DOCSLIB.ORG

Octagonal Metamorphosis Modern Haṭha Yoga in Transition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Octagonal Metamorphosis Modern Haṭha Yoga in Transition OCTAGONAL METAMORPHOSIS MODERN HAṬHA YOGA IN TRANSITION by Klas Nevrin Contents ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................ 3 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 4 1.1 PREAMBLE............................................................................................................... 4 1.2 AIMS AND PURPOSES.......................................................................................... 6 1.3 INTERPRETATIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS ........................................... 7 1.4 ARRANGEMENT..................................................................................................... 9 2 HISTORY OF YOGA.............................................................................. 11 2.1 VEDIC ORIGINS.................................................................................................... 11 2.2 YOGA IN THE UPANIṢADS AND THE BHAGAVAD GĪTĀ.......................... 13 2.3 THE YOGASŪTRA................................................................................................ 16 2.4 THE YOGA VĀSIṢṬHA ........................................................................................ 19 2.5 THE YOGA UPANIṢADS..................................................................................... 22 2.6 TANTRISM AND HAṬHA YOGA....................................................................... 24 2.7 THE RISE OF MODERN YOGA .......................................................................... 28 2.8 THE SHIVANANDA TRADITIONS.................................................................... 34 2.9 THE KRISHNAMACHARYA TRADITIONS...................................................... 37 2.10 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 44 3 PERSPECTIVES....................................................................................... 46 3.1 BAKHTIN’S DIALOGISM..................................................................................... 46 3.2 DIALOGICAL ANALYSIS..................................................................................... 50 3.3 TENSION-FIELDS ................................................................................................. 56 3.4 TURNING TOWARD OR AWAY FROM THE WORLD?................................. 60 4 TRADITION AND IDENTITY ............................................................ 64 4.1 SYSTEMATIZATION OF TRADITION .............................................................. 64 4.2 THE CATEGORY OF YOGA ................................................................................ 66 4.3 IDENTITY............................................................................................................... 73 4.4 THE MODERN WORLD....................................................................................... 79 4.5 THE THERAPEUTIC PARADIGM...................................................................... 84 5 MYSTICISM AND EXPERIENCE ....................................................... 87 5.1 VIEWS OF MYSTICISM ....................................................................................... 87 5.2 BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE............................................................... 91 5.3 EXPERIENCE......................................................................................................... 94 5.4 EXPERIENTIAL TENSIONS IN CLASSICAL YOGA...................................... 101 APPENDIX......................................................................................................105 BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................107 ii ABBREVIATIONS BhG Bhagavad Gītā BṛU Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad BrS Brahmasūtra ChU Chāndogya Upaniṣad JV Jīvanmuktiviveka KaU Kaṭha Upaniṣad M Mokṣopāya TaiU Taittirīya Upaniṣad VB Vyāsabhāṣya YV Yogavāśiṣṭha YS Yogasūtra 3 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PREAMBLE The single adequate form for verbally expressing authentic human life is the open-ended dialogue. Life by its very nature is dialogic. To live means to participate in dialogue: to ask questions, to heed, to respond, to agree, and so forth. In this dialogue a person participates wholly and throughout his whole life: with his eyes, lips, hands, soul, spirit, with his whole body and deeds. He invests his entire self in discourse, and this discourse enters into the dialogic fabric of human life, into the world symposium.1 - Mikhail Bakhtin In the infinite language of events and situations, eternally changing, but plain to the truly attentive, transcendence speaks to our hearts at the essential moments of personal life.2 Revelation seizes the human elements at hand and recasts them: it is the pure shape of the meeting.3 – Martin Buber Yoga is the restraint of the fluctuations of consciousness. Then the seer [i.e. the Self] abides in its own nature.4 – Patañjali Reaching the unification of mind as pure I-am-ness, the mind becomes serene and infinite like a vast ocean.5 - Vyāsa Those for whom the wavering mind does not waver, not even at the thought of the void, have crossed the awful ocean of existence that is agitated by the monsters of the kleśas [afflictions].6 - Nāgārjuna The present thesis has in many ways been a painful experience. Having started out with the objective of examining the relationship between religion and identity in Hindu nationalism, having then read at least a shelf of books on that subject, as well as a