the accuracy of their THE #OMMUNES THE #OLD 7AR AND THE #ULTURAL 2EVOLUTION tion remade the economy; cultural revolution answers. For help, have students use the Guided Reading Explain to students that they have a friend who lives in caused chaos. 7ORKBOOK FOR THE SECTION 974 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 975

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083302.indd 974 7/6/10 10:48:22 AM 1959. As a result, resentment between India and China grew. After the failure of the Great Leap Forward and the split CHAPTER s 3ection 2 In 1962, they clashed briefly over the two countries’ unclear with the Soviet Union, Mao reduced his role in government. border. The fighting stopped but resentment continued. Other leaders moved away from Mao’s strict socialist ideas. For example, farm families could live in their own homes and The Communists Transform China could sell crops they grew on small private plots. Factory For decades, China had been in turmoil, engaged in civil workers could compete for wage increases and promotions. History in Depth war or fighting with Japan. So, when the Communists took Mao thought China’s new economic policies weakened power, they moved rapidly to strengthen their rule over the Communist goal of social equality. He was determined to The Red Guards China’s 550 million people. They also aimed to restore revive the revolution. In 1966, he urged China’s young peo- The Cultural Revolution gave rise to ple to “learn revolution by making revolution.” Millions of China as a powerful nation. a new class system in China from high school and college students responded. They left their Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven” After classrooms and formed militia units called Red Guards. which the Red Guard arose. At the Mao Zedong taking control of China, the Communists began to tighten new bottom was the “Black Five” class. 1893–1976 The Cultural Revolution The Red Guards led a major their hold. The party’s 4.5 million members made up just 1 It was made up of people unacceptable Born into a peasant family, Mao percent of the population. But they were a disciplined uprising known as the Cultural Revolution. Its goal was to the revolutionaries—landlords, rich embraced Marxist socialism as a group. Like the Soviets, the Chinese Communists set up two to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all The Red Guards young man. Though he began as an were equal. The new hero was the peasant who worked with peasants, and others labeled parallel organizations, the Communist party and the The Red Guards were students, urban labor organizer, Mao quickly his hands. The life of the mind—intellectual and artistic mainly teenagers. They pledged their “counter-revolutionaries,” or “Bad People.” realized the revolutionary potential national government. Mao headed both until 1959. activity—was considered useless and dangerous. To stamp devotion to Chairman Mao and the of China’s peasants. In 1927, Mao The “Red Five” class included the heroes Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism Mao was determined Cultural Revolution. From 1966 to predicted: out this threat, the Red Guards shut down colleges and to reshape China’s economy based on Marxist socialism. 1968, 20 to 30 million Red Guards of the revolution—poor peasants, workers, The force of the peasantry is like C. Possible schools. They targeted anyone who resisted the regime. Eighty percent of the people lived in rural areas, but most Answer The social roamed China’s cities and country- and revolutionary soldiers. Only youth in that of the raging winds and Intellectuals had to “purify” themselves by doing hard labor owned no land. Instead, 10 percent of the rural population upheaval it caused side causing widespread chaos. To the Red Five class were allowed to join driving rain. . . . They will bury brought about in remote villages. Thousands were executed or imprisoned. controlled 70 percent of the farmland. Under the Agrarian smash the old, non-Maoist way of beneath them all forces of economic chaos Chaos threatened farm production and closed down fac- life, they destroyed buildings and Mao’s Red Guards. imperialism, militarism, corrupt Reform Law of 1950, Mao seized the holdings of these and threatened tories. Civil war seemed possible. By 1968, even Mao beat and even killed Mao’s alleged officialdom, village bosses and landlords. His forces killed more than a million landlords civil war. In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 admitted that the Cultural Revolution had to stop. The army enemies. They lashed out at evil gentry. who resisted. He then divided the land among the peasants. s 0RIMARY 3OURCE FROM No Tears for Mao, P was ordered to put down the Red Guards. Zhou Enlai (joh professors, government officials, Mao’s first attempt to lead the Later, to further Mao’s socialist principles, the government factory managers, and even parents. Drawing EHNsLEYE #HINESE #OMMUNIST PARTY FOUNDER AND PREMIER peasants in revolt failed in 1927. But forced peasants to join collective farms. Each of these Conclusions Eventually, even Mao turned on during the Japanese occupation, Mao since 1949, began to restore order. While China was strug- them. Most were exiled to the farms was comprised of 200 to 300 households. Why did the and his followers won widespread gling to become stable, the Cold War continued to rage. Two countryside. Others were arrested Mao’s changes also transformed industry and business. Cultural Revolution peasant support by reducing rents fail? full-scale wars were fought—in Korea and in Vietnam. and some executed. and promising to redistribute land. Gradually, private companies were nationalized, or brought under government ownership. In 1953, Mao launched a five-year plan that set high production goals for industry. SECTION ASSESSMENT RESEARCH WEB LINKS Go online for By 1957, China’s output of coal, cement, steel, and electric- Analyzing Issues 2 ASSESS more on Mao Zedong. ity had increased dramatically. What aspects of TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. Marxist socialism SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT “The Great Leap Forward” To expand the success of the s Mao Zedong s Jiang Jieshi s commune s Red Guards s Cultural Revolution did Mao try to bring Direct students to work in small groups first Five-Year Plan, Mao proclaimed the “Great Leap Forward” in early 1958. This to China? USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING to answer the questions. Have them plan called for still larger collective farms, or communes. By the end of 1958, about B. Answer 2. Which effect of the 3. How did the Chinese 6. MAKING INFERENCES Why did the United States support 26,000 communes had been created. The average commune sprawled over 15,000 collective ownership Communist Revolution in Communists increase their the Nationalists in the civil war in China? check their answers in the text. acres and supported over 25,000 people. In the strictly controlled life of the com- of land, communal living, government China do you think had the power during World War II? 7. ANALYZING ISSUES What policies or actions enabled the Formal Assessment munes, peasants worked the land together. They ate in communal dining rooms, slept control of industry most permanent impact? 4. What actions did the Communists to defeat the Nationalists in their long civil in communal dormitories, and raised children in communal nurseries. And they Explain. Nationalists take during World war? s 3ECTION 1UIZ P owned nothing. The peasants had no incentive to work hard when only the state prof- War II? 8. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS What circumstances prevented ited from their labor. Cause Effect 5. What was the goal of the Mao’s Great Leap Forward from bringing economic RETEACH The Great Leap Forward was a giant step backward. Poor planning and ineffi- 1. 1. Cultural Revolution? prosperity to China? 9. WRITING ACTIVITY REVOLUTION Write summaries of the Use the Reteaching Activity for Section 2 cient “backyard,” or home, industries hampered growth. The program was ended in 2. 2. reforms Mao Zedong proposed for China that could be to review the main ideas of the section. 1961 after crop failures caused a famine that killed about 20 million people. 3. 3. placed on a propaganda poster. New Policies and Mao’s Response China was facing external problems as well In-Depth Resources, Unit 8 as internal ones in the late 1950s. The spirit of cooperation that had bound the CONNECT TO TODAY CREATING A COMPARISON CHART s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Soviet Union and China began to fade. Each sought to lead the worldwide Find political, economic, and demographic information on the People’s Republic Communist movement. As they also shared the longest border in the world, they of China and Taiwan and make a comparison chart. faced numerous territorial disputes. 974 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 975

ANSWERS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083302.indd 974 6/30/10 7:29:53 PM9-12_SNLAESE491127_083302.indd 975 6/30/10 7:33:49 PM Understanding Communist China 1. -AO :EDONG P s *IANG *IESHI P s COMMUNE P s 2ED 'UARDS P s #ULTURAL 2EVOLUTION P 2. Sample Answer: cause—civil war; effect—two 3. mobilized peasants for war, promoted literacy, planning, crop failure Chinas; cause—superpowers reacted; and improved food production 9. Rubric The summaries should effect—Soviets supported Communists; 4. fought occasional battles against the s IDENTIFY KEY REFORMS U.S. supported Taiwan; cause—Communists Japanese, took aid from United States s BE UNDERSTANDABLE TO THE VIEWER controlled mainland; effect—China expanded; 5. to establish a society of peasants and workers s BE WRITTEN IN BRIEF PHRASES cause—Mandate of Heaven; effect—reshaped in which all were equal CONNECT TO TODAY economy; cause—Great Leap Forward; 6. Possible Answer: U.S. did not want Rubric The chart should effect—failure of economy; cause—Cultural Communists to control another country. s INCLUDE INFORMATION FOR BOTH #HINA AND 4AIWAN Revolution; effect—destruction of intellectual, 7. Possible Answer: won peasants’ loyalty; s SHOW EVIDENCE OF THOROUGH RESEARCH artistic base. Possible Answers: land distribu- trained troops in guerrilla techniques; s PRESENT DATA IN A STYLE THAT WILL AID IN tion remade the economy; cultural revolution promised land reform understanding the information. caused chaos. 8. Possible Answer: lack of privacy and personal 974 Chapter 33 life, lack of incentives for working hard, poor Teacher’s Edition 975

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083302.indd 975 7/6/10 10:58:02 AM War in Korea, Communist China, into the UN. As a SOVIET

result, the Soviet Union could not 1950–1953 UNION 125 LESSON PLAN veto the UN’s plan to send an interna- 130

n INTERACTIVE MAP

n E tional force to Korea to stop the inva- E CHINA 3 sion. A total of 15 nations, including 0 100 Miles R. OBJECTIVES the United States and Britain, partici- 0 200 Kilometers lu a Y pated under the command of Gen eral Chinese s 4RACE THE COURSE AND CONSEQUENCES OF Intervention, Douglas MacArthur. October 1950 THE +OREAN 7AR Meanwhile, the North Koreans Chosan Antung s 3UMMARIZE THE CAUSES OF THE 6IETNAM continued to advance. By September Unsan 40nN Hungnam 7AR AND DESCRIBE ITS AFTERMATH Wars in Korea and Vietnam 1950, they controlled the entire NORTH Sea of Japan Korean peninsula except for a KOREA Wonsan s $ESCRIBE CONDITIONS IN #AMBODIA AND MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES (East Sea) tiny area around Pusan in the far Pyongyang 6IETNAM AFTER THE 6IETNAM 7AR Yellow REVOLUTION )N !SIA THE #OLD 4ODAY 6IETNAM IS A #OMMUNIST s TH PARALLEL s .GO $INH $IEM southeast. That month, however, Sea 38th Parallel 7AR FLARED INTO ACTUAL WARS COUNTRY AND +OREA IS SPLIT INTO s $OUGLAS s 6IETCONG MacArthur launched a surprise Panmunjom SUPPORTED MAINLY BY THE #OMMUNIST AND NON -AC!RTHUR s 6IETNAMIZATION Inchon Seoul FOCUS & MOTIVATE attack. Troops moving north from U.S. Marine Strike SUPERPOWERS #OMMUNIST NATIONS s (O #HI -INH s +HMER 2OUGE Pusan met with forces that had made September 1950 !SK STUDENTS TO RECALL THE PROBLEMS FACED s DOMINO THEORY SOUTH an amphibious landing at Inchon. KOREA BY THE DIVIDED 'ERMANY %XPLAIN THAT Taejon SETTING THE STAGE When World War II ended, Korea became a divided Pictured Above: Caught in this “pincer action,” about Farthest North Pohang +OREA AND 6IETNAM WERE ALSO DIVIDED (L) Military Korean advance, nation. North of the 38th parallel, a line that crosses Korea at 38 degrees north half of the North Koreans surren- Taegu parade in Red September 1950 7HAT KINDS OF PROBLEMS DO THEY THINK latitude, Japanese troops surrendered to Soviet forces. South of this line, the Square, Moscow, dered. The rest retreated. Farthest UN advance, November 1950 35nN THESE COUNTRIES FACED (Possible Answers: Japanese surrendered to American troops. As in Germany, two nations developed. USSR, 1987; The Fighting Continues The UN Farthest Chinese Mokpo Pusan (See map on next page.) One was the Communist industrial north, whose gov- (R) Buzz Aldrin troops pursued the retreating North and North Korean Cold War pressures from the United and the U.S. flag advance, January 1951 JAPAN States and Russia; internal pressure to ernment had been set up by the Soviets. The other was the non-Communist rural on the moon, Koreans across the 38th parallel into Armistice line, 1953 1969 reunite the countries) south, supported by the Western powers. North Korea. They pushed them almost to the Yalu River at the GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps Chinese border. The UN forces were 1. Movement What was the northernmost Korean city UN troops War in Korea had reached by November 1950? mostly from the United States. The INSTRUCT By 1949, both the United States and the Soviet Union had withdrawn most of 2. Movement Did North or South Korean forces advance farther Chinese felt threatened by these into the other’s territory? War in Korea TAKING NOTES their troops from Korea. The Soviets gambled that the United States would not Use the graphic organizer defend South Korea. So they supplied North Korea with tanks, airplanes, and troops and by an American fleet off online to take notes on money in an attempt to take over the peninsula. their coast. In October 1950, they Critical Thinking the Korean and Vietnam sent 300,000 troops into North Korea. On June 25, 1950, North Koreans swept across wars. Standoff at the 38th Parallel The Chinese greatly outnumbered the UN forces. By January 1951, they had s 7HY WOULD THE 3OVIET 5NION BOYCOTT the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea. Within days, North Korean pushed UN and South Korean troops out of North Korea. The Chinese then moved THE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL THEREBY ALLOW troops had penetrated deep into the south. President Truman was convinced that into South Korea and captured the capital of Seoul. “We face an entirely new war,” ING THE 5. TO ENTER THE +OREAN WAR the North Korean aggressors were repeating what Hitler, Mussolini, and the A. Answer About declared MacArthur. He called for a nuclear attack against China. Truman viewed (Possible Answer: They didn’t think Japanese had done in the 1930s. Truman’s policy of containment was being put 4 million Koreans and soldiers died MacArthur’s proposals as reckless. “We are trying to prevent a world war, not start to the test. And Truman resolved to help South Korea resist communism. the UN would go to war.) and neither North one,” he said. MacArthur tried to go over the President’s head by taking his case to 7*%&0 South Korea also asked the United Nations to intervene. When the matter came T 5. FORCES nor South Korea ,PSFB5IF s (OW WERE 5. FORCES ABLE TO PUSH LANDING AT Congress and the press. In response, Truman removed him. to a vote in the Security Council, the Soviets were absent. They had refused to take had gained any 'PSHPUUFO8BS BACK THE #HINESE WHO HAD MANY )NCHON IN 3OUTH territory. Over the next two years, UN forces fought to drive the Chinese and North part in the Council to protest admission of Nationalist China (Taiwan), rather than MORE SOLDIERS (better equipped) +OREA IN Koreans back. By 1952, UN troops had regained control of South Korea. Finally, in July 1953, the UN forces and North Korea signed a cease-fire agreement. The In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Recognizing Effects border between the two Koreas was set near the 38th parallel, almost where it had s 'UIDED 2EADING P ALSO IN 3PANISH What effects been before the war. In the meantime, 4 million soldiers and civilians had died. did the Korean war Aftermath of the War After the war, Korea remained divided. A demilitarized have on the Korean people and nation? zone, which still exists, separated the two countries. In North Korea, the Communist dictator Kim Il Sung established collective farms, developed heavy industry, and built up the military. At Kim’s death in 1994, his son Kim Jong Il took power. Under his rule, Communist North Korea developed nuclear weapons but had serious economic problems. On the other hand, South Korea prospered, thanks partly to massive aid from the United States and other countries. In the 1960s, South

976 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 977

SECTION 3 PROGRAM RESOURCES DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 976 6/28/10 4:54:47 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 977 6/28/10 5:10:27 PM ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS Electronic Library of Primary Sources The Chronology of the Korean War In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s FROM h0EACE 7ITHOUT #ONQUESTv Class Time MINUTES s 'UIDED 2EADING P s 'UIDED 2EADING P s (ISTORY -AKERS (O #HI -INH P s "UILDING 6OCABULARY P INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY Task #REATING A CHRONOLOGY OF THE +OREAN 7AR Student One Stop Formal Assessment s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Purpose 4O CLARIFY THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS LEADING UP TO s 3ECTION 1UIZ P Guided Reading Workbook Teacher One Stop AND THROUGH THE +OREAN 7AR s 3ECTION s 0OWER 0RESENTATIONS Instructions !SK STUDENTS TO REVIEW THE TEXT ON ENGLISH LEARNERS World Art and Cultures Transparencies PAGES n THAT DISCUSSES THE 7AR IN +OREA 4HEN In-Depth Resources in Spanish GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS s !4 Laying a Road PROJECT TRANSPARENCY #4 AND GUIDE STUDENTS IN CREATING s 'UIDED 2EADING P In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Electronic Library of Primary Sources A CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR ,EAD THE DISCUSSION BY ASKING Spanish/English Guided Reading Workbook s 0RIMARY 3OURCE FROM When Heaven and Earth s FROM h0EACE 7ITHOUT #ONQUESTv QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE FOLLOWING s 3ECTION Changed Places, P s 7HEN WAS +OREA DIVIDED INTO TWO NATIONS s /N WHAT DATE DID .ORTH +OREA INVADE 3OUTH +OREA 976 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 977

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083303.indd 976 7/6/10 11:02:03 AM War in Korea, Communist China, into the UN. As a SOVIET CHAPTER s 3ection 3

result, the Soviet Union could not 1950–1953 UNION 125 veto the UN’s plan to send an interna- 130

n INTERACTIVE MAP

n E tional force to Korea to stop the inva- E CHINA 3 sion. A total of 15 nations, including 0 100 Miles the United States and Britain, partici- u R. History from Visuals 0 200 Kilometers al Y pated under the command of Gen eral Chinese Intervention, Douglas MacArthur. October 1950 Interpreting the Map Meanwhile, the North Koreans Chosan Make sure students understand that Antung continued to advance. By September Unsan 40nN Hungnam this map traces the course of the Korean Wars in Korea and Vietnam 1950, they controlled the entire NORTH Sea of Japan War over time. Ask, Which color line Korean peninsula except for a KOREA Wonsan MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES (East Sea) MARKS THE EXTENT OF THE FIRST .ORTH tiny area around Pusan in the far Pyongyang Yellow +OREAN SURGE (red) From which REVOLUTION )N !SIA THE #OLD 4ODAY 6IETNAM IS A #OMMUNIST s TH PARALLEL s .GO $INH $IEM southeast. That month, however, Sea 38th Parallel direction did Chinese troops attack in 7AR FLARED INTO ACTUAL WARS COUNTRY AND +OREA IS SPLIT INTO s $OUGLAS s 6IETCONG MacArthur launched a surprise Panmunjom SUPPORTED MAINLY BY THE #OMMUNIST AND NON -AC!RTHUR s 6IETNAMIZATION Inchon Seoul attack. Troops moving north from U.S. Marine Strike (northwest). SUPERPOWERS #OMMUNIST NATIONS s (O #HI -INH s +HMER 2OUGE Pusan met with forces that had made September 1950 s DOMINO THEORY SOUTH Extension Have students create a time an amphibious landing at Inchon. KOREA line that shows the advances and retreats Taejon SETTING THE STAGE When World War II ended, Korea became a divided Pictured Above: Caught in this “pincer action,” about Farthest North Pohang (L) Military Korean advance, of troops in the Korean War. Have them nation. North of the 38th parallel, a line that crosses Korea at 38 degrees north half of the North Koreans surren- Taegu parade in Red September 1950 use the information on this map to create latitude, Japanese troops surrendered to Soviet forces. South of this line, the Square, Moscow, dered. The rest retreated. Farthest UN advance, November 1950 35nN the framework for their time line and use Japanese surrendered to American troops. As in Germany, two nations developed. USSR, 1987; The Fighting Continues The UN Farthest Chinese Mokpo Pusan (See map on next page.) One was the Communist industrial north, whose gov- (R) Buzz Aldrin troops pursued the retreating North and North Korean classroom or Internet resources to add and the U.S. flag advance, January 1951 JAPAN ernment had been set up by the Soviets. The other was the non-Communist rural on the moon, Koreans across the 38th parallel into Armistice line, 1953 more detailed information. south, supported by the Western powers. 1969 North Korea. They pushed them almost to the Yalu River at the GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps Chinese border. The UN forces were 1. Movement What was the northernmost Korean city UN troops War in Korea had reached by November 1950? mostly from the United States. The By 1949, both the United States and the Soviet Union had withdrawn most of 2. Movement Did North or South Korean forces advance farther This map is available in an interactive Chinese felt threatened by these TAKING NOTES their troops from Korea. The Soviets gambled that the United States would not into the other’s territory? format online and on the Student One Use the graphic organizer troops and by an American fleet off defend South Korea. So they supplied North Korea with tanks, airplanes, and Stop DVD-ROM 3TUDENTS CAN VIEW THE online to take notes on money in an attempt to take over the peninsula. their coast. In October 1950, they the Korean and Vietnam sent 300,000 troops into North Korea. STEP BY STEP PROGRESS OF THE WAR On June 25, 1950, North Koreans swept across wars. Standoff at the 38th Parallel The Chinese greatly outnumbered the UN forces. By January 1951, they had the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea. Within days, North Korean pushed UN and South Korean troops out of North Korea. The Chinese then moved SKILLBUILDER Answers troops had penetrated deep into the south. President Truman was convinced that into South Korea and captured the capital of Seoul. “We face an entirely new war,” the North Korean aggressors were repeating what Hitler, Mussolini, and the A. Answer About 1. Movement Chosan declared MacArthur. He called for a nuclear attack against China. Truman viewed Japanese had done in the 1930s. Truman’s policy of containment was being put 4 million Koreans 2. Movement Both occupied nearly all of and soldiers died MacArthur’s proposals as reckless. “We are trying to prevent a world war, not start to the test. And Truman resolved to help South Korea resist communism. the enemy’s territory at some point. and neither North one,” he said. MacArthur tried to go over the President’s head by taking his case to 7*%&0 South Korea also asked the United Nations to intervene. When the matter came T 5. FORCES nor South Korea ,PSFB5IF LANDING AT Congress and the press. In response, Truman removed him. to a vote in the Security Council, the Soviets were absent. They had refused to take had gained any 'PSHPUUFO8BS )NCHON IN 3OUTH territory. Over the next two years, UN forces fought to drive the Chinese and North part in the Council to protest admission of Nationalist China (Taiwan), rather than +OREA IN Koreans back. By 1952, UN troops had regained control of South Korea. Finally, Vocabulary Note: Words in Context Recognizing in July 1953, the UN forces and North Korea signed a cease-fire agreement. The Effects border between the two Koreas was set near the 38th parallel, almost where it had Point out the word amphibious. Tell students that it means that the soldiers What effects been before the war. In the meantime, 4 million soldiers and civilians had died. did the Korean war Aftermath of the War After the war, Korea remained divided. A demilitarized invaded Korea from the water and then have on the Korean people and nation? zone, which still exists, separated the two countries. In North Korea, the came ashore. Explain that this word Communist dictator Kim Il Sung established collective farms, developed heavy comes from the same base word as industry, and built up the military. At Kim’s death in 1994, his son Kim Jong Il took amphibian, a class of animals that live in power. Under his rule, Communist North Korea developed nuclear weapons but the water part of their lives and on land had serious economic problems. On the other hand, South Korea prospered, thanks part of their lives. Examples include frogs partly to massive aid from the United States and other countries. In the 1960s, South and salamanders. 976 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 977

