(Betula Papyrifera) / Diervilla Lonicera Trembling Aspen (Paper Birch) / Northern Bush-Honeysuckle Peuplier Faux-Tremble (Bouleau À Papier) / Dièreville Chèvrefeuille

Forest / Forêt Association CNVC 00238 Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Diervilla lonicera Trembling Aspen (Paper Birch) / Northern Bush-honeysuckle Peuplier faux-tremble (Bouleau à papier) / Dièreville chèvrefeuille

Subassociations: 238a typic, 238b Alnus viridis, 238c Kalmia angustifolia CNVC Alliance: CA00014 Betula papyrifera – Populus tremuloides – Abies balsamea / Clintonia borealis CNVC Group: CG0007 Ontario-Quebec Boreal Mesic Paper Birch – Balsam Fir – Trembling Aspen Forest

Type Description

Concept: CNVC00238 is a boreal hardwood forest Association that ranges from Manitoba to Quebec. It has a closed canopy dominated by trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ), usually with paper birch ( Betula papyrifera ), overtopping a well-developed to dense shrub layer. The shrub layer includes a mix of regenerating tree species, primarily trembling aspen, balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ), paper birch and black spruce ( Picea mariana ), as well as low shrub species, such as velvet-leaved blueberry ( Vaccinium myrtilloides ), northern bush-honeysuckle ( Diervilla lonicera ) and early lowbush blueberry ( V. angustifolium ). The herb layer is well developed and typically includes bunchberry (Cornus canadensis ), wild lily-of-the-valley ( Maianthemum canadense ), wild sarsaparilla ( Aralia nudicaulis ), yellow clintonia ( Clintonia borealis ), twinflower ( Linnaea borealis ) and northern starflower Source: Natural Resources Canada - (Lysimachia borealis ). The forest floor cover is mainly broad-leaf litter so the moss layer is Canadian Forest Service sparse, with only minor cover of red-stemmed feathermoss ( Pleurozium schreberi) . CNVC00238 is an early seral condition that typically establishes after fire or harvesting. It occurs in a region with a continental boreal climate that grades from subhumid in the west to humid in the east and is usually found on mesic, nutrient-medium sites. Three subassociations are distinguished: typic, Alnus viridis and Kalmia angustifolia .

Vegetation: CNVC00238 is a hardwood forest Association with a closed canopy dominated by Populus tremuloides , usually with Betula papyrifera as an associate. The shrub layer is well developed to dense, generally with roughly equal amounts of regenerating trees (P. tremuloides , Abies balsamea , B. papyrifera and Picea mariana ) and low shrubs, especially Vaccinium myrtilloides , Diervilla lonicera and V. angustifolium . The herb layer is well developed and usually includes Cornus canadensis , Maianthemum canadense , Aralia nudicaulis , Clintonia borealis, Linnaea borealis and Lysimachia borealis. Forest floor cover is predominantly broad-leaf litter, so the moss layer is poorly developed, with only Pleurozium schreberi common, mainly on fallen logs and at the base of trees.

The typic subassociation has less shrub cover than the other two subassociations. The Alnus viridis subassociation has abundant A. viridis in the shrub layer and abundant Lycopodium annotinum in the herb layer. In the Kalmia angustifolia subassociation, the shrub layer is dominated by the ericaceous species K. angustifolia, V. myrtilloides and V. angustifolium and the herb layer by the fern Pteridium aquilinum. This subassociation also has higher constancy of the shrubs Viburnum nudum (see Comments), Ilex mucronata and Prunus pensylvanica.

Environment: CNVC00238 occurs in a continental boreal climate that is subhumid in the western part of its range, becoming increasingly humid farther east. Regional fire cycles within the range are intermediate (100-270 years), long (270-500 years) or even very long (>500 years). It is found most frequently on mesic, nutrient-medium sites. Stands are often on level sites or gentle to moderate slopes on water-shedding, middle to upper-slope topopositions. Soils are frequently moderately deep to deep, well drained and coarse- textured, often coarse loams or sands derived from morainal, or less commonly, glaciofluvial parent materials. Mor humus forms are prevalent. The Alnus viridis subassociation occurs more frequently on moist soils than do the typic and Kalmia angustifolia subassociations and is less common on drier, upper-slope topopositions.

