The Institution of Linguistic Dissidence in the Balearic Islands: Ideological Dynamics of Catalan Standardisation

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The Institution of Linguistic Dissidence in the Balearic Islands: Ideological Dynamics of Catalan Standardisation PhD-FLSHASE-2018-07 Escola de Doctorat The Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education DISSERTATION Defence held on 19/02/2018 in Luxembourg to obtain the degree of DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DU LUXEMBOURG EN SCIENCES DU LANGAGE AND DOCTOR EN SOCIETAT DE LA INFORMACIÓ I EL CONEIXEMENT PER LA UNIVERSITAT OBERTA DE CATALUNYA by Lucas John DUANE BERNEDO Born on 15 November 1984 in New York (USA) THE INSTITUTION OF LINGUISTIC DISSIDENCE IN THE BALEARIC ISLANDS: IDEOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF CATALAN STANDARDISATION Dissertation defence committee Dr Julia de Bres, dissertation supervisor Associate Professor, Université du Luxembourg Dr Joan Pujolar, dissertation co-supervisor Professor, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Dr Melanie Wagner, Chair Senior Lecturer, Université du Luxembourg Dr Maite Puigdevall, Vice-chair Professor, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Dr Kasper Juffermans Postdoctoral Researcher, Université du Luxembourg Dr James Costa Professor, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 Abstract This thesis describes ethnographically the recent institution of linguistic dissidence in the Balearic Islands, understood as the establishment of a belief in the archipelago’s socio-political field that claims ‘Balearic’, and not the current Catalan, must share official status with Castilian as its authentic autochthonous language. Three associations of language activists created in 2013 are responsible for this development. Given the hegemony of the belief that Catalan is the autochthonous language in the Balearic Islands, linguistic dissidents departed from a marginal social position and saw social media as the means for the materialisation, organisation and gradual crystallisation of their linguistic—and political—activism. Thus, this thesis analyses two years of social media activity of the three language activist associations, together with three interviews with activists and the participation in a highly symbolic activist event. Findings show how activists engaged in a struggle for the legitimisation of an alternative standard that revolved around authenticity ideologies, while they simultaneously secured and advanced the anonymity value of Castilian. Social media was instrumental for these purposes, as it provided activists representational control to articulate discourses about language and to police language practices, all in front of their supporters. This thesis also examines the implications that this development represented for Catalan standardisation. What does the institution of linguistic dissidence tells us about the Balearic linguistic market? How should social actors in favour of Catalan take into account these recent events? Precisely, these were the topics I asked 11 language planners working at different institutions in the Balearic Islands and two Catalan language advocates, in a set of interviews conceived to approach the other side of the question of Catalan standardisation and thus fully grasp the ideological dynamics for Catalan speakers in the archipelago. The interviews provided accounts on the ways institutional actors police the standard variety, as well as on the ideological obstacles that they identify for Catalan normalisation in the Balearic Islands. After finding a vertical distribution of standard iii practices among institutional actors, the analysis focuses on a local planner’s social media practices, given their explanatory potential of the workings of the linguistic market in the Balearic Islands. In all, this thesis advances three arguments about the activists’ strategic adoption of the standard language regime, the existence of an identification need in the Balearic linguistic market, and the role of minoritisation on standardisation. The case presented in this thesis offers grounds to consider how both the legitimisation and confrontation of standard varieties revolve around symbolic capital accumulation, a process in which ideologies of authenticity play a key role for minoritised languages. Résumé Cette thèse décrit, d’un point de vue ethnographique, le récent établissement d’une dissidence linguistique aux Îles Baléares, compris comme l’implantation dans le champ socio-politique de l’archipel d’une croyance selon laquelle la langue « baléare », et non plus le catalan actuel, doit partager le statut de langue officielle avec le castillan, et ce, de par son caractère authentique de langue autochtone. Trois associations d’activistes linguistiques nées en 2013 sont responsables de l’établissement de cette croyance. Partant du principe que la société baléare reconnait de manière hégémonique le catalan comme langue autochtone