large quantity of other material more or less irrelevant to the initial purpose, I realized my passions lay firmly within the fascinating world of Yoga. Indeed, at times the process that ultimately culminated in realizing my ordained task resembled more a labyrinth than scholarly edification, finding myself stuck at various points with an infinite number of side-tracks and lost in an indefinite theoretical regression (or digression?). So what saved me from disappearing altogether in a cloud-of- confusion, quite the opposite of that lucid yogic trance (samādhi) I had previously been studying? To be sure, it was my own willful choice, at last, to bring it all together, motivated primarily by an interest in Yoga; a resolution which nonetheless would not have been possible without all those surrounding me—tutors, family, co- students, close and distant friends alike. Neither would this work have been com- 1 From p. 293 in “Toward a Reworking of the Dostoevsky Book” (appendix 2 in Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics), translated in Morson & Emerson (1990), p. 59-60. 2 On Judaism, ed. N. Glatzer, 1968, p. 216. 3 Pointing the Way: Collected Essays, ed. and tr. M. Friedman, 1990, p. 135. 4 From the Yogasūtra, I.2-3, my translation. (Sanskrit text from Śāstrī, 1998.) 5 Freely translated from VB I.36: tathāsmitāyāṃ samāpannaṃ cittaṃ nistaraṅga-mahodadhi-kalpam śāntam anantam asmitāmātram bhavati. 6 Verse 59 from Yuktiṣaṣṭikā, (‘Sixty Verses of Arguments’). Translation by C. Lindtner in Master of Wisdom (1997, Dharma Publishing), p. 93. 4 pleted without the support from and creative dialogues with those very same people. Thank you! Why, then, the fascination? The increasing popularity of modern Yoga—one is tempted to call it a craze—is as yet not thoroughly understood. Why, all of a sudden, are people all over the world practicing yoga postures (āsana) and breath-control (prāṇāyāma)? Are they longing for divine union with Brahman, as Vedāntins would have it, or complete isolation (kaivalya) of awareness, most of them apparently without even knowing it, without ever having read the Yogasūtra and much less heard of supracognitive enstasy (asaṃprajñāta samādhi)? Behind these questions lurks another, perhaps more pressing issue: Are the “ancient” and “authentic” Yoga traditions now being transformed, adapted to a globalized world and diluted of their philosophical and historical complexity, slimmed down to fit the overstrained individual’s “practice light” (laghu-abhyāsa), or are they kept essentially intact? Indeed, has there ever existed an “ahistorical” Yoga tradition, the divine gift from India to the rest of the world? Thinking hard and long about this, I felt the increasing urge to scrutinize the history and philosophy of one of the most popular branches of 20th century Yoga, thus hoping to shed some light on the problem, from one perspec- tive of many possible. This was also the branch that I myself had practiced for some time, having met in Chennai (in southern India) with one of its most influential gurus T.K.V. Desikachar, eldest son of “grand guru” Krishnamacharya. It soon came to mind that my recent interest in the Russian polymath Mikhail Bakhtin would come in handy. His explorations into the intricacies of dialogue are certainly useful for investigating also Yoga. After all, is not the human world of meaning an incessant and creative play (līla) of dialogue? Are we not always part of an interaction that can never be fully reduced or finally explained, simply because there is always yet another perspective to consider, yet another viewpoint (dṛṣti) to take? And is this never-ending conversation not more of a chaos than a structured system, displaying incompleteness rather than teleology—a relentless quotidian straggling with various “artists” fighting for the final statement they can never boast but all too often aspire to? Then there are the claims of the Madhyamaka-Buddhist Nāgārjuna, and the somewhat later Patañjali (and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rooted Elements a Kinesthetic Approach Connecting Our Children to Their Nnei R and Outer World Alisha Meyer the University of Montana
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Graduate School Professional Papers 2012 Rooted Elements A Kinesthetic Approach Connecting Our Children to Their nneI r and Outer World Alisha Meyer The University of Montana Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Recommended Citation Meyer, Alisha, "Rooted Elements A Kinesthetic Approach Connecting Our Children to Their nneI r and Outer World" (2012). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1385. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1385 This Professional Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROOTED ELEMENTS A KINESTHETIC APPROACH CONNECTING OUR CHILDREN TO THEIR INNER AND OUTER WORLD By ALISHA BRIANNE MEYER BA Elementary Education, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 2003 Professional Paper presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Fine Arts, Integrated Arts and Education The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2012 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Associate Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Karen Kaufmann, Chair Fine Arts Jillian Campana, Committee Member Fine Arts Rick Hughes, Committee Member Fine Arts © COPYRIGHT by Alisha Brianne Meyer 2012 All Rights Reserved ii Meyer, Alisha, M.A., May 2012 Integrating Arts into Education Rooted Elements Chairperson: Karen Kaufmann Rooted Elements is a thematic naturalistic guide for classroom teachers to design engaging lessons focused in the earth elements.