Type Description (cont'd)

Dynamics: CNVC00238 is an early seral condition that typically establishes after stand-replacing fire or harvesting. Populus tremuloides and Betula papyrifera are pioneer species adapted to disturbance. Following any disturbance that does not kill their roots, they can reproduce vegetatively, P. tremuloides from root suckers and B. papyrifera from stump sprouts. These species also produce abundant, light, wind-dispersed seeds that can readily colonize mineral soil seedbeds exposed by disturbance. Both species grow rapidly in full-light conditions but are intolerant of shade so do not replace themselves in a stand without further disturbance. If seed sources are available, shade tolerant conifers (especially Abies balsamea ) can become established in these stands and may grow into the canopy as the pioneer species decline. After about 100 years, a mid-seral mixedwood Association could develop (e.g., CNVC00231 [Abies balsamea – Betula papyrifera – Populus tremuloides / Clintonia borealis ]).

Occasionally, CNVC00238 can result when harvesting or a severe outbreak of spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana ) eliminates the mature conifers in a mixedwood Association (e.g., CNVC00231). The resulting stand of CNVC00238 is short lived, however, since the surviving A. balsamea in the understory quickly grows into the canopy, re-establishing the mixedwood condition.

Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria ) and Armillaria root disease ( Armillaria spp.) can have significant impacts on P. tremuloides. Defoliation by the caterpillar can reduce growth, cause dieback and sometimes lead to mortality. Armillaria spp. can weaken or kill individual or small groups of trees. Canopy openings that result from insect or pathogen disturbance can promote forest succession by enhancing the growth of understory trees, such as A. balsamea and P. mariana .

Range: CNVC00238 occurs in the boreal region of Quebec and Ontario and likely extends into southeastern Manitoba as far west as Lake Winnipeg. In Quebec it ranges east to the Lower North Shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence near the Natashquan River and to the Gaspé region but is more frequent in western Quebec, especially on the Clay Belt. CNVC00238 occurs sporadically in the northern temperate region, usually on sites with poor soils or that are cooler than normal for that region. The typic subassociation is recognized in Ontario and Quebec. The Alnus viridis and Kalmia angustifolia subassociations are described only from Quebec.

Conservation Status (NatureServe) Global Conservation Rank: no applicable rank National Conservation Rank: not yet determined Subnational Conservation Rank: not yet determined

Mar. 23, 2016 ISSN 1916-3266 http://cnvc-cnvc.ca Page 2 of 14 © 2016 Canadian National Vegetation Classification Forest / Forêt Association CNVC 00238 Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Diervilla lonicera Trembling Aspen (Paper Birch) / Northern Bush-honeysuckle Peuplier faux-tremble (Bouleau à papier) / Dièreville chèvrefeuille

Distribution

Countries: Canada Provinces / Territories / States: Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec Terrestrial Ecozones and Ecoregions of Canada: Atlantic Highlands: Appalachians; Boreal Shield: Abitibi Plains, Algonquin-Lake Nipissing, Central Laurentians, Lac Seul Upland, Lake Nipigon, Lake of the Woods, Lake Timiskaming Lowland, Mecatina Plateau, Rivière Rupert Plateau, Southern Laurentians, Thunder Bay-Quetico Rowe’s Forest Regions and Sections of Canada: Boreal: Central Plateau, Chibougamau- Natashquan, Gaspé, Gouin, Laurentide-Onatchiway, Lower English River, Missinaibi- Cabonga, Northern Clay, Superior, Upper English River; Great Lakes-St. Lawrence: Algoma, Eastern Townships, Haileybury Clay, Laurentian, Middle Ottawa, Quetico, Saguenay, Sudbury-North Bay, Temiscouata-Restigouche, Timagami NAAEC CEC Ecoregions of North America (Levels I & II): Northern Forests: Atlantic Highlands, Mixed Wood Shield, Softwood Shield Nature Conservancy of Canada Ecoregions: Boreal Shield, Great Lakes, Northern Appalachians-Acadia, Superior-Lake of the Woods Ecozones and Ecoregions of Manitoba: Boreal Shield Manitoba Protected Areas Initiative Natural Regions: Manitoba Lowlands: Lake of the Woods Ecological Land Classification of Ontario (ecoregions and ecodistricts): 3E-1, 3E-2, 3E- 4, 3E-5, 3E-6, 3W-1, 3W-2, 3W-3, 3W-4, 3W-5, 4E-4, 4S-2, 4S-3, 4S-4, 4S-5, 4S-6, 4W-1, 4W-2, 5E-1, 5E-4 Bioclimatic Domains and Subdomains of Québec: 3 Est, 3 Ouest, 4 Est, 4 Ouest, 5 Est, 5 Ouest, 6 Est, 6 Ouest