CT MCDOUGAL LITTELL Critical Thinking: 73 World History: Patterns of Interaction Chronological Order DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 976 6/28/10 4:54:47 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 977 6/28/10 5:10:27 PM Electronic Library of Primary Sources The Chronology of the Korean War Event 3 s FROM h0EACE 7ITHOUT #ONQUESTv Class Time 20 minutes s 7HAT HAD HAPPENED BY 3EPTEMBER INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY Task Creating a chronology of the Korean War s 7HAT HAPPENED IMMEDIATELY AFTER .ORTH +OREA HAD Student One Stop Purpose To clarify the sequence of events leading up to ALMOST OVERRUN THE ENTIRE PENINSULA Event 2 Teacher One Stop and through the Korean War s 7HEN DID THE #HINESE INVADE THE +OREAN PENINSULA s 0OWER 0RESENTATIONS Instructions Ask students to review the text on s 7HAT HAD HAPPENED BY THE END OF .OVEMBER

s 7HAT WAS THE SITUATION IN +OREA IN *ANUARY Event 1 s !4 Laying a Road project transparency CT73 and guide students in creating s 7HEN WAS A CEASE FIRE FINALLY SIGNED a chronology of the war. Lead the discussion by asking Electronic Library of Primary Sources Complete the chart with students’ answers, encouraging questions such as the following: s FROM h0EACE 7ITHOUT #ONQUESTv additional questions and discussion. Then urge students Critical Thinking Transparencies s 7HEN WAS +OREA DIVIDED INTO TWO NATIONS to copy the chart for their notes. s /N WHAT DATE DID .ORTH +OREA INVADE 3OUTH +OREA 976 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 977

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083303.indd 977 7/6/10 11:02:29 AM WarWar in Vietnam,in Vietnam, 1957–1973 1957–1973 CHAPTER s 3ection 3 Korea concentrated on developing its industry and expanding foreign trade. A suc- cession of dictatorships ruled the rapidly developing country. With the 1987 adop- CHINACHINA tion of a democratic constitution, however, South Korea established free elections. During the 1980s and 1990s, South Korea had one of the highest economic growth rates in the world. NORTHNORTH War Breaks Out in Vietnam Political differences have kept the two Koreas apart, despite periodic discussions VIETNAMVIETNAM of reuniting the country. North Korea’s possession of nuclear weapons is a major GulfGulf of of DienDien Bien Bien HanoiHanoi HaiphongHaiphong Critical Thinking obstacle. The United States still keeps troops in South Korea. Phu Phu TonkinTonkin 20nN 20nN s (OW WERE THE 6IETNAMESE .ATIONALISTS AND #OMMUNISTS DIFFERENT FROM THE War Breaks Out in Vietnam .ATIONALISTS AND #OMMUNISTS IN #HINA Much like its involvement in the Korean War, the involvement of the United States HainanHainan in Vietnam stemmed from its Cold War containment policy. After World War II, stop- AFTER 7ORLD 7AR )) (China—Nationalists LAOSLAOS U.S. U.S.Seventh Seventh and Communists fought each other; ping the spread of communism was the principal goal of U.S. foreign policy. Fleet,Fleet, 1964 1964 Vietnam—they fought together against The Road to War In the early 1900s, France controlled most of resource-rich VihnVihn 1965—U.S.1965—U.S. bombing bombing of North of North Vietnam Vietnam Southeast Asia. (French Indochina included what are now Vietnam, Laos, and the French.) Cambodia.) But nationalist independence movements had begun to develop. A M M s (OW DID THE #OLD 7AR INFLUENCE THE e e DongDong Hoi Hoi SouthSouth young Vietnamese nationalist, Ho Chi Minh, turned to the Communists for help in ko ko INTERNATIONAL PEACE CONFERENCES DECI ng ng his struggle. During the 1930s, Ho’s Indochinese Communist party led revolts and R R ChinaChina . . DemarcationDemarcation SION TO DIVIDE 6IETNAM (It responded strikes against the French. H H Line,Line, 1954 1954 o o SeaSea C C to the pressures of Soviet Union and The French responded by jailing Vietnamese protesters. They also sentenced Ho h h i i M M Hue Hue to death. He fled into exile, but returned to Vietnam in 1941, ih ih United States.) n n T T Da NangDa Nang a year after the Japanese seized control of his country dur- ra ra i i l l ing World War II. Ho and other nationalists founded the ChulaiChulai15nN 15nN AreasAreas controlled controlled in 1973 in 1973 Vietminh (Independence) League. The Japanese were NationalNational Liberation Liberation forced out of Vietnam after their defeat in 1945. Ho Chi FrontFront (Vietcong) (Vietcong) History Makers Minh believed that independence would follow, but France SaigonSaigon government government Kon TumKon Tum ContestedContested areas areas intended to regain its colony. Ho Chi Minh The Fighting Begins Vietnamese Nationalists and !SK STUDENTS IF IT WAS CONSISTENT FOR Communists joined to fight the French armies. The French SOUTHSOUTH 0 0 100 Miles100 Miles (O #HI -INH TO REMAIN A #OMMUNIST held most major cities, but the Vietminh had widespread sup- 1968—U.S.1968—U.S. Marines Marines at the at Battlethe Battle of Hue of Hue VIETNAMVIETNAM 0 0 200 Kilometers200 Kilometers AND STILL BELIEVE THAT hALL MEN ARE CREATED port in the countryside. The Vietminh used hit-and-run tactics EQUALv (AVE THEM EXPLAIN (Yes, because to confine the French to the cities. In France the people began CAMBODIACAMBODIA to doubt that their colony was worth the lives and money the as a Communist, he wanted all people to Ho Chi Minh struggle cost. In 1954, the French suffered a major military Cam CamRahn Rahn share economic equality.) 1890–1969 Bay Bay defeat at Dien Bien Phu. They surrendered to Ho. B. Possible Answer )N (O SENT TWO TELEGRAMS TO When he was young, the poor The United States had supported France in Vietnam. Vietnamese Nguyen That intervention in any 7*%&0 situation that might PhnomPhnom 0RESIDENT 4RUMAN SEEKING A SEAT ON UHNGsWIHN THAHT 4HANH WORKED AS With the defeat of the French, the United States saw a rising PenhPenh 7JFUOBN)PX otherwise result in BienBien Hoa Hoa 8F8FOUUP8BS A "RITISH !MERICAN 2USSIAN #HINESE A COOK ON A &RENCH STEAMSHIP )N threat to the rest of Asia. President Eisenhower described gains of territory !DVISORY #OMMISSION ON THE &AR %AST VISITING 53 CITIES WHERE THE BOAT this threat in terms of the domino theory. The Southeast or power by the SaigonSaigon GulfGulf of of 110 110 DOCKED HE LEARNED ABOUT !MERICAN Asian nations were like a row of dominos, he said. The fall Communists 10nN 10nN n n THAT WOULD DECIDE THE FATE OF )NDOCHINA CULTURE AND IDEALS (E LATER TOOK A ThailandThailand E E of one to communism would lead to the fall of its neighbors. MekongMekong 4RUMAN IGNORED HIM (AVE STUDENTS NEW NAME(O #HI -INH MEANING This theory became a major justification for U.S. foreign Making Inferences DeltaDelta DISCUSS WHY THEY THINK THE 5NITED 3TATES h(E WHO ENLIGHTENSv 4HOUGH A #OMMUNIST IN PROCLAIMING 6IETNAMS policy during the Cold War era. What actions 1975—Evacuation1975—Evacuation of the of U.S.the U.S.embassy embassy in Saigon in Saigon might the United REFUSED TO DEAL WITH (O INDEPENDENCE FROM &RANCE IN Vietnam—A Divided Country After France’s defeat, an States have justified HE DECLARED h!LL MEN ARE CREATED international peace conference met in Geneva to discuss by the domino In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 EQUALv 105 105

the future of Indochina. Based on these talks, Vietnam theory? n n s (ISTORY -AKERS (O #HI -INH P (IS PEOPLE REVERED HIM CALLING GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps E E HIM 5NCLE (O (OWEVER (O #HI -INH was divided at 17° north latitude. North of that line, Ho 1. Human-Environment Interaction Did the Saigon DID NOT PUT HIS DEMOCRATIC IDEALS INTO Chi Minh’s Communist forces governed. To the south, government or the Vietcong control more of South PRACTICE (E RULED .ORTH 6IETNAM BY the United States and France set up an anti-Communist Vietnam in 1973? CRUSHING ALL OPPOSITION government under the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem 2. Movement Through what other countries did North Vietnamese troops move to invade South Vietnam? (NOH dihn D’YEM). 978 Chapter 33

COOPERATIVE LEARNING DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 978 6/28/10 5:06:40 PM9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 979 6/18/10 5:46:16 PM Vietnam War Movie Art and War Class Time MINUTES s 7HERE DOES THE SCENE TAKE PLACE 7HAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE Class Time MINUTES Task 3CRIPTING SCENES FOR A 6IETNAM 7AR MOVIE s 7HAT IS THE WEATHER LIKE )S IT HOT OR COLD )S IT RAINING OR CLEAR Task !NALYZING 6IETNAMESE WAR ART Purpose 4O DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE POLITICAL AND PERSONAL s 7HAT TIME IS IT 7HAT SEASON Purpose 4O LEARN ABOUT THE ART AND SOCIETY OF 6IETNAM REALITIES OF THE 6IETNAM 7AR s 7HAT EVENTS HAVE LED UP TO THE SCENE THEY ARE DESCRIBING DURING THE 6IETNAM 7AR Instructions (AVE STUDENTS WORK IN SMALL GROUPS TO BRAINSTORM A SCENE s 7HO ARE THEIR CHARACTERS 7HAT DO THEY THINK OF THEIR SITUATION Instructions 0ROJECT TRANSPARENCY !4 FROM 7ORLD !RT FOR A MOVIE ABOUT THE 6IETNAM 7AR 4HEY MAY CHOOSE ANY PERSPECTIVE (AVE STUDENTS WORK TOGETHER TO WRITE THE SCENE 2EMIND THEM THAT THEIR AND #ULTURES 4RANSPARENCIES %XPLAIN TO STUDENTS THAT A THAT OF 53 SOLDIERS 6IETCONG OR 3OUTH 6IETNAMESE CIVILIANS FOR EXAMPLE SCRIPTS SHOULD INCLUDE DESCRIPTIVE PASSAGES STAGE DIRECTIONS AND REALISTIC 6IETNAMESE ARTIST PRODUCED THIS PAINTING DURING THE TIME %MPHASIZE THAT THEY SHOULD FOCUS ON A SINGLE DRAMATIC SITUATION AND DIALOGUE (AVE STUDENTS MEET WITH OTHER GROUPS AND SHARE THEIR IDEAS AND OF THE 6IETNAM 7AR )T DEPICTS SOLDIERS BUILDING A ROAD SEVERAL WELL DEFINED CHARACTERS 4ELL THEM THAT THE SETTING AND PLOT OF READ THEIR DIALOGUE THROUGH A FOREST !SK STUDENTS TO FIND DETAILS IN THE IMAGE THEIR SCENE SHOULD BE AS REALISTIC AS POSSIBLE %NCOURAGE THEM TO CONSIDER THAT IDENTIFY THE WORKERS AS SOLDIERS 0OINT OUT THAT THESE THE FOLLOWING 978 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 979

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083303.indd 978 7/6/10 11:04:54 AM WarWar in Vietnam,in Vietnam, 1957–1973 1957–1973 Korea concentrated on developing its industry and expanding foreign trade. A suc- CHAPTER ÈsÈ3ection 3 cession of dictatorships ruled the rapidly developing country. With the 1987 adop- CHINACHINA tion of a democratic constitution, however, South Korea established free elections. During the 1980s and 1990s, South Korea had one of the highest economic growth rates in the world. NORTHNORTH Political differences have kept the two Koreas apart, despite periodic discussions VIETNAMVIETNAM History from Visuals of reuniting the country. North Korea’s possession of nuclear weapons is a major GulfGulf of of DienDien Bien Bien HanoiHanoi HaiphongHaiphong Interpreting the Map obstacle. The United States still keeps troops in South Korea. Phu Phu TonkinTonkin 20nN 20nN Have students study the map key and War Breaks Out in Vietnam then contrast the colors shown in Much like its involvement in the Korean War, the involvement of the United States HainanHainan South Vietnam with those shown in in Vietnam stemmed from its Cold War containment policy. After World War II, stop- LAOSLAOS U.S. U.S.Seventh Seventh North Vietnam. Ask, In which country ping the spread of communism was the principal goal of U.S. foreign policy. Fleet,Fleet, 1964 1964 were several armies battling for territory? The Road to War In the early 1900s, France controlled most of resource-rich VihnVihn 1965—U.S.1965—U.S. bombing bombing of North of North Vietnam Vietnam (South Vietnam) Southeast Asia. (French Indochina included what are now Vietnam, Laos, and Extension Have students compare this Cambodia.) But nationalist independence movements had begun to develop. A M M e e DongDong Hoi Hoi SouthSouth map to one that shows Vietnam’s terrain young Vietnamese nationalist, Ho Chi Minh, turned to the Communists for help in ko ko ng ng his struggle. During the 1930s, Ho’s Indochinese Communist party led revolts and R R ChinaChina and vegetation. What problems might . . DemarcationDemarcation strikes against the French. H H Line,Line, 1954 1954 those geographic features create for o o SeaSea C C The French responded by jailing Vietnamese protesters. They also sentenced Ho h h i i armies conducting a ground war? M M Hue Hue to death. He fled into exile, but returned to Vietnam in 1941, ih ih n n (Swampy coastal plains and densely T T Da NangDa Nang a year after the Japanese seized control of his country dur- ra ra i i l l jungled mountains would make troop ing World War II. Ho and other nationalists founded the ChulaiChulai15nN 15nN AreasAreas controlled controlled in 1973 in 1973 movement difficult.) Vietminh (Independence) League. The Japanese were NationalNational Liberation Liberation forced out of Vietnam after their defeat in 1945. Ho Chi FrontFront (Vietcong) (Vietcong) Minh believed that independence would follow, but France SaigonSaigon government government SKILLBUILDER Answers Kon TumKon Tum ContestedContested areas areas intended to regain its colony. 1. Human-Environment Interaction The Fighting Begins Vietnamese Nationalists and Vietcong Communists joined to fight the French armies. The French SOUTHSOUTH 0 0 100 Miles100 Miles 2. Movement Laos, Cambodia held most major cities, but the Vietminh had widespread sup- 1968—U.S.1968—U.S. Marines Marines at the at Battlethe Battle of Hue of Hue 0 0 200 Kilometers200 Kilometers In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 port in the countryside. The Vietminh used hit-and-run tactics VIETNAMVIETNAM s 0RIMARY 3OURCE FROM When Heaven and to confine the French to the cities. In France the people began CAMBODIACAMBODIA to doubt that their colony was worth the lives and money the Earth Changed Places, P Ho Chi Minh struggle cost. In 1954, the French suffered a major military Cam CamRahn Rahn 1890–1969 defeat at Dien Bien Phu. They surrendered to Ho. Bay Bay B. Possible Answer When he was young, the poor The United States had supported France in Vietnam. Vietnamese Nguyen That intervention in any 7*%&0 situation that might PhnomPhnom UHNGsWIHN THAHT 4HANH WORKED AS With the defeat of the French, the United States saw a rising PenhPenh 7JFUOBN)PX otherwise result in BienBien Hoa Hoa 8F8FOUUP8BS A COOK ON A &RENCH STEAMSHIP )N threat to the rest of Asia. President Eisenhower described gains of territory VISITING 53 CITIES WHERE THE BOAT this threat in terms of the domino theory. The Southeast or power by the SaigonSaigon GulfGulf of of 110 110 DOCKED HE LEARNED ABOUT !MERICAN Asian nations were like a row of dominos, he said. The fall Communists 10nN 10nN n n CULTURE AND IDEALS (E LATER TOOK A ThailandThailand E E of one to communism would lead to the fall of its neighbors. MekongMekong NEW NAME(O #HI -INH MEANING This theory became a major justification for U.S. foreign DeltaDelta h(E WHO ENLIGHTENSv 4HOUGH A Making Inferences #OMMUNIST IN PROCLAIMING 6IETNAMS policy during the Cold War era. What actions 1975—Evacuation1975—Evacuation of the of U.S.the U.S.embassy embassy in Saigon in Saigon might the United INDEPENDENCE FROM &RANCE IN Vietnam—A Divided Country After France’s defeat, an States have justified HE DECLARED h!LL MEN ARE CREATED international peace conference met in Geneva to discuss by the domino EQUALv 105 105 the future of Indochina. Based on these talks, Vietnam theory? n n (IS PEOPLE REVERED HIM CALLING GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps E E HIM 5NCLE (O (OWEVER (O #HI -INH was divided at 17° north latitude. North of that line, Ho 1. Human-Environment Interaction Did the Saigon DID NOT PUT HIS DEMOCRATIC IDEALS INTO Chi Minh’s Communist forces governed. To the south, government or the Vietcong control more of South PRACTICE (E RULED .ORTH 6IETNAM BY the United States and France set up an anti-Communist Vietnam in 1973? CRUSHING ALL OPPOSITION government under the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem 2. Movement Through what other countries did North Vietnamese troops move to invade South Vietnam? (NOH dihn D’YEM). 978 Chapter 33

AT MCDOUGAL LITTELL 73 Laying a Road DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 978 6/28/10 5:06:40 PM9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 979 8/1/10 4:33:26 PM Vietnam War Movie Art and War sÈ 7HEREÈDOESÈTHEÈSCENEÈTAKEÈPLACE È7HATÈDOESÈITÈLOOKÈLIKE È Class Time 30 minutes are guerrilla fighters: they lack uniforms, although they sÈ 7HATÈISÈTHEÈWEATHERÈLIKE È)SÈITÈHOTÈORÈCOLD È)SÈITÈRAININGÈORÈCLEAR Task Analyzing Vietnamese war art wear helmets. Discuss the role of women in supporting sÈ 7HATÈTIMEÈISÈIT È7HATÈSEASON È Purpose To learn about the art and society of Vietnam the troops. Invite students to share other responses to the picture. Then ask them to do Internet research to learn sÈ 7HATÈEVENTSÈHAVEÈLEDÈUPÈTOÈTHEÈSCENEÈTHEYÈAREÈDESCRIBING during the Vietnam War more about art produced during the long war and to view Instructions Project transparency AT73 from World Art sÈ 7HOÈAREÈTHEIRÈCHARACTERS È7HATÈDOÈTHEYÈTHINKÈOFÈTHEIRÈSITUATION more examples. Have them find one painting or other art and Cultures Transparencies. Explain to students that a Have students work together to write the scene. Remind them that their object to examine in detail. Have them make a copy and © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. scripts should include descriptive passages, stage directions, and realistic Vietnamese artist produced this painting during the time present it to the group. As a group, ask them to talk about David King Collection. of the Vietnam War. It depicts soldiers building a road dialogue. Have students meet with other groups and share their ideas and the dominant themes of Vietnamese war art. Ask, What through a forest. Ask students to find details in the image read their dialogue. attitude toward war does this art project? World Art and Cultures that identify the workers as soldiers. Point out that these Transparencies

