2 October 2001 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 103(4), 2001, pp. 777~787

DESCRIPTION, BIOLOGY, ANp KARYOTYPE OF A NEW PSILOCHALCIS KIEFFER (: CHALCIDIDAE) FROM INDIANMEAL PUPAE (: ) ASSOCIATED WITH CULLED FIGS

J. A. JOHNSON, E. E. GRISSELL, V. E. GOKHMAN, AND K. A. VALERO

(JAJ and KAV) Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 2021 S. Ave., Fresno, CA93727, U.S.A.; (EEG) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, % National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560-0168, U.S.A.; ('YEG) Botanical Garden, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia

Abstract.-Psilochalcis brevialata Grissell and Johnson, new species, is described and illustrated based on specimens from a laboratory culture reared on Plodia interpunc­ tella (Hubner) pupae. This species, isolated from laboratory-reared P. interpunctella placed at a culled fig warehouse in central California, is the first Psilochalcis associated with stored product pyralids. In the laboratory, P. brevialata also sucessfully parasitized Cadrafigulilella (Gregson), C. cautella (Walker), Ephestia elutella (Hubner) and Amyelois transitella (Walker). The karyotype of P. brevialata showed a haploid chromosome num­ ber (n) of 6, the highest n value known for the family Chalcididae. Female P. brevialata had relatively long reproductive lives of 39.3 days, producing an average of 3.3 progeny/ day for a total of 128.7 progeny per female. Key Words: Hymenoptera, Chalcididae, Psilochalcis brevialata, new species, Pyralidae, pupae