    [Show full text]
  • —The History of Hatha Yoga in America: The
    “The History of Hatha Yoga in America: the Americanization of Yoga” Book proposal By Ira Israel Although many American yoga teachers invoke the putative legitimacy of the legacy of yoga as a 5000 year old Indian practice, the core of the yoga in America – the “asanas,” or positions – is only around 600 years old. And yoga as a codified 90 minute ritual or sequence is at most only 120 years old. During the period of the Vedas 5000 years ago, yoga consisted of groups of men chanting to the gods around a fire. Thousands of years later during the period of the Upanishads, that ritual of generating heat (“tapas”) became internalized through concentrated breathing and contrary or bipolar positions e.g., reaching the torso upwards while grounding the lower body downwards. The History of Yoga in America is relatively brief yet very complex and in fact, I will argue that what has happened to yoga in America is tantamount to comparing Starbucks to French café life: I call it “The Americanization of Yoga.” For centuries America, the melting pot, has usurped sundry traditions from various cultures; however, there is something unique about the rise of the influence of yoga and Eastern philosophy in America that make it worth analyzing. There are a few main schools of hatha yoga that have evolved in America: Sivananda, Iyengar, Astanga, and later Bikram, Power, and Anusara (the Kundalini lineage will not be addressed in this book because so much has been written about it already). After practicing many of these different “styles” or schools of hatha yoga in New York, North Carolina, Florida, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and Paris as well as in Thailand and Indonesia, I became so fascinated by the history and evolution of yoga that I went to the University of California at Santa Barbara to get a Master of Arts Degree in Hinduism and Buddhism which I completed in 1999.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Riverside
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Choreographers and Yogis: Untwisting the Politics of Appropriation and Representation in U.S. Concert Dance A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Critical Dance Studies by Jennifer F Aubrecht September 2017 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jacqueline Shea Murphy, Chairperson Dr. Anthea Kraut Dr. Amanda Lucia Copyright by Jennifer F Aubrecht 2017 The Dissertation of Jennifer F Aubrecht is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I extend my gratitude to many people and organizations for their support throughout this process. First of all, my thanks to my committee: Jacqueline Shea Murphy, Anthea Kraut, and Amanda Lucia. Without your guidance and support, this work would never have matured. I am also deeply indebted to the faculty of the Dance Department at UC Riverside, including Linda Tomko, Priya Srinivasan, Jens Richard Giersdorf, Wendy Rogers, Imani Kai Johnson, visiting professor Ann Carlson, Joel Smith, José Reynoso, Taisha Paggett, and Luis Lara Malvacías. Their teaching and research modeled for me what it means to be a scholar and human of rigorous integrity and generosity. I am also grateful to the professors at my undergraduate institution, who opened my eyes to the exciting world of critical dance studies: Ananya Chatterjea, Diyah Larasati, Carl Flink, Toni Pierce-Sands, Maija Brown, and rest of U of MN dance department, thank you. I thank the faculty (especially Susan Manning, Janice Ross, and Rebekah Kowal) and participants in the 2015 Mellon Summer Seminar Dance Studies in/and the Humanities, who helped me begin to feel at home in our academic community.