Corresponding Types and Associations

238a typic Ontario BTr10-2 Populus tremuloides - Betula papyrifera / Vaccinium angustifolium / Clintonia borealis BTr4-8 Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Diervilla lonicera / Clintonia borealis Quebec QC108A Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Cornus canadensis [Typique] 238b Alnus viridis Quebec QC108B Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Cornus canadensis [Alnus viridis] 238c Kalmia angustifolia Quebec QC110A Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Kalmia angustifolia - Vaccinium spp. [Typique] QC110B Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Kalmia angustifolia - Vaccinium spp. [Pteridium aquilinum]

Feb. 12, 2016 ISSN 1916-3266 http://cnvc-cnvc.ca Page 3 of 14 © 2016 Canadian National Vegetation Classification Forest / Forêt Association CNVC 00238 Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Diervilla lonicera Trembling Aspen (Paper Birch) / Northern Bush-honeysuckle Peuplier faux-tremble (Bouleau à papier) / Dièreville chèvrefeuille

Vegetation Summary* Association Subassociation Subassociation CNVC00238 238a typic 238b Alnus viridis

259 plots 190 plots 19 plots %%%%%% Species Name † Cover ± Presence^ Cover ± Presence^ Cover ± Presence^

Overstory Trees Populus tremuloides 47 98 49 98 55 100 Betula papyrifera 17 74 18 72 16 53 Abies balsamea 8 51 9 53 8 42 Picea mariana 7 49 8 47 12 63 Prunus pensylvanica 6 33 5 26 6 37 Picea glauca 7 30 7 32 4 21 Pinus banksiana 6 18 6 15 10 26 ‡ Tree Stratum Cover (P 10 P 25 Mean P 75 P 90 ) (32 50 69 86 99) (32 54 70 86 99) (46 60 73 86 99)

Understory Woody Shrubs and Regenerating Trees Populus tremuloides 5 77 4 73 3 89 Abies balsamea 11 76 12 83 10 47 Vaccinium myrtilloides 9 71 5 68 8 84 Betula papyrifera 5 66 5 65 4 63 Diervilla lonicera 10 65 10 69 11 26 Vaccinium angustifolium 8 62 5 57 3 84 Picea mariana 6 61 6 58 5 74 Salix sp. 5 54 5 43 6 84 Amelanchier sp. 5 54 5 49 4 74 Prunus pensylvanica 4 47 4 40 3 32 Alnus viridis 22 39 14 33 53 100 Kalmia angustifolia 15 39 6 26 5 47 Sorbus americana 4 39 4 35 5 47 Acer spicatum 4 39 4 48 4 5 Picea glauca 4 38 4 44 3 21 Rhododendron groenlandicum 7 37 6 31 10 63 Viburnum nudum 7 33 8 25 4 26 Ribes glandulosum 2 32 2 33 3 74 Corylus cornuta 4 29 4 33 3 5 Ilex mucronata 5 27 4 22 8 16 Rubus idaeus 4 27 2 28 14 53 Sorbus decora 3 25 2 28 5 26 Acer rubrum 7 21 4 22 - - Viburnum edule 3 20 3 20 4 68 Lonicera canadensis 3 18 3 24 - - Cornus stolonifera 3 15 3 16 2 26 ‡ Shrub Stratum Cover (P 10 P 25 Mean P 75 P 90 ) (25 32 59 83 99) (19 32 50 66 88) (63 66 83 99 99)