A review of the hymenopterous parasites Psilochalcis (as Invreia), originally con­ of stored product (Gordh and Hart­ sidered an Old World genus, was first re­ man 1991) included only two cha1cidid spe­ ported in the New World based upon three cies: Antrocephalus aethiopicus Masi and species described from Oklahoma and Tex­ A. mahensis Masi, both of Cor­ as (Grissell and Schauff 1981). A fourth cyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: species from Arizona and Hawaii was add­ Pyralidae). No Psilochalcis species has pre­ ed later (Boucek 1984). Boucek (1992) re­ viously been recovered from stored product ported that less than 20 species of Psilo­ pyralids, and few host records are known chalcis were known from the western hemi­ for the genus (Boucek 1992). Grissell and sphere. Boucek and Halstead (1997) re­ Schauff (1981) summarized the then known cently stated that at least 10 undescribed hosts, which consisted of two pyralid spe­ species occurred in the Nearctic Region. cies in the Old World and a pyralid and gelechiid species in the New World. Naren­ As part of a project to integrate natural dran (1989) reported as a host a species of enemies into non-chemical control pro­ the family Oecophoridae from India. No bi­ grams for postharvest dried fruits and nuts, ological .observations have been made on a survey was made of the insects present at any species, but in the few reared instances, a culled fig warehouse in Fresno, California adult wasps emerged from the pupal stage (Johnson et al. 2000). Because culled, sub­ of its host moth. standard figs are judged unsuitable for hu- 778 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON man consumption, little or no attempt is was smeared on the underside of the lid. made to control pests within the warehouse. Dishes were held under rearing conditions Consequently, large pyralid populations de­ until emergence of adult Psilochalcis. velop in these figs, which in turn support These adults, along with any remaining in various populations. During the the jars, were used to continue the culture. course of the survey, we discovered an un­ Specimens from several generations of the described species of Psilochalcis (Hyme­ laboratory colony were killed in 70% noptera: Chalcididae) parasitizing pupae of ETOH and sent to E. Grissell for taxonomic the , Plodia interpunctella study. (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). In this Karyotype.-Parasitized hosts from the paper, we describe the new species Psilo­ laboratory culture were sent to V. Gokhman chalcis brevialata Grissell and Johnson and for karyotype determination. Chromosome include observations onits culture, biology preparations were obtained from cerebral and karyotype. ganglia of prepupae according to the tech­ nique of Imai et al. (1988). Chromosomes METHODS AND MATERIALS of three males and three females of P. brev­ Maintenance of laboratory culture.-We ialata were studied. For making chromo­ began a: laboratory culture of Psilochalcis some measurements, ten haploid metaphase using material reared from traps baited with plates were scanned directly from the prep­ host pupae placed at the culled fig ware­ arations using an optic microscope fitted house in November 1994 and June 1995 with a static TV camera connected to a per­ (Johnson et al. 2000). Host pupae were sonal computer equipped with the image from a laboratory culture of Indianmeal analysis program Imagefixpertv version moth reared in glass jars (41) with about 1.0. Scanned images were measured using 350 g of wheat bran diet (Tebbets et al. Adobe Photoshop'" version 3.0.5. Statistical 1978). Corrugated cardboard strips (2.5 em analysis was performed with the help of X 2 m) were placed on the diet surface, STATISTICA® version 4.3. coiled along the inner wall of the jar, to Life history.-We obtained adult Psilo­ serve as pupation sites for Indianmeal moth chalcis of known age by placing individual larvae. Strips with 1-3 day old pupae were parasitized host pupae in glass culture tubes transferred to clean jars, along with a hand­ (12 X 75 mm) closed with foam plugs. ful of diet containing mature larvae. About 1 g of honey was smeared along the inside Within 24 hours of emergence, adult para­ wall of the jar before adding 50-100 adult sitoids were removed from the culture tubes Psilochalcis. and sexed. Single pairs of male and female Psilochalcis rearing jars were kept in en­ wasps were placed in plastic Petri dishes vironmental chambers at 27°C, 60% RH, (90 X 15 mm) lined with filter paper. A and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L: D) h. small amount of honey was smeared on the from unparasitized hosts were removed as underside of each lid. Only pairs that were quickly as possible, but not before some observed in copulo were used in the study. were able to lay