Sosyal Bir Seremoni: Anadoluda Düğün Yemekleri Ve Ritüelleri a Social Ceremony: Wedding Dishes and Rituals in Anatolia
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Research Article / Araştırma Makalesi Sosyal Bir Seremoni: Anadoluda Düğün Yemekleri ve Ritüelleri A Social Ceremony: Wedding Dishes and Rituals in Anatolia Çağla Özer* Abstract:The culinary culture of each country differs depending on the geographical conditions of the place of residence, climate, cultural background, their religious beliefs and other similar factors that that constitutes the social structure. Turkey; located at the junction of the Asian and European continents, it is a country consisting of 7 geographical regions and 81 provinces, surrounded by seas on three sides. As in every society in Turkey, birth, wedding and events in the transition period is considered to be life or death created around it are experienced with certain ceremonies. Weddings are one of the important traditions that constitute the beginning of the family that created the society, reflecting the lifestyle of the society and history go back old times. Wedding ritual is a universal feature common in all cultures and objectives in Turkish culture and contains important meanings for different communities living in Turkey and has traditional features. In addition to this, the believes that the meals prepared as a treat in weddings that are held as a collective entertainment ritual will bring abundance. The aim of this study was to determine experienced wedding rituals and dishes associated with common features and differences in the different geographical regions of Turkey. In this context, the books prepared by the Culture and Tourism Directorates affiliated to the Provincial Governorships and the studies (research articles, reviews, graduate theses, congress papers, books) published between 1985 and 2020 were scanned and the data obtained were compiled under titles. As a result of the study, it is seen that traditional wedding ceremonies and dishes still maintain their value when going from the city to the villages. However, in almost all regions, although the stages until the wedding day are occured on different days and in different forms, it is observed that the dishes are the basis. Structured Abstract: The culinary culture of each country differs depending on the geographical conditions of the place of residence, climate, cultural background, their religious beliefs and other similar factors that make up its social structure. The ceremoniality of weddings is universal as a common feature and purpose in all cultures. For Turkish culture and different communities living in Turkey weddings have important meanings and traditional features. In addition to this, the believes that the meals prepared as a treat in weddings that are held as a collective entertainment ritual will bring abundance, which is also valuable because it is a complementary element of weddings and it means a sacred ceremony. Turkish society has been the scene of collective eating ceremonies in Anatolia since the day it was in the flow of history. Meals for any occasion of joy such as making a wish, getting rid of a disaster, circumcision, birth, or for the soul of the dead and a cause of sadness have always existed in the traditions of the Turks for centuries. * Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, İstinye Üniversitesi, Güzel Sanatlar, Tasarım ve Mimarlık Fakültesi, Gastronomi ve Mutfak Sanatları Bölümü Asst. Prof. Dr, Istinye University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Gastronomy and Culinary Arts 0000-0001-8471-8607 [email protected] Cite as/ Atıf: Özer, Ç. (2020). Sosyal bir seremoni: anadoluda düğün yemekleri ve ritülleri. Turkish Studies - Social, 15(8), 3677-3690. https://dx.doi.org/10.47356/TurkishStudies.46346 Received/Geliş: 14 September/Eylül 2020 Checked by plagiarism software Accepted/Kabul: 20 December/Aralık 2020 Published/Yayın: 28 December/Aralık 2020 Copyright © INTAC LTD, Turkey CC BY-NC 4.0 3678 Çağla Özer Weddings are a transitional period of human life between birth and death, which are celebrated with certain ceremonies and differ according to traditions and customs in the regions. Although there are differences from region to region, all kinds of that rituals are meticulously observed for the unity, happiness and solidarity of the newly established family in wedding ceremonies, otherwise there is a belief that weddings will cause unease, unhappiness and bad luck into the wedding house (Yiğit, 2019). Wedding, which has an importance in our social life; it has become widespread derived from the words “tüğün” and “düğmek” which mean to create bonds and to tie. In addition, it is said that the wedding day is called "toy günü" because it means feast and entertainment with dinner, and "tüy günü" because of the decoration of houses with feathers on the wedding day (Yakıcı, 1991). The purpose