Vegetation Summary (cont'd)* Association Subassociation Subassociation CNVC00238 238a typic 238b Alnus viridis %%%%%% Species Name † Cover ± Presence^ Cover ± Presence^ Cover ± Presence^ Understory Herbs and Dwarf Shrubs Cornus canadensis 13 93 13 93 14 95 Maianthemum canadense 5 89 5 93 6 79 Aralia nudicaulis 9 78 10 84 5 58 Clintonia borealis 6 78 6 83 6 74 Linnaea borealis 4 71 4 74 3 74 Lysimachia borealis 2 66 2 68 3 68 Lycopodium obscurum 3 54 3 55 4 58 Coptis trifolia 2 51 2 54 2 42 Pteridium aquilinum 15 44 12 42 9 26 Eurybia macrophylla 13 43 14 49 3 26 Lycopodium annotinum 7 40 6 37 17 79 Chamerion angustifolium 3 38 3 38 2 47 Lycopodium clavatum 3 36 3 37 2 32 Rubus pubescens 2 32 2 39 3 32 Streptopus lanceolatus 2 32 2 39 2 16 Viola sp. 2 29 2 29 3 63 Dryopteris spinulosa complex 4 28 4 25 4 74 Poaceae 5 27 3 25 21 47 Gaultheria hispidula 3 27 2 26 2 37 Carex sp. 2 25 2 23 2 47 Gymnocarpium dryopteris 2 19 2 19 3 42 Solidago macrophylla 3 18 3 18 2 42 Petasites frigidus 2 16 2 17 3 32 Galium sp. 2 8 2 8 2 21 Equisetum sylvaticum 2 8 1 9 2 26 ‡ Herb Stratum Cover (P 10 P 25 Mean P 75 P 90 ) (16 30 47 70 90) (16 32 49 70 90) (30 33 50 70 74)

Bryophytes and Lichens Pleurozium schreberi 8 88 7 85 9 100 Dicranum sp. 3 59 3 52 3 95 Ptilium crista-castrensis 3 47 2 46 4 79 Polytrichum sp. 5 42 5 39 2 63 Cladonia sp. 2 38 2 36 2 74 Cladina rangiferina 3 37 2 31 2 42 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 2 20 2 20 2 58 Hylocomium splendens 4 19 3 21 7 32 Cladina mitis 3 15 2 12 2 16 Sphagnum sp. 3 10 3 6 2 37 Mnium sp. 2 8 2 7 2 32 Bryo-Lichen Stratum Cover ‡ (P 10 P 25 Mean P 75 P 90 ) (3 3 14 16 33) (2 3 12 16 33) (3 3 16 16 54)

* species present in > 20% of sample plots are listed † see Botanical Nomenclature link at http://cnvc-cnvc.ca for botanical sources, synonyms and common names ± average percent cover of a species within the plots in which it occurs (i.e., characteristic cover) ^ percent frequency occurrence for a species within the total plots ‡ th th P x = X percentile (e.g., P 10 = 10 percentile)

Mar. 23, 2016 ISSN 1916-3266 http://cnvc-cnvc.ca Page 5 of 14 © 2016 Canadian National Vegetation Classification Forest / Forêt Association CNVC 00238 Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Diervilla lonicera Trembling Aspen (Paper Birch) / Northern Bush-honeysuckle Peuplier faux-tremble (Bouleau à papier) / Dièreville chèvrefeuille

Vegetation Summary (cont'd)* Subassociation 238c Kalmia angustifolia

50 plots %% Species Name † Cover ± Presence^

Overstory Trees Populus tremuloides 35 100 Betula papyrifera 15 92 Abies balsamea 6 44 Picea mariana 4 50 Prunus pensylvanica 7 60 Picea glauca 6 28 Pinus banksiana 5 24 ‡ Tree Stratum Cover (P 10 P 25 Mean P 75 P 90 ) (32 49 60 79 86)

Understory Woody Shrubs and Regenerating Trees Populus tremuloides 6 88 Abies balsamea 11 62 Vaccinium myrtilloides 20 76 Betula papyrifera 6 70 Diervilla lonicera 11 62 Vaccinium angustifolium 18 72 Picea mariana 6 64 Salix sp. 5 82 Amelanchier sp. 4 66 Prunus pensylvanica 6 80 Alnus viridis 15 40 Kalmia angustifolia 28 84 Sorbus americana 4 48 Acer spicatum 5 20 Picea glauca 4 22 Rhododendron groenlandicum 7 50 Viburnum nudum 6 66 Ribes glandulosum 4 16 Corylus cornuta 4 22 Ilex mucronata 7 50 Rubus idaeus 2 12 Sorbus decora 8 12 Acer rubrum 16 26 Viburnum edule 4 4 Lonicera canadensis 3 2 Cornus stolonifera 2 6 ‡ Shrub Stratum Cover (P 10 P 25 Mean P 75 P 90 ) (48 70 82 99 99)