eggs. Because these eggs A total of 15 pairs were used. Ten 1- to 4­ produced larvae capable of feeding on par­ day old Indianmeal moth pupae in cocoons asitized host pupae, 1 week after the addi­ were added to each dish. After 24 hrs, pu­ tion of adult Psilochalcis, pupae were re­ pae were removed, placed in plastic sample moved from the pupation strips and exam­ cups (30 ml), and held at noc, 60% RH, ined for evidence of parasitization (mela­ and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h for nized spots). Parasitized pupae were placed emergence of either moths or Psilochalcis. in plastic Petri dishes (90 X 15 mm) lined Host pupae were provided each day to each with filter paper. A small amount of honey Psilochalcis pair until the death of the fe- VOLUME 103, NUMBER 4 779 male. A similar test with 10 virgin females ameter (an area covered with effaced sculp­ also was done. ture); flagellum (Fig. 2) filiform, scape wid­ Potential host range.-Pupae from labo­ est in basal %, pedicel 2 to 3X longer than ratory cultures of various postharvest Lep­ any funicular segment, slightly shorter than idoptera other than P. interpunctella were clava, which appears to be one-segmented offered to recently emerged and mated Psil­ (ratio in holotype beginning with scape 55: ochalcis females held in plastic sample 18:7:8:9:9:9:9:9:9:21); scape ca. 1.3X as cups. After 24-72 hours, the pupae were long as eye height; pedicel 3 X longer than removed and held at rearing conditions for greatest width (apical). Mesosoma: Ratio emergence of either moths or Psilochalcis. pronotum : mesoscutum : scutellum: propo­ A total of five pyralid species (Lepidoptera: deum ca. 3:4:4:3 (holotype same); prono­ Pyralidae) were tested: figulilella tum, scutum, and scutellum with evenly (Gregson), C. cautella (Walker), Ephestia spaced, nearly contiguous setigerous punc­ elutella (Hubner), Amyelois transitella tures except punctures on median area of (Walker) and Galleria mellonella (Linnae­ scutellum vary from nearly contiguous (as us). We also tested pupae of the codling for male, Fig. 4) to 1 to 2 diameters apart moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepi­ (Fig. 5), seta length 1 to 2X puncture di­ doptera: Tortricidae). ameters; interspaces reticulate-aciculate; midlobe of mesoscutum with punctures ca. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ~ own diameter apart (especially posteri­ orly); scutellum medially with punctures Psilochalcis brevialata Grissell and less than own diameter apart (as in Fig. 5); Johnson, new species mesepisternum with forecoxal depression (Figs. 1-7) not prolonged into flange ventrally; propo­ Description.-Female length 3.0 to 4.0 deum (Fig. 6) with complete well-devel-· mm (holotype 3.5 mm). Ratio head: meso­ oped submedian carina, prespiracular sulcus soma: metasoma: forewing ca. 1.5:5:5:6 carinate laterally, an irregular diagonal ca­ (holotype 7:23:25:29). Black except the fol­ rina joined from anterior of sublateral ca­ lowing yellow to dark reddish brown: te­ rina to inner posterior carina of prespira­ gula, tarsi, tibiae (except sometimes pro­ cular sulcus, with many transverse carinae and mesotibiae basally brown to black), between main longitudinal carinae; midfe­ metafemur at apex and base, metatrochan­ mur distally swollen, rounded ventrally, 3X ter, scape and flagellum (basal half of scape wider distally than proximally; forewing 2­ and apex of pedicel may be yellow). Head: 3X as long as wide (holotype 8:3), hyaline, Face (Fig. I) wider than high (holotype 5: ratio submarginal: marginal: stigmal veins 4), eye (Fig. lb) with sparse erect setae ca. ca. 9:1.5:1 (holotype 27:5:3), barely reach­ 2 to 3 ommatidia in length, 1 to 1.5 X own ing apex of tergum 3 when folded flat.Me­ length apart; eye height less than least in­ tasoma: Elliptical in side view; tergum I terocular distance (at vertex) (holotype 5:6), reaching ca. OAX length of metasoma, epi­ ratio lateral ocellus :ocellocular length: pygidium and ovipositor barely visible postocellar length ca. 1:1:4 (holotype 7:5: from above; tergum I anterolaterally with 20), malar distance shorter than intermalar longitudinal elliptical depression which is distance (holotype 7:8); upper face with mostly bare except for a dorsal line of sev­ contiguous punctures each with recurved eral long overlapping setae with bases silvery seta (Fig. 1 a); lower face laterad of much closer together than length of seta, scrobes rugose and covered with appressed area ventrad of depression with numerous, dense silvery pubescence; scrobe nearly short setae, tergum laterally polished, dor­ reaching venter of median ocellus, separat­ sally finely punctate to reticulate except ed from it dorsally by about one ocellus di- posterior )/5 of margin smooth and polished; 780 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

