A537: Music Without the Octave: Wendy Carlos's Unique “Scales” Lesson Plan
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Different Ecological Processes Determined the Alpha and Beta Components of Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity
Different ecological processes determined the alpha and beta components of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity for plant communities in dryland regions of Northwest China Jianming Wang1, Chen Chen1, Jingwen Li1, Yiming Feng2 and Qi Lu2 1 College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 2 Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China ABSTRACT Drylands account for more than 30% of China’s terrestrial area, while the ecological drivers of taxonomic (TD), functional (FD) and phylogenetic (PD) diversity in dryland regions have not been explored simultaneously. Therefore, we selected 36 plots of desert and 32 plots of grassland (10 Â 10 m) from a typical dryland region of northwest China. We calculated the alpha and beta components of TD, FD and PD for 68 dryland plant communities using Rao quadratic entropy index, which included 233 plant species. Redundancy analyses and variation partitioning analyses were used to explore the relative influence of environmental and spatial factors on the above three facets of diversity, at the alpha and beta scales. We found that soil, climate, topography and spatial structures (principal coordinates of neighbor matrices) were significantly correlated with TD, FD and PD at both alpha and beta scales, implying that these diversity patterns are shaped by contemporary environment and spatial processes together. However, we also found that alpha diversity was predominantly regulated by spatial structure, whereas beta diversity was largely determined by environmental variables. Among environmental factors, TD was Submitted 10 June 2018 most strongly correlated with climatic factors at the alpha scale, while 5 December 2018 Accepted with soil factors at the beta scale. -
Tuning: at the Grcssroads
WendyGarloo ?O. Box1024 Tuning:At the New YorkCit, New York 10276USA Grcssroads lntrodrciion planned the construction of instruments that per- formed within the new "tunitrg of choice," and all The arena o{ musical scales and tuning has cer_ publishedpapers or books demonstretingthe supe- tainly not been a quiet place to be for the past thlee dority of their new scales in at least some way over hundred yeals. But it might iust as well have beenif €qual temperament.The tradition has continued we iudge by the results: the same 12V2 equally with Yunik and Swi{t {1980),Blackwood (1982),and temperedscale established then as the best avail- the presentauthor (Milano 1986),and shows no able tuning compromise, by J. S. Bach and many sign of slowing down despite the apparent apathy otheis lHelrnholtz 1954j Apel 1972),remains to with which the musical mainstream has regularly this day essentially the only scale heard in Westem grceted eech new proposal. music. That monopoly crossesall musical styles, of course therc's a perf€ctly reasonable explana- {rom the most contemporary of jazz and av^rf,t' tion lor the mainstream's evident preferetrce to rc- "rut-bound" gardeclassical, and musical masteeieces from the main when by now there are at least past, to the latest technopop rock with fancy s)'n- a dozen clearly better-sounding ways to tune our thesizers,and everwvherein between.Instruments scales,i{ only for at least part of the time: it re' ol the symphonyorchestra a((empr with varyirrg quires a lot of effort ol several kinds. I'm typing this deSreesof successto live up ro lhe 100-centsemi manuscript using a Dvorak keyboard (lor the ffrst tone, even though many would find it inherently far time!), and I assureyou it's not easyto unlearn the easierto do otherwise: the stdngs to "lapse" into QWERTY habits of a lifetime, even though I can Pythagoieen tuning, the brass into several keys of akeady feel the actual superiodty of this unloved lust irtonation lBarbour 1953).And th€se easily but demonstrablv better kevboard. -
Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale William A
Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale William A. Sethares Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale Second Edition With 149 Figures William A. Sethares, Ph.D. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison 1415 Johnson Drive Madison, WI 53706-1691 USA British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Sethares, William A., 1955– Tuning, timbre, spectrum, scale.—2nd ed. 1. Sound 2. Tuning 3. Tone color (Music) 4. Musical intervals and scales 5. Psychoacoustics 6. Music—Acoustics and physics I. Title 781.2′3 ISBN 1852337974 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sethares, William A., 1955– Tuning, timbre, spectrum, scale / William A. Sethares. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85233-797-4 (alk. paper) 1. Sound. 2. Tuning. 3. Tone color (Music) 4. Musical intervals and scales. 5. Psychoacoustics. 6. Music—Acoustics and physics. I. Title. QC225.7.S48 2004 534—dc22 2004049190 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries con- cerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. ISBN 1-85233-797-4 2nd edition Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg ISBN 3-540-76173-X 1st edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2005 Printed in the United States of America First published 1999 Second edition 2005 The software disk accompanying this book and all material contained on it is supplied without any warranty of any kind. -
On the Bimodular Approximation and Equal Temperaments
On the Bimodular Approximation and Equal Temperaments Martin Gough DRAFT June 8 2014 Abstract The bimodular approximation, which has been known for over 300 years as an accurate means of computing the relative sizes of small (sub-semitone) musical intervals, is shown to provide a remarkably good approximation to the sizes of larger intervals, up to and beyond the size of the octave. If just intervals are approximated by their bimodular approximants (rational numbers defined as frequency difference divided by frequency sum) the ratios between those intervals are also rational, and under certain simply stated conditions can be shown to coincide with the integer ratios which equal temperament imposes on the same intervals. This observation provides a simple explanation for the observed accuracy of certain equal divisions of the octave including 12edo, as well as non-octave equal temperaments such as the fifth-based temperaments of Wendy Carlos. Graphical presentations of the theory provide further insights. The errors in the bimodular approximation can be expressed as bimodular commas, among which are many commas featuring in established temperament theory. Introduction Just musical intervals are characterised by small-integer ratios between frequencies. Equal temperaments, by contrast, are characterised by small-integer ratios between intervals. Since interval is the logarithm of frequency ratio, it follows that an equal temperament which accurately represents just intervals embodies a set of rational approximations to the logarithms (to some suitable base) of simple rational numbers. This paper explores the connection between these rational logarithmic approximations and those obtained from a long-established rational approximation to the logarithm function – the bimodular approximation. -
The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese
UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0g29672q Author Chen, I-Hsuan Publication Date 2015-07-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese By I-Hsuan Chen A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Eve E. Sweetser, Chair Professor Gary B. Holland Professor Peter S. Jenks Professor Darya A. Kavitskaya Summer 2015 The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese Copyright © 2015 By I-Hsuan Chen Abstract The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese By I-Hsuan Chen Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Eve E. Sweetser, Chair This study deals with the historical development of Mandarin minimizers through examining their synchronic distribution. The main source of Mandarin minimizers, a distinct class of negative polarity items (NPIs), is ‘one’-phrases which are composed of the numeral ‘one’, a unit word, and a noun. The development of ‘one’-phrases as minimizers from Old Chinese, Middle Chinese, Early Mandarin, to Modern Mandarin makes strong links among important linguistic issues such as NPI licensing, word order, numeral-classifier phrases, and focus constructions. The diachronic development of the ‘one’-phrases as minimizers is analyzed from a constructional approach. The present study shows that the unit of these diachronic changes is the whole ‘one’-phrase construction instead of merely the lexical items. -
