Cadra cautella (Lep., Pyralidae)               Biological characteristics of Cadra cautella (Lep.: Pyralidae) on some dried fruits at controlled conditions

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∗ Corresponding author: [email protected]



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Abstract Dried fruit moth ( Cadra cautella ) (Walker) is one of the most important pests of dried fruits and was reported on dried date, dried fig and raisin from Iran. The biology of this pest has not been studied on dried fruits products of Iran, regardless of economic value of this pest. In this research some biological characteristics including development time, fecundity and survivorship of C. cautella on dried fig, dried berry, dried date and raisin were investigated. All experiments carried out at constant temperature room (29±1 °C, 60 ± 5% RH and Photoperiod 16L: 8D). Based on the results, the highest (251.38±16.51) and lowest (177.83±15.25) fecundity occurred on the dried fig and raisin respectively. Shortest and longest development time from egg to adults for female was occurred on dried fig and raisin respectively. Also, the highest (91.52±3.16%) and lowest (83.23±2.83%) survivorship of immature development stages of C. cautella were observed on dried date (Zahedi variety) and raisin respectively. Thus dried fig and dried date (Zahedi variety) are preferred by C. cautella . Key words : Dried fruit moth, biology, Cadra cautella.

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q‹ q‹ 3?/  3? x?/  3 ?/ JH 66 " \$(  ( "V92  $ P. interpunctella M  ( C. cautella bH#*   &H1 6 Ka6 V9)  ( ^_ (  D6 L C| . C* # 5 ) JH# F+&HI "H ;F9' /U 1 $AU  KŽ 0 # z' "  ( # ( K ^Hy# $H . 'H H# ;H LH$ bH#R  &H1 H6 Ka6 V9  )  ( ^_ 5 6 6* ( ) n? H6 3n )$ P&HI H#I  ( LH$ ^H_ "H* HC* # @$, Cox (1975) KHW "H (F#H' "HVFZ$ H # ) nx 6 3x )$ \$( ,w#   ) x? 6 qx )$ O &* (H# $&1 $ ( L$ ^_ ’1 “ 786 ( . ;0$ (+' $ $ (DV0$ (# #I H "H* ;0$ ( ) n‹ q3/ q/.±  n‹ q/ 3?/.± J 66 " O &*  "V @2 '  „$ ( D6 ;T " () (1 6 '$6 # “ [6 \T L$ . ($ ' ;7 [# g @$, ( Gordon and stewart (1988) XF6$ L ( .   \Q'$  O#) V _  #( $&H1 $ ‡2 \C  $ C. cautella b#*  &1 6 Ka6  ( ^_ (I @$,  ( L H ^H_ "H ;F9H' "H* H'$ (H* @$, )  3‹ ./ (# $&1  33 / ' ,H ' HF'$ ;H H 2 J 0 (# ( . ;0$ V * “ 786 L$ ( 0 (# F+&I H bH#* $&H1 H6 KHa6 V9)  ( ^_ ( D6 J# $AU KŽ ( D6 P. interpunctella H M "HA w6 (H# $AU ($# "6 b W  f~6  () 5778# . ;0$   Williams (1964) "HH  )$ HH'$ (HH* HH$ HH$ ;HH HH  ( ^HH_  H . Johnson et al . (1995)  Subramanyam and Hagstrum (1993)  Mbata and Osuji (1983) bH#* $&H1 H H6 KHa6 H  ( ^H_ Johnson et al . (1992) @$,H jH0$ \$(H   ) .. p/ \HC jF0  j 90 "( .? 3/ #( ( P. interpunctella  ( ^H_ ,H ' @$, L$ ( "*  # ) 3? ./  3 ‹/ 3 3/ J 66 " (  "V92 H1 $AHU KHŽ )$ H6 H6* /U 1 $AU KŽ  b#* &1 6 Ka6 V9)  &H1 H6 KHa6 V9H)  ( ^_ Kehat and Greenberg (1969) L Cr . ;0$ F+&I pn pn H6 n‹ L H j 9H0 "( 3x #( ( #I  $ Cadra figulilella (Gregson) b#* . . C* # @$, )

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        Cadra cautella     : - .  !"