7

Figs. 1-7. Psilochalcis brevialata. 1, Face, female, insets show sculpture on upper frons (a) and eye setation (b). 2-3, Antenna (lateral view). 2, Female. 3, Male. 4-5, Mesonotum (dorsal view, setae not shown). 4, Male. 5, Female. 6. Propodeum (dorsal view), female. 7, Metasoma (lateral view), female, inset shows sculpture. VOLUME 103, NUMBER 4 781 tergum II laterally covered with appressed median area of the scutellum also varies as silver setae each in minute, shallow depres­ described above. The males are fairly con­ sion, surrounded by small depressions sistent in coloration and sculpture. ("petallike" arrangement, Fig. 7), entirely Host.-Originally reared from laborato­ finely aciculate except semicircular dorso­ ry-reared Plodia interpunctella pupae. Nat­ median area smooth; tergum III-VI with ural hosts at the culled fig warehouse are posterior margins rimmed with fine reticu­ believed to be P. interpunctella and Cadra lation and 1 or 2 rows of silver setae. figulilella. Male length 2.3 to 3.5 mm. Color as for Discussion.-Representatives of all de­ female except some orange areas on scape, scribed Nearctic species (including types) tegula, and femora replaced with black. have been examined as a basis for recog­ Scape (Fig. 3) subapically incised, with up­ nizing P. brevialata. The species cannot be ward projecting denticle on outer margin; confused with P. hespenheidei Boucek, antennal ratio beginning with scape 32:10: which forms its own distinct species group 2:10:9:9:9:9:9:9:18 (clava counted as one); (species sola) as discussed by Boucek scape subequal to eye height, pedicel ca. (1984). In the key to Nearctic species of 1.5X longer than wide; funiculars evenly Psilochalcis (as Invreia) by Grissell and covered with short appressed silver setae ar­ Schauff (1981), females of P. brevialata ranged in 4 or 5 rows; sculpture and setae would run to P. usta (Grissell and Schauft) of mesosoma and metasoma same as for fe­ and males to P. deceptor (Grissell and male except median area varies less, with Schauff). The difficulty of defining Psilo­ punctures less than own diameter apart chalcis brevialata is that it has several (Fig. 4). unique character states as well a unique Type material.-Holotype S?, USA, Cal­ combination of character states that overlap ifornia, Fresno County, Horticulture Crops the other Nearctic Psilochalcis species. For Research Lab, 1O-I-2000, J: Johnson, reared this reason we first discuss the defining from culture of Plodia interpunctella, de­ characters of P. brevialata and then com­ posited in the National Museum of Natural pare characters with the three species with History, Smithsonian Institution, Washing­ which it might be confused. ton, DC. Paratype data same as holotype The unique characters that distinguish P. except as follows: 15 S? 29-XI-1999; 14 S?, brevialata from P.· usta, P. deceptor, and P. 8 0 10-I-2000; 10 S? 12-IV-2000; 4 S?, 7 0 threa (all Grissell and Schauff, 1981) are as XI-1999; 5 S?, 5 0 V-1999, Johnson/Gill, follows. In P. brevialata the eye has erect from culled fig warehouse. Paratypes are setae that are 2 to .3 ommatidia diameters deposited in the National Museum of Nat­ in length and are separated at the base by ural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1 to 1.5 times their own length. In P. de­ Washington, DC, the California Department ceptor, P. threa, and P. usta the eyes have of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, the setae scarcely 1 ommatidium in length and Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, are separated by 2 to 3 'times their own Canada, and The Natural History Museum, length. In P. brevialata the upper face has London, U.K. contiguous pits separated by carinate walls. Etymology.-From brevis (short) and Psilochalcis deceptor and P. usta have alata (wing), in reference to the shortened punctures with flat spaces between them wing. which may be 0.5 to 1 times the width of Variation.-Most variation in females is a puncture; P. threa has area covered with found in the coloration of the tegula, scape rugulose sculpture. Similar sculpturing is (basally)', and pro- and mesolegs. These ar­ also found on the mesoscutum and scutel­ eas vary from dark red brown to bright or­ lum as well, though it is more defined in ange yellow. The degree of sculpture on the these areas and the interspaces tend to be 782 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ( a I I