    [Show full text]
  • Thriving in Healthcare: How Pranayama, Asana, and Dyana Can Transform Your Practice
    Thriving in Healthcare: How pranayama, asana, and dyana can transform your practice Melissa Lea-Foster Rietz, FNP-BC, BC-ADM, RYT-200 Presbyterian Medical Services Farmington, NM [email protected] Professional Disclosure I have no personal or professional affiliation with any of the resources listed in this presentation, and will receive no monetary gain or professional advancement from this lecture. Talk Objectives Provide a VERY brief history of yoga Define three aspects of wellness: mental, physical, and social. Define pranayama, asana, and dyana. Discuss the current evidence demonstrating the impact of pranayama, asana, and dyana on mental, physical, and social wellness. Learn and practice three techniques of pranayama, asana, and dyana that can be used in the clinic setting with patients. Resources to encourage participation from patients and to enhance your own practice. Yoga as Medicine It is estimated that 21 million adults in the United States practice yoga. In the past 15 years the number of practitioners, of all ages, has doubled. It is thought that this increase is related to broader access, a growing body of research on the affects of the practice, and our understanding that ancient practices may hold the key to healing modern chronic diseases. Yoga: A VERY Brief History Yoga originated 5,000 or more years ago with the Indus Civilization Sanskrit is the language used in most Yogic scriptures and it is believed that the principles of the practice were transmitted by word of mouth for generations. Georg Feuerstien divides the history of Yoga into four catagories: Vedic Yoga: connected to ritual life, focus the inner mind in order to transcend the limitations of the ordinary mind Preclassical Yoga: Yogic texts, Upanishads and the Bhagavad-Gita Classical Yoga: The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the eight fold path Postclassical Yoga: Creation of Hatha (willful/forceful) Yoga, incorporation of the body into the practice Modern Yoga Swami (master) Vivekananda speaks at the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893.
    [Show full text]
  • Mantra T NG E HEA RT FL M O De P Pra Ti
    Mantra 41st Annual New Year’s Retreat Dec 28 – Jan 1, 2020 Gayātrī Mantra The Gayatri Mantra is invoking the universal Self as Savitri, the creator of the universe, and asking E H E that it illuminate the energy of our own minds with its qualities. H A T R Much the same way the power of the word, and the power of mantra, G T N F through vibration, resonate and magnify the inner sound. I L D A Om bhūr-bhuvaḥ svaḥ ֏֢֭֒֏֡֗զ֚֭֗զֿ, N M֮ Tat-savitur-vareṇyaṁ ֆֆ֭֚֗֟ֆ֭֡֒ֆ֧֭֗֒օ֑֭ե E E bhargo devasya dhīmahi ֏֭֒չ֫ֈ֧֑֚֭֗։֠֐ֿ֛֟ T ֌֭֒ռ֫ֈ֑֞ֆֿֿDhiyo yo naḥ prachodayāt ։֑֑֟֫֫֊ Om, let us meditate upon the wondrous spirit of the Divine, creator of the earth, space, and the heavens. O God, may our minds be inspired by the light of that supreme Self and be ϔilled with divine qualities. T Brahmārpaṇaṁ o e c D ti Before each meal, we will gather to chant a verse e c from the Bhagavad Gita (Chapter IV, Verse 24), also known as our Food Prayer, e a pe Pr as a reminder of our ever-present connection with the Divine. n l Our itua Brahmārpaṇaṁ brahma havir- Brahmāgnau brahmaṇā hutam Spir Brahmaiva tena gantavyaṁ Brahma-karma-samādhinā Hari Om Tat Sat Brahma is the oblation. Brahma is the offering. By Brahma are the oblations Love is a light that poured into the ϔire of Brahma. One who is absorbed in Brahma while emanates from the heart and performing all actions shall reach the goal of Brahma. removes all differences, separation, and self-interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Transnational Yoga: a History of Spiritual Commodification
    Sacred Heart University DigitalCommons@SHU Master of Arts in Religious Studies (M.A.R.S. Theses) Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies 8-2010 Modern Transnational Yoga: A History of Spiritual Commodification Jon A. Brammer Sacred Heart University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/rel_theses Part of the American Popular Culture Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, and the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Brammer, Jon A., "Modern Transnational Yoga: A History of Spiritual Commodification" (2010). Master of Arts in Religious Studies (M.A.R.S. Theses). 29. https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/rel_theses/29 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@SHU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Arts in Religious Studies (M.A.R.S. Theses) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@SHU. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Modern Transnational Yoga: A History of Spiritual Commodification Master's Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Religious Studies at Sacred Heart University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Religious Studies Jon A. Brammer August 2010 This thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Religious Studies Christel J. Manning, PhD., Professor of Religious Studies - ^ G l o Date Permission for reproducing this text, in whole or in part, for the purpose of individual scholarly consultation or other educational purposes is hereby granted by the author. This permission is not to be interpreted as granting publication rights for this work or otherwise placing it in the public domain.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Power Yoga?