978 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 979

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083303.indd 979 8/10/10 12:13:36 PM CHAPTER s 3ection 3 Diem ruled the south as a dictator. Opposition to his government grew. During the war, it had suffered U.S. bombing when it was used Communist guerrillas, called Vietcong, began to gain strength in the south. While as a sanctuary by North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops. some of the Vietcong were trained soldiers from North Vietnam, most were South Cambodia in Turmoil In 1975, Communist rebels known Vietnamese who hated Diem. Gradually, the Vietcong won control of large areas of as the Khmer Rouge set up a brutal Communist govern- the countryside. In 1963, a group of South Vietnamese generals had Diem assassi- ment under the leadership of Pol Pot. In a ruthless attempt Tip for English Learners nated. But the new leaders were no more popular than he had been. It appeared that a to transform Cambodia into a Communist society, Pol Pot’s Explain that a coup is a sudden, illegal takeover by the Communist Vietcong, backed by North Vietnam, was inevitable. C. Possible followers slaughtered 2 million people. This was almost one Answer His follow- overthrow of a government. It is an ers killed nearly 2 quarter of the nation’s population. The Vietnamese invaded abbreviated form of the French phrase The United States Gets Involved million people. in 1978. They overthrew the Khmer Rouge and installed a less repressive government. But fighting continued. The coup d’etat, which means “blow at state.” Faced with the possibility of a Communist victory, the United States decided to escalate, or increase, its involvement. Some U.S. troops had been serving as advis- Recognizing Vietnamese withdrew in 1989. In 1993, under the supervi- In other words, it is a “strike at the state.” sion of UN peacekeepers, Cambodia adopted a democratic ers to the South Vietnamese since the late 1950s. But their numbers steadily grew, Effects Vietnam Today What was one constitution and held free elections. as did the numbers of planes and other military equipment sent to South Vietnam. Vietnam remains a Communist of the effects of Pol Vietnam after the War After 1975, the victorious North coun try. But, like China, it has U.S. Troops Enter the Fight In August 1964, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson told Pot’s efforts to turn introduced elements of capitalism The United States Gets Congress that North Vietnamese patrol boats had attacked two U.S. destroyers in Cambodia into a Vietnamese imposed tight controls over the South. Officials into its economy. In 1997, a travel Involved the Gulf of Tonkin. As a result, Congress authorized the president to send U.S. rural society? sent thousands of people to “reeducation camps” for training in Communist thought. They nationalized industries and magazine claimed that Hanoi, the troops to fight in Vietnam. By late 1965, more than 185,000 U.S. soldiers were in capital of Vietnam, “jumps with strictly controlled businesses. They also renamed Saigon, the Critical Thinking combat on Vietnamese soil. U.S. planes had also begun to bomb North Vietnam. vitality, its streets and shops jammed By 1968, more than half a million U.S. soldiers were in combat there. South’s former capital, Ho Chi Minh City. Communist with locals and handfuls of Western s 7HY DID THE ATTACK ON THE 53 DESTROY- The United States had the best-equipped, most advanced army in the world. Yet oppression caused 1.5 million people to flee Vietnam. Most tourists and businesspeople.” Above, ers provide a basis for sending in it faced two major difficulties. First, U.S. soldiers were fighting a guerrilla war in escaped in dangerously overcrowded ships. More than two executives tour the city. Along Hanoi’s shaded boulevards, troops? (direct attack on United States) unfamiliar jungle terrain. Second, the South Vietnamese government that they were 200,000 “boat people” died at sea. The survivors often spent billboards advertise U.S. and months in refugee camps in Southeast Asia. About 70,000 s (OW WERE THE 3OUTH 6IETNAMESE T The skulls defending was becoming more unpopular. At the same time, support for the Japanese copiers, motorcycles, video and American people alike? Why? and bones of Vietcong grew, with help and supplies from Ho Chi Minh, the Soviet Union, and eventually settled in the United States or Canada. Although recorders, and soft drinks. On the (Both opposed the war because of Cambodian China. Unable to win a decisive victory on the ground, the United States turned to Communists still govern Vietnam, the country now wel- streets, enterprising Vietnamese citizens form comes foreign investment. The United States normalized business people offer more tradi tional the many casualties.) air power. U.S. forces bombed millions of acres of farmland and forest in an a haunting attempt to destroy enemy hideouts. This bombing strengthened peasants’opposi- relations with Vietnam in 1995. services. These include bicycle repair, memorial to While the superpowers were struggling for advantage a haircut, a shave, or a tasty snack. the brutality of tion to the South Vietnamese government. during the Korean and Vietnam wars, they also were seek- its Communist The United States Withdraws During the late 1960s, the war grew increasingly government in unpopular in the United States. Dissatisfied young people began to protest the tremen- ing influence in other parts of the world. the 1970s. More About . . . dous loss of life in a conflict on the other side of the world. Bowing to intense public pressure, President Richard Nixon SECTION ASSESSMENT The Gulf of Tonkin Incident began withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam in 1969. 3 Nixon had a plan called Vietnamization. It allowed The Gulf of Tonkin incident took place TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. for U.S. troops to gradually pull out, while the South at night during a storm. The two U.S. s 38th parallel s Douglas MacArthur s Ho Chi Minh s domino theory s Ngo Dinh Diem s Vietcong s Vietnamization s Khmer Rouge Vietnamese increased their combat role. To pursue destroyers picked up the images of Vietnamization while preserving the South Vietnamese USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING 22 torpedoes on their tracking systems. government, Nixon authorized a massive bombing cam- 2. In what ways were the causes 3. What role did the United 6. ANALYZING MOTIVES What role did the policy of No one saw the Vietnamese attackers, paign against North Vietnamese bases and supply routes. and effects of the wars in Nations play in the Korean containment play in the involvement of the United States Korea and Vietnam similar? War? in wars in Korea and Vietnam? however, and the next morning Captain He also authorized bombings in neighboring Laos and 4. How did Vietnam become 7. IDENTIFYING CAUSES How might imperialism be one of (ERRICK WHO COMMANDED THE SHIPS Cambodia to destroy Vietcong hiding places. divided? the causes of the Vietnam War? Korean War decided his radar might have mistaken In response to protests and political pressure at home, 5. What was the Khmer Rouge’s 8. FORMING OPINIONS Do you think U.S. involvement in “freak weather effects” for an attack. Nixon kept withdrawing U.S. troops. The last left in both plan for Cambodia? Vietnam was justified? Why or why not? 1973. Two years later, the North Vietnamese overran 9. WRITING ACTIVITY EMPIRE BUILDING Write a two- To this day, no one knows whether Vietnam War South Vietnam. The war ended, but more than 1.5 million paragraph expository essay for either the United States the attacks used to justify American Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans lost their lives. or the Soviet Union supporting its involvement in Asia. escalation of the Vietnam War ever really took place. Postwar Southeast Asia CONNECT TO TODAY WRITING A BIOGRAPHY Electronic Library of Primary Sources War’s end did not bring an immediate halt to bloodshed and Research the present-day leader of one of the countries discussed in this section. s FROM h0EACE 7ITHOUT #ONQUESTv BY chaos in Southeast Asia. Cambodia (also known as Then write a three-paragraph biography. ,YNDON " *OHNSON Kampuchea) was under siege by Communist rebels. Restructuring the Postwar World 981

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS ANSWERS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 980 5/27/10 4:32:25 PM9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 981 6/30/10 7:37:18 PM Vietnam War Posters 1. TH PARALLEL P s $OUGLAS -AC!RTHUR P s (O #HI -INH P s DOMINO THEORY P s .GO $INH $IEM P s 6IETCONG P s 6IETNAMIZATION P s +HMER 2OUGE P Class Time 25 minutes 2. Sample Answer: Korean War—neither Task Creating a war poster to protest or support the Vietnam War Pros Cons side gained an advantage; Vietnam War— Purpose 4O ANALYZE SUPPORT OR OPPOSITION TO THE 6IETNAM 7AR stop the spread of thousands of U.S. soldiers Soviet-supported North Vietnamese won; Instructions Guide a discussion of why the United States entered the communism are dying Both—U.S. and Soviet involvement stemmed Vietnam War. Point out that many Americans opposed the war and explain from Cold War; land was destroyed; millions that thousands of people demonstrated against it. Create a pro-and-con support the legitimate thousands of Vietnamese South Vietnam government are dying of people died. Possible Answer: Similar CHART ON THE BOARD TO SUMMARIZE THE POSITIONS 4ELL STUDENTS TO CONSIDER because of intervention by the U.S.; many the arguments and decide whether they are for continuing the war or for the country is being deaths. destroyed pulling out of Vietnam. If students need more help, have them use the 3. The UN sent an international force to 'UIDED 2EADING 7ORKBOOK ACTIVITY FOR 3ECTION 4HEN ASK THEM TO CREATE Korea to stop the North Korean invasion of a poster stating their position. South Korea. 980 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 981

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083303.indd 980 7/6/10 11:07:20 AM Diem ruled the south as a dictator. Opposition to his government grew. During the war, it had suffered U.S. bombing when it was used CHAPTER s 3ection 3 Communist guerrillas, called Vietcong, began to gain strength in the south. While as a sanctuary by North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops. some of the Vietcong were trained soldiers from North Vietnam, most were South Cambodia in Turmoil In 1975, Communist rebels known Vietnamese who hated Diem. Gradually, the Vietcong won control of large areas of as the Khmer Rouge set up a brutal Communist govern- the countryside. In 1963, a group of South Vietnamese generals had Diem assassi- ment under the leadership of Pol Pot. In a ruthless attempt nated. But the new leaders were no more popular than he had been. It appeared that a to transform Cambodia into a Communist society, Pol Pot’s Postwar Southeast Asia takeover by the Communist Vietcong, backed by North Vietnam, was inevitable. C. Possible followers slaughtered 2 million people. This was almost one Answer His follow- Critical Thinking ers killed nearly 2 quarter of the nation’s population. The Vietnamese invaded The United States Gets Involved million people. in 1978. They overthrew the Khmer Rouge and installed a s (OW ACCURATELY DID THE DOMINO THEORY Faced with the possibility of a Communist victory, the United States decided to less repressive government. But fighting continued. The explain events in Southeast Asia? escalate, or increase, its involvement. Some U.S. troops had been serving as advis- Recognizing Vietnamese withdrew in 1989. In 1993, under the supervi- (Not very; Cambodia is democratic.) sion of UN peacekeepers, Cambodia adopted a democratic ers to the South Vietnamese since the late 1950s. But their numbers steadily grew, Effects Vietnam Today s (OW HAS 6IETNAM CHANGED SINCE What was one constitution and held free elections. as did the numbers of planes and other military equipment sent to South Vietnam. Vietnam remains a Communist of the effects of Pol the first years after the war? (fewer Vietnam after the War After 1975, the victorious North coun try. But, like China, it has U.S. Troops Enter the Fight In August 1964, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson told Pot’s efforts to turn economic restrictions, strong economy) introduced elements of capitalism Congress that North Vietnamese patrol boats had attacked two U.S. destroyers in Cambodia into a Vietnamese imposed tight controls over the South. Officials into its economy. In 1997, a travel the Gulf of Tonkin. As a result, Congress authorized the president to send U.S. rural society? sent thousands of people to “reeducation camps” for training in Communist thought. They nationalized industries and magazine claimed that Hanoi, the troops to fight in Vietnam. By late 1965, more than 185,000 U.S. soldiers were in capital of Vietnam, “jumps with combat on Vietnamese soil. U.S. planes had also begun to bomb North Vietnam. strictly controlled businesses. They also renamed Saigon, the vitality, its streets and shops jammed By 1968, more than half a million U.S. soldiers were in combat there. South’s former capital, Ho Chi Minh City. Communist with locals and handfuls of Western Connect to Today The United States had the best-equipped, most advanced army in the world. Yet oppression caused 1.5 million people to flee Vietnam. Most tourists and businesspeople.” Above, it faced two major difficulties. First, U.S. soldiers were fighting a guerrilla war in escaped in dangerously overcrowded ships. More than two executives tour the city. Vietnam Today Along Hanoi’s shaded boulevards, unfamiliar jungle terrain. Second, the South Vietnamese government that they were 200,000 “boat people” died at sea. The survivors often spent billboards advertise U.S. and In seeking economic growth through defending was becoming more unpopular. At the same time, support for the months in refugee camps in Southeast Asia. About 70,000 T The skulls Japanese copiers, motorcycles, video foreign investment, Vietnam is following and bones of Vietcong grew, with help and supplies from Ho Chi Minh, the Soviet Union, and eventually settled in the United States or Canada. Although recorders, and soft drinks. On the Cambodian China. Unable to win a decisive victory on the ground, the United States turned to Communists still govern Vietnam, the country now wel- streets, enterprising Vietnamese the example of China, South Korea, and citizens form air power. U.S. forces bombed millions of acres of farmland and forest in an comes foreign investment. The United States normalized business people offer more tradi tional other east Asia countries. One victim of a haunting attempt to destroy enemy hideouts. This bombing strengthened peasants’opposi- relations with Vietnam in 1995. services. These include bicycle repair, this growth has been the environment. memorial to While the superpowers were struggling for advantage a haircut, a shave, or a tasty snack. the brutality of tion to the South Vietnamese government. The number of elephants in Vietnam, for during the Korean and Vietnam wars, they also were seek- its Communist The United States Withdraws During the late 1960s, the war grew increasingly example, dropped from 2,000 to 150 government in unpopular in the United States. Dissatisfied young people began to protest the tremen- ing influence in other parts of the world. the 1970s. in 2005. dous loss of life in a conflict on the other side of the world. Bowing to intense public pressure, President Richard Nixon SECTION ASSESSMENT began withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam in 1969. 3 Nixon had a plan called Vietnamization. It allowed TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. ASSESS for U.S. troops to gradually pull out, while the South s 38th parallel s Douglas MacArthur s Ho Chi Minh s domino theory s Ngo Dinh Diem s Vietcong s Vietnamization s Khmer Rouge Vietnamese increased their combat role. To pursue Vietnamization while preserving the South Vietnamese USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT government, Nixon authorized a massive bombing cam- 2. In what ways were the causes 3. What role did the United 6. ANALYZING MOTIVES What role did the policy of (AVE STUDENTS WORK IN PAIRS TO ANSWER paign against North Vietnamese bases and supply routes. and effects of the wars in Nations play in the Korean containment play in the involvement of the United States Korea and Vietnam similar? War? in wars in Korea and Vietnam? the questions. He also authorized bombings in neighboring Laos and 4. How did Vietnam become 7. IDENTIFYING CAUSES How might imperialism be one of Formal Assessment Cambodia to destroy Vietcong hiding places. divided? the causes of the Vietnam War? Korean War s 3ECTION 1UIZ P In response to protests and political pressure at home, 5. What was the Khmer Rouge’s 8. FORMING OPINIONS Do you think U.S. involvement in Nixon kept withdrawing U.S. troops. The last left in both plan for Cambodia? Vietnam was justified? Why or why not? 1973. Two years later, the North Vietnamese overran 9. WRITING ACTIVITY EMPIRE BUILDING Write a two- Vietnam War RETEACH South Vietnam. The war ended, but more than 1.5 million paragraph expository essay for either the United States or the Soviet Union supporting its involvement in Asia. Assign the Guided Reading Workbook for Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans lost their lives. Section 3 for reviewing main ideas. Spanish/English Guided Reading Workbook Postwar Southeast Asia CONNECT TO TODAY WRITING A BIOGRAPHY War’s end did not bring an immediate halt to bloodshed and Research the present-day leader of one of the countries discussed in this section. s 3ECTION Then write a three-paragraph biography. chaos in Southeast Asia. Cambodia (also known as In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Kampuchea) was under siege by Communist rebels. s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Restructuring the Postwar World 981

ANSWERS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 980 5/27/10 4:32:25 PM9-12_SNLAESE491127_083303.indd 981 6/30/10 7:37:18 PM Vietnam War Posters 1. TH PARALLEL P s $OUGLAS -AC!RTHUR P s (O #HI -INH P s DOMINO THEORY P s .GO $INH $IEM P s 6IETCONG P s 6IETNAMIZATION P s +HMER 2OUGE P 2. Sample Answer: Korean War—neither 4. peace settlement after French defeat s CLEARLY STATE A POSITION side gained an advantage; Vietnam War— 5. to turn Cambodia into a communist society s PRESENT SUPPORTING REASONS Soviet-supported North Vietnamese won; 6. Possible Answer: U.S. trying to prevent Korea CONNECT TO TODAY Both—U.S. and Soviet involvement stemmed and Vietnam from becoming communist. Rubric The biography should from Cold War; land was destroyed; millions 7. The struggle against French colonialism began s CONVEY ACCURATE INFORMATION ABOUT THE of people died. Possible Answer: Similar the fighting in Vietnam. subject’s life. because of intervention by the U.S.; many 8. Possible Answers: Yes—important to stop s BE LOGICALLY ORGANIZED deaths. communism. No—nations should decide for s BE WRITTEN IN AN INTERESTING STYLE 3. The UN sent an international force to themselves. Korea to stop the North Korean invasion of 9. Rubric The expository essay should South Korea. s DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE 980 Chapter 33 issues involved. Teacher’s Edition 981