Vegetation Summary (cont'd)* Subassociation 238c Kalmia angustifolia %% Species Name † Cover ± Presence^ Understory Herbs and Dwarf Shrubs Cornus canadensis 12 92 Maianthemum canadense 6 80 Aralia nudicaulis 5 66 Clintonia borealis 9 60 Linnaea borealis 4 58 Lysimachia borealis 2 60 Lycopodium obscurum 2 50 Coptis trifolia 2 40 Pteridium aquilinum 24 58 Eurybia macrophylla 7 26 Lycopodium annotinum 5 36 Chamerion angustifolium 2 34 Lycopodium clavatum 3 36 Rubus pubescens 3 4 Streptopus lanceolatus 2 14 Viola sp. 4 16 Dryopteris spinulosa complex 3 20 Poaceae 2 26 Gaultheria hispidula 6 30 Carex sp. 2 22 Gymnocarpium dryopteris 2 6 Solidago macrophylla 2 6 Petasites frigidus 2 6 Galium sp. -- Equisetum sylvaticum -- ‡ Herb Stratum Cover (P 10 P 25 Mean P 75 P 90 ) (3 16 38 50 70)

Bryophytes and Lichens Pleurozium schreberi 10 96 Dicranum sp. 3 74 Ptilium crista-castrensis 3 40 Polytrichum sp. 6 46 Cladonia sp. 2 34 Cladina rangiferina 5 58 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 2 6 Hylocomium splendens 2 6 Cladina mitis 5 28 Sphagnum sp. 2 14 Mnium sp. 2 6 Bryo-Lichen Stratum Cover ‡ (P 10 P 25 Mean P 75 P 90 ) (3 3 18 16 50)

Mar. 23, 2016 ISSN 1916-3266 http://cnvc-cnvc.ca Page 7 of 14 © 2016 Canadian National Vegetation Classification Forest / Forêt Association CNVC 00238 Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Diervilla lonicera Trembling Aspen (Paper Birch) / Northern Bush-honeysuckle Peuplier faux-tremble (Bouleau à papier) / Dièreville chèvrefeuille

Site / Soil Characteristics Association Subassociation Subassociation CNVC00238 238a typic 238b Alnus viridis 259 plots 190 plots 19 plots

Elevation Range (min–mean–max meters) 15–318–575 15–328–575 125–309–445 missing data (3) missing data (4) missing data (0)

Slope Gradient (% frequency) very steep (0) very steep (1) very steep (0) steep (5) steep (5) steep (11) moderately steep (14) moderately steep (15) moderately steep (0) moderate (20) moderate (19) moderate (16) gentle (29) gentle (27) gentle (53) level (31) level (32) level (21) missing data (2) missing data (2) missing data (0)

Aspect (% frequency) north (16) north (16) north (5) east (18) east (18) east (21) south (23) south (23) south (32) west (21) west (21) west (21) level (21) level (20) level (21) missing data (2) missing data (2) missing data (0)

Meso Topoposition (% frequency) crest / upper (29) crest / upper (29) crest / upper (5) mid (44) mid (44) mid (74) lower / toe (10) lower / toe (10) lower / toe (0) depression (1) depression (1) depression (0) level (16) level (16) level (21)

Moisture Regime (% frequency) very dry (1) very dry (1) very dry (5) dry (15) dry (17) dry (0) mesic (70) mesic (66) mesic (68) moist (14) moist (14) moist (26) wet (0) wet (1) wet (0) missing data (1) missing data (1) missing data (0)

Nutrient Regime (% frequency) missing data (100) missing data (100) missing data (100)