b I I

Fig. 8. Male (a) and female (b) karyotype of Psilochalcis brevialata. (scale bar indicates 10 urn). slightly wider than on the face. In P. de­ has a weakly developed denticle projecting ceptor these areas are covered with evenly slightly upward as in P. deceptor. In P. spaced punctures with polished flat spaces threa and P. usta it is well developed but between them; P. threa is similar to P. de­ points outward. ceptor but has reticulate spaces between There is no indication that distributions punctures; P. usta has irregularly placed of Old and New World species of Psilo­ punctures with polished areas between them chalcis overlap. Although we have not ex­ and the median area of the scutellum is amined every Old World species in the ge­ highly polished without punctures. In fe­ nus, we have checked Old World keys and males of P. brevialata the wings when fold­ discussions of taxa, and have found no ref­ ed flat over the metasoma (i.e., the normal erence to species of Psilochalcis (or its pre­ condition) barely reach the apex of tergum sent synonyms) with shortened wings as 3. In P. deceptor, P. threa, and P. usta the found in P. brevialata. Included in our ex­ wings reach or exceed the apex of the me­ amination were the key to species known tasoma. up to 1960 (Nikol'skaya 1960) and subse­ Additional diagnostic characters that help quent descriptions and transfers of species to distinguish P. brevialata from the other by Steffan (1962, 1976), Habu (1970), and known species are as follows: in both sexes, Narendran (1989). P. brevialata has tergum 1 sculptured dor­ Karyotype (Figs. 8-9).-The haploid sally and polished laterally as in P. usta. In chromosome number (n) in this species is P. deceptor tergum 1 is polished entirely; six, its karyotype containingfour metacen­ P. threa is sculptured entirely. In P. brevi­ tric (M) and two submetacentric (SM) chro­ alata the propodeum has well defined sub­ mosomes (Fig. 8a). The arm number (NF") median, sublateral, and postspiracular cari­ therefore equals 12. Similarly, for the dip­ nae, with distinct glossy pits formed. by loid karyotype 2n = 12 (8M + 4SM) and transverse carinae as in P. deceptor and P. NF = 24 (Fig. 8b). usta. In P. threa there are no transverse ca­ In the karyotype of P. brevialata two rinae and the entire propodeum is covered long metacentrics are followed by a smaller with granulate sculpture. Females of P. chromosome of the same type, sometimes brevialata have the pedicel 3 X longer than appearing as submetacentric due to a large wide as in threa (5X in P. deceptor, 4X in segment of pericentromeric heterochroma­ P. usta). In males of P. brevialata the scape tin. Other chromosomes are obviously VOLUME 103, NUMBER 4 783

Table 1. Relative length and centromeric index of chromosomes in Psilochalcis brevialata.

Chromo­ some Relative Length Centromeric Index

1 21.39 ± 0.88 47.22 ± 2.18 2 20.64 ± 0.86 44.79 ± 3.37 3 18.56 ± 1.27 42.48 ± 3.25 4 15.18 ± 0.73 46.47 ± 2.10 5 12.82 ± 1.05 28.49 ± 3.17 6 11.41 ± 0.45 26.38 ± 2.56

shorter than the preceding ones. They are represented by a medium-sized metacentric and two small submetacentric (sometimes Fig. 9. Haploid ideogram of Psilochalcis breviala­ close to subtelocentric) chromosomes. Rel­ ta. ative lengths and centromeric indices of the chromosomes are given in Table 1, and the haploid ideogram is shown in Fig. 9. beginning in August and continuing Karyotypes of four members of the fam­ through October. Sale and distribution of ily Chalcididae are known (Gokhrnan & the figs as cattle feed began soon after re­ Quicke 1995), but none of them has the ceipt and continued throughout the year. haploid chromosome number of 6 found in During summer months, water was often P. brevialata (Table 2). However, two added to the fig mass in order to maintain smaller submetacentrics in this species have a suitable moisture content. No con­ very short arms, which may indicate that its trols were used, other than occasional in­ n value was probably derived from the most secticide applications along the perimeter of usual number in the family, n = 5, by chro­ the warehouse for ant control. Common mosomal fission. Lepidoptera found at the warehouse include Description of original habitat.-The several pyralids, particularly Indianmeal culled fig warehouse was located in Fresno, moth, raisin moth (c. figulilella), and navel California, in an area of light industry and orangeworm (Amyelois transitella). Al­ residences. The facility consisted of an en­ though all three of these- pyralids were closed, unheated warehouse and a covered, brought into the warehouse in new figs, open-sided, raised dock. Figs were stored in only Indianmeal moth actually reproduced wooden bins in the warehouse or on the within the warehouse environment. Other dock until they could be dumped onto a pyralid parasitoids commonly found at the large pile in the center of the dock. Culled warehouse included figs were brought in from throughout the (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and spe­ fig-producing region of central California cies of Goniozus Forster (Hymenoptera:

Table 2. Chromosome numbers of Chalcididae.