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083303.indd 981 7/14/10 4:39:23 PM LESSON PLAN How the Cold War Was Fought 4 During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet OBJECTIVES Union both believed that they needed to stop the other side from extending its power. What s %XPLAIN HOW THE #OLD 7AR AFFECTED differentiated the Cold War from other 20th century DEVELOPING NATIONS conflicts was that the two enemies did not engage in s $ESCRIBE SUPERPOWER CONFRONTATIONS a shooting war. Instead, they pursued their rivalry by IN ,ATIN !MERICA AFTER 7ORLD 7AR )) The Cold War Divides the World using the strategies shown below. s )DENTIFY #OLD 7AR CONFLICTS IN THE MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES -IDDLE %AST REVOLUTION 4HE SUPERPOWERS -ANY OF THESE AREAS TODAY ARE s 4HIRD 7ORLD s !NASTASIO 3OMOZA SUPPORTED OPPOSING SIDES IN TROUBLED BY POLITICAL ECONOMIC s NONALIGNED s $ANIEL /RTEGA ,ATIN !MERICAN AND -IDDLE AND MILITARY CONFLICT AND CRISIS NATIONS s !YATOLLAH 2UHOLLA FOCUS & MOTIVATE %ASTERN CONFLICTS s &IDEL #ASTRO +HOMEINI 7HEN BUSINESSES COMPETE FOR CUSTOMERS THEY MAY ADVERTISE GIVE SETTING THE STAGE Following World War II, the world’s nations were Pictured Above: EXTRA SERVICE HAVE SALES AND GIVE grouped politically into three “worlds.” The first was the industrialized capitalist (L) Military PRIZES AWAY !SK WHAT SUPERPOWERS nations, including the United States and its allies. The second was the parade in MIGHT DO TO WIN THE LOYALTY OF POOR Communist nations led by the Soviet Union. The Third World consisted of Red Square, NATIONS (Possible Answers: foreign aid, developing nations, often newly independent, who were not aligned with either Moscow, USSR, superpower. These nonaligned countries provided yet another arena for competi- 1987; espionage, propaganda) (R) Buzz Aldrin tion between the Cold War superpowers. and the U.S. INSTRUCT flag on the Fighting for the Third World moon, 1969 Fighting for the Third World The Third World nations were located in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. They EgyptEgypt built built the the Aswan Aswan Dam Dam with with Soviet Soviet aid. aid. TAKING NOTES were economically poor and politically unstable. This was largely due to a long Use the graphic history of colonialism. They also suffered from ethnic conflicts and lack of MajorMajor Strategies Strategies of of the the Cold Cold War War Critical Thinking organizer online to take technology and education. Each needed a political and economic system around s 3HOULD THE 53 SOMETIMES ENGAGE notes on Third World ForeignForeign Aid Aid EspionageEspionage MultinationalMultinational Alliances Alliances confrontations. which to build its society. Soviet-style communism and U.S.-style free-market IN ASSASSINATION (Possible Answers: democracy were the main choices. TheThe two two superpowers superpowers tried tried to towin win allies allies FearingFearing the the enemy enemy might might be begaining gaining To Togain gain the the support support of ofother other nations, nations, Yes—it may save lives by ending des- Cold War Strategies The United States, the Soviet Union, and, in some cases, by bygiving giving financial financial aid aid to toother other nations. nations. thethe advantage, advantage, each each side side spied spied on on the the bothboth the the Soviet Soviet Union Union and and the the United United ForFor instance, instance, Egypt Egypt took took aid aid from from the the other.other. One One famous famous incident incident was was the the StatesStates entered entered into into alliances. alliances. Two Two potic governments; No—U.S. should China, used a variety of techniques to gain influence in the Third World. (See fea- SovietSoviet Union Union to tobuild build the the Aswan Aswan High High SovietSoviet downing downing of ofa U.S. a U.S. U-2 U-2 spy spy plane plane examplesexamples of ofthis this were were NATO NATO and and the the never condone murder.) ture on next page.) They backed wars of revolution, liberation, or counterrevolu- DamDam (see (see photograph photograph above). above). in 1960.in 1960. WarsawWarsaw Pact Pact (shown (shown on on map map above). above). s 7HY WAS IT HARD FOR COUNTRIES TO tion. The U.S. and Soviet intelligence agencies—the CIA and the KGB—engaged REMAIN NONALIGNED (Possible Answers: in various covert, or secret, activities, ranging from spying to assassination PropagandaPropaganda BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship SurrogateSurrogate Wars Wars attempts. The United States also gave military aid, built schools, set up programs Superpowers might pressure them, use TheThe policy policy of ofbrinkmanship brinkmanship meant meant TheThe word word surrogate surrogate means means substitute. substitute. to combat poverty, and sent volunteer workers to many developing nations. The BothBoth superpowers superpowers used used propaganda propaganda propaganda, support opposing forces) to totry tryto towin win support support overseas. overseas. For For goinggoing to tothe the brink brink of ofwar war to tomake make the the AlthoughAlthough the the United United States States and and the the Soviets offered military and technical assistance, mainly to India and Egypt. example,example, Radio Radio Free Free Europe Europe otherother side side back back down. down. One One example example SovietSoviet Union Union did did not not fight fight each each other other In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Association of Nonaligned Nations Other developing nations also needed broadcastbroadcast radio radio programs programs about about the the waswas the the Cuban Cuban Missile Missile Crisis. Crisis. directly,directly, they they fought fought indirectly indirectly by by s 'UIDED 2EADING P ALSO IN 3PANISH assistance. They became important players in the Cold War competition between restrest of ofthe the world world into into Eastern Eastern Europe. Europe. backingbacking opposing opposing sides sides in manyin many the United States, the Soviet Union, and later, China. But not all Third World smallersmaller conflicts. conflicts. countries wished to play a role in the Cold War. As mentioned earlier India vowed to remain neutral. Indonesia, a populous island nation in Southeast Asia, SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Visuals also struggled to stay uninvolved. In 1955, it hosted many leaders from Asia and 1. Generalizing Judging from the map, how would you describe the effect on Africa at the Bandung Conference. They met to form what they called a “third Europe of multinational alliances? force” of independent countries, or nonaligned nations. Some nations, such as 2. Analyzing Motives What motive did the two superpowers have for fighting India and Indonesia, were able to maintain their neutrality. But others took sides surrogate wars? with the superpowers or played competing sides against each other. 982 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 983

SECTION 4 PROGRAM RESOURCES COOPERATIVE LEARNING

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 982 6/28/10 4:23:07 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 983 5/26/10 9:35:43 PM ALL STUDENTS Spanish/English Guided Reading Workbook Electronic Library of Primary Sources Cold War Thermometer In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s 3ECTION s FROM 444 Days: The Hostages Remember Class Time MINUTES s 'UIDED 2EADING P STRUGGLING READERS INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY s 'EOGRAPHY !PPLICATION 4HE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS Task -AKING A #OLD 7AR TEMPERATURE CHART P In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Student One Stop Purpose 4O EXPLORE THE FLUCTUATIONS IN TENSIONS OVER THE COURSE OF THE s (ISTORY -AKERS 2UHOLLA +HOMEINI P s "UILDING 6OCABULARY P Teacher One Stop #OLD 7AR s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Formal Assessment s 0OWER 0RESENTATIONS Instructions %XPLAIN TO STUDENTS THAT THE LEVELS OF TENSION BETWEEN THE s 3ECTION 1UIZ P Guided Reading Workbook Critical Thinking Transparencies 5NITED 3TATES AND 3OVIET 5NION VARIED OVER TIME 3OME CONFRONTATIONS s 3ECTION s #4 'LOBAL 3UPERPOWERS &ACE /FF SUCH AS THE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS RAISED TENSION TO ESPECIALLY HIGH LEVELS ENGLISH LEARNERS IT COULD EASILY HAVE ERUPTED IN WAR /THER INDIVIDUAL EVENTS WERENT GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Electronic Library of Primary Sources In-Depth Resources in Spanish NEARLY SO HOT BUT DURING THE LATE S AND EARLY S A LOT OF EVENTS In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s 'UIDED 2EADING P HAPPENED DURING A SHORT PERIOD 4HE FREQUENCY OF EVENTS INCREASED THE s 0RIMARY 3OURCE 4HE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS P s 'EOGRAPHY !PPLICATION P OVERALL TENSIONS 982 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 983

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083304.indd 982 7/6/10 11:13:44 AM CHAPTER s 3ection 4

How the Cold War Was Fought 4 During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union both believed that they needed to stop the History in Depth other side from extending its power. What differentiated the Cold War from other 20th century How the Cold War Was Fought conflicts was that the two enemies did not engage in The Cold War can be dated from 1946 a shooting war. Instead, they pursued their rivalry by The Cold War Divides the World using the strategies shown below. when Winston Churchill defined the iron curtain and asserted the will of the MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES West to halt communist expansion. In

REVOLUTION 4HE SUPERPOWERS -ANY OF THESE AREAS TODAY ARE s 4HIRD 7ORLD s !NASTASIO 3OMOZA 1947, Bernard Baruch, a financier and SUPPORTED OPPOSING SIDES IN TROUBLED BY POLITICAL ECONOMIC s NONALIGNED s $ANIEL /RTEGA presidential advisor, first used the term ,ATIN !MERICAN AND -IDDLE AND MILITARY CONFLICT AND CRISIS NATIONS s !YATOLLAH 2UHOLLA “Cold War.” During a congressional %ASTERN CONFLICTS s &IDEL #ASTRO +HOMEINI debate he declared: “Let us not be deceived—we are today in the midst of SETTING THE STAGE Following World War II, the world’s nations were Pictured Above: a cold war.” A year later, he added the grouped politically into three “worlds.” The first was the industrialized capitalist (L) Military phrase, “which is getting warmer.” He nations, including the United States and its allies. The second was the parade in Communist nations led by the Soviet Union. The Third World consisted of Red Square, was, in fact, reporting on the rise in developing nations, often newly independent, who were not aligned with either Moscow, USSR, world tensions as the United States superpower. These nonaligned countries provided yet another arena for competi- 1987; and the Soviet Union intensified their (R) Buzz Aldrin tion between the Cold War superpowers. competition. This war reached its peak and the U.S. flag on the between 1948 and 1953. Fighting for the Third World moon, 1969 The Third World nations were located in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. They EgyptEgypt built built the the Aswan Aswan Dam Dam with with Soviet Soviet aid. aid. SKILLBUILDER Answers TAKING NOTES were economically poor and politically unstable. This was largely due to a long 1. Generalizing Europe was pretty much Use the graphic history of colonialism. They also suffered from ethnic conflicts and lack of MajorMajor Strategies Strategies of of the the Cold Cold War War split down the middle in its allegiance organizer online to take technology and education. Each needed a political and economic system around notes on Third World ForeignForeign Aid Aid EspionageEspionage MultinationalMultinational Alliances Alliances to the two superpowers. confrontations. which to build its society. Soviet-style communism and U.S.-style free-market democracy were the main choices. TheThe two two superpowers superpowers tried tried to towin win allies allies FearingFearing the the enemy enemy might might be begaining gaining To Togain gain the the support support of ofother other nations, nations, 2. Analyzing Motives Possible Answer: to stop the other superpower from Cold War Strategies The United States, the Soviet Union, and, in some cases, by bygiving giving financial financial aid aid to toother other nations. nations. thethe advantage, advantage, each each side side spied spied on on the the bothboth the the Soviet Soviet Union Union and and the the United United ForFor instance, instance, Egypt Egypt took took aid aid from from the the other.other. One One famous famous incident incident was was the the StatesStates entered entered into into alliances. alliances. Two Two China, used a variety of techniques to gain influence in the Third World. (See fea- gaining control of the country where SovietSoviet Union Union to tobuild build the the Aswan Aswan High High SovietSoviet downing downing of ofa U.S. a U.S. U-2 U-2 spy spy plane plane examplesexamples of ofthis this were were NATO NATO and and the the ture on next page.) They backed wars of revolution, liberation, or counterrevolu- DamDam (see (see photograph photograph above). above). in 1960.in 1960. WarsawWarsaw Pact Pact (shown (shown on on map map above). above). the surrogate war was taking place tion. The U.S. and Soviet intelligence agencies—the CIA and the KGB—engaged in various covert, or secret, activities, ranging from spying to assassination PropagandaPropaganda BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship SurrogateSurrogate Wars Wars attempts. The United States also gave military aid, built schools, set up programs TheThe policy policy of ofbrinkmanship brinkmanship meant meant TheThe word word surrogate surrogate means means substitute. substitute. to combat poverty, and sent volunteer workers to many developing nations. The BothBoth superpowers superpowers used used propaganda propaganda to totry tryto towin win support support overseas. overseas. For For goinggoing to tothe the brink brink of ofwar war to tomake make the the AlthoughAlthough the the United United States States and and the the Soviets offered military and technical assistance, mainly to India and Egypt. example,example, Radio Radio Free Free Europe Europe otherother side side back back down. down. One One example example SovietSoviet Union Union did did not not fight fight each each other other Association of Nonaligned Nations Other developing nations also needed broadcastbroadcast radio radio programs programs about about the the waswas the the Cuban Cuban Missile Missile Crisis. Crisis. directly,directly, they they fought fought indirectly indirectly by by assistance. They became important players in the Cold War competition between restrest of ofthe the world world into into Eastern Eastern Europe. Europe. backingbacking opposing opposing sides sides in manyin many the United States, the Soviet Union, and later, China. But not all Third World smallersmaller conflicts. conflicts. countries wished to play a role in the Cold War. As mentioned earlier India vowed to remain neutral. Indonesia, a populous island nation in Southeast Asia, SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Visuals also struggled to stay uninvolved. In 1955, it hosted many leaders from Asia and 1. Generalizing Judging from the map, how would you describe the effect on Africa at the Bandung Conference. They met to form what they called a “third Europe of multinational alliances? force” of independent countries, or nonaligned nations. Some nations, such as 2. Analyzing Motives What motive did the two superpowers have for fighting India and Indonesia, were able to maintain their neutrality. But others took sides surrogate wars? with the superpowers or played competing sides against each other. 982 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 983

COOPERATIVE LEARNING

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 982 6/28/10 4:23:07 PM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 983 5/26/10 9:35:43 PM Electronic Library of Primary Sources Cold War Thermometer s FROM 444 Days: The Hostages Remember Class Time 30 minutes Have students work in groups and brainstorm ways of tracking the rise and INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY Task Making a Cold War temperature chart fall of Cold War tensions on a temperature scale. You might suggest, for Student One Stop Purpose To explore the fluctuations in tensions over the course of the example, that they consider a scale such as degrees C—degrees of Teacher One Stop Cold War. crisis—and assign a number to each confrontation or avoidance of confrontation between the superpowers. Then have small groups each s 0OWER 0RESENTATIONS Instructions Explain to students that the levels of tension between the choose a Cold War incident, write a short description of their incident, and Critical Thinking Transparencies United States and Soviet Union varied over time. Some confrontations, assign it a rating on the crisis scale. Have the groups meet and plot their s #4 'LOBAL 3UPERPOWERS &ACE /FF such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, raised tension to especially high levels; individual incidents on a crisis temperature chart. As a group, they might it could easily have erupted in war. Other individual events weren’t Electronic Library of Primary Sources assign a higher temperature to a period when events were frequent. nearly so hot, but during the late 1940s and early 1950s, a lot of events happened during a short period. The frequency of events increased the overall tensions. 982 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 983

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083304.indd 983 7/6/10 11:14:55 AM 1. The1. The United United States States 3. The3. The Soviets Soviets 2. Communists2. Communists ColdCold War War Hot Hot Spots, Spots, 1948–1975 1948–1975 helpshelps Greece Greece defeat defeat CHAPTER s 3ection 4 downdown U.S. U.S. U-2 U-2 retainretain or gain or gain In 1960, the CIA began to train anti-Castro Cuban exiles. Communist-ledCommunist-led pilotpilot Francis Francis Gary Gary controlcontrol after after bloody bloody rebelsrebels (1946–1949) (1946–1949) In April 1961, they invaded Cuba, landing at the Bay of Pigs. PowersPowers in 1960. in 1960. warswars in Korea in Korea ArcticArctic Circle Circle andand gives gives economic economic (1950–1953)(1950–1953) and and However, the United States did not provide the hoped for air andand military military aid aidto to VietnamVietnam (1957–1975). (1957–1975). TurkeyTurkey (1947–1950). (1947–1950). support. Castro’s forces easily defeated the invaders, humiliat-

4. The4. The United United States States SOVIETSOVIET UNION UNION ing the United States. GERMANYGERMANY History from Visuals andand the theSoviet Soviet Union Union Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis The failed NORTHNORTH bringbring the theworld world to to ASIAASIA AMERICAAMERICA the thebrink brink of nuclear of nuclear EUROPEEUROPE Bay of Pigs invasion convinced Soviet leader Nikita Interpreting the Map warwar during during the theCuban Cuban NORTHNORTH missilemissile crisis crisis in 1962. in 1962. KOREAKOREA 40n40N nN UNITEDUNITED TURKEYTURKEY Khrushchev that the United States would not resist Soviet Point out that the U.S. containment policy STATESSTATES GREECEGREECE CHINACHINA expansion in Latin America. So, in July 1962, Khrushchev IRANIRAN SOUTHSOUTH was only partly successful. Ask students ATLANTICATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN KOREAKOREA secretly began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba. In October, PACIFICPACIFIC EGYPTEGYPT CUBACUBA TropicTropic of Cancer of Cancer an American spy plane discovered the sites. President John which Communist countries were not on OCEANOCEAN PACIFICPACIFIC AFRICAAFRICA OCEANOCEAN F. Kennedy declared that missiles so close to the U.S. main- the same continent as the Soviet Union VIETNAMVIETNAM Fidel Castro GUATEMALAGUATEMALA land were a threat. He demanded their removal and also and China. (Angola, Congo, Mozambique, 5. The5. The Soviet Soviet Union Union 6. Britain6. Britain helps helps MALAYSIAMALAYSIA 1926– aidsaids anticolonial anticolonial IndonesiaIndonesia repress repress a a announced a naval blockade of Cuba. Cuba) 0 Equator0 Equator CONGOCONGO The son of a wealthy Spanish-Cuban n n strugglesstruggles in Congo in Congo CommunistCommunist uprising uprising Castro protested his country’s being used as a pawn in the SOUTHSOUTH (1960),(1960), Mozambique Mozambique in 1965.in 1965. INDONESIAINDONESIA farmer, Fidel Castro became involved Extension Have students do research to (1971),(1971), and and Angola Angola Cold War: in politics at the University of Havana. 0 0 3,0003,000 Miles Miles AMERICAAMERICA (1974).(1974). ANGOLAANGOLA INDIANINDIAN OCEAN OCEAN He first tried to overthrow the Cuban determine the outcome of interventions BOLIVIABOLIVIA 0 0 5,0005,000 Kilometers Kilometers MOZAMBIQUEMOZAMBIQUE PRIMARY SOURCE dictator, Batista, in 1953. He was by the United States and the Soviets in TropicTropic of Capricorn of Capricorn E E 7. The7. The United United States States E E imprisoned, but vowed to continue

n n AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA n n Cuba did not and does not intend to be in the middle of a intervenesintervenes in the in the 80 80 various countries around the world. CHILECHILE 40 40 governmentsgovernments of of CommunistCommunist expansion expansion conflict between the East and the West. Our problem is above the struggle for independence: GuatemalaGuatemala (1954), (1954), CommunistCommunist expansion expansion A. Answer all one of national sovereignty. Cuba does not mean to get Personally, I am not interested in BoliviaBolivia (1956), (1956), and and preventedprevented by U.S.by U.S. and and 40n40S nS ChileChile (1973). (1973). alliesallies U.S.—desire to involved in the Cold War. power nor do I envisage as suming protect itself and FIDEL CASTRO, quoted in an interview October 27, 1962 it at any time. All that I will do is W W W W W W n n n n n n n n 0 0 prevent the spread to make sure that the sacrifices of 80 80 40 40 This map is available in an interactive 120 120 of communism; so many compa triots should not be Soviet—desire But Castro and Cuba were deeply involved. Kennedy’s GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps format online and on the Student One to support its demand for the removal of Soviet missiles put the United in vain. 1. Location On what continents identified on the map did Cold War conflicts not occur? Communist ally States and the Soviet Union on a collision course. People Despite this declaration, Castro Stop DVD-ROM. It includes an interactive 2. Region About what fraction of the globe did Communists control by 1975? around the world feared nuclear war. Fortunately, Khru- ruled Cuba as a dictator for more timeline that allows students to view the than 40 years. In 2008, his younger shchev agreed to remove the missiles in return for a U.S. development of events over time. Contrasting brother, Raul Castro, succeeded him What differing promise not to invade Cuba. as president. Confrontations in Latin America U.S. and Soviet The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis left Castro SKILLBUILDER Answers After World War II, rapid industrialization, population growth, and a lingering gap aims led to the completely dependent on Soviet support. In exchange for between the rich and the poor led Latin American nations to seek aid from both Cuban missile 1. Location Australia crisis? this support, Castro backed Communist revolutions in Latin INTERNET ACTIVITY Go online to 2. Region about one-third superpowers. At the same time, many of these countries alternated between short- America and Africa. Soviet aid to Cuba, however, ended create a time line of the important lived democracy and harsh military rule. As described in Chapter 28, U.S. involve- abruptly with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. This events in Castro's Cuba. ment in Latin America began long before World War II. American businesses loss dealt a crippling blow to the Cuban economy. Eventually, backed leaders who protected U.S. interests but who also often oppressed their peo- Castro loosened state control of Cuba’s economy and sought better relations with ple. After the war, communism and nationalistic feelings inspired revolutionary other countries. movements. These found enthusiastic Soviet support. In response, the United Confrontations in Latin Civil War in Nicaragua Just as the United States had supported Batista in Cuba, it States provided military and economic assistance to anti-Communist dictators. America B. Answer because had funded the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza and his family Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution In the 1950s, Cuba was ruled by an the Sandinistas since 1933. In 1979, Communist Sandinista rebels toppled Somoza’s son. Both the were supporting Critical Thinking unpopular dictator, Fulgencio Batista, who had U.S. support. Cuban resentment led socialist rebels in El United States and the Soviet Union initially gave aid to the Sandinistas and their to a popular revolution, which overthrew Batista in January 1959. A young lawyer Salvador s (OW DID THE 53 POLICY TOWARD #UBA leader, Daniel Ortega AWRsTAYsGUH 4HE 3ANDINISTAS HOWEVER GAVE ASSISTANCE named Fidel Castro led that revolution. At first, many people praised Castro for to other Marxist rebels in nearby El Salvador. To help the El Salvadoran govern- backfire? (By supporting Batista, and bringing social reforms to Cuba and improving the economy. Analyzing Motives ment fight those rebels, the United States supported Nicaraguan anti-Communist then opposing Castro, the U.S. drove Yet Castro was a harsh dictator. He suspended elections, jailed Why did the forces called the Contras or contrarevolucionarios. Cuba into the Soviet sphere.) CUBA or executed his opponents, and tightly controlled the press. U.S. switch its sup- The civil war in Nicaragua lasted more than a decade and seriously weakened s 7HAT DID THE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS REVEAL When Castro nationalized the Cuban economy, he took port from the the country’s economy. In 1990, President Ortega agreed to hold free elections, the Sandinistas to the about the policy of the United States? over U.S.-owned sugar mills and refineries. In response, first in the nation’s history. Violeta Chamorro, a reform candidate, defeated him. NICARAGUA Contras? (demonstrated U.S. would stand firm Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba. Castro The Sandinistas were also defeated in elections in 1996 and 2001. However, Ortega then turned to the Soviets for economic and military aid. against Communist expansion) won the election in 2006 and returned to power.