Site / Soil Characteristics (cont'd) Association Subassociation Subassociation CNVC00238 238a typic 238b Alnus viridis Soil Parent Material (% frequency) bedrock (2) bedrock (1) bedrock (5) colluvium (2) colluvium (2) colluvium (0) eolian (1) eolian (0) eolian (0) moraine / till (57) moraine / till (59) moraine / till (53) fluvial (2) fluvial (2) fluvial (0) glaciofluvial (14) glaciofluvial (12) glaciofluvial (5) lacustrine (6) lacustrine (8) lacustrine (0) glaciolacustrine (11) glaciolacustrine (10) glaciolacustrine (37) marine (5) marine (3) marine (0) missing data (2) missing data (3) missing data (0)

Soil Rooting Zone Substrate (% frequency) non-soil (3) non-soil (3) non-soil (5) sandy (14) sandy (14) sandy (16) coarse loamy (16) coarse loamy (16) coarse loamy (0) fine loamy (6) fine loamy (7) fine loamy (0) silty (2) silty (2) silty (0) clayey (6) clayey (7) clayey (11) missing data (52) missing data (50) missing data (68)

Root Restricting Depth (% frequency) 0 – 20 cm (2) 0 – 20 cm (1) 0 – 20 cm (11) 21 – 99 cm (55) 21 – 99 cm (48) 21 – 99 cm (63) ≥ 100 cm (13) ≥ 100 cm (18) ≥ 100 cm (0) missing data (30) missing data (33) missing data (26)

Humus Form (% frequency) mor (77) mor (72) mor (95) moder (15) moder (18) moder (5) mull (2) mull (2) mull (0) peatymor (1) peatymor (1) peatymor (0) missing data (6) missing data (8) missing data (0)

Mar. 23, 2016 ISSN 1916-3266 http://cnvc-cnvc.ca Page 9 of 14 © 2016 Canadian National Vegetation Classification Forest / Forêt Association CNVC 00238 Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Diervilla lonicera Trembling Aspen (Paper Birch) / Northern Bush-honeysuckle Peuplier faux-tremble (Bouleau à papier) / Dièreville chèvrefeuille

Site / Soil Characteristics (cont'd) Subassociation 238c Kalmia angustifolia 50 plots

Elevation Range (min–mean–max meters) 75–285–545 missing data (0)

Slope Gradient (% frequency) very steep (0) steep (4) moderately steep (14) moderate (24) gentle (28) level (30) missing data (0)

Aspect (% frequency) north (18) east (14) south (20) west (22) level (26) missing data (0)

Meso Topoposition (% frequency) crest / upper (36) mid (32) lower / toe (14) depression (2) level (16)

Moisture Regime (% frequency) very dry (0) dry (10) mesic (84) moist (6) wet (0) missing data (0)

Nutrient Regime (% frequency) missing data (100)

Site / Soil Characteristics (cont'd) Subassociation 238c Kalmia angustifolia Soil Parent Material (% frequency) bedrock (2) colluvium (0) eolian (4) moraine / till (52) fluvial (2) glaciofluvial (22) lacustrine (0) glaciolacustrine (4) marine (14) missing data (0)

Soil Rooting Zone Substrate (% frequency) non-soil (2) sandy (14) coarse loamy (22) fine loamy (4) silty (2) clayey (2) missing data (54)

Root Restricting Depth (% frequency) 0 – 20 cm (4) 21 – 99 cm (76) ≥ 100 cm (0) missing data (20)

Humus Form (% frequency) mor (90) moder (8) mull (0) peatymor (2) missing data (0)

Mar. 23, 2016 ISSN 1916-3266 http://cnvc-cnvc.ca Page 11 of 14 © 2016 Canadian National Vegetation Classification Forest / Forêt Association CNVC 00238 Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Diervilla lonicera Trembling Aspen (Paper Birch) / Northern Bush-honeysuckle Peuplier faux-tremble (Bouleau à papier) / Dièreville chèvrefeuille

Additional Characteristics Species of High Conservation Concern: Non-native Species: Management Issues:

Type Statistics Internal Similarity: Confidence: Strength:

Related Concepts Similar CNVC Associations: CNVC00213 [ Populus tremuloides – Betula papyrifera – Picea mariana – Pinus banksiana / Diervilla lonicera / Pleurozium schreberi ] is a similar mixedwood Association that occurs on comparable sites in the same range.

CNVC00231 [ Abies balsamea – Betula papyrifera – Populus tremuloides / Clintonia borealis ] is a similar mixedwood Association that occurs on comparable sites in the same range (see Dynamics).