Species n 2n References

Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) 3 6 Hung 1986 B. lasus(Walker) 5 10 Hung 1986 B. ovata (Say) 5 10 Hung 1986 Dirhinus himalayanus Westwood 5 10 Amalin et al. 1988 Psilochalcis brevialata Grissell and Johnson 6 12 present paper 784 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Bethylidae), both external larval parasites, stung several times. Several eggs (2-5) Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hyme­ were found in single hosts exposed to one noptera: Ichneumonidae) an internal larval female in less than 1% of those dissected. parasite, and Mesostenus gracilis (Cresson) In spite of evidence of single hosts re­ (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an exter­ ceiving multiple stings, no more than one nal prepupal and pupal parasite. wasp was seen to emerge from a single Behavioral observations.-Large num­ host. Developing parasites did not entirely bers of Psilochalcis adults were recovered consume their host; about 50-70% of the from yellow sticky traps hung about 1 m host's body mass remained after parasite off the ground at the culled fig warehouse emergence. Adult Psilochalcis normally in late summer and early fall (Johnson et emerged from the anterior half of the host, al. 2000). Adult Psilochalcis were also seen but the exact location varied considerably. flying at the culled fig warehouse in warm Host preference.-The laboratory culture weather. Although they were capable of of Psilochalcis brevialata was established flight, Psilochalcis reared in the laboratory from laboratory-reared Indianmeal moth did not readily do so. Adults flew most of­ pupae that had been placed at the culled fig ten when warmed in direct sunlight. When warehouse and parasitized. Shortly after es­ disturbed, adults would often drop to the tablishment of the culture on laboratory­ substrate, legs tucked in close to the body, reared Indianmeal moth, P. brevialata fe­ and remain motionless. males successfully parasitized pupae from Adult female Psilochalcis used their an­ laboratory cultures of Cadra figulilella, C. tennae to examine empty host cocoons and cautella, Ephestia elutella, and Amyelois host pupae. Females used their mandibles transitella, all pyralids. Females did not to tear through cocoons to reach host pupae, successfully parasitize pupae of laboratory­ and were rarely seen to sting their hosts reared Galleria mellonella or Cydia pomo­ through cocoons. Females showed no ob­ nella. After P. brevialata had been in cul­ vious preference for any location on the ture on Indianmeal moth for about one year, host, and seemed to sting whichever portion females still readily parasitized C. figulilella of the host was accessible. Dark, sclerotized and E. elutella, but rejected A. transitella. spots on host pupae were evident within 24 During weekly sampling over a two-year h of stinging. We found evidence of as period, 4,824 P. brevialata were recovered many as 20 stings on an individual host. from yellow, sticky flight traps at the culled The ovipositional behavior of 40 females fig warehouse (Johnson et al. 2000). Large was observed. Females normally examined numbers of postharvest pyralids were also hosts for several seconds or even minutes recovered from pheromone traps at the before beginning to sting. A female in the warehouse. Indianmeal moth was the most process of stinging a host could be identi­ prevalent of these, and commonly infested fied by a characteristic, vigorous twisting of new figs as well as reproduced within the the head. This head twist was also often warehouse environment. New figs also noticed as the female withdrew her ovipos­ were heavily infested with C. figulilella, a itor. The length of time for a female to sting common field pest of drying fruits such as a host varied considerably, from 3-32 min­ raisins and figs. Although P. brevialata was utes, averaging about 13 minutes. Females never reared from field-collected hosts, we appeared to host feed at the exudates from believe that the recovery of P. brevialata recent stings. Females were likely to sting from laboratory-reared Indianmeal moth, the same host several times in succession, and the ease with which it is reared on In­ even when other host pupae were available. dianmeal moth, Cadra, and Ephestia spe­ Single parasite eggs were normally found cies indicate that these are its natural hosts, in dissected hosts, even those that had been at least within the culled fig warehouse. VOLUME 103, NUMBER 4 785

Table 3. Life history parameters for 15 mated pairs and 10 unmated females of Psilochalcis brevialata.