984 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 985

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 984 6/18/10 10:43:49 AM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 985 6/28/10 4:30:25 PM U.S. and Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis Class Time 45 minutes might use the following key words as starting points for a Class Time 25 minutes Task Preparing a collage on the history of Cuba search: Task Preparing a news broadcast reporting the since 1950 s &ULGENCIO "ATISTA s "AY OF 0IGS INVASION #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS Purpose To gain a better understanding of people and s &IDEL #ASTRO s #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS Purpose To gain a better understanding of events events involving Cuba s EMBARGO s #OMMUNISM IN #UBA AND TENSIONS DURING THE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS Instructions Because Cuba is so near to the United Have students make copies of the images they find or Instructions Explain to students that the Cuban States, it has always been an object of America’s atten- use colored markers to copy quotations and newspaper -ISSILE #RISIS DEVELOPED QUICKLY AND TOOK THE tion. Ask students to investigate this relationship over the headlines. Then have them work together to assemble public by complete surprise. Have them work in past fifty years. Tell students to use the Internet and library a collage about Cuba and events of the Cold War. Have a group as a news team to duplicate the urgency resources to find photographs, headlines, quotations, and them use the Guided Reading Workbook for Section 4 as and drama of a live broadcast of the time. other artifacts concerning Cuba during the Cold War. They an additional resource. Students should prepare by mastering details of 984 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 985

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083304.indd 984 7/6/10 11:17:30 AM 1. The1. The United United States States 3. The3. The Soviets Soviets 2. Communists2. Communists ColdCold War War Hot Hot Spots, Spots, 1948–1975 1948–1975 helpshelps Greece Greece defeat defeat downdown U.S. U.S. U-2 U-2 retainretain or gain or gain In 1960, the CIA began to train anti-Castro Cuban exiles. CHAPTER s 3ection 4 Communist-ledCommunist-led pilotpilot Francis Francis Gary Gary controlcontrol after after bloody bloody rebelsrebels (1946–1949) (1946–1949) In April 1961, they invaded Cuba, landing at the Bay of Pigs. PowersPowers in 1960. in 1960. warswars in Korea in Korea ArcticArctic Circle Circle andand gives gives economic economic (1950–1953)(1950–1953) and and However, the United States did not provide the hoped for air andand military military aid aidto to VietnamVietnam (1957–1975). (1957–1975). TurkeyTurkey (1947–1950). (1947–1950). support. Castro’s forces easily defeated the invaders, humiliat-

4. The4. The United United States States SOVIETSOVIET UNION UNION ing the United States. GERMANYGERMANY andand the theSoviet Soviet Union Union Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis The failed HistoryMakers NORTHNORTH bringbring the theworld world to to ASIAASIA AMERICAAMERICA the thebrink brink of nuclear of nuclear EUROPEEUROPE Bay of Pigs invasion convinced Soviet leader Nikita warwar during during the theCuban Cuban NORTHNORTH missilemissile crisis crisis in 1962. in 1962. KOREAKOREA Fidel Castro 40n40N nN UNITEDUNITED TURKEYTURKEY Khrushchev that the United States would not resist Soviet STATESSTATES GREECEGREECE CHINACHINA expansion in Latin America. So, in July 1962, Khrushchev IRANIRAN SOUTHSOUTH How do you account for Castro’s ATLANTICATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN KOREAKOREA secretly began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba. In October, PACIFICPACIFIC EGYPTEGYPT change from a modest leader seeking CUBACUBA TropicTropic of Cancer of Cancer an American spy plane discovered the sites. President John OCEANOCEAN PACIFICPACIFIC his people’s freedom into a dictator? AFRICAAFRICA OCEANOCEAN F. Kennedy declared that missiles so close to the U.S. main- VIETNAMVIETNAM Fidel Castro GUATEMALAGUATEMALA land were a threat. He demanded their removal and also (corrupted by power) 5. The5. The Soviet Soviet Union Union 6. Britain6. Britain helps helps MALAYSIAMALAYSIA 1926– announced a naval blockade of Cuba. After 1959, when he overthrew the aidsaids anticolonial anticolonial IndonesiaIndonesia repress repress a a The son of a wealthy Spanish-Cuban 0n Equator0n Equator strugglesstruggles in Congo in Congo CONGOCONGO CommunistCommunist uprising uprising Castro protested his country’s being used as a pawn in the SOUTHSOUTH (1960),(1960), Mozambique Mozambique in 1965.in 1965. INDONESIAINDONESIA farmer, Fidel Castro became involved Batista regime, Castro withstood (1971),(1971), and and Angola Angola Cold War: in politics at the University of Havana. 0 0 3,0003,000 Miles Miles AMERICAAMERICA (1974).(1974). numerous attempts to topple his regime ANGOLAANGOLA INDIANINDIAN OCEAN OCEAN He first tried to overthrow the Cuban BOLIVIABOLIVIA 0 0 through assassination, invasion, and 5,0005,000 Kilometers Kilometers MOZAMBIQUEMOZAMBIQUE PRIMARY SOURCE dictator, Batista, in 1953. He was TropicTropic of Capricorn of Capricorn E E 7. The7. The United United States States E E imprisoned, but vowed to continue economic pressure.

n n AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA n n Cuba did not and does not intend to be in the middle of a intervenesintervenes in the in the 80 80 CHILECHILE 40 40 governmentsgovernments of of CommunistCommunist expansion expansion conflict between the East and the West. Our problem is above the struggle for independence: GuatemalaGuatemala (1954), (1954), CommunistCommunist expansion expansion A. Answer all one of national sovereignty. Cuba does not mean to get Personally, I am not interested in BoliviaBolivia (1956), (1956), and and preventedprevented by U.S.by U.S. and and 40n40S nS ChileChile (1973). (1973). alliesallies U.S.—desire to involved in the Cold War. power nor do I envisage as suming protect itself and FIDEL CASTRO, quoted in an interview October 27, 1962 it at any time. All that I will do is W W W W W W n n n n n n n n 0 0 prevent the spread to make sure that the sacrifices of 80 80

40 40 Rubric Time lines should 120 120 of communism; so many compa triots should not be Soviet—desire But Castro and Cuba were deeply involved. Kennedy’s s INCLUDE A LIST OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps to support its demand for the removal of Soviet missiles put the United in vain. 1. Location On what continents identified on the map did Cold War conflicts not occur? Communist ally States and the Soviet Union on a collision course. People Despite this declaration, Castro s BE ACCURATE AND BRIEF 2. Region About what fraction of the globe did Communists control by 1975? around the world feared nuclear war. Fortunately, Khru- ruled Cuba as a dictator for more than 40 years. In 2008, his younger Contrasting shchev agreed to remove the missiles in return for a U.S. brother, Raul Castro, succeeded him What differing promise not to invade Cuba. as president. More About . . . Confrontations in Latin America U.S. and Soviet The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis left Castro After World War II, rapid industrialization, population growth, and a lingering gap aims led to the completely dependent on Soviet support. In exchange for between the rich and the poor led Latin American nations to seek aid from both Cuban missile The Sandinistas crisis? this support, Castro backed Communist revolutions in Latin INTERNET ACTIVITY Go online to superpowers. At the same time, many of these countries alternated between short- America and Africa. Soviet aid to Cuba, however, ended create a time line of the important 4HE 3ANDINISTA .ATIONAL ,IBERATION &RONT lived democracy and harsh military rule. As described in Chapter 28, U.S. involve- abruptly with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. This events in Castro's Cuba. was formed in 1961. It drew its support ment in Latin America began long before World War II. American businesses loss dealt a crippling blow to the Cuban economy. Eventually, from students, workers, and peasants. backed leaders who protected U.S. interests but who also often oppressed their peo- Castro loosened state control of Cuba’s economy and sought better relations with The Sandinista government included non- ple. After the war, communism and nationalistic feelings inspired revolutionary other countries. Communists as well as Communists, movements. These found enthusiastic Soviet support. In response, the United Civil War in Nicaragua Just as the United States had supported Batista in Cuba, it States provided military and economic assistance to anti-Communist dictators. although during the long civil war, many B. Answer because had funded the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza and his family non-Communists dropped out of the Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution In the 1950s, Cuba was ruled by an the Sandinistas since 1933. In 1979, Communist Sandinista rebels toppled Somoza’s son. Both the were supporting party, allowing it to drift more into the unpopular dictator, Fulgencio Batista, who had U.S. support. Cuban resentment led socialist rebels in El United States and the Soviet Union initially gave aid to the Sandinistas and their Soviet camp. Even so, the Sandinistas to a popular revolution, which overthrew Batista in January 1959. A young lawyer Salvador leader, Daniel Ortega AWRsTAYsGUH 4HE 3ANDINISTAS HOWEVER GAVE ASSISTANCE named Fidel Castro led that revolution. At first, many people praised Castro for to other Marxist rebels in nearby El Salvador. To help the El Salvadoran govern- never adopted the Soviet economic plan. bringing social reforms to Cuba and improving the economy. Analyzing Motives ment fight those rebels, the United States supported Nicaraguan anti-Communist 3MALL AND MEDIUM SIZED FARMS AND BUSI Yet Castro was a harsh dictator. He suspended elections, jailed Why did the forces called the Contras or contrarevolucionarios. nesses remained private. Some political CUBA or executed his opponents, and tightly controlled the press. U.S. switch its sup- The civil war in Nicaragua lasted more than a decade and seriously weakened opposition was also tolerated, which ulti- When Castro nationalized the Cuban economy, he took port from the the country’s economy. In 1990, President Ortega agreed to hold free elections, the Sandinistas to the mately allowed Nicaraguans to vote the over U.S.-owned sugar mills and refineries. In response, first in the nation’s history. Violeta Chamorro, a reform candidate, defeated him. Contras? Sandinistas out of power. They remained NICARAGUA Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba. Castro The Sandinistas were also defeated in elections in 1996 and 2001. However, Ortega in opposition until Daniel Ortega won the then turned to the Soviets for economic and military aid. won the election in 2006 and returned to power. presidency in 2006.

984 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 985 Name Date GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: REGION CHAPTER 33 The Cuban Missile Crisis Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer Section 4 the questions that follow.

n 1962, the world narrowly escaped nuclear siles. Finally, it could order an air strike to destroy Iholocaust during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The the missiles and then invade Cuba. United States and the Soviet Union faced each On October 22, Kennedy announced a blockade DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS other in a dispute over Soviet placement of nuclear of Cuba. The United States would seize “offensive Name missilesDate in Cuba, 90 miles off the coast of Florida. weapons and associated matériel” that the Soviets There are several possibilities why the Soviets were delivering to Cuba. After six tense days, placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. First, the missiles Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, agreed to halt could protect Cuba from possible U.S. military further shipments of missiles and to dismantle the 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 984 6/18/10 10:43:49 AM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 985 6/28/10 4:30:25 PM CHAPTER PRIMARY SOURCE The Cuban Missileaggression. Crisis Second, the Soviets would gain a strate- existing ones in Cuba. He agreed to this only after Speech by John F. Kennedygic advantage on the United States in case of global Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. 33 nuclear war. Finally, the missiles would counter the Khrushchev also wanted the U.S. missiles removed Section 4 On October 22, 1962, the White House announced that PresidentU.S. installation John F. of missiles in Turkey, near Soviet from Turkey. In formal negotiations, Kennedy Kennedy would deliver a speech of the “highest national urgency.”territory, Thatin 1959. refused but then informally agreed to remove them U.S. and Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis evening, the president went on television and radio to inform the American peo- and did so. ple about the presence of Soviet missile sites in Cuba and his plansThe U.S. to remove government had an idea Soviets wanted them. As you read this excerpt from Kennedy’s speech, thinkto place about missiles why he in Cuba for some time. However, it Documents released 35 years later reveal that, demanded that the Soviets withdraw their missiles from Cuba.was not until August 29, 1962, that a U-2 spy plane unknown to both U.S. and Soviet leaders, Soviet confirmed this to President John F. Kennedy. field commanders in Cuba had complete authority to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara proposed fire their missiles. In addition, U.S. military officials ood evening, my fellow citizens. This But it is difficultthree tocourses settle ofor actioneven discuss for the these United States. First, undertook several secret sabotage missions in Cuba, Class Time 25 minutes the event as presented in their text as well as in GGovernment, as promised, has maintained the problems in an itatmosphere could try to of resolve intimidation. the problem That isdiplomatically and an American aircraft accidentally strayed into closest surveillance of the Soviet military build-up why this latest Sovietby discussing threat—or it with any the other Soviets threat and the Cubans. Soviet airspace at the height of the crisis. Any of on the island of Cuba. Within the past week unmis- which is made eitherSecond, independently it could form or an in air response and naval blockade these situations could have triggered a nuclear war. takable evidence has established the fact that a series to our actions thisaround week—must Cuba to preventand will furtherbe met shipments of mis- THE 'EOGRAPHY !PPLICATION AND IN THE 3PEECH BY of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on with determination. . . . that imprisoned island. The purposes of these bases The path we have chosen for the present is full Task 0REPARING A NEWS BROADCAST REPORTING THE Blockade of Cuba, 1962 30˚N can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike of hazards, as all paths are; but it is the one most capability against the Western Hemisphere. consistent with our character and courage as a nation FLORIDA A TLANTIC Upon receiving the first preliminary hard infor- and our commitments around the world. The cost OCEAN Homestead mation of this nature last Tuesday morning (October of freedom is always high—but Americans have Gulf of Miami A i r *OHN & +ENNEDY IN )N $EPTH 2ESOURCES FOR 5NIT P a Key WestWest t r #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS 16) at 9:00 a.m., I directed that our surveillance be always paid it. And one path we shall never choose, MeMexicoxico o l stepped up. And having now confirmed and complet- and that is the path of surrender or submission. TTropicropic of Cancer ed our evaluation of the evidence and our decision Our goal is not the victory of might but the vin- Havana CUBA DOMINICAN dication of right—not peace at the MEXICOexpense of free- on a course of action, this Government feels obliged REPUBLIC 20˚N You might also ask them to do additional research dom, but both peace and freedom, here in this Guantanamo Bay to report this new crisis to you in fullest detail. The characteristics of these new missile sites Hemisphere and, we hope, around the world. God Purpose 4O GAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EVENTS HAITI PUERPUERTOTO indicate two distinct types of installations. Several willing, that goal will be achieved. C RICO C a E r i of them include medium-range ballistic missiles from John Kennedy, U.S., DepartmentPPAA CIFICof State, Bulletin,OCEAN A N b b M T A e a n E R i S e a capable of carrying a nuclear warhead for a dis- Volume XLVII, No. 1220 (November 12, 1962), 715–720. R r Air and naval blockade I A P to find more in-depth details. C L a t r o (Address delivered from the White HouseSoviet by T.V. missile and sitesradio A l © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 70˚W tance of more than 1,000 nautical miles. Each of 70˚W AND TENSIONS DURING THE #UBAN -ISSILE #RISIS these missiles, in short, is capable of striking on October 22, 1962.) Reprinted in DavidU.S. L. militaryLarson, bases ed., Washington, D.C., the Panama Canal, Cape The “Cuban Crisis” of 1962 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 90˚W 90˚W 80˚W SOUTH AMERICA 60˚W 60˚W 1963), 41–46. Canaveral, Mexico City, or any other city in the Then have students divide up roles. These might southeastern part of the United States, in Central America, or in the Caribbean area. . . . Research Options Instructions %XPLAIN TO STUDENTS THAT THE #UBAN This nation is prepared to present its case 1. Recognizing Effects Research the short- and against the Soviet threat to peace, and our own long-term effects of the Cuban missile crisis. include the news anchors and reporters, key proposals for a peaceful world, at any time and in Then make 8a chartUnit listing 8, Chapter these effects 33 and share any forum. . . . it with your classmates. We have in the past made strenuous efforts to 2. Creating a Multimedia Presentation Find -ISSILE #RISIS DEVELOPED QUICKLY AND TOOK THE limit the spread of nuclear weapons. We have pro- additional primary sources—editorial cartoons, posed the elimination of all arms and military bases newspaper headlines, quotes by government offi- figures involved in the event, such as President in a fair and effective disarmament treaty. We are cials, film clips, and so forth—about the Cuban prepared to discuss new proposals for the removal missile crisis. With your classmates, create a bul- of tensions on both sides—including the possibili- © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. In-Depth PUBLIC BY COMPLETE SURPRISE (AVE THEM WORK IN letin board display. Then discuss the climate ties of a genuinely independent Cuba, free to around the world during the standoff between +ENNEDY AND 3ECRETARY -C.AMARA AND CITIZENS OF determine its own destiny. We have no wish to war the United States and the Soviet Union. with the Soviet Union, for we are a peaceful people a group as a news team to duplicate the urgency who desire to live in peace with all other peoples. Resources: Unit 8

the time who might give their reactions to events. 12 Unit 8, Chapter 33 AND DRAMA OF A LIVE BROADCAST OF THE TIME 3TUDENTS SHOULD WRITE A BRIEF SCRIPT OUTLINE AND 3TUDENTS SHOULD PREPARE BY MASTERING DETAILS OF In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 THEN PRESENT THEIR BROADCAST TO THE CLASS 984 Chapter 33 Teacher’s Edition 985

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083304.indd 985 7/6/10 11:18:00 AM CHAPTER ÈsÈ3ection 4 Confrontations in the Middle East War broke out between Iran and Iraq in 1980. The United States secretly gave aid to both sides because it did not want As the map on page 984 shows, Cold War confrontations continued to erupt around the balance of power in the region to change. The Soviet the globe. The oil-rich Middle East attracted both superpowers. Union, on the other hand, had long been a supporter of Iraq. Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran Throughout the Middle East, oil A million Iranians and Iraqis died in the war before the UN Confrontations in the industry wealth fueled a growing clash between traditional Islamic values and negotiated a ceasefire in 1988. modern Western materialism. In no country was this cultural conflict more dra- Middle East For several matically shown than in Iran (Persia before 1935). After World War II, Iran’s leader, The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan years following World War II, Afghanistan maintained its 3HAH -OHAMMED 2EZA 0AHLAVI PAHsLUHsVEE EMBRACED independence from both the neighboring Soviet Union and Critical Thinking Western governments and wealthy Western oil companies. sÈ 7ASÈ#OMMUNISMÈTHEÈCAUSEÈOFÈTHEÈ the United States. In the 1950s, however, Soviet influence in Iranian nationalists resented these foreign alliances and united D. Answer Both IRAN the country began to increase. In the late 1970s, a Muslim OUSTERÈOFÈ3HAHÈ0AHLAVIÈFROMÈ)RAN È UNDER 0RIME -INISTER -UHAMMED -OSSADEQ MOHsSAHs$%(+ superpowers revolt threatened to topple Afghanistan’s Communist %XPLAINÈ(No. Nationalism and protect- AFGHANISTAN They nationalized a British-owned oil company and, in 1953, became mired The Taliban in long, bloody regime. This revolt led to a Soviet invasion in 1979. ing traditional Islamic values were) forced the shah to flee. Fearing Iran might turn to the Soviets for Analyzing Motives struggles with Islamic religious students, or taliban, guerrilla forces who The Soviets expected to prop up the Afghan Communists were among the mujahideen rebels sÈ #OULDÈTHEÈ5NITEDÈ3TATESÈHAVEÈGAINEDÈ support, the United States helped restore the shah to power. Why did the United States ultimately defeated and quickly withdraw. Instead, just like the United States in who fought the Soviet occupation of The United States Supports Secular Rule With U.S. support, the shah western- +HOMEINISÈSUPPORTÈBYÈWITHDRAWINGÈAIDÈ support the shah them. Vietnam, the Soviets found themselves stuck. And like the Afghanistan. Various groups of TOÈTHEÈSHAH È(No. He opposed the ized his country. By the end of the 1950s, Iran’s capital, Tehran, featured gleaming of Iran? Vietcong in Vietnam, rebel forces outmaneuvered a military students loosely organized skyscrapers, foreign banks, and modern factories. Millions of Iranians, however, themselves during a civil war among threat of Western influence and values C. Answer to Comparing superpower. Supplied with American weapons, the Afgan still lived in extreme poverty. The shah tried to weaken the political influence of maintain the shah’s mujahideen factions that followed on Islamic values.) In what ways rebels, called mujahideen, or holy warriors, fought on. the Soviet withdrawal in 1989. )RANS CONSERVATIVE -USLIM LEADERS KNOWN AS AYATOLLAHS EYEsUHs 4/(sLUHZ WHO alliance with the were U.S. involve- West and prevent The United States had armed the rebels because they In 1996, one of these groups, opposed Western influences. The leader of this religious opposition, Ayatollah ment in Vietnam the Soviets from considered the Soviet invasion a threat to Middle Eastern oil called the Taliban, seized power and and Soviet involve- Ruholla Khomeini KOHs -!9sNEE WAS LIVING IN EXILE 3PURRED BY HIS TAPE gaining influence established an Islamic government. ment in Afghanistan supplies. President Jimmy Carter warned the Soviets 7*%&0 recorded messages, Iranians rioted in every major city in late 1978. Faced with in Iranas They imposed a repressive rule similar? against any attempt to gain control of the Persian Gulf. To "ZBUPMMBI,IPNFJOJ More About . . . OVERWHELMING OPPOSITION THE SHAH FLED )RAN IN ! TRIUMPHANT +HOMEINI protest the invasion, he stopped U.S. grain shipments to the especially harsh on women, and returned to establish an Islamic state and to export Iran’s militant form of Islam. failed to improve people’s lives. They Soviet Union and ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980 also gave sanctuary to international American Hostages in Iran Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies 3TRICT ADHERENCE TO )SLAM RULED +HOMEINIS DOMES Moscow Olympics. In the 1980s, a new Soviet president, Islamic terrorists. In 2001, an anti- tic policies. But hatred of the United States, because of U.S. support for the shah, Mikhail Gorbachev, acknowledged the war’s devastating terrorist coalition led by the United 4AKINGÈDIPLOMATSÈHOSTAGEÈWASÈSOÈ was at the heart of his foreign policy. In 1979, with the ayatollah’s blessing, young costs. He withdrew all Soviet troops by 1989. By then, States drove them from power. ÈUNPRECEDENTEDÈTHATÈNOÈONEÈDREAMEDÈ Islamic revolutionaries seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran. They took more than 60 internal unrest and economic problems were tearing apart However, they have regrouped and have been fighting NATO forces in HOWÈLONGÈTHEÈ)RANIANÈCRISISÈWOULDÈENDUREÈ Americans hostage and demanded the United States force the shah to face trial. the Soviet Union itself. Afghanistan since 2006. /NEÈOFÈTHEÈHOSTAGESÈRECALLEDÈTHATÈHEÈ T Ayatollah Most hostages remained prisoners for 444 days before being released in 1981. Khomeini (inset) REFUSEDÈTOÈTAKEÈOFFÈHISÈJACKETÈORÈTIEÈAFTERÈ supported the +HOMEINI ENCOURAGED -USLIM RADICALS ELSEWHERE TO OVERTHROW THEIR SECULAR HEÈWASÈBLINDFOLDEDÈANDÈSTRAPPEDÈTOÈAÈ taking of U.S. governments. Intended to unify Mus lims, this policy heightened tensions between SECTION 4 ASSESSMENT CHAIRÈONÈTHEÈFIRSTÈDAYÈBECAUSEÈHEÈWASÈÈ hostages by Islamic )RAN AND ITS NEIGHBOR AND TERRITORIAL RIVAL )RAQ ! MILITARY LEADER 3ADDAM (USSEIN militants in Tehran HOOs3!9.), governed Iraq as a secular state. TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. DUEÈATÈAÈDINNERÈPARTYÈTHATÈNIGHTÈ!TÈTHEÈ in 1979. s Third World s nonaligned nations s Fidel Castro s Anastasio Somoza s Daniel Ortega s Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini SAMEÈTIME ÈHISÈMOSTÈPRESSINGÈWORRYÈWASÈ NOTIFYINGÈHISÈhVERYÈCHICÈ)RANIANÈHOSTESSvÈ USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING THATÈHEÈWASÈNOTÈGOINGÈTOÈBEÈABLEÈTOÈ 2. Which confrontation had the 3. How was the Cuban Missile 6. MAKING INFERENCES What advantages and most lasting significance? Crisis resolved? disadvantages might being nonaligned have offered a ATTENDÈHERÈPARTY 4. What was significant about the developing nation during the Cold War? 1990 elections in Nicaragua? 7. COMPARING What similarities do you see among U.S. In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Country Conflict 5. Why did the Soviet Union actions in Nicaragua, Cuba, and Iran? s (ISTORY -AKERS 2UHOLLA +HOMEINI P Cuba invade Afghanistan? 8. ANALYZING CAUSES What were the reasons that Islamic Electronic Library of Primary Sources Nicaragua fundamentalists took control of Iran? Iran 9. WRITING ACTIVITY REVOLUTION For either Cuba, s FROM 444 Days: The Hostages Remember Nicaragua, or Iran, write an annotated time line of events discussed in this section.