    WHAT IS POWER YOGA? Power Yoga is a vigorous, fitness-based approach to Vinyasa-style yoga; its combination of physicality, strength, and flexibility, make for a customizable and athletic yoga workout. The practice of Power Yoga is perfect for anyone looking to combine physical fitness with intuitive spiritual self-discovery. Benefits MENTAL • Sharpens Concentration & Self-Discipline PHYSICAL • Reduces Stress SPIRITUAL • Aids Meditation, Focus & Clarity • Synchronizes Breath • Improves Circulation & Body • Enhances Posture & Balance • Cultivates Self-Awareness • Increases Strength & Flexibility • Unlocks Individual Power • Promotes Stamina & Weight Loss & Energy History Srivasta Ramaswami, the last living student in the K. Pattabhi Jois, Magaña Baptiste, US of the legendary yogi, begins his yoga studies in studies with Indra Devi The first Western students, Shri T. Krishnamachrya, Mysore, India, with in Los Angeles and two including Americans, David continues to teach the Shri T. Krishnamacharya, years later she and her Williams and Norman Allen, “Vinyasa Kramer Yoga the inspiration and founder husband open the first begin studying Ashtanga yoga Institute” at Loyola behind yoga practiced in yoga studio in San in Mysore, facilitating its spread Marymount University the United States today. Francisco. westward. in Los Angeles. 1927 Early 1950’s Early 1970’s Today Power Yoga has gained in popularity, with both local studios and national chains, offering various forms of a heated, full body athletic practice. 1938 1962 1990’s Power Yoga Emerges Indra Devi, K. Pattabhi Jois, Larry Schultz, Trained by Williams and Baron Baptiste, considered the mother publishes his treatise who studied Ashtanga yoga Allen, Bryan Kest in Los the son on Magaña Baptiste of western yoga, on Ashtanga Yoga, with K.
    [Show full text]
  • Gaiam Announces the Release of Rodney Yee's Yoga for Energy and Stress Relief on Digital and DVD
    September 3, 2013 Gaiam Announces The Release Of Rodney Yee's Yoga for Energy and Stress Relief On Digital And DVD NEW YORK, Sept. 3, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Gaiam, Inc., the leading distributor of lifestyle media, today announced the release of Rodney Yee's Yoga for Energy and Stress Relief on digital and DVD. With over 25 titles with Gaiam since 1998, Yee's newest program focuses on the growing trend of restorative yoga. It was designed to energize and de-stress both the body and mind, as well as bring calm energy and focus into everyday life. "I am a firm believer in restorative yoga and its benefits, so I was pleased to developY oga for Energy and Stress Relief for Gaiam," said Rodney Yee, renowned yoga instructor. "I have seen the effects of this type of yoga practice first-hand and now everyone has the ability to de-stress and energize through specific body alignment and yoga poses in the comfort of their own home or on their mobile device." Yoga for Energy and Stress Relief works to heal and restore the mind and body in today's stress-filled world. At the same time it works to increase energy levels, prevent stress- related illnesses, overcome depression, and achieve optimal health. If practiced regularly, Yoga for Energy and Stress Relief may enable users to live longer, healthier, and more energized lives. Throughout the practice, Yee leads viewers through moves and sequences using a chair as a prop. The poses work to instill a sense of physical and mental relaxation by restoring circulation and digestion, keeping the body balanced and coordinated, and revitalizing the body and mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Why I Became a Hindu
    Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita
    [Show full text]
  • Bodybuilding and Fitness Doping in Transition. Historical Transformations and Contemporary Challenges
    Article Bodybuilding and Fitness Doping in Transition. Historical Transformations and Contemporary Challenges Jesper Andreasson 1,* and Thomas Johansson 2 1 Department of Sport Science, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden 2 Department of Education, Learning and Communication, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 January 2019; Accepted: 27 February 2019; Published: 4 March 2019 Abstract: This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. The focus is on historical and symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society—with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market.