Tuning Presets in the MOTM
Tuning Presets in the Sequential Prophet X Compiled by Robert Rich, September 2018 Comments for tunings 17-65 derived from the Scala library. Many thanks to Max Magic Microtuner for conversion assistance. R. Rich Notes: All of the presets except for #1 (12 Tone Equal Temperament) can be over-written by sending a tuning in the MTS format (Midi Tuning Standard.) The presets #2-17 match the Prophet 12, P6 and OB6, and began as a selection I made for the Synthesis Technology MOTM 650 Midi-CV module. Actual program numbers within the MTS messages start at #0 for the built-in 12ET, #1-64 for the user tunings. The display shows these as #2-65, with 12ET as #1. I intend these tunings only as an introduction, and I did not research their historical accuracy. For convenience, I used the software’s default 1/1 of C4 (Midi note 60), although this is not the original 1/1 for some of the tunings shown. Some of these tunings come very close to standard 12ET, and some of them are downright wacky, sometimes specific to a particular composer or piece of music. The tunings from 18 to 65 are organized only by alphabet, culled from the Scala library, not in any logical order. 1. 12 Tone Equal Temperament (non-erasable) The default Western tuning, based on the twelfth root of two. Good fourths and fifths, horrible thirds and sixths. 2. Harmonic Series MIDI notes 36-95 reflect harmonics 2 through 60 based on the fundamental of A = 27.5 Hz. -
Teletype - Manual Contents
teletype - manual Contents Introduction 4 Updates 5 v4.0.0 .................................... 5 v3.2.0 .................................... 6 Version 3.1 ................................. 6 Version 3.0 ................................. 7 Version 2.2 ................................. 11 Version 2.1 ................................. 13 Version 2.0 ................................. 15 Quickstart 18 Panel .................................... 18 LIVE mode ................................. 18 EDIT mode ................................. 19 Patterns .................................. 21 Scenes ................................... 22 USB Backup ................................. 23 Commands ................................. 23 Continuing ................................. 25 Keys 26 Global key bindings ............................. 26 Text editing ................................. 26 Live mode .................................. 27 Edit mode .................................. 27 Tracker mode ................................ 28 Preset read mode .............................. 29 Preset write mode .............................. 30 Help mode ................................. 30 1 OPs and MODs 31 Variables .................................. 32 Hardware .................................. 35 Patterns .................................. 40 Control flow ................................. 46 Maths .................................... 52 Metronome ................................. 61 Delay .................................... 62 Stack ................................... -
Partitioning Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity Into Alpha and Beta Components Along an Environmental Gradient in a Mediterra
Journal of Vegetation Science 24 (2013) 877–889 SPECIAL FEATURE: FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY Partitioning phylogenetic and functional diversity into alpha and beta components along an environmental gradient in a Mediterranean rangeland Maud Bernard-Verdier, Olivier Flores, Marie-Laure Navas & Eric Garnier Keywords Abstract Beta dissimilarity; Calcareous rangelands; Community assembly; Environmental gradient; Questions: To what extent is the functional structure of plant communities Functional traits; Phylogenetic community captured by phylogenetic structure? Are some functional dimensions better rep- structure; Trait phylogenetic signal resented by phylogenetic relationships? In an empirical study, we propose to test the congruence between phylogenetic and functional structure at the alpha and Nomenclature the beta scale along an environmental