de l’archipel, les dissidents linguistiques sont partis d’une position sociale marginale et ont considéré les réseaux sociaux comme le moyen idéal de matérialiser, d’organiser et de cristalliser de façon graduelle leur activisme linguistique et politique. Par conséquent, cette thèse analyse deux années d’activité sur les réseaux sociaux de trois associations d’activistes linguistiques, trois interviews de militants ainsi que la participation à un événement fortement symbolique. Les découvertes montrent comment les activistes se sont engagés dans une lutte pour la légitimation d’une norme alternative, articulée autour des idéologies de l’authenticité et qui, par la même occasion, a assuré et a fait progresser la valeur de l’anonymat du castillan. Les réseaux sociaux ont joué un rôle clé dans la réussite de ces objectifs parce qu’ils offrent aux activistes un contrôle représentatif pour divulguer des discours sur la langue et pour contrôler les comportements linguistiques face à leurs partisans. Cette thèse étudie également les implications que ce processus représente dans la standardisation du catalan. Que nous apprend l’établissement d’une dissidence linguistique sur le marché linguistique aux Baléares ? Les agents sociaux en faveur du catalan doivent-ils réagir face à cette dissidence ? Ce sont précisément les sujets que j’ai abordé lors des entretiens effectués auprès de 11 responsables de la planification linguistique provenant de différentes institutions des Îles Baléares, ainsi qu’à deux militants de la standardisation de la langue catalane dans un ensemble d’entretiens conçu pour apporter une autre vision sur la standardisation du catalan, et ainsi v pouvoir pleinement saisir les dynamiques idéologiques de la langue catalane dans l’archipel. Les interviews fournissent des informations sur la façon dont les agents institu- tionnels contrôlent et agissent sur la variété standard, ainsi que sur les obstacles idéologiques qu’ils identifient à l’égard du processus de normalisation du Catalan aux Îles Baléares. Après avoir identifié une distribution verticale des pratiques de la variété standard entre les agents institutionnels, l’analyse se focalise sur l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux de la part d’un responsable de planification local, étant donné son potentiel explicatif du fonctionnement du marché linguistique dans les Baléares. En résumé, cette thèse présente trois arguments : a) l’adoption stratégique de la part d’activistes dissidents d’un régime standard linguistique ; b) l’existence d’une nécessité d’identification dans le marché linguistique des Baléares ; et, c) sur le rôle que joue la minorisation et son influence sur le processus de standardisation. Le cas d’étude de cette thèse sert de fondement pour étudier comment, tant la légitimation que la confrontation des variétés standard, s’articulent autour de l’accumulation de capital symbolique, un processus dans lequel les idéologies d’authenticité jouent un rôle fondamental à l’égard des langues minoritaires. Resum Aquesta tesi descriu etnogràficament l’establiment recent de la dissidència lingüística a les Illes Balears, entesa com l’assentament al camp sociopolític de l’arxipèlag d’una creença que reivindica que el “Balear”, i no l’actual llengua catalana, ha de compartir oficialitat amb el castellà en tant que autèntica llengua pròpia. Tres associacions d’activistes lingüístics creades el 2013 són les responsables d’aquest moviment. Tenint en compte que la societat balear reconeix de forma hegemònica la creença que el català és la llengua pròpia de l’arxipèlag, els dissidents lingüístics partiren d’una posició social marginal que veié en les xarxes socials el mitjà per a la materialització, organització i cristal·lització gradual del seu activisme lingüístic i polític. D’aquesta manera, aquesta tesi analitza aproximadament dos anys d’activitat a les xarxes socials d’aquestes tres associacions, a més de tres entrevistes amb activistes, i la participació en un esdeveniment altament simbòlic organitzat per aquestes associacions. L’anàlisi mostra com els activistes s’implicaren en un afany per legitimar un estàn- dard alternatiu basat en ideologies d’autenticitat, el qual simultàniament afermava i potenciava el valor d’anonimat del castellà. Les xarxes socials foren fonamentals per a aquests objectius, atès que oferiren als activistes un control representatiu per a articular discursos lingüístics i per a patrullar i avaluar pràctiques lingüístiques davant els seus seguidors. Aquesta tesi també examina les implicacions d’aquests esdeveniments per a l’estandardització de la llengua catalana. Què ens diu l’establiment d’una dissidència lingüística sobre el mercat lingüístic a les Illes Balears? Com l’han de tenir en compte els agents socials favorables a la llengua catalana? Aquests van ser els temes sobre els quals vaig entrevistar 11 tècnics lingüístics de diferents institucions de les Illes Balears i dos activistes
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