CONNECT TO TODAY WRITING AN OPINION PAPER Research the effects of the U.S. trade embargo on Cuba. Write a two-paragraph opinion paper on whether it would be in the best interests of the United States to lift that embargo.

986 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 987

Name Date

CHAPTER 33 GUIDED READING Cold War Divides the World DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS Section 4 ANSWERS

A. Following Chronological Order As you read about conﬂict between the superpowers over Latin America and the Middle East, answer the questions about 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 986 events listed in the time line. 8/1/10 4:27:35 PM9-12_SNLAESE491127_083304.indd 987 6/28/10 4:44:49 PM 1959 Fidel Castro leads a revolution 1. How did revolution affect Cuba? in Cuba. 1. 4HIRDÈ7ORLD ÈPÈÈÈÈÈÈsÈNONALIGNEDÈNATIONS ÈPÈÈÈÈÈÈsÈ&IDELÈ#ASTRO ÈPÈÈÈÈÈÈsÈ!NASTASIOÈ3OMOZA ÈPÈÈÈÈÈÈsÈ$ANIELÈ/RTEGA ÈPÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ Time Line for the Cold War 1961 Castro turns back Cuban invasion at Bay of Pigs. 1962 United States demands that 2. Why did the United States support the invasion? Soviets withdraw missiles from sÈ!YATOLLAHÈ2UHOLLAÈ+HOMEINI ÈPÈ Class TimeÈÈÈMINUTES CHALKBOARDÈ4HENÈHAVEÈSTUDENTSÈWORKÈASÈAÈGROUPÈATÈTHEÈ Cuba. 3. How was the Cuban missile crisis resolved? 2. Sample Answer:È#UBADICTATORÈTOÈ TaskÈÈ#OMPLETINGÈAÈTIMEÈLINEÈOFÈMAJORÈEVENTSÈDURINGÈTHEÈ BOARDÈTOÈWRITEÈATÈLEASTÈONEÈEVENTÈFORÈEITHERÈ,ATINÈ!MERICAÈ 4. What were the consequences of civil war for 1979 Communist Sandinista rebels Nicaragua? overthrow dictatorship in #OMMUNIST ÈLATERÈRESISTEDÈ53ÈINVASIONÈ ORÈTHEÈ-IDDLEÈ%ASTÈFORÈEACHÈDATEÈSHOWNÈONÈTHEÈTIMEÈLINEÈ Nicaragua. #OLDÈ7AR 1981 Iran releases U.S. hostages. 5. Why did the Ayatollah Khomeini hate the United States? .ICARAGUADICTATORÈTOÈ#OMMUNIST ÈTHENÈÈ PurposeÈÈ4OÈIDENTIFYÈANDÈDEVELOPÈUNDERSTANDINGÈOFÈTHEÈ !LTERNATIVELY ÈBREAKÈSTUDENTSÈINTOÈSMALLERÈGROUPSÈANDÈÈ 6. What part did the United States play in this 1988 UN ceaseﬁre ends hostilities Muslim war? DEMOCRATICÈ)RANDICTATORÈTOÈ)SLAMICÈFUNDA- HAVEÈTHEMÈCOPYÈTHEÈTIMEÈLINEÈONTOÈAÈPIECEÈOFÈPAPERÈANDÈ between Iran and Iraq. SEQUENCEÈOFÈEVENTSÈDURINGÈTHEÈ#OLDÈ7AR 1989 Soviet Union withdraws its forces from Afghanistan. 7. How was the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan COMPLETEÈITÈ(AVEÈTHEMÈUSEÈTHEIRÈTEXTSÈTOÈFINDÈTHEÈINFORMA- similar to U.S. involvement in Vietnam? MENTALISTÈPossible Answer: STUDENTSÈMAYÈ

InstructionsÈÈ$RAWÈTHEÈFOLLOWINGÈTIMEÈLINEÈONÈTHEÈ © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. CHOOSEÈ#UBAÈBECAUSEÈOFÈPROXIMITYÈTOÈTHEÈ53È TIONÈ)FÈTHEYÈNEEDÈADDITIONALÈHELP ÈPROVIDEÈTHEMÈWITHÈTHEÈ B. Determining Main Ideas On the back of this paper, deﬁne and give examples of the Third World and nonaligned nations. Latin America 'UIDEDÈ2EADINGÈWORKSHEETÈFORÈ3ECTIONÈ ANDÈTHEÈDURATION 4 Unit 8, Chapter 33 3.È3OVIETÈ5NIONÈWITHDREWÈMISSILESÈ53ÈPLEDGEDÈ 1953 1959 1961 1962 1978 1979 1981 1988 1989 1990 1996 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 NOTÈTOÈINVADEÈ#UBA 4.ÈFIRSTÈFREEÈELECTIONSÈINÈ.ICARAGUASÈHISTORY Middle East 5.ÈTOÈSUPPORTÈTHEÈ#OMMUNISTÈREGIMEÈ 986 Chapter 33 6.ÈPossible Answer:È!DVANTAGESCONTROLÈOVERÈ Teacher’s Edition 987

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083304.indd 986 8/10/10 12:28:06 PM Confrontations in the Middle East War broke out between Iran and Iraq in 1980. The United CHAPTER s 3ection 4 States secretly gave aid to both sides because it did not want As the map on page 984 shows, Cold War confrontations continued to erupt around the balance of power in the region to change. The Soviet the globe. The oil-rich Middle East attracted both superpowers. Union, on the other hand, had long been a supporter of Iraq. Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran Throughout the Middle East, oil A million Iranians and Iraqis died in the war before the UN industry wealth fueled a growing clash between traditional Islamic values and negotiated a ceasefire in 1988. Connect to Today modern Western materialism. In no country was this cultural conflict more dra- For several matically shown than in Iran (Persia before 1935). After World War II, Iran’s leader, The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan years following World War II, Afghanistan maintained its The Taliban 3HAH -OHAMMED 2EZA 0AHLAVI PAHsLUHsVEE EMBRACED independence from both the neighboring Soviet Union and Western governments and wealthy Western oil companies. 4HE 4ALIBAN HAD LITTLE SUPPORT OUTSIDE OF the United States. In the 1950s, however, Soviet influence in !FGHANISTAN -OST COUNTRIES OPPOSED Iranian nationalists resented these foreign alliances and united D. Answer Both IRAN the country began to increase. In the late 1970s, a Muslim UNDER 0RIME -INISTER -UHAMMED -OSSADEQ MOHsSAHs$%(+ superpowers THEIR POLICY TOWARD WOMEN THEIR SEVERE revolt threatened to topple Afghanistan’s Communist AFGHANISTAN They nationalized a British-owned oil company and, in 1953, became mired The Taliban CRIMINAL PUNISHMENTS AND THEIR DESTRUC in long, bloody regime. This revolt led to a Soviet invasion in 1979. forced the shah to flee. Fearing Iran might turn to the Soviets for Islamic religious students, or taliban, Analyzing Motives struggles with The Soviets expected to prop up the Afghan Communists TION OF NON )SLAMIC ART RELICS /NE OF THE support, the United States helped restore the shah to power. Why did the guerrilla forces who were among the mujahideen rebels WORST CRIMES AGAINST NON )SLAMIC ART WAS United States ultimately defeated and quickly withdraw. Instead, just like the United States in who fought the Soviet occupation of The United States Supports Secular Rule With U.S. support, the shah western- support the shah them. Vietnam, the Soviets found themselves stuck. And like the Afghanistan. Various groups of THE DESTRUCTION OF TWO GIANT "UDDHAS ized his country. By the end of the 1950s, Iran’s capital, Tehran, featured gleaming of Iran? Vietcong in Vietnam, rebel forces outmaneuvered a military students loosely organized ONE MORE THAN FEET HIGH THAT DATED skyscrapers, foreign banks, and modern factories. Millions of Iranians, however, themselves during a civil war among C. Answer to Comparing superpower. Supplied with American weapons, the Afgan FROM THE TH AND TH CENTURIES still lived in extreme poverty. The shah tried to weaken the political influence of maintain the shah’s mujahideen factions that followed In what ways rebels, called mujahideen, or holy warriors, fought on. the Soviet withdrawal in 1989. )RANS CONSERVATIVE -USLIM LEADERS KNOWN AS AYATOLLAHS EYEsUHs 4/(sLUHZ WHO alliance with the were U.S. involve- West and prevent The United States had armed the rebels because they In 1996, one of these groups, opposed Western influences. The leader of this religious opposition, Ayatollah ment in Vietnam the Soviets from considered the Soviet invasion a threat to Middle Eastern oil called the Taliban, seized power and and Soviet involve- Ruholla Khomeini KOHs -!9sNEE WAS LIVING IN EXILE 3PURRED BY HIS TAPE gaining influence established an Islamic government. ment in Afghanistan supplies. President Jimmy Carter warned the Soviets 7*%&0 recorded messages, Iranians rioted in every major city in late 1978. Faced with in Iranas They imposed a repressive rule similar? against any attempt to gain control of the Persian Gulf. To "ZBUPMMBI,IPNFJOJ OVERWHELMING OPPOSITION THE SHAH FLED )RAN IN ! TRIUMPHANT +HOMEINI protest the invasion, he stopped U.S. grain shipments to the especially harsh on women, and returned to establish an Islamic state and to export Iran’s militant form of Islam. failed to improve people’s lives. They Soviet Union and ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980 also gave sanctuary to international Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies 3TRICT ADHERENCE TO )SLAM RULED +HOMEINIS DOMES Moscow Olympics. In the 1980s, a new Soviet president, Islamic terrorists. In 2001, an anti- tic policies. But hatred of the United States, because of U.S. support for the shah, Mikhail Gorbachev, acknowledged the war’s devastating terrorist coalition led by the United was at the heart of his foreign policy. In 1979, with the ayatollah’s blessing, young costs. He withdrew all Soviet troops by 1989. By then, States drove them from power. Islamic revolutionaries seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran. They took more than 60 internal unrest and economic problems were tearing apart However, they have regrouped and have been fighting NATO forces in Americans hostage and demanded the United States force the shah to face trial. the Soviet Union itself. Afghanistan since 2006. W Ayatollah Most hostages remained prisoners for 444 days before being released in 1981. Khomeini (inset) supported the +HOMEINI ENCOURAGED -USLIM RADICALS ELSEWHERE TO OVERTHROW THEIR SECULAR taking of U.S. governments. Intended to unify Mus lims, this policy heightened tensions between SECTION 4 ASSESSMENT ASSESS hostages by Islamic )RAN AND ITS NEIGHBOR AND TERRITORIAL RIVAL )RAQ ! MILITARY LEADER 3ADDAM (USSEIN militants in Tehran HOOs3!9.), governed Iraq as a secular state. TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. in 1979. SECTION 4 ASSESSMENT s Third World s nonaligned nations s Fidel Castro s Anastasio Somoza s Daniel Ortega s Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini (AVE STUDENTS ANSWER THE QUESTIONS INDI USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING VIDUALLY 4HEN HAVE THEM MEET IN SMALL 2. Which confrontation had the 3. How was the Cuban Missile 6. MAKING INFERENCES What advantages and GROUPS TO DISCUSS AND CHECK THEIR WORK most lasting significance? Crisis resolved? disadvantages might being nonaligned have offered a 4. What was significant about the developing nation during the Cold War? Formal Assessment 1990 elections in Nicaragua? 7. COMPARING What similarities do you see among U.S. Country Conflict s 3ECTION 1UIZ P 5. Why did the Soviet Union actions in Nicaragua, Cuba, and Iran? Cuba invade Afghanistan? 8. ANALYZING CAUSES What were the reasons that Islamic Nicaragua fundamentalists took control of Iran? RETEACH Iran 9. WRITING ACTIVITY REVOLUTION For either Cuba, Nicaragua, or Iran, write an annotated time line of events )NSTRUCT STUDENTS TO USE THE 2ETEACHING discussed in this section. !CTIVITY TO REVIEW THE MAIN IDEAS OF THE SECTION

CONNECT TO TODAY WRITING AN OPINION PAPER In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 Research the effects of the U.S. trade embargo on Cuba. Write a two-paragraph opinion s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P paper on whether it would be in the best interests of the United States to lift that embargo.

986 Chapter 33 Restructuring the Postwar World 987

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CHAPTER 33 GUIDED READING Cold War Divides the World Section 4 ANSWERS

4. What were the consequences of civil war for 1979 Communist Sandinista rebels Nicaragua? overthrow dictatorship in #OMMUNIST LATER RESISTED 53 INVASION HELP FROM EITHER SIDE $ISADVANTAGESLACK 9. Rubric 4HE TIME LINE SHOULD Nicaragua. 1981 Iran releases U.S. hostages. 5. Why did the Ayatollah Khomeini hate the United States? .ICARAGUADICTATOR TO #OMMUNIST THEN OF ECONOMIC AND MILITARY SUPPORT FROM s BE ORGANIZED CHRONOLOGICALLY

6. What part did the United States play in this 1988 UN ceaseﬁre ends hostilities Muslim war? DEMOCRATIC )RANDICTATOR TO )SLAMIC FUNDA SUPERPOWERS s CONTAIN ALL MAJOR EVENTS DESCRIBED FOR EITHER between Iran and Iraq. 1989 Soviet Union withdraws its forces from Afghanistan. 7. How was the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan similar to U.S. involvement in Vietnam? MENTALIST Possible Answer: STUDENTS MAY 7. Possible Answer: 53 SUPPORTED DICTATORS #UBA .ICARAGUA OR )RAN

© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. CHOOSE #UBA BECAUSE OF PROXIMITY TO THE 53 WHO WERE OVERTHROWN BY POPULAR UPRISINGS B. Determining Main Ideas On the back of this paper, deﬁne and give examples of CONNECT TO TODAY the Third World and nonaligned nations. AND THE DURATION )T INTERVENED IN ALL THREE COUNTRIES TO PROTECT

4 Unit 8, Chapter 33 Rubric 4HE OPINION PAPER SHOULD 3. 3OVIET 5NION WITHDREW MISSILES 53 PLEDGED ITS INTERESTSA TAKEOVER BY #OMMUNIST s CLEARLY STATE A POSITION ABOUT THE ISSUE In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 NOT TO INVADE #UBA 3ANDINISTAS IN .ICARAGUA AND BY #ASTRO IN s PRESENT SUPPORTING REASONS 4. FIRST FREE ELECTIONS IN .ICARAGUAS HISTORY #UBA AND LOSS OF VITAL OIL SUPPLIES FROM )RAN s REBUT THE OTHER POINT OF VIEW 5. TO SUPPORT THE #OMMUNIST REGIME 8. Possible Answers: WANTED TO RETURN TO 986 Chapter 33 6. Possible Answer: !DVANTAGESCONTROL OVER TRADITIONAL VALUES THEY WERE OPPOSED TO Teacher’s Edition 987

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083304.indd 987 7/6/10 11:20:22 AM LESSON PLAN 5 OBJECTIVES s !NALYZE 3OVIET DOMINATION OF %ASTERN %UROPE AND THE 3OVIET 5NION #HINA SPLIT s 4RACE THE ORIGINS OF DÏTENTE AND The Cold War Thaws ITS EFFECTS ON THE #OLD 7AR MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES s $ESCRIBE THE RENEWAL OF #OLD 7AR EMPIRE BUILDING 4HE #OLD 4HE 5NITED 3TATES AND THE s .IKITA s DÏTENTE TENSIONS IN THE S 7AR BEGAN TO THAW AS THE COUNTRIES OF THE FORMER 3OVIET +HRUSHCHEV s 2ICHARD - .IXON SUPERPOWERS ENTERED AN ERA OF 5NION CONTINUE TO COOPERATE s ,EONID "REZHNEV s 3!,4 UNEASY DIPLOMACY AND MAINTAIN A CAUTIOUS PEACE s *OHN & +ENNEDY s 2ONALD 2EAGAN FOCUS & MOTIVATE s ,YNDON *OHNSON !SK STUDENTS IF 3TALINS NAME BELONGS SETTING THE STAGE In the postwar years, the Soviet Union kept a firm grip Pictured Above: ON A LIST OF FAMOUS BULLIES 0OINT OUT on its satellite countries in Eastern Europe. These countries were Poland, (L) Military THAT REAL LIFE BULLIES CAN BE PUNISHED Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and East Germany. parade in ALTHOUGH NOT ALWAYS IN THEIR LIFETIME (Yugoslavia had broken away from Soviet control in 1948, although it remained Red Square, Communist.) The Soviet Union did not allow them to direct and develop their Moscow, USSR, own economies. Instead, it insisted that they develop industries to meet Soviet 1987; (R) Buzz Aldrin INSTRUCT needs. These policies greatly hampered Eastern Europe’s economic recovery. and the U.S. Soviet Policy in Eastern flag on the Europe and China Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China moon, 1969 More moderate Soviet leaders came to power after Stalin’s death. They allowed TAKING NOTES satellite countries somewhat more independence, as long as they remained allied Critical Thinking Use the graphic organizer with the Soviet Union. During the 1950s and 1960s, however, growing protest s 7HY WAS THE 3OVIET 5NION DETERMINED online to take notes on movements in Eastern Europe threatened the Soviet grip on the region. TO KEEP (UNGARY AS A SATELLITE (to keep details about the Cold War thaw. Increasing tensions with China also diverted Soviet attention and forces. it as a buffer zone; to prevent other Destalinization and Rumblings of Protest After Stalin died in 1953, Nikita East European nations from rebelling) Khrushchev became the dominant Soviet leader. In 1956, the shrewd, tough s (OW WAS h0RAGUE 3PRINGv A GOOD NAME Khrushchev denounced Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens. His FOR $UBCEKS POLICIES (Freedom spread, speech signaled the start of a policy called destalinization, or purging the coun- or bloomed, in the spring of 1968 just try of Stalin’s memory. Workers destroyed monuments of the former dictator. Khrushchev called for “peaceful competition” with capitalist states. as flowers bloom in the spring.) But this new Soviet outlook did not change life in satellite countries. Their In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 resentment at times turned to active protest. In October 1956, for example, the s 'UIDED 2EADING P ALSO IN 3PANISH Hungarian army joined protesters to overthrow Hungary’s Soviet-controlled government. Storming through the capital, Budapest, mobs waved Hungarian flags with the Communist hammer-and-sickle emblem cut out. “From the youngest child to the oldest man,” one protester declared, “no one wants communism.” A popular and liberal Hungarian Communist leader named Imre Nagy (IHMsRAY NAHJ FORMED A NEW GOVERNMENT .AGY PROMISED FREE ELECTIONS AND demanded Soviet troops leave. In response, Soviet tanks and infantry entered Budapest in November. Thousands of Hungarian freedom fighters armed themselves with pistols and bottles, but were overwhelmed. A pro-Soviet government was installed, and Nagy was eventually executed.

