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Tuakau Structure Plan Archaeological Heritage

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Tuakau Structure Plan Archaeological Heritage TUAKAU STRUCTURE PLAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE Alexy Simmons and Malcolm Hutchinson Simmons & Associates Ltd. May 2014 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The intended outcome of the archaeological assessment was to identify archaeological sites that form Tuakau’s pre-1900 history. The focus was on producing a report that could be used to direct archaeological management in the structure plan area. The primary method used to identify archaeological sites was a table top study that included: historical research; compilation of recorded archaeological site data; and geo- referencing of historic aerial photographs and plans. This information was used to build a predictive model or perspective on where pre-1900 sites should be and types of sites. The predicted site information was reviewed through the analysis of recent aerial photographs, Lidar data, liaison with members of the local community, and several visits to Tuakau. The comparative assessment of the structure plan growth areas indicates that no previously recorded or newly recorded archaeological sites are located in the development areas. But a substantial number of potential pre-1900 archaeological sites may be found: along the streams that drain into the Waikato River; under the existing commercial district; in pre-1900 residential areas along old road corridors including Harrisville Road and River Road; associated with pre-1900 buildings (included in the built heritage schedule); at Les Batkin Reserve; outside Alexandra Redoubt defensive bank and ditch; and miscellaneous other places noted in the report. A number of specific heritage issues have been presented in the final report chapter along with management options. Among the recommended options is the preparation of an archaeological conservation and management plan for Alexandra Redoubt. It is recommended this report be used as the starting point for understanding, discussing and managing Tuakua’s archaeological heritage for present and future generations. -Dr Alexy Simmons & Mr Malcolm Hutchinson, May 2014 1 Simmons & Associates Ltd. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER ONE TUAKAU’S ARCHAEOLGOICAL HERITAGE ........................................... 10 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 10 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 TUAKAU HISTORY; AN OVERVIEW OF .......................................................... 12 PRE-1900 TUAKAU ........................................................................................................................ 12 HISTORY OF EARLY TUAKAU ............................................................................................... 12 European Contact .................................................................................................................... 12 European Traders .................................................................................................................... 13 Missionaries .............................................................................................................................. 15 Early European Travellers; Descriptions of Tuakau Village ............................................. 19 Maori Cultivations Near Tuakau .......................................................................................... 24 Flour Mill .................................................................................................................................. 30 THE WAIKATO CAMPAIGN OF THE NEW ZEALAND WARS ...................................... 34 LAND CONFISCATION AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT .............................................. 42 The Tuakau Immigrant Camp ............................................................................................... 43 Tuakau; The Early River Town And The Later Railway Town ........................................ 46 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 3 RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ........................................................ 91 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 91 A Note on Recorded Site Locations ...................................................................................... 92 Archaeological site typologies ................................................................................................... 93 Archaeological sites recorded within the Tuakau area .......................................................... 94 Artefact Find ............................................................................................................................. 98 Burial/ cemetery ....................................................................................................................... 99 Botanical Evidence ................................................................................................................... 99 Commercial ............................................................................................................................... 99 Domestic .................................................................................................................................... 99 Midden and Midden/Oven .................................................................................................. 101 Military .................................................................................................................................... 101 2 Simmons & Associates Ltd. Pa .............................................................................................................................................. 101 Pit/terrace ................................................................................................................................ 104 Stonework ............................................................................................................................... 105 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 4 GEO-REFERENCING; PLANS AND HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAHS .......................................................................................................................................................... 106 introduction ................................................................................................................................ 106 Aerial photography ................................................................................................................... 106 Historic plans ............................................................................................................................. 108 Processing ............................................................................................................................... 109 The Product............................................................................................................................. 110 Sites found during this study .................................................................................................. 111 Site of the Catholic Church ................................................................................................... 111 Site of the school building .................................................................................................... 112 Maori cultivation, Whangarata Rd ...................................................................................... 113 Maori cultivation, Dromgools Rd ........................................................................................ 114 Collins building ...................................................................................................................... 115 Collins flax mill ...................................................................................................................... 115 CHAPTER 5 PREDICTIVE MODEL AND FIELD VISIT ........................................................ 117 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 117 PREDICTIVE MODEL .............................................................................................................. 117 archaeologically sensitive areas; Unrecorded sites .............................................................. 119 Model Development .............................................................................................................. 119 FIELD VISITS ............................................................................................................................. 120 Field Checking Sites identified in Chapter 3 ..................................................................... 129 Field Checking Sites Identified in Chapter 4 ..................................................................... 129 Other Sites Identified During the Field Work ................................................................... 130 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................
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