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Cadra cautella  `Va# b1$# Z$V# c7 d( (±SE) L %' # %I C6 Table 3. The mean (±SE) successive percentage survival of development stages of Cadra cautella

Dried fruits Egg Larvae Pupae Mean

78.92±3.37 b 77.50±6.19 a 97.14±1.84 a 83.23±2.83 a Dried berry (n=12) (n=8) (n=7) (n=27) 75.88±4.85 b 87.50±4.53 a 100± 0.00 a 86.47±3.03 a Dried fig (n=11) (n=8) (n=8) (n=27) 71.39±5.10 b 82.50±4.53 a 97.50±1.63 a 83.80±3.16 a Raisin (n=8) (n=8) (n=8) (n=24) 92.66±3.92 a 85.89±4.66 a 95.17±2.85 a 91.52±3.16 a Dried date (Zahedi) (n=10) (n=8) (n=8) (n=26) Means with same letter(s) in each column are not significantly different at P>0.05 Numbers in parentheses are the number of samples tested.

b1$#  ( ^_ ( '  (  F9' ; _ #( "+  $AU KŽ C6 "' #( Subramanyam and Hagstrum (1993) "* _ " . '$( $,9  f~6 ; V9) `Va#  $A  f~6 d$ b#$T 5$CT " $ $AU KŽ  F9' ; _ 5 )$ Y  L6 K# $ C. cautella "  )$ F'$ MN8# ;  2 J )$ "' O V9 )  ( ^_ L "*  D6 )$ 6 b W Oa "* ( # XFCV0$ L C| L$  C . CC* # Y#  @$, L ( (#  D6    @$, 0  ’1 “ 786 )$ bd1 mV'  F9' ; _ #( "  )$ &#) „$ ( D6  " [0$ ($( (  &VC# . .  #  9D6 b W $AU KŽ  '  M "* $ (#  ' b#* $&1  T ^_ "* ($( 5&' 0 L$ mV' D6 %+  '( "V @2 P&I #I  O &* P&I  Q'$ P&I 6  ˆ 0 >  "* C. cautella b#* $&1  T ^_ .(  ^ ) '$' $( CY# bd1 m V'  "R (Siruno and Morallo, 1986) ;0$  @$, )  '( "V @2 (#  $AU K Ž "R ;0$ Z1 ( L $  ($( ;7 [#  ( ) (1 6 O ]2 L $ )$ J  0 ( . ;0$ ( DV# % G   @$, ( L $ ( ;  M (DV0$

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        Cadra cautella     : - .  !"