of this study was to determine the wedding rituals, the common characteristics and differences associated with foods in different geographical regions of Turkey. In this context, the books prepared by the Culture and Tourism Directorates affiliated to the Provincial Governorships and the studies (research articles, reviews, graduate theses, congress papers, books) published between 1985 and 2020 were examined and the obtained data were compiled under titles. As a result of the study, it is seen that traditional wedding invitations and meals still maintain their value when going from the city to the villages. However, in almost all regions, although the stages until the wedding day are occured on different days and in different forms, it is observed that the meals are the basis. Besides, cooking meals together is an evidence of helping and sharing while ensuring the unity and cohesion of societies. Although the dishes made in all our regions differ in terms of preparation and presentation, it has appeared that there are at least a few types of meat dishes. Keşkek is the most traditional type of food made in different geographical regions. It has seen that made on both engagement and wedding days. Keşkek is also included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (SOKÜM) Representative List with the name "Traditional Ceremonial Keşkek" in 2011, as it contains ceremonial meaning and traditionalism in its preparation. Zerde, baklava and halva maintain their place where they are served as dessert on the ceremony of bind with a promise to wed, engagement and wedding days. Apart from the ceremonies mentioned halva appears at all stages of the wedding rituals at the invitation part, asking for a girl, on the henna night, in the Turkish bath. The common point of the desserts is the belief that the sweetness lasts a lifetime. It is also observed that the tradition of drinking sherbet continues in most regions and is consciously kept alive with the longing for the past. Another point is that it is not possible for the societies that lived in Anatolia, which is the cultural mosaic of our rich cuisine culture, not to be affected by each other. At this period, local cuisines on behalf of Turkish Culinary Culture need to be researched and documented. Foods such as sacrifice meat, apple, pomegranate, ram, flour, onion, egg, salt appear symbolically within the framework of concepts such as togetherness, abundance, fortune, sustenance, and destiny. Also, it is a symbolic concept to hang the Turkish flag as a herald of the wedding in some geographical regions. Besides, the meals prepared, gifts sent, and customs applied have different meanings and importance. It includes abundance, cooperation, unity and togetherness, belief and socialization, therefore it has a socially important cultural function. Wedding invitations have an important cultural function that starts with the distribution of lavash or dough called “ekmek atımı”, increases the solidarity that brings people together and strengthens ties, and includes fertility, unity, perseverance and socialization. One of the areas where we will ensure the sustainability and preservation of the meals, which is an valuable point of our culture, is important in terms of contributing to the transfer of food to future generations without forgetting that it is important and served in accordance with local traditions in wedding ceremonies. In this study with Turkey's regional wedding rituals and it is widely examined may constitute a source for further studies. Keywords: Culture, Gastronomy, Tradition, Wedding Meals, Wedding Rituals. Öz: Her ülkenin mutfak kültürü yaşanılan yerin coğrafi koşullarına, iklimine, toplumsal yapısını oluşturan kültürel geçmişine, toplumun dini inanışlarına ve benzer diğer etkenlere bağlı olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Türkiye; Asya ve Avrupa kıtalarının birleştiği noktada yer alan, 7 coğrafi bölge ve 81 ilden oluşan üç tarafı denizlerle çevrili bir ülkedir. Her toplumda olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de doğum, düğün ve ölüm gibi hayatın geçiş dönemleri olarak kabul edilen olaylarda bunun etrafında oluşturulan birtakım törenlerle yaşanmaktadır. Düğünler, toplumun oluşmasını sağlayan ailenin başlangıç dönemini teşkil eden, toplumun hayat tarzını Turkish Studies - Social, 15(8) Sosyal Bir Seremoni: Anadoluda Düğün Yemekleri ve Ritülleri 3679 yansıtan ve tarihi eskilere dayanan önemli geleneklerden biridir. Düğünlerin törenselliği tüm kültürlerde ortak bir özellik ve amaç olarak evrensel olup, Türk kültürü ve Türkiye’de yaşayan toplumlar için önemli anlamlar içermekte ve farklı geleneksel özellikleri bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte toplu bir eğlence ritüeli şeklinde gerçekleştirilen düğünlerde ikramlık olarak hazırlanan yemekler bereket getireceği inancını taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin farklı coğrafi bölgelerinde