Parameter Mean-± SE Max Min

Mated Pairs Female lifespan (days) 43.3 ± 3.38 67 20 Male lifespan (days) 35.4 ± 3.19 64 19 Female reproductive lifespan (days) 39.3 ± 2.39 53 23 Total progeny 128.7 ± 11.70 201 32 Female progeny 69.0 ± 6.00 109 25 Male progeny 59.,7 ± 7.30 109 7 Sex ratio (female/male) 1.4 ± 0.20 3.57 0.53 Progeny development period (days) 24.5 ± 0.31 26 22 Female development period (days) 25.8 ± 0.42 29 24 Male development period (days) 24.3 ± 0.54 29 21 Unmated Females Female lifespan (days) 37.3 ± 6.77 84 13 Female reproductive lifespan (days) 26.4 ± 4.76 40 5 Progeny (all male) 39.2 ± 7.02 64 6

It is uncertain how P. brevialata became all, mean development time at 27°C for established at the culled fig warehouse. progeny of mated females averaged 24.5 Most likely, it was brought in with parasit­ days, with females (25.8 days) taking 1-2 ized hosts in new figs. As such, it could days longer to develop than males (24.3 have originally been from any of the or­ days). Developmental period was not mea­ chards contributing figs to the warehouse, sured for progeny of unmated females. in either Indianrneal moth, C. figulilella, or The average number of progeny pro­ A. transitella pupae. An alternate explana­ duced per day for mated females is shown tion is that P. brevialata was present in ex­ in Fig. 10. Very few host pupae were suc­ isting stored product pyralid populations. cessfully parasitized the first day after adult Several other food-processing plants and emergence, but the number rose sharply to residences, both known sources for Indi­ a peak 4-11 days after emergence. After anmeal moths, are in the same area as the about -II days, the number of progeny pro­ culled fig warehouse. duced each day slowly declined, with fe­ Life history.-Results of the life history males producing no progeny the last 2-4 studies are summarized in Table 3. On av­ days of their lives. Females were never able erage, mated females lived nearly a week to parasitize all 10 available hosts in a sin­ longer (43.3 days) than unmated females gle day. Although the rate of parasitization (37.3 days), although the longest lived fe­ per day seems low, the relatively long re­ male in the study (84 days) was unmated. productive life of the females allows pro­ Males lived about 2 days less (3504 days) duction of more than 120 offspring per fe­ than unmated females. The reproductive li­ male. fespan for mated females (39.3 days) was The highest number of P. brevialata was nearly 2 weeks longer than for unmated fe­ recovered from flight traps at the culled fig males (2604 days). Mated females produced warehouse during the warm summer an average of 128.7 progeny, more than 3 months, when other pyralid parasitoids such times the number of progeny produced by as H. hebetor, V. canescens, M. gracilis, or unmated females (39.2). The sex ratio for Goniozus spp. were far less active (Johnson progeny' from mated females was slightly et al. 2000). Other laboratory observations skewed (104) towards females. Unmated fe­ indicate that P. brevialata is relatively heat males produced only male progeny. Over- tolerant. Psilochalcis brevialata may there- 786 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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Fig. 10. Age specific fecundity (average adult progeny production per day of female life) of Psilochalcis brevialata. fore prove to be a useful component of a ---. 1992. The New World genera of Cha1cididae biologically based control program for post­ (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Ento­ mological Institute 53: 49-117. harvest dried fruits and nuts. Boucek, Z. and J. Halstead. 