^_ "R _ " ;0$ (  @$, L $ " &# b#R $&1  T ^_ , ' F'$   2 q q )$ '( "V @2 \$( ,w#  ( "V92  "* P. interpunctella b#* $&1  T . . (Marzban et al., 2001) ;0$  @$, ) ?/ 6 $AH KHa6 )$ O H2 5$( ^H_ H H# "H XH # mV' :  4   L K FJ ($H$ )$ PH H „06  "V$A Ka6 ($Y6 L Cr  $A Ka6 )$ 2  $A Ka6 ($( 5&H' . ^H ( H'( (H* "Aw6 F+&I `Va# \/W$ )$ '  M "* $ (# PH )$ HV * HFZU (H# $&H1 $AH Ka6 )$ O 2 5$( ^_ j0$ L$  . ;0$  H . &H'  &H# F+&HI `HVa# \/HW$ L H $( HCY# HD6 Hz' LH$ )$  ( ) HC'#  HF'$ ;H  H H2 JH H%  ( $H ( LH$ ^H_ (#  @$, j0$ Forouzan, 2003; ) ;H0$ (H ) P ) $ V * P. interpunctella  Ephestia kuehniella Zell. `Va#  "'  (# $&1 "*  ( # 5&' mV' L$ . ( Huang and Subramanyam, 2003 ^_ . CC* , Ka6   %VD "d/  )$ 2 C'$6 #  *> F'$  2 J "Aw6 F+&I `Va# \/W$ )$ '   M "* C. cautella  (# $&1 $A Ka6 5$( y*$H1 H6 xp/? x‹/± bW$H1 )$  ;H$' $( HCY# HD6 %H+ H KH '( (* P. interpuctella  (# $&1 $ ( L$ ^_ #$  .( ^ ) (  wV# ) xx/ pn/x± 3n 3n H#( (  )  ? j 9H0 "H( .n  .x #( ( >  "'$( $AU KŽ  ^H_  .  H ^  “ [# . (Arbogast, 2007) ;0$  @$, ) ? j 90 "( $( CY# D6 %+  `Va# F+&I ( C. cautella $&1 $A Ka6 )$ 2  ( (H# (H  „06  "V$A Ka6 ($Y6 v Q# #$ . ( ) ( )$ V * %  ;$' (H H c$)$ "H )  (  "V$A Ka6 ($Y6 _ L  (F=3.22; df=3,70; P<0.028) . (F=3.03; df=3,19; P<0.035) CV$( $( CY# D6 %+  F+&I `Va# \/W$ ( (# ( 5 LHV *  ( .n 3?/ p± n/ ) P&HI H Q'$ ( H "VH$A KHa6 vH Q# LV& 6H H 5 )$ FG&HI H2 JH "R  Q' )$ .   &# ( qq ?3/ n± .n/ ) O &* CH H# " H Aw6 W ˆ 5 ' C'# ($# ( , 5  (# b#R $&1 "R  # ( H'$6 H# (# $&1 5  )$'$ 5 ^F'( "   M  (DV0$ (# $AU ; D * $AZ

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 P&HI H Q'$ H0 H# z' " L$  C  (Mbata, 1985)   f#  "V$A Ka6 ($Y6  CV9H $(HI C. cautella $H V&H ; [# )$ O &* " ;F9' P&I #I (H# ( ^Hy# $H . H'$( $HW ;H LH$ 9HI ŠHY# ( V& MN8# L$ $AZ  9H H  $AH Ka6 5$, #  z'   # "* ;0$  ($( 5&' P. interpunctella Mohandass et al., ) ($( %V9 ; (DV0$ (# $AU t C# " () (1 6  (  wV# H c$)$ "H ) H (  "V$A Ka6 ($Y6 [C  Ka6 v Q# ^1 L T ( . ( 2007 ˆ 5 H' "H* H_ "H  ˆ " (# $&1 0V0(  f~6 ;86 '$6 # (# ( Hagstrum and Tomblin, 1975; Ryne et al ., ) H f# Ka6 ($Y6 O$,$ ( % ‹n 6 '$6 # ($Y6 $AZ  '(  "Aw6 % x CW ;  ^8#  (# $&1 , ' # O#) ( . ( 2004 . .  ( v’# L$  f~6 ;86 '$6 #  "V$A Ka6 V9H) bH1$# Z$HV# cH7 d( L %' # 3   ^ ( : C. cautella M 34 N Hd( KHa6  "H1# ( j0$ L$  . ;0$  &# b W C. cautella   D  M Ka6 H'( (H* "Aw6 P&I #I )$ '  M "* $ (# $&1 )$ bd1  Ka6 c7 "H* $ (# $&1 „06  "V$A  Ka6 c7 d(   "V$( $ c7 d( LV& CV$( $( CY# D6 '( (* "Aw6 O &*  P&I  Q'$ P&I 6 )$ '  M  (H# $&H1 „H06 H "VH$A H KHa6 cH7 d( . (F=4.25; df=3,37; P<0.011) p p  ??   $ J 66 " '( (* "Aw6 \$(  "V92 )$ '   M "* P. interpunctella ,H ' “H 786 LH$ )$ bd1 mV' ( 6D6 L C| "*  (Johnson et al ., 1992) ;0$ ( d( (. (. #  &# \/HW$  C. cautella H  DH  M  "H1# Z$HV# cH7 d( 0 L$ ( `HVa# bH1$# L H ( . H'($' 5&H' $( HCY# D6 %+  O #) (# F+&I  M  "H1# 5 )$ HY  (H H  D  "1# " X # c7 d( L6M  V9) H \HQ'$ HYZ[# ( C. cautella  DH V9)  "1# D6 L Cr . ( Ka6 -0 ;H0 mV'  "* ;0$ ( V * %(   " 1# ( " ;F9' Arbogast (1981) „06 "H (HI YZ[# ( Burges and Haskin (1965) _ )$ . ($( '$I K 0 L$ ( #