988 Chapter 33

SECTION 5 PROGRAM RESOURCES

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083305.indd 988 6/28/10 3:58:57 PM ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS s FROM A Student’s Diary In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s 'UIDED 2EADING P s 'UIDED 2EADING P INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY Formal Assessment s "UILDING 6OCABULARY P Student One Stop s 3ECTION 1UIZ P s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Teacher One Stop Guided Reading Workbook s 0OWER 0RESENTATIONS ENGLISH LEARNERS s 3ECTION Critical Thinking Transparencies In-Depth Resources in Spanish s #4 #HAPTER 6ISUAL 3UMMARY s 'UIDED 2EADING P GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Electronic Library of Primary Sources Spanish/English Guided Reading Workbook In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 s 3PEECH ON 3TALIN BY .IKITA +HRUSHCHEV s 3ECTION s 0RIMARY 3OURCE 0OLITICAL #ARTOON P s FROM A Student’s Diary Electronic Library of Primary Sources s 3PEECH ON 3TALIN BY .IKITA +HRUSHCHEV 988 Chapter 33

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083305.indd 988 7/6/10 11:22:59 AM CHAPTER s 3ection 5

History Makers Imre Nagy and Alexander Dubˇcek Why was Dubˇcek able to survive the v Imre Nagy (1896–1958) Alexander Dubcek (1921–1992) Soviets whereas Nagy could not? v Imre Nagy was born into a peasant Alexander Dubcek was the son of a (Nagy led an actual revolt; Dubˇcek led family in Hungary. During World War I, Czech Communist Party member. He he was captured by the Soviets and moved rapidly up through its ranks, a reform movement, not a revolt.) recruited into their army. He then becoming party leader in 1968. Imre Nagy and Alexander Dubˇcek were became a Communist. Responding to the spirit of change v unlikely heroes. Nagy seemed to be more Nagy held several posts in his in the 1960s, Dubcek instituted broad country’s Communist government, but reforms during the so-called Prague of an idealistic bookworm than a man of his loyalty remained with the peasants. Spring of 1968. The Soviet Union action. Nevertheless, he not only agreed Because of his independent approach, reacted by sending tanks into Prague to lead the Hungarian uprising, but also he fell in and out of favor with the Soviet to suppress a feared revolt. The Soviets v Union. In October 1956, he led an anti- expelled Dubcek from the party. He defended his country’s bid for independ- Soviet revolt. After the Soviets forcefully regained political prominence in 1989, ence with his life. A Hungarian supporter put down the uprising, they tried and when the Communists agreed to share said, “If his life was a question mark, his executed him. power in a coalition government. When In 1989, after Communists lost control S Czechoslovakia split into two nations in death was an answer.” Czech demonstrators fight Soviet v of Hungary’s government, Nagy was tanks in 1968. 1992, Dubcek became head of the Social In contrast, Dubˇcek played by Communist reburied with official honors. Democratic Party in Slovakia. rules and rose steadily through the ranks. He revealed his reformist colors, however, The Revolt in Czechoslovakia Despite the show of force in Hungary, in 1967 when he won the support of Khrushchev lost prestige in his country as a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis in political and economic reformers. He 1962. In 1964, party leaders voted to remove him from power. His replacement, granted greater freedom of expression Leonid Brezhnev, quickly adopted repressive domestic policies. The party to the press and in 1968 proposed a enforced laws to limit such basic human rights as freedom of speech and worship. full-blown reform program designed to Government censors controlled what writers could publish. Brezhnev clamped democratize the country. down on those who dared to protest his policies. For example, the secret police Analyzing Issues arrested many dissidents, including Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the 1970 Why was Nikita Nobel Prize for literature. They then expelled him from the Soviet Union. Khruschev removed Brezhnev made clear that he would not tolerate dissent in Eastern Europe either. from power in His policy was put to the test in early 1968. At that time, Czech Communist leader 1964? More About . . . Alexander Dubcvek (DOOBsCHEHK LOOSENED CONTROLS ON CENSORSHIP TO OFFER HIS A. Possible Answer because he lost face country socialism with “a human face.” This period of reform, when The Brezhnev Doctrine during the Cuban Czechoslovakia’s capital bloomed with new ideas, became known as Prague Missile Crisis of Spring. However, it did not survive the summer. On August 20, armed forces from Leonid Brezhnev’s claim that the Soviet 1962 the Warsaw Pact nations invaded Czechoslovakia. Brezhnev justified this invasion Union had a right to prevent its satellite by claiming the Soviet Union had the right to prevent its satellites from rejecting countries from rejecting Communism communism, a policy known as the Brezhnev Doctrine. came to be known as the Brezhnev The Soviet-Chinese Split While many satellite countries resisted Communist Doctrine. This policy was invoked as rule, China was committed to communism. In fact, to cement the ties between late as 1979 to justify the Soviet invasion Communist powers, Mao and Stalin had signed a 30-year treaty of friendship in of Afghanistan. 1950. Their spirit of cooperation, however, ran out before the treaty did. The Soviets assumed the Chinese would follow Soviet leadership in world affairs. As the Chinese grew more confident, however, they resented being in Moscow’s shadow. They began to spread their own brand of communism in Africa and other Restructuring the Postwar World 989

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CHAPTER 33 GUIDED READING The Cold War Thaws DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS Section 5

A. Determining Main Ideas As you read this section, take notes to answer the questions. 9-12_SNLAESE491127_083305.indd 989 6/28/10 4:05:10 PM How did each country try to resist Soviet rule? Honoring Cold War Heroes 1. Hungary 2. Czechoslovakia 3. China Class Time 30 minutes s DESCRIBE THE CHALLENGES DANGERS OR OTHER OBSTACLES

What was the foreign policy of each U.S. president? Task Writing statements and staging a ceremony to honor the person faced. 4. John F. Kennedy 5. Lyndon Johnson 6. Richard Nixon 7. Ronald Reagan heroes of the Cold War s CONVEY THE PERSONS PERSONALITY Purpose To evaluate Cold War issues and personalities s PROVIDE BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION What was the objective of each of the following?

8. détente 9. SALT I Treaty 10. “Star Wars” Instructions Have students work in small groups and You might also ask groups to create visual materials, such as posters and collages to accompany their statements.

The materials should depict the hero’s actions or the B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, identify Nikita Khrushchev and Kennedy. Then tell them to write a testimonial honoring Leonid Brezhnev. events that surrounded him. Then provide time for an that person’s contributions to history. The testimonial Restructuring the Postwar World 5 awards ceremony. Have each group select one member statements should: In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 to represent the group and make the presentation. Use s IDENTIFY THE HERO the Guided Reading worksheet for additional help with s DESCRIBE THE PERSONS ACTIONS DURING THE #OLD 7AR the section. that earned recognition. Teacher’s Edition 989

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083305.indd 989 7/6/10 11:24:30 AM CHAPTER s 3ection 5 parts of Asia. In 1959, Khrushchev punished the Chinese by refusing to share superpowers eyed each other suspiciously. “We want the Chinese with us nuclear secrets. The following year, the Soviets ended technical economic aid. The when we sit down and negotiate with the Russians,” Nixon explained. Soviet-Chinese split grew so wide that fighting broke out along their common bor- Three months after visiting Beijing in February 1972, Nixon visited the der. After repeated incidents, the two neighbors maintained a fragile peace. Soviet Union. After a series of meetings called the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), Nixon and Brezhnev signed the SALT I Treaty. This five-year From Brinkmanship to From Brinkmanship to Détente agreement, limited to 1972 levels the number of intercontinental ballistic Détente In the 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union finally backed away from the and submarine-launched missiles each country could have. In 1975, 33 aggressive policies of brinkmanship that they had followed during the early post- nations joined the United States and the Soviet Union in signing a commit- Critical Thinking war years. The superpowers slowly moved to lower tensions. ment to détente and cooperation, the Helsinki Accords. s 7HO WAS THE 3OVIET LEADER WHO Brinkmanship Breaks Down The brinkmanship policy followed during the pres- blinked? What happened to him? idencies of Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson led to one terrifying crisis after The Collapse of Détente S Ronald Reagan's (Krushchev; removed from power) another. Though these crises erupted all over the world, they were united by a com- Under presidents Nixon and Gerald Ford, the United States improved relations with 1980 political B. Possible China and the Soviet Union. In the late 1970s, however, President Jimmy Carter button highlights s (OW WAS THE 3!,4 ) 4REATY AN EXAMPLE mon fear. Nuclear war seemed possible. Answers Yes, the strong patriotic was concerned over harsh treatment of protesters in the Soviet Union. This threat- of realpolitik? (practical, flexible In 1960, the U-2 incident prevented a meeting between the United States and the because the Soviets theme of his Soviet Union to discuss the buildup of arms on both sides. Then, during the admin- had installed mis- ened to prevent a second round of SALT negotiations. In 1979, Carter and campaign. solution to arms race) siles in Cuba with istration of John F. Kennedy in the early 1960s, the Cuban Missile Crisis made the the intent to use Brezhnev finally signed the SALT II agreement. When the Soviets invaded Electronic Library of Primary Sources superpowers’ use of nuclear weapons a real possibility. (See page 985.) The crisis them against the Afghanistan later that year, however, the U.S. Congress refused to ratify SALT II. United States. No, Concerns mounted as more nations, including China and India, began building s 3PEECH ON 3TALIN BY .IKITA +HRUSHCHEV ended when Soviet ships turned back to avoid a confrontation at sea. “We’re eye- because the Soviets C. Answer Nixon s FROM A Student’s Diary ball to eyeball,” the relieved U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk said, “and I think intended their pursued a policy of nuclear arsenals. détente, or easing the other fellow just blinked.” But Kennedy’s secretary of defense, Robert missiles only to be Reagan Takes an Anti-Communist Stance A fiercely anti-Communist U.S. a threat and not of tensions. Reagan McNamara, admitted how close the world had come to disaster: used. brought tensions to pres ident, Ronald Reagan, took office in 1981. He continued to move away from a new height. détente. He increased defense spending, putting both economic and military pres- Tip for English Learners PRIMARY SOURCE sure on the Soviets. In 1983, Reagan also announced the Strategic Defense Initiative In the face of an air attack [on Cuba] and in the face of the probability of a ground Analyzing Primary Read Secretary Rusk’s statement and Contrasting (SDI), a program to protect against enemy missiles. It was not put into effect but attack, it was certainly possible, and I would say probable, that a Cuban sergeant or Sources In what ways remained a symbol of U.S. anti-Communist sentiment. call attention to the metaphor “eyeball to Soviet officer in a missile silo, without authority from Moscow, would have launched Do you think that Robert did Nixon’s and Tensions increased as U.S. activities such as arming Nicaragua’s Contras pushed eyeball . . . just blinked.” Tell students one or more of those intermediate-range missiles, equipped with a nuclear warhead, Reagan’s policies against one or more of the cities on the East Coast of the United States. McNamara’s view the United States and Soviet Union further from détente. However, a change in Soviet that when two people confront each of the Soviet threat toward the Soviet ROBERT MCNAMARA, quoted in Inside the Cold War Union differ? leadership in 1985 brought a new policy toward the United States and the beginnings other, it’s sometimes said they’re in Cuba was justi- of a final thaw in the Cold War. Meanwhile, as you will learn in the next chapter, fied? Explain. standing eyeball to eyeball, or staring at Tensions remained high. After the assassination of Kennedy in 1963, Lyndon developing countries continued their own struggles for independence. each other. If one blinks, it’s because that Johnson assumed the presidency. Committed to stopping the spread of commu- person has lost courage and given up. t U.S. president nism, President Johnson escalated U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam. Nixon visits The United States Turns to Détente Widespread popular protests wracked the SECTION 5 ASSESSMENT China in 1972, United States during the Vietnam War. And the turmoil did not end with U.S. accompanied by TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. with drawal. As it tried to heal its internal wounds, the United States backed away Chinese premier s Nikita Khrushchev s Leonid Brezhnev s John F. Kennedy s Lyndon Johnson s détente s Richard M. Nixon s SALT s Ronald Reagan Zhou Enlai (left). from its policy of direct confrontation with the Soviet Union. Vocabulary Détente, a policy of lessening Cold War tensions, replaced Détente is a French USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING brinkmanship under Richard M. Nixon. word meaning “a 2. What do you consider the 3. What effects did destalinization 6. DEVELOPING HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE In view of Soviet President Nixon’s move toward détente grew out of a phi- loosening.” most significant reason for have on Soviet satellite policies toward Eastern Europe in the postwar era, what losophy known as realpolitik. This term comes from the the collapse of détente? countries? reasons did people in Eastern Europe have for resistance? 4. What changes did Alexander 7. EVALUATING DECISIONS Do you think it was a wise German word meaning “realistic politics.” In practice, v I. Soviet Policy in Dubcek seek to make in political move for Nixon to visit Communist China and realpolitik meant dealing with other nations in a practical Eastern Europe and China Czechoslovakia in 1968, and the Soviet Union? Why or why not? and flexible manner. While the United States continued to what happened? A. 8. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS What was the result of Reagan’s try to contain the spread of communism, the two superpow- B. 5. Why was the policy of move away from détente? brinkmanship replaced? ers agreed to pursue détente and to reduce tensions. II. From Brinkmanship 9. WRITING ACTIVITY REVOLUTION Write a short poem or to Detente song lyrics expressing protest against Communist rule by Nixon Visits Communist Powers Nixon’s new policy rep- a citizen of a country behind the Iron Curtain. resented a personal reversal as well as a political shift for the country. His rise in politics in the 1950s was largely due to CONNECT TO TODAY WRITING A SUMMARY his strong anti-Communist position. Twenty years later, he Look through a major newspaper or newsmagazine for articles on Eastern European became the first U.S. president to visit Communist China. countries. Then, write a brief summary of recent developments there. The visit made sense in a world in which three, not just two, Restructuring the Postwar World 991

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS ANSWERS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083305.indd 990 7/6/10 11:30:18 AM9-12_SNLAESE491127_083305.indd 991 6/28/10 4:20:39 PM Summarizing and Sequencing Events 1. .IKA +RUSHCHEV P s ,EONID "REZHNEV P s *OHN & +ENNEDY P s ,YNDON *OHNSON P s DÏTENTE P s 2ICHARD - .IXON P s 3!,4 P s 2ONALD 2EAGAN P Class Time 15 minutes s EXPANSION OF THE WAR IN 6IETNAM 2. Sample Answer: I. A. destalinization; B. revolt Task Identifying and using key vocabulary s 0RESIDENT .IXONS VISIT TO #HINA in Hungary, C. revolt in Czechoslovakia; Purpose To clarify understanding of events of the s 3OVIET INVASION OF !FGHANISTAN D. Soviet-Chinese split; II. A. U-2 incident, Cold War s SIGNING OF THE 3ALT ) 4REATY B. Cuban missile crisis, C. escalation of Instructions Divide the class into six groups. Have Have students provide a heading, slogan, or very brief Vietnam War, D. end to Vietnam war, each group create a poster about a key Cold War event. caption for their posters. The posters can be a straightfor- E. Nixon’s China trip; F. SALT I treaty; III. Possible events include the following: ward representation of the events, or they can present an A. non-ratification of SALT II, B. SDI s (UNGARIAN UPRISING editorial comment on the events. Have students share Possible Answers: Détente collapsed because s 0RAGUE 3PRING responsibilities for presenting their posters to the class. of refusal to ratify SALT II, Soviet invasion of s #UBAN MISSILE CRISIS For help, provide students with the Guided Reading Afghanistan, SDI. Workbook in Spanish for Section 5. 3. Possible Answer: None; their resentment and 990 Chapter 33 protest against Soviet rule continued Teacher’s Edition 991

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083305.indd 990 7/6/10 11:31:03 AM parts of Asia. In 1959, Khrushchev punished the Chinese by refusing to share superpowers eyed each other suspiciously. “We want the Chinese with us CHAPTER s 3ection 5 nuclear secrets. The following year, the Soviets ended technical economic aid. The when we sit down and negotiate with the Russians,” Nixon explained. Soviet-Chinese split grew so wide that fighting broke out along their common bor- Three months after visiting Beijing in February 1972, Nixon visited the der. After repeated incidents, the two neighbors maintained a fragile peace. Soviet Union. After a series of meetings called the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), Nixon and Brezhnev signed the SALT I Treaty. This five-year From Brinkmanship to Détente agreement, limited to 1972 levels the number of intercontinental ballistic The Collapse of Détente In the 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union finally backed away from the and submarine-launched missiles each country could have. In 1975, 33 aggressive policies of brinkmanship that they had followed during the early post- nations joined the United States and the Soviet Union in signing a commit- Critical Thinking war years. The superpowers slowly moved to lower tensions. ment to détente and cooperation, the Helsinki Accords. s 7HAT WOULD HAVE BEEN TWO EFFECTS Brinkmanship Breaks Down The brinkmanship policy followed during the pres- of Congress’s refusal to ratify SALT II? idencies of Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson led to one terrifying crisis after The Collapse of Détente S Ronald Reagan's (Possible Answers: expansion of another. Though these crises erupted all over the world, they were united by a com- Under presidents Nixon and Gerald Ford, the United States improved relations with 1980 political nuclear arsenals; greater risk of B. Possible China and the Soviet Union. In the late 1970s, however, President Jimmy Carter button highlights mon fear. Nuclear war seemed possible. Answers Yes, the strong patriotic nuclear war) was concerned over harsh treatment of protesters in the Soviet Union. This threat- In 1960, the U-2 incident prevented a meeting between the United States and the because the Soviets theme of his s (OW DID 3$) INCREASE WORLD TENSIONS Soviet Union to discuss the buildup of arms on both sides. Then, during the admin- had installed mis- ened to prevent a second round of SALT negotiations. In 1979, Carter and campaign. siles in Cuba with (threatened détente and started new istration of John F. Kennedy in the early 1960s, the Cuban Missile Crisis made the Brezhnev finally signed the SALT II agreement. When the Soviets invaded the intent to use arms race) superpowers’ use of nuclear weapons a real possibility. (See page 985.) The crisis them against the Afghanistan later that year, however, the U.S. Congress refused to ratify SALT II. United States. No, Concerns mounted as more nations, including China and India, began building ended when Soviet ships turned back to avoid a confrontation at sea. “We’re eye- because the Soviets C. Answer Nixon ball to eyeball,” the relieved U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk said, “and I think intended their pursued a policy of nuclear arsenals. détente, or easing the other fellow just blinked.” But Kennedy’s secretary of defense, Robert missiles only to be Reagan Takes an Anti-Communist Stance A fiercely anti-Communist U.S. a threat and not of tensions. Reagan McNamara, admitted how close the world had come to disaster: used. brought tensions to pres ident, Ronald Reagan, took office in 1981. He continued to move away from a new height. détente. He increased defense spending, putting both economic and military pres- PRIMARY SOURCE sure on the Soviets. In 1983, Reagan also announced the Strategic Defense Initiative In the face of an air attack [on Cuba] and in the face of the probability of a ground Analyzing Primary Contrasting (SDI), a program to protect against enemy missiles. It was not put into effect but attack, it was certainly possible, and I would say probable, that a Cuban sergeant or Sources In what ways remained a symbol of U.S. anti-Communist sentiment. Soviet officer in a missile silo, without authority from Moscow, would have launched Do you think that Robert did Nixon’s and Tensions increased as U.S. activities such as arming Nicaragua’s Contras pushed one or more of those intermediate-range missiles, equipped with a nuclear warhead, Reagan’s policies against one or more of the cities on the East Coast of the United States. McNamara’s view the United States and Soviet Union further from détente. However, a change in Soviet of the Soviet threat toward the Soviet ROBERT MCNAMARA, quoted in Inside the Cold War Union differ? leadership in 1985 brought a new policy toward the United States and the beginnings in Cuba was justi- of a final thaw in the Cold War. Meanwhile, as you will learn in the next chapter, fied? Explain. ASSESS Tensions remained high. After the assassination of Kennedy in 1963, Lyndon developing countries continued their own struggles for independence. Johnson assumed the presidency. Committed to stopping the spread of commu- SECTION 5 ASSESSMENT t U.S. president nism, President Johnson escalated U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam. Have students work in pairs to answer Nixon visits The United States Turns to Détente Widespread popular protests wracked the SECTION 5 ASSESSMENT China in 1972, United States during the Vietnam War. And the turmoil did not end with U.S. the questions. accompanied by TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. with drawal. As it tried to heal its internal wounds, the United States backed away Chinese premier s Nikita Khrushchev s Leonid Brezhnev s John F. Kennedy s Lyndon Johnson s détente s Richard M. Nixon s SALT s Ronald Reagan Formal Assessment Zhou Enlai (left). from its policy of direct confrontation with the Soviet Union. Vocabulary s 3ECTION 1UIZ P Détente, a policy of lessening Cold War tensions, replaced Détente is a French USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING brinkmanship under Richard M. Nixon. word meaning “a 2. What do you consider the 3. What effects did destalinization 6. DEVELOPING HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE In view of Soviet President Nixon’s move toward détente grew out of a phi- loosening.” most significant reason for have on Soviet satellite policies toward Eastern Europe in the postwar era, what RETEACH losophy known as realpolitik. This term comes from the the collapse of détente? countries? reasons did people in Eastern Europe have for resistance? Have students use the Guided Reading 4. What changes did Alexander 7. EVALUATING DECISIONS Do you think it was a wise German word meaning “realistic politics.” In practice, v I. Soviet Policy in Dubcek seek to make in political move for Nixon to visit Communist China and Workbook for Section 5 and the Visual realpolitik meant dealing with other nations in a practical Eastern Europe and China Czechoslovakia in 1968, and the Soviet Union? Why or why not? Summary to review the main ideas of and flexible manner. While the United States continued to what happened? A. 8. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS What was the result of Reagan’s the section. try to contain the spread of communism, the two superpow- B. 5. Why was the policy of move away from détente? brinkmanship replaced? ers agreed to pursue détente and to reduce tensions. II. From Brinkmanship 9. WRITING ACTIVITY REVOLUTION Write a short poem or Spanish/English Guided Reading Workbook to Detente song lyrics expressing protest against Communist rule by s 3ECTION Nixon Visits Communist Powers Nixon’s new policy rep- a citizen of a country behind the Iron Curtain. resented a personal reversal as well as a political shift for the Critical Thinking Transparencies country. His rise in politics in the 1950s was largely due to CONNECT TO TODAY WRITING A SUMMARY s #4 #HAPTER 6ISUAL 3UMMARY his strong anti-Communist position. Twenty years later, he Look through a major newspaper or newsmagazine for articles on Eastern European became the first U.S. president to visit Communist China. countries. Then, write a brief summary of recent developments there. In-Depth Resources: Unit 8 The visit made sense in a world in which three, not just two, s 2ETEACHING !CTIVITY P Restructuring the Postwar World 991