gradient. Bernard (1996) Location: Causse du Larzac, southern France. Received 1 April 2012 Accepted 12 December 2012 Methods: We measured species abundances and eight key functional traits in Co-ordinating Editor: Francesco de Bello 12 plant communities distributed along a gradient of soil depth and resource availability in a Mediterranean rangeland. A phylogenetic super-tree of the spe- cies was assembled, and after quantifying the degree of phylogenetic signal pres- Bernard-Verdier, M. (corresponding author, ent in each trait, we quantified taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD) and [email protected]): Universite´ functional (FD) diversity both within (alpha scale) and among (beta scale) com- Montpellier 2, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle munities, taking species abundances into account. We tested for trends in diver- et Evolutive (UMR 5175), 1919 route de Mende, sity along the environmental gradient, and looked for congruence among 34293 Montpellier, France different facets of diversity, both at the alpha and the beta scale. -
TIP 57 Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services
A TREATMENT IMPROVEMENT PROTOCOL Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services TIP 57 A TREATMENT IMPROVEMENT PROTOCOL Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services TIP 57 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment 1 Choke Cherry Road Rockville, MD 20857 Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services Acknowledgments This publication was produced under contract numbers 270-99-7072, 270-04-7049, and 270 09-0307 by the Knowledge Application Program (KAP), a Joint Venture of The CDM Group, Inc., and JBS International, Inc., for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Andrea Kopstein, Ph.D., M.P.H., Karl D. White, Ed.D., and Christina Currier served as the Contracting Officer’s Representatives. Disclaimer The views, opinions, and content expressed herein are the views of the consensus panel members and do not necessarily reflect the official position of SAMHSA or HHS. No official support of or endorsement by SAMHSA or HHS for these opinions or for the instruments or resources described are intended or should be inferred. The guidelines presented should not be considered substitutes for individualized client care and treatment decisions. Public Domain Notice All materials appearing in this volume except those taken directly from copyrighted sources are in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from SAMHSA or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated. However, this publication may not be reproduced or distributed for a fee without the specific, written authorization of the Office of Communications, SAMHSA, HHS. -
Music Theory Contents
Music theory Contents 1 Music theory 1 1.1 History of music theory ........................................ 1 1.2 Fundamentals of music ........................................ 3 1.2.1 Pitch ............................................. 3 1.2.2 Scales and modes ....................................... 4 1.2.3 Consonance and dissonance .................................. 4 1.2.4 Rhythm ............................................ 5 1.2.5 Chord ............................................. 5 1.2.6 Melody ............................................ 5 1.2.7 Harmony ........................................... 6 1.2.8 Texture ............................................ 6 1.2.9 Timbre ............................................ 6 1.2.10 Expression .......................................... 7 1.2.11 Form or structure ....................................... 7 1.2.12 Performance and style ..................................... 8 1.2.13 Music perception and cognition ................................ 8 1.2.14 Serial composition and set theory ............................... 8 1.2.15 Musical semiotics ....................................... 8 1.3 Music subjects ............................................. 8 1.3.1 Notation ............................................ 8 1.3.2 Mathematics ......................................... 8 1.3.3 Analysis ............................................ 9 1.3.4 Ear training .......................................... 9 1.4 See also ................................................ 9 1.5 Notes ................................................ -