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"H1# " X # D6 LV& C. cautella V9)  "1# "0 L ( "* ' 0 "Q V' L$ . . ($' '$a “ 786 L $ )$ bd1 mV'  @$, L$ "* ;0$ M KHa6 bH* ($HY6 "H  )$ “ 786 L$ (  "F08#  # " "6  "d/I [ ) H ( (# (  c$)$ "  "V$A Ka6 ($Y6 [C  (  „06  "V$A H#I  P&HI H Q'$ "H* ;( 5$6 # b#*  &1 6 Ka6 )$ V9)  ( ^_  $(I C. cautella $ V& ; [# )$ e&I 6 ' )$ 2   $) KW P&I "H* 6HF *6 H0 H  CW 5$, # ; _ 5$, # 5r ($# “ 786 L$ ( "VFZ$ . CV9 f# `Va# b#$T L ( . ;0$ &'   )$'$ (( ; $ "Aw6 ” 6 J# '$V # HV R ;  " Aw6 (# FG&I ; _ O7' 0 # z' " ; L $ V9  )   ]   K H Ž e H )$ C. cautella  H M  " Aw6 "R ;0$  a&# $ )  b#$T  0 )$ V9 V9 H )  H ]   $( CY#  f~6 ( )  „0V# KR ; _ 5$, # "0  ; f  $AU ;H0$ "VH$' H  DH 5) HV1  HD6 5$, H # sZ ' b1$#    ( ^_  z' 5 H2 JH  $AHU K H Ž ( (H# HF R6 5$, H # "HR ;0$  ; f #$ . (Mealor, 2004)  9H ; L  $  '   ;T0   e CZC Z  0$  e •ZC Z  0$ ,R C'# FG&I L$ V9)  # " t$ T/_$ ^1 L T ( . (Fraenkel and Blewett, 1946) ;0$ f# \HQ'$ L $ C . ($' ( (  # $W ; "Aw6 (# "* $AU ($# )$  9  ;   H H#   ;H L H $  H" Aw6 (#  $AU ($#  f~6 0 zC# " 6 b#R YZ[# H . H  ' €H_ $ ;H H0C ;9  ) ( (# KF# G' )$ &a '$6 # e $#( LH$ . H f# ; ; Y  $ w6  ^#  " 6 ' ( '$6 # T/_$ L$ b +6 HD$ ;H ^HVC* H "#' $$ $ $ V#  $, $ O7' T' " C'$6 #  ^# ∗ . . CC*

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 O; P; 7 786 "90# & ]2 \V8# 5Y# 5 D [Z (Y9# VR(  W  G )$ 5'%' 5VH0 H6F' –HD1   # v$)  &# jC# K'I R0    9#    #  #I .  'C # '$(W  G&6 "' d 5  t   ; " (Z “_C# Y# ( 5$( 