    [Show full text]
  • BOOK SALE (50% Discount) (Rev) [email protected]
    Integral Yoga® Center of Richmond BOOK SALE (50% discount) (Rev) [email protected] TITLE AUTHOR List Price 50% disc. Comments 101 Essential Tips for Massage 4.95 2.5 Antony J. Amen & A Teenager's guide to ADD 29.95 15 Sharon Johnson Active Birth Jane Balaskas 14.95 7.3 All Men are Brothers, Autobiographical Gandhi 9.95 5 sold Reflections Allergy Relief Goldfab, Sylvia, Phd 12.95 6.5 Ara you confused? Answers to Dr Paavo Airola 7.95 4 controversian Q. on Nutrition Ayurveda and Panchakarma Sunil V. Joshi 19.95 10 Back Care Basics, a doctor's gentle Dr. Mary Pullig 21.95 11 sold yoga program for back & neck pain Schatz Beating Cancer with Nutrition Quillin, Patrick $24.95 12.5 Bhagavad Gita (x2) Swami Sivananda 12 6.5 Bikram's Beginning Yoga Class Bikram Choudhury 17.95 9 Book of Stress Survival, The Alix Christa 16 8 William Shurtleff & Book of Tofu 5.99 3 Akiko Aoyagi Master Lam Kam Chi Kung 17.5 8.75 Chuen Cholesterol Cures Trubo, Richard $17.95 9 Chosing Water Birth Lakshmi Bertram 16.95 8.5 Concentration + Meditation Swami Sivananda 12.95 6.5 sold Dicitionary of Sanskrit Names Integral Yoga $14.95 7.5 Don't Give it away -A workbook of Self- awareness & Self-affirmation fo young Iyanla Vanzant ?? ?? women Shar Lee & Dawn Doubles Yoga, A manual for two (x2) 14.95 7.5 Mahowald Dr Susan Love's Breast Book Dr Susan Love 22 11 sold Dr Susan Love's Hormone Book, Making Dr Susan Love 15 7.5 sold informed choices about Menopause Easy Breathing- Natural Ttreatment for Hoffman, David 12.95 6.5 Asthma, olds, flu, coughs, allergies and sinusitis
    [Show full text]
  • Yoga Teacher Training – House of Om
    LIVE LOVE INSPIRE HOUSE OF OM MODULE 8 PRACTICE 120 MINS In this Vinyasa Flow we train all the poses of the Warrior series, getting ready to take our training from the physical to beyond HISTORY 60 MINS Yoga has continued evolving and expanding throughout the time that’s why until nowadays it is still alive thanks to these masters that dedicated their life in order to practice and share their knowledge with the world. YOGA NIDRA ROUTINE Also known as Yogic sleep, Yoga Nidra is a state of consciousness between waking and sleeping. Usually induced by a guided meditation HISTORY QUIZ AND QUESTIONS 60 MINS Five closed and two open question will both entertain with a little challenge, and pinpoint what resonated the most with your individual self. REFLECTION 60 MINS Every module you will be writing a reflection. Save it to your own journal as well - you will not only learn much faster, but understand what works for you better. BONUS Mahamrityumjaya Mantra In all spiritual traditions, Mantra Yoga or Meditation is regarded as one of the safest, easiest, and best means of systematically overhauling the patterns of consciousness. HISTORY YOGA HISTORY. MODERN PERIOD Yoga has continued evolving and expanding throughout the time that’s why until nowadays it is still alive thanks to these masters that dedicated their life in order to practice and share their knowledge with the world. In between the classical yoga of Patanjali and the 20th century, Hatha Yoga has seen a revival. Luminaries such as Matsyendranath and Gorakhnath founded the Hatha Yoga lineage of exploration of one’s body-mind to attain Samadhi and liberation.
    [Show full text]