1997. Family Chalcididae, pp. 151-164. In Gibson, G. A. P., J. Huber, and J. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS B. Woolley, eds. Annotated Keys to the Genera of We thank Mark Hannel and Richard Gill Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Mono­ (Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, graph 1. National Research Council, Ottawa, Can­ ada. 794 pp. USDA-ARS), and Andrey V Devyatov Gokhrnan, V. E. and D. L. J. Quicke.1995. The last (Moscow State University, Moscow, Rus­ twenty years of parasitic Hymenoptera karyology: sia) for their technical assistance,and Stev­ An update and phylogenetic implications. Journal en L. Heydon (Bohart Museum of Ento­ of Hymenoptera Research 4: 41-63. mology, University of California at Davis) Gordh, G. and H. Hartman. 1991. Hymenopterous par­ asites of stored-food insect pests. pp. 217-227. In for allowing V. Gokhman the opportunity Gorham, J. R. Ecology and Management of Food­ of working at the Museum. We also thank Industry Pests. Food and Drug Administration Alma Solis and David Smith (Systematic Tech Bulletin 4. Association of Official Analytical Entomology Laboratory, Washington, DC), Chemists. Arlington, VA. Grissell, E. E. and M. E. Schauff. 1981. New Nearctic John Pinto (University of California, Riv­ Invreia (Hymenoptera: Cha1cididae) from lepi­ erside), and Steven L. Heydon (University dopterous pests of peanut. Proceedings of the En­ of California at Davis) for reviewing our tomological Society of Washington 83: 1-12. manuscript. Habu, A. 1970. Description of a new Invreia species parasitic on a paddy stem borer in Pakistan. Mushi LITERATURE CITED 43: 45-49. Hung, A. C.P. 1986. Chromosomes of three Brachy­ Amalin, D. M., L. M. Rueda, and A. A. Barrion. 1988. meria species (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Ex­ Cytology of a parasitic wasp, Dirhinus himalay­ perientia 42: 579-580. anus Westwood (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera). Imai, H. T., R. W. Taylor, M. W. J. Crosland, and R. Philippine Entomologist 7: 272-274. , H. Crozier. 1988. Modes of spontaneous chro­ Boucek, Z. 1984. On Schwarzella, Invreia and some mosomal mutation and karyotype evolution in other Hybothoracini (Hym.: Chalcididae). Bolle­ ants with reference to the minimum .interaction tino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filip­ hypothesis. Japanese Journal of Genetics 63: 159­ po Silvestri 41: 53-64. 185. VOLUME 103, NUMBER 4 787

Johnson, J. A., K. A. Valero, M. M. Hannel, and R. F. demii Nauk SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, New Se­ Gill. 2000. Seasonal occurrence of postharvest ries No. 76. 221 pp. [In Russian.] dried fruit insects and their parasitoids in a culled Steffan, J. R. 1962. Chalcidoides de L'Institut National fig warehouse. Journal of Economic Entomology. D'Entomologie de Rome. Fragmenta Entomolo­ 93: 1380-1390. gica 4: 19-39. ---. 1976. Les Euchalcidia Masi du bassin medi­ Narendran, T. C. 1989. Oriental Chalcididae (Hyme­ terraneen. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique noptera: Chalcidoidea). Zoological Monograph, de France 81: 52-63. University of Calicut, Kerala, India. 440 pp. Tebbets, J. S., C. E. Curtis, and R. D. Fries. 1978. Nikol'skaya, M. N. 1960. Fauna USSR: Hymenoptera Mortality of immature stages of the navel oran­ VII (No.5). [Chalcidoids, families Chalcididae geworm stored at 3.5°C. Journal of Economic En­ and Leucospidae.] Zoologicheskiy Institut Aka- tomology 71: 875-876.