CNVC00237 [ Betula papyrifera / Vaccinium angustifolium – Kalmia angustifolia / Pleurozium schreberi ] occurs on slightly poorer sites in the same range and has less Populus tremuloides and more ericaceous shrubs.

CNVC00239 [ Betula papyrifera (Populus tremuloides) / Acer spicatum / Clintonia borealis ] occurs on slightly richer sites in the same range and has more abundant Acer spicatum and Corylus cornuta in the shrub layer.

CNVC00241 [ Populus tremuloides (P. balsamifera) / Alnus incana / Eurybia macrophylla ] occurs on moister, richer sites in the same range and has more abundant Alnus incana in the shrub layer.

CNVC00242 [ Betula papyrifera /Alnus incana ] occurs in Quebec on moister, richer sites and has abundant Alnus incana in the shrub layer.

CNVC00305 [ Populus tremuloides / Alnus viridis (Rosa acicularis) ] occurs on slightly richer sites in northwestern Ontario and eastern Manitoba. It has less Abies balsamea, Vaccinium angustifolium and Eurybia macrophylla . Related United States National Vegetation Classification Associations:

Relationships with Other Classifications:

Comments Viburnum nudum here refers to var. cassinoides (wild raisin).

Source Information Number of source plots for CNVC00238 : 259 Number of source plots for 238a typic : 190 Number of source plots for 238b Alnus viridis : 19 Number of source plots for 238c Kalmia angustifolia: 50 Information Sources: McMurray, S.C., Johnson, J.A., Zhou, K., Uhlig, P.W.C. 2015. Ontario ecological land classification program - Ecological Data Repository (EDR). Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. & For., Sci.& Info. Branch, Sault Ste. Marie, ON.

Ministère des Ressources naturelles, de la Faune et des Parcs, Forêt Québec. 2003. Base de données des points d’observation écologique (version 2003). Gouv. du Qué., Min. des Res. nat., de la Faune et des Parcs, Forêt Qué., Dir. des inv. for., QC. Concept Authors: K. Baldwin, K. Chapman, C. Morneau, P. Uhlig, M. Wester Description Authors: K. Chapman, K. Baldwin and J.-P. Saucier Date of Concept: August, 2011 Date of Description: March, 2016

Classification References: Bergeron, J-F.; Grondin, P.; Blouin, J. 1999. Rapport de classification écologique du sous-domaine bioclimatique de la pessière à mousses de l'ouest. Min. des Res. nat. du Qué, Dir. des inv. for., Sainte-Foy, QC.

Grondin, P.; Blouin, J.; Racine, P. 1998. Rapport de classification écologique du sous-domaine bioclimatique de la sapinière à bouleau blanc de l'ouest. Min. des Res. nat. du Qué., Dir. des inv. for., QC.

Grondin, P.; Blouin, J.; Racine, P. 1999. Rapport de classification écologique du sous-domaine bioclimatique de la sapinière à bouleau jaune de l'est. Min. des Res. nat du Qué, Dir. des inv. for., QC.

Grondin, P.; Blouin, J.; Racine, P.; D'Avignon, H.; Tremblay, S. 2000. Rapport de classification écologique du sous-domaine bioclimatique de la sapinière à bouleau blanc de l'est. Forêt Qué., Dir. des inv. for., Min. des Res. nat. du Qué., QC.

Uhlig, P.W.C., Chapman, K., Baldwin, K., Wester, M., Yanni, S. 2016. Draft boreal treed vegetation type factsheets. Ecol. Land Class. Prog., Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. & For., Sci. & Info Branch, Sault Ste. Marie, ON.

Characterization References: Baskerville, G.L. 1975. Spruce budworm: super silviculturist. For. Chron. 51(4):138-140.

Bergeron, Y. 2000. Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Quebec's southern boreal forest. Ecology 81(6):1500-1516.

Bergeron, Y.; Chen, H.Y.H.; Kenkel, N.C.; Leduc, A.; Macdonald, S.E. 2014. Boreal mixedwood stand dynamics: ecological processes underlying multiple pathways. For. Chron. 90(2):202-213.