Using Pinyin) for Theocratic Use with Mandarin Chinese Introductory Course
Mandarin Chinese to English Dictionary (using Pinyin) for theocratic use with Mandarin Chinese Introductory Course ·a·a bā|bá|bǎ|bà|ba|bē|bé|bě|bè|be|bī|bí|bǐ|bì|bi|bō|bó|bǒ|bò|b o|bū|bú|bǔ|bù|bu cā|cá|cǎ|cà|ca|cē|cé|cě|cè|ce|ch|ch|cī|cí|cǐ|cì|ci|cō|có|cǒ|cò| co|cū|cú|cǔ|cù|cu dā|dá|dǎ|dà|da|dē|dé|dě|dè|de|dī|dí|dǐ|dì|di|dō|dó|dǒ|dò|d o|dū|dú|dǔ|dù|du ·e· fā|fá|fǎ|fà|fa|fē|fé|fě|fè|fe|fō|fó|fǒ|fò|fo|fū|fú|fǔ|fù|fu gā|gá|gǎ|gà|ga|gē|gé|gě|gè|ge|gō|gó|gǒ|gò|go|gū|gú|gǔ|gù|g u hā|há|hǎ|hà|ha|hē|hé|hě|hè|he|hō|hó|hǒ|hò|ho|hū|hú|hǔ|h ù|hu ·i· jī|jí|jǐ|jì|jia|jie|jiu|jū|jú|jǔ|jù|ju|jü kā|ká|kǎ|kà|ka|kē|ké|kě|kè|ke|kō|kó|kǒ|kò|ko|kū|kú|kǔ|kù|k u lā|lá|lǎ|là|la|lē|lé|lě|lè|le|lī|lí|lǐ|lì|li|lō|ló|lǒ|lò|lo|lū|lú|lǔ|lù|l ü ma|me|mi|mo|mu nā|ná|nǎ|nà|na|nē|né|ně|nè|ne|nī|ní|nǐ|nì|ni|nō|nó|nǒ|nò|n o|nū|nú|nǔ|nù|nu|nü ·o· pā|pá|pǎ|pà|pa|pē|pé|pě|pè|pe|pī|pí|pǐ|pì|pi|pō|pó|pǒ|pò|p o|pū|pú|pǔ|pù|pu qī|qí|qǐ|qì|qi|qū|qú|qǔ|qù|qu|qua|que rā|rá|rǎ|rà|ra|rē|ré|rě|rè|re|rī|rí|rǐ|rì|ri|rō|ró|rǒ|rò|ro|rū|rú|r © Jasper Burford and Ellen Burford 2005-2017 www.jaspell.uk 9 September, 2017 Mandarin Chinese to English Dictionary—using Pinyin ǔ|rù|ru sā|sá|sǎ|sà|sa|sē|sé|sě|sè|se|shā|shá|shǎ|shà|shē|shé|shě|shè |shī|shí|shǐ|shì|sho| |shū|shua|shui|shuo|sī|sí|sǐ|sì|si|sō|só|sǒ|sò|so|sū|sú|sǔ|sù|s u tā|tá|tǎ|tà|ta|tē|té|tě|tè|te|tī|tí|tǐ|tì|ti|tō|tó|tǒ|tò|to|tū|tú|t ǔ|tù|tu wā|wá|wǎ|wà|wē|wé|wě|wè|wō|wó|wǒ|wò|wo|wū|wú|wǔ|w ù|wu xī|xí|xǐ|xì|xiā|xiá|xiǎ|xià|xie|xio|xiu|xū|xú|xǔ|xù|xu|xü yā|yá|yǎ|yà|yē|yé|yě|yè|yī|yí|yǐ|yì|yō|yó|yǒ|yò|yū|yú|yǔ|yù|y ua|yue|yü zā|zá|zǎ|zà|zē|zé|zě|zè|ze|zhā|zhá|zhǎ|zhà|zhē|zhé|zhě|zhè|z hī|zhí|zhǐ|zhì|zhō| zhǒ|zhò|zhū|zhú|zhǔ|zhù|zhu|zī|zí|zǐ|zì|zi|zō|zó|zǒ|zò|zo|zū|z ú|zǔ|zù|zu|zua| zuǐ|zuì|zuō|zuó|zuǒ|zuò| 2 www.jaspell.uk 9 September, 2017 Mandarin Chinese to English Dictionary—using Pinyin Notes 1 The list of Pinyin words is arranged in Roman (English) alphabetical order for each letter, irrespective of groupings that respresent Chinese syllables or their order in Chinese Hanzi writing based on radical and character indices. -
The Evolution and Structure of Composite Meso-Alpha-Scale Convective Complexes
The Evolution and Structure of Composite Meso-Alpha-Scale Convective Complexes By Ming-sen Lin Department ofAtmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado THE EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE OF COMPOSITE MESO-ALPHA-SCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEXES by Ming-Sen Lin Research supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants ATM-8113082. ATM-8312077 and ATM-8S12480 Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins. Colorado Atmospheric Science Paper No. 404 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION THE EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE OF COMPOSITE MESO-ALPHA-SCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEXES The CSU Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) data assimila- tion and analysis package is implemented to study the evolution and the structure of composite Meso-Q-scale Convective Complexes (MCCs). Seven years of North American MCC cases are sampled and normalized into seven evolutionary sub-periods according to the temporal life-cycles of the storm systems. The composite MCC shows some general features, such as the lower- tropospheric convergence and cyclonic vorticity associated with the upper-tropospheric divergence and anticyclonic vorticity during the MCC's initial to mature stages, the cold-core structure in the upper troposphere, and the characteristic warm core at middle levels. The low-level convergence, aligned with the intensified cyclonic vorticity, lifts and extends to the middle troposphere at the mature stage. A middle-level jet-like inflow is accompanied by a strengthening middle- level convergence which reaches its maximum intensity at the MCC's mature stage. This middle-level jet-like inflow, located slightly above the melting layer and near the lowest level which might reinforce the ee downdraft. The vorticity budget of the composite MCC shows that the residual of grid-scale vorticity exhibits a vorticity sink in the lower tropo- sphere and reaches its maximum intensity at the MCC mature stage.