ANSWERS

9-12_SNLAESE491127_083305.indd 990 7/6/10 11:30:18 AM9-12_SNLAESE491127_083305.indd 991 6/28/10 4:20:39 PM Summarizing and Sequencing Events 1. .IKA +RUSHCHEV P s ,EONID "REZHNEV P s *OHN & +ENNEDY P s ,YNDON *OHNSON P s DÏTENTE P s 2ICHARD - .IXON P s 3!,4 P s 2ONALD 2EAGAN P 2. Sample Answer: I. A. destalinization; B. revolt 4. Possible Answer: Dubˇcek attempted to 9. Rubric The poem or song lyrics should in Hungary, C. revolt in Czechoslovakia; moderate socialism; Soviets invaded. s GIVE AN IDEA OF LIFE UNDER COMMUNISM D. Soviet-Chinese split; II. A. U-2 incident, 5. Possible Answer: U.S. decided to s GIVE REASONS TO REVOLT B. Cuban missile crisis, C. escalation of reduce tensions. s USE RHYTHM AND REPETITION Vietnam War, D. end to Vietnam war, 6. absence of freedom, subordination to CONNECT TO TODAY E. Nixon’s China trip; F. SALT I treaty; III. Communist control and Soviet interests Rubric The summary should A. non-ratification of SALT II, B. SDI 7. Possible Answers: Wise—Nuclear war s SHOW AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ARTICLES Possible Answers: Détente collapsed because threatened world. China could not be s CONVEY THE INFORMATION ACCURATELY of refusal to ratify SALT II, Soviet invasion of ignored. Unwise—Visit hurt efforts to Afghanistan, SDI. contain communism 3. Possible Answer: None; their resentment and 8. Possible Answer: Tensions increased between 990 Chapter 33 protest against Soviet rule continued the superpowers. Teacher’s Edition 991

9-12_SNLAETE491264_083305.indd 991 7/6/10 11:31:42 AM CHAPTER 33 ASSESSMENT Chapter 33 Assessment

TERMS & NAMES TERMS & NAMES The Cold War Divides the World For each term or name below, briefly explain its connection to Section 4 (pages 982–987) 1. containment, 6. Vietnamization, the restructuring of the postwar world since 1945. 17. Why did developing nations often align themselves with p. 967 p. 980 1. containment 6. Vietnamization one or the other superpower? 2. Cold War, p. 7. Fidel Castro, 2. Cold War 7. Fidel Castro 18. How did the Soviet Union respond to the Bay of Pigs? 969 p. 984 3. Mao Zedong 8. Nikita Khrushchev The Cold War Thaws Section 5 (pages 988–991) 3. Mao Zedong, 8. Nikita 4. Cultural Revolution 9. détente 19. In what ways did Soviet actions hamper Eastern Europe’s p. 972 Khrushchev, 5. 38th parallel 10. SALT economic recovery after World War II? 20. What policies characterized realpolitik? 4. Cultural p. 988 Revolution, 9. détente, p. 990 MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING p. 975 10. SALT, p. 991 Cold War: Superpowers Face Off 1. USING YOUR NOTES Cold War Tactics 5. 38th parallel, Section 1 (pages 965–971) Use a diagram to show p. 976 11. Why did some Americans oppose the Truman Doctrine? superpower Cold War tactics. 12. How did the Soviet Union respond to the U.S. policy of 2. COMPARING MAIN IDEAS brinkmanship? EMPIRE BUILDING In what ways were the United States and Answers will vary. Communists Take Power in China the Soviet Union more similar than different? Section 2 (pages 972–975) 11. They believed the United States 3. HYPOTHESIZING 13. Who did the superpowers support in the Chinese ECONOMICS How might the Cold War have proceeded if the should not interfere with other civil war? United States had been economically and physically damaged nations’ affairs, that it lacked 14. What were the results of Mao Zedong’s Great Leap in World War II? Forward and Cultural Revolution? resources to carry out a worldwide 4. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS war on communism, and that eco- Wars in Korea and Vietnam Section 3 (pages 976–981) REVOLUTION Which two Cold War events do you think had nomic aid might support dictators. 15. What effects did the Korean War have on Korea’s land the greatest impact on the U.S. decision to pursue détente? and its people? 12. It proved that it would go to the brink 5. MAKING INFERENCES 16. What difficulties did the U.S. Army face fighting the Why do you think the United States and the Soviet Union itself by building up a nuclear arsenal war in Vietnam? chose cooperation in space after years of competition? and competing aggressively in the arms race. 13. The United States supported the Nationalists. The Soviet Union sup- United States Cold War, 1946–1980

ported the Communists. 1946 Institutes containment policy 14. Both programs failed to create the 1948 Begins Marshall Plan powerful socialist nation Mao envi- 1952 Tests first H-bomb sioned and actually weakened it. 1953 Adopts brinkmanship policy 1965 Sends troops to Vietnam 15. Four million people died, and North 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

and South Korea remained divided at 1948 U.S. and 1950 Communist North 1962 U.S. blockades Cuba 1980 U.S. boycotts the 38th parallel, as before the war. Britain fly airlift Korea attacks South Korea in response to buildup of Moscow Olympics Soviet missiles to break Soviet 1960 U-2 incident to protest Soviet 16. unfamiliar jungle terrain, guerrilla war- blockade of reignites superpower 1972 Nixon and Brezhnev invasion of fare, and lack of popular support for Berlin tension sign SALT I treaty Afghanistan the South Vietnamese government 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 they were bolstering 1950 Signs friendship 1957 Launches Sputnik, 1968 Sends tanks 1979 Invades 17. They needed financial aid and invest- treaty with China starting space race into Prague Afghanistan ment to help them industrialize as 1953 Tests first H-bomb 1956 Puts down Hungarian revolt well as a political and economic sys- Soviet Union tem on which to model their governments. 992 Chapter 33 18. It secretly built 42 missile sites in Cuba. 19. It did not allow the East Europeans to CRITICAL THINKING 9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833CA.indd 992 5/27/10 3:56:28 PM run their own economies or give Possible Answers the United States might not have had the them enough money to repair war 1. backing wars or revolutions; spying; increasing resources to offer aid such as the Marshall Plan. damages. It also promoted industries military forces and nuclear arsenals; providing 4. Students may say that the Vietnam War was the necessary to the Soviets, not to the military and economic aid; setting up schools most significant event to change U.S. policy satellite countries. 2. Both the United States and Soviet Union wanted because the war failed to stop the spread of com- 20. Dealing with nations in a realistic to be the dominant world power. Both became munism in Vietnam, and it was opposed at home. manner, which meant giving up long- involved in conflicts to achieve that end. Both felt 5. The costs of the space race to each country and held fear and hatred of communism. their political and economic systems were best. the fact that the United States and the Soviet Pursuit of this policy helped ease Cold 3. The Cold War might not have developed, because Union wanted to step back from brinkmanship War tensions the Soviet Union might not have felt it necessary led to cooperation. to build a wall of satellite nations to protect itself;

992 Chapter 33

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833CA.indd 992 7/15/10 8:32:13 AM STANDARDS-BASED ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 33 ASSESSMENT

Use the quotation and your knowledge of world history to Use the chart and your knowledge of world history to answer questions 1 and 2. answer question 3.

The following poem by Ho Chi Minh was broadcast over U.S.–Soviet Military Power, 1986–1987 Hanoi Radio on January 1, 1968. STANDARDS-BASED ASSESSMENT U.S. Soviet

1,010 Intercontinental ballistic missiles 1,398 This Spring far outshines the previous Springs, 1. Letter C is the correct answer. Letter A Of victories throughout the land come happy tidings. 640 Submarine-launched missiles 983 is not correct because Ho wanted the South and North, rushing heroically together, shall 260 Long-range bombers 160 smite the American invaders! South to join with the North. Letter B 24,700 Nuclear warheads 36,800 Go Forward! is not correct because the seasons are 0 Antiballistic missile launchers 100 Total victory shall be ours. just given passing mention. Letter D is 14 Aircraft carriers 5 HO CHI MINH, quoted in America and Vietnam not correct because the French are not 2,143,955 Armed forces personnel 5,130,000 referred to in the poem. 1. In Ho’s opinion, who was the enemy in the Vietnam War? Sources: The Military Balance 1986–1987; Nuclear Weapons Databook, Vol. IV, Soviet Nuclear Weapons 2. Letter D is the correct answer. Letter A. the South Vietnamese A is not correct because it was not B. the changing seasons 3. The chart clearly shows that important that their political leader C. the United States A. the United States had more troops than the Soviet Union. also wrote poems. Letter B is not cor- D. the French B. the Soviet Union had clear superiority in the number of rect because it was only partly a warn- 2. What purpose might the North Vietnamese have had in ballistic missiles. broadcasting this poem? C. the United States and the Soviet Union were equal in ing to the United States. Letter C is nuclear warheads. A. to show that their political leader was also a poet not correct because it was aimed at D. the Soviet Union had more aircraft carriers. B. to warn the United States that it would be defeated both the South Vietnamese and the C. to single out the North Vietnamese people for special North Vietnamese. attention U.S.–Soviet Military Power, 1983–1984 3. Letter B is the correct answer. Letter A D. to be used as propaganda to show that North and South U.S. Soviet were fighting together For additional test practice, go online for: is not correct because the Soviet Union Intercontinentals Diagnostic tests ballistic missiles 1,045 1,398 had more troops. Letter C is not correct s Tutorials 568 980 because they did not have an equal s Strategies 272 143 number of nuclear warheads; the 7,297 8,343 Soviet Union had more. Letter D is United States Cold War, 1946–1980 0 32 not correct because the United States 14 5 1946 Institutes containment policy MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITY had more. 1948 Begins Marshall Plan On page 964, you considered what policies a nation might Creating an Interactive Time Line follow to gain allies. Now that you have learned more about the 1952 Tests first H-bomb In October 1962, President John F. Kennedy and his advisers Formal Assessment Cold War, would your decision change? Discuss your ideas with 1953 Adopts brinkmanship policy 1965 Sends troops to Vietnam had to defuse a potentially devastating nuclear standoff a small group. s #HAPTER 4EST &ORMS ! " AND # PP n 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 with the Soviet Union. Using books, the Internet, and other resources, create an interactive time line of the crisis. Use ExamView® Test Generator graphics software to add maps and photographs. In addition 1948 U.S. and 1950 Communist North 1962 U.S. blockades Cuba 1980 U.S. boycotts on the Teacher One Stop Britain fly airlift Korea attacks South Korea in response to buildup of Moscow Olympics FOCUS ON WRITING to noting key dates, use the time line to address some of the Soviet missiles to break Soviet 1960 U-2 incident to protest Soviet following: s &OR ! IN 3PANISH blockade of reignites superpower 1972 Nixon and Brezhnev invasion of Study the information in the infographic on how the Cold War s Who were members of Kennedy’s inner circle during Berlin tension sign SALT I treaty Afghanistan was fought on page 983. Write a two-page persuasive essay the crisis? on which means was the most successful for the United States s What did Kennedy say about the events in his first public 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 and which was most successful for the Soviet Union. Consider address to the nation? the following: 1950 Signs friendship 1957 Launches Sputnik, 1968 Sends tanks 1979 Invades s How did Soviet premier Nikita Krushchev approach the crisis treaty with China starting space race into Prague Afghanistan s WHO RECEIVED FOREIGN AID in Cuba? 1953 Tests first H-bomb 1956 Puts down Hungarian revolt s WHETHER PROPAGANDA WAS SUCCESSFUL s What details did Americans learn only after the crisis had s HOW STRONG THE MILITARY ALLIANCES WERE been resolved? Soviet Union s WHAT WAS GAINED IN SURROGATE WARS

Restructuring the Postwar World 993

FOCUS ON WRITING MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITY 9-12_SNLAESE491127_0833CA.indd 993 6/16/10 11:06:41 AM Students should consider the consequences Rubric The persuasive essay should Rubric Interactive time lines should of their answers. Effects on the economy, on s REFLECT THE STUDENTS UNDERSTANDING OF THE s IDENTIFY THE KEY PLAYERS political support, on the military, and the basic concepts of the Cold War. s EXPLAIN THE EVENTS society should be reviewed. s CLERALY STATE THE SELECTION FOR THE 5NITED s GIVE STATEMENTS BY +ENNEDY AND +RUSHCHEV States and for the Soviet Union. s PRESENT SUPPORTING REASONS FOR THE s DISCUSS THE PROBLEMS FACED s e l e c t i o n s . s EXPLAIN THE RESOLUTION

Teacher’s Edition 993

9-12_SNLAETE491264_0833CA.indd 993 7/15/10 8:32:37 AM CLICK THROUGH MULTIMEDIA CONNECTIONS INTER /ACTIVITIES hmhsocialstudies.com

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993 MC1 MULTIMEDIA CONNECTIONS

9-12_SNLAETE491264_C33MMC.indd 993 7/23/10 6:05:20 PM CLICK THROUGH MULTIMEDIA CONNECTIONS INTER /ACTIVITIES hmhsocialstudies.com

Prelude to Crisis Cold War tensions reached new heights 0ctober Fury: in mid-1962, when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to test The Cuban Missile Crisis the resolve of the new president of the United States, John F. Kennedy. Khrushchev sent nuclear missiles to Cuba, a Communist-ruled island about (FUUJOH3FBEZGPS8BS 1SFMVEFUP$SJTJT 100 miles from Florida. Kennedy 8BUDIUIFWJEFPUPTFFIPXUIFNJTTJMFTJO$VCB 8BUDIUIFWJEFPUPMFBSOBCPVUUIFCVJMEVQ DSFBUFEUFOTJPOCFUXFFOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTBOE warned the Soviets that the United UPUIF$VCBONJTTJMFDSJTJT UIF4PWJFU6OJPO States would not tolerate offensive nuclear weapons so close to American soil. The scene was set for a dangerous confrontation. Getting Ready for War Publicly, Khrushchev stated that he had no intention of creating a nuclear base on Cuba. At the same time, he continued to send missiles to Cuba and he dis- $SJTJT"WFSUFE patched submarines, armed with nuclear 8BUDIUIFWJEFPUPTFFIPXUIF$VCBO torpedoes, to the Caribbean. Kennedy NJTTJMFDSJTJTCSPVHIUUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTBOE UIF4PWJFU6OJPOUPUIFCSJOLPGOVDMFBSXBS did not trust Khrushchev, and he put the armed forces on full alert. In October 1962, a U-2 spy plane found that there were several nuclear launch sites on Cuba—each one capable of targeting major U.S. cities. An all-out war now seemed a real possibility. Crisis Averted? 5IF$VCBONJTTJMFDSJTJTXBTQFSIBQTUIFNPTU NJTTJMFT8JUI4PWJFUTIJQTTBJMJOHUPXBSEUIFCMPDL EBOHFSPVTFWFOUPGUIF$PME8BSQFSJPE'PS BEF BDPOGSPOUBUJPOTFFNFEJOFWJUBCMF)PXFWFS BU To prevent further deliveries of missiles, TFWFSBMEBZTJO0DUPCFS UIF6OJUFE4UBUFT UIFMBTUNPNFOU UIF4PWJFUTIJQTUVSOFECBDLBOE -FTTPOT-FBSOFE President Kennedy established a naval BOEUIF4PWJFU6OJPOTUPPEPOUIFCSJOLPGOVDMFBS XBSXBTBWFSUFE 8BUDIUIFWJEFPUPMFBSOBCPVUUIFJNQBDUPGUIF blockade around Cuba. Khrushchev XBS5IFDSJTJTCFHBOXIFOUIF4PWJFU6OJPOTFOU &YQMPSFUIFEFWFMPQNFOUBOESFTPMVUJPOPGUIF $VCBONJTTJMFDSJTJT stated that interference with Soviet ship- XFBQPOT JODMVEJOHOVDMFBSNJTTJMFT UP$VCB*U $VCBONJTTJMFDSJTJTPOMJOF:PVDBOGJOEBXFBMUIPG EFFQFOFEXIFOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTCMPDLBEFE$VCB JOGPSNBUJPO WJEFPDMJQT QSJNBSZTPVSDFT BDUJWJUJFT ping would be met with force. Kennedy UPQSFWFOUUIF4PWJFUTGSPNEFMJWFSJOHNPSF BOENPSFBU responded that any attack would be answered in kind. The world watched fearfully as the Soviet ships sailed 993 MC1 MULTIMEDIA CONNECTIONS THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 993 MC2 toward the blockade. Suddenly, the Soviet ships turned back. Nuclear war had been averted. 9-12_SNLAESE491127_C33MMC.indd 1 7/16/10 10:58:21 AM 9-12_SNLAESE491127_C33MMC.indd 2 7/16/10 10:59:28 AM Lessons Learned The Cuban missile crisis brought the Activities Extended Activities United States and the Soviet Union t,OPXJOH *ORVJSJOH BOE-FBSOJOH"CPVUUIF$PME8BS to the brink of nuclear war. This grim t$POnJDUJOH0SEFST General Review Questions reality forced the two countries to re- t"$PME8BSGSPN5XP4JEFT examine the way they dealt with each t)JHI4UBLFT General Discussion Questions other. A telephone hotline was installed t(PJOH1VCMJD between the two countries to enable Web Links t4UFQQJOH#BDL their leaders to communicate directly. t%FBS*LF Bibliography The two countries also signed a nuclear t*OUIF%BSL test ban treaty in 1963. t4IJQTBOE4VCNBSJOFT t5IJSUFFO%BZT

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 993 MC2

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