Boulanger, Y.; Gauthier, S.; Burton, P.J. 2014. A refinement of models projecting future Canadian fire regimes using homogeneous fire regime zones. Can. J. For. Res. 44(4):365-376.

Bridge, S.R.J. 2001. Spatial and temporal variations in the fire cycle across Ontario. OMNR, Northeast Sci. Tech., South Porcupine, ON. NEST TR- 043.

Gauthier, S.; Raulier, F.; Robitaille, A.; Chabot, M.; Duval, J.; Lord, D. 2013. Vulnérabilité face au risque de feu: description du critère et de l’indicateur, justification des seuils, méthode retenue et résultats détaillés. Chapitre 4 dans Rapport du Comité scientifique chargé d’examiner la limite nordique des forêts attribuables. Min. des Res. nat. du Qué., Sect. des for., QC.

Greene, D.F.; Zasada, J.C.; Sirois, L.; Kneeshaw, D.; Morin, H.; Charron, I.; Simard, M.J. 1999. A review of the regeneration dynamics of North American boreal forest tree species. Can. J. For. Res. 29:824-839.

Howard, J.L. 1996. Populus tremuloides. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Rocky Mt. Res. Stn., Fire Sci. Lab., Missoula, MT, US. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/poptre/all.html (accessed: May 27, 2015).

Characterization References (cont'd):

Kenkel, N.C.; Walker, D.J.; Watson, P.R.; Caners, R.T; Lastra, R.A. 1997. Vegetation dynamics in boreal forest ecosystems. Coenoses 12(2-3):97- 108.

Kneeshaw, D.D.; Bergeron, Y. 1998. Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest. Ecology 79(3):783-794.

Man, R.; Rice, J.A. 2010. Response of aspen stands to forest tent caterpillar defoliation and subsequent overstory mortality in northeastern Ontario, Canada. For. Ecol. Manage. 260:1853-1860.

McCarthy, J. 2001. Gap dynamics of forest trees: a review with particular attention to boreal forests. Environ. Rev. 9(1):1-59.

Ministère des Ressources naturelles. 2013. Le guide sylvicole du Québec, Tome 1, Les fondements biologiques de la sylviculture. Ouvrage collectif sous la supervision de B. Boulet et M. Huot. Les Publications du Québec, QC. 1044.

Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Forêt Québec. 2002+. Les guides de reconnaissance des types écologiques. Gouv. du Québec, Québec, QC. Available: http://www.mffp.gouv.qc.ca/forets/inventaire/guide-types-ecologiques-carte.jsp (accessed: May 2015).

Myren, D.T. (ed.). 1994. Tree diseases of eastern Canada. Nat. Res. Can., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa, ON.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2009. Ecological land classification ecosites field manual – operational draft, April 20th, 2009 – boreal. Ecol. Land Class. Working Grp, Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Sci. & Info Branch, Inven. Monit. Assess. Sect., Sault Ste. Marie, ON.

Uchytil, R.J. 1991. Betula papyrifera. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Rocky Mt. Res. Stn., Fire Sci. Lab., Missoula, MT, US. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/betpap/all.html (accessed: May 27, 2015).

Van Sleeuwen, M. 2006. Natural fire regimes in Ontario. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Queen's Printer for Ont., Toronto, ON.

Zoladeski, C.A.; Wickware, G.M.; Delorme, R.J.; Sims, R.A.; Corns, I.G.W. 1995. Forest ecosystem classification for Manitoba: field guide. Nat. Res. Can., Can. For. Serv., North. For. Centre, Edmonton, AB. Special Rep. 2.

The information contained in this factsheet is based on data and expert knowledge that is current to the date of description. As new information becomes available, the factsheet will be updated.

For more information about the contents of this factsheet and definitions of attribute names and data classes, see the Understanding the Factsheet link at http//cnvc-cnvc.ca.

Suggested Citation: K. Chapman, K. Baldwin and J.-P. Saucier. Populus tremuloides (Betula papyrifera) / Diervilla lonicera [online]. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada: Canadian National Vegetation Classification. March, 2016; generated Jun/16/2016; cited ENTER DATE ACCESSED. 14 p. Canadian National Vegetation Classification Association: CNVC00238. Available from http://cnvc-cnvc/ca. System Requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader v. 7.0 or higher. ISSN 1916-3266.