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MSc. Thesis, Gilan University, Rasht, Iran, 160pp. (in Persian with English summary). FRAENKEL, G. and M. BLEWETT, 1946. The dietetics of the caterpillars of three Ephestia species, E. kuetwiella, E. elutella and E. cautella and of a closely related species, Plodia interpunctella . Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 22: 162-71. GORDON, D. M. and R. K. STEWART, 1988. Demographic characteristics of the stored- products moth Cadra cautella , Journal of Animal Entomology, Vol. 57: 627-644. HAGSTRUM, D. W. and TOMBLIN, C. F. 1975. Relationship between water consumption and oviposition by Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, Vol. 10: 358-363. HILL, D. S. 2003. Pests of stored foodstuffs and their control, Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA, 453 pp. HODGES, R. and G. FARRELL, 2004. Crop post-harvest, science and technology, Vol. 2, Durables. Blackwell Publishing Company, USA, 274 pp. HUANG, F. and B. SUBRAMANYAM, 2003. Effects of delayed mating on reproductive performance of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Journal of Stored Products Research, Vol. 39: 53–63. JEONG-HWAN, K., K. YONG-HEON, G. HYUN-GWAN, H. MAN-WI and L. GWAN- SEOK, 2003. Biological characteristics and mass rearing system for Cadra cautella (Walker) as a substitute diet for natural enemies, Korean, Journal of Applied Entomology, Vol. 42(3): 203-209. JOHNSON, J. A., P. L. WOFFORD and L. C. WHITEHAND, 1992. Effect of diet and temperature on development rates, survival and reproduction of the Indian meal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 85: 561–566. JOHNSON, J. A., P. L. WOFFORD and R. F. GILL, 1995. Developmental thresholds and degree-day accumulations of Indian meal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on dried fruits and nuts, Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 88: 734–741. KEHAT, M. and S. GREENBERG, 1969. The biology and phenology of Arenipses sabella Hmps. and Cadra figulilella (Gregson) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) on dates in Israel, Bulletin of Entomological Research, Vol. 58: 411-420. LONGSTAFF, B. C. 1995. An experimental study of the influence of food quality and population density on the demographic preference of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.), Journal of Stored Products Research, Vol. 31(2): 123-129.



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MARZBAN, R., H. BAYAT ASADI and A. MIRMOAEDI, 2001. Comparative assessment of some biological characteristics of Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Hb. (Lep., Pyralidae) on pistachio, walnut and almond in laboratory, Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, Vol. 20(2): 71-79. (in Persian with English summary) MBATA, G. N. and F. N. C. OSUJI, 1983. Some aspects of the biology of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) a pest of stored groundnuts in Nigeria, Journal of Stored Products Research, Vol. 19: 141–151. MBATA, N. G. 1985. Some physical and biological factors affecting oviposition by Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), Insect Sci. Applic. Vol. 6: 597–604. MEALOR, M. A. 2004. Spatial heterogeneity in ecology. PhD. Thesis, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, 187 pp. MOHANDASS, S., F. H. ARTHUR, K. Y. ZHUC and J. E. THRONE, 2007. Biology and management of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored products, Journal of Stored Products Research, Vol. 43: 302–311. NAWROT, J. 1981. Population parameters for almond moth ( Cadra cautella Wlk.) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) reared on natural products. Prace Naukowe Instytutu Ochrony Roslin, Vol. 21(2): 53-60 (Abstract). PREVETT, P. F. 1968. Some laboratory observations on the life-cycle of Cadra calidella (Guen.) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), Journal of Stored Products Research, Vol. 4(3): 233- 238. REES, D. 2007. Insects of stored grain, CSIRO Publishing, Australia, 77 pp. RYNE, C., P. A. NILSSON and M. T. SIVA-JOTHY, 2004. Dietary glycerol and adult access to water: effects on fecundity and longevity in the almond moth, Journal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 50(5): 429-434. SHAHHOSSEINI, M. J. and K. KAMALI, 1989. A checklist of insects, mites and rodents affecting stored products in Iran, Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, Supplementum 5, 47 pp. (in Persian with English summary). SHAYEGAN, A., M. NASERI, E. MOHAJERI, G. KAJBAFVALA, M. KHOURSHIDI and H. FARAZMAND, 2002. Collection, identification and studying of fluctuation of Iranian date palm stored pests based on management of pest control, Final report of project No. 100-11-77-109. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research and Education Organization, (in Persian with English summary).

 

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Address of authors: Eng. A. MAROUF and Dr. M. AMIR MAAFI, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Postal Code 1985813111, Tehran, Iran; Dr. N. SHAYESTEH, Department of Plant Protection, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran.

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