St. Michael’s Cemetery is a historic treasure located in downtown Pensacola. Its gravestones afford a glimpse of the individuals from all classes, ethnicities, and occupations who played a role in shaping the course of Pensacola’s history. Some of the surnames visible in the cemetery are echoed throughout the town and beyond on street markers, building fronts, and park signs. Although many working class individuals’ names are only found in the cemetery, their stones hint at the stories of those whose labor transformed the early colonial city of Pensacola into a bustling maritime port. While St. Michael’s was officially established by the Spanish crown in 1807 on what were then the northern limits of the Spanish settlement of Panzacola, Spanish citizens may have been burying individuals in the cemetery long before. Even so, the oldest documented grave in the cemetery only dates to 1812 (Bruington 1986: ix). Also strikingly absent on the Pensacola landscape are the graves of colonial residents who died in Pensacola during the city’s British period (1763-1781) and earlier Spanish occupation (ca. 1753-1763). Their grave markers no longer exist and the stories that accompany them are slowly fading away. While remote sensing, soil surveys, and Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping can determine the locations of unmarked burials and potential areas of interest for additional survey or ground-truthing, no technological innovation can reveal the names and identities of those who died and were buried in Pensacola during its colonial occupation for whom no marker dots the landscape. In order to find these “hidden” people of St. Michael’s cemetery and the recorded locations of any burial grounds during these years, an extensive search of secondary and archival sources was undertaken that led to local documentary collections, libraries throughout North America, and archives as far flung as England, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Scotland, and Spain.

Historical Research began by contacting local genealogical societies as investigation into the names of the colonial dead has strong ties to that field. Within this report, the term colonial refers only to the British (1763-1781) and second Spanish (1781-1821) periods. Unfortunately, officers of the Pensacola Genealogy Society were unaware of any past or current research by their members into deaths in colonial Pensacola. Efforts to contact the British West Florida Club (a local chapter) proved unsuccessful, as the club appears to be defunct. Although the documentary resources of the Pensacola Historical Society (PHS) were very useful, no PHS members are conducting research at the time of this writing into Pensacola during the British or early second Spanish period that relates to this work. In 197

addition to communicating with local societies, several local and regional historians and interested persons were contacted who generously shared their research into and knowledge of colonial Pensacola. Unfortunately, none of these historians had conducted any research into the locations of cemeteries in Pensacola during the colonial periods nor come upon references to said cemeteries while exploring various documents and archival collections.

In order to determine what avenues historians had already investigated, the various secondary sources on Pensacola history and genealogy were consulted. Several publications were particularly relevant and set the groundwork for the next phase of the project. Winston De Ville’s (1986) British Burials and Births on the Gulf Coast: Records of the Church of England in West Florida, 1768-1770 drew attention to parish registers from the Anglican Church in Pensacola during the British period and the Colonial Office 5 Collection (CO 5) (historical documents relating to British colonial affairs in America and the West Indies) from which the registers were transcribed. Communication with Mr. De Ville strongly suggested that no other similar registers are contained in the CO 5 Collection, but that other pertinent information might be. British Burials and Births on the Gulf Coast specifically highlighted the importance of the various religious establishments of Pensacola as a potential source for information on death and burial through parish records and correspondence. Laura D.S. Harrell’s (1967) “Colonial Medical Practice in British West Florida, 1763-1781” suggested the importance of the medical history of Pensacola in understanding sickness and death in the city during the colonial period. Her work prompted a focus on the hospitals where the sick were housed and the surgeons who cared for them. Robert Rea, a prolific historian who wrote extensively on the British period in West Florida, published several books and articles that emphasized aspects of Pensacola’s history important to this research. His articles, “Dr. John Lorimer and the Natural Sciences in British West Florida” and “Graveyard for Britons, West Florida, 1763-1781”, expanded the work of Harrell and provided additional information on a dedicated surgeon, John Lorimer, who spent most of his career attempting to improve medical care in Pensacola (Rea and Holmes 1969, Rea 1969). Rea’s works on the military establishment in West Florida, including The British Period, 1763-1781: Pensacola Under the British and “Life, Death, and Little Glory: The British Soldier on the Gulf Coast, 1763-1781”, called attention to the striking potential of military and naval records of the British regiments and naval vessels stationed in Pensacola between 1763 and 1781 (Rea 1974, 1978).

The secondary sources outlined above not only indicated important subjects for further research (churches and ministers, doctors and hospitals, military and naval records) they also cited information from significant document collections such as the Colonial Office 5 Collection, the Haldimand Papers, and the Gage Papers. The Haldimand Papers contain letters and correspondence from British General Sir Frederick Haldimand, Commander of Post at Three Rivers, Pensacola, and St. Augustine from 1758-1784. The Gage Papers (written by Thomas Gage, General of British Forces in North America) contain letters, assignments, orders, and reports from Pensacola during the years 1754-1783. Two of these archival sources (the CO 5 Collection and Haldimand Papers) are readily accessible at the University of West Florida (UWF) so intensive study of their contents began. It originally appeared that indices for these collections were nonexistent or partial. This index deficiency 198

combined with the sheer size of the microfilm collections made it difficult to avoid scanning through hundreds of documents not relevant to the project. Originally, investigation was limited to several of the microfilm reels that dealt with the early years of the British occupation of West Florida and with its military correspondence, but even with these limitations, the collections proved a demanding task.

Assistance from other researchers indicated two indices that facilitated research into these extensive collections. Although no index exists that is specific to the CO 5 Collection, Mr. Robert O’Hara, who was hired to conduct research in the National Archives of the UK for this project, suggested consultation of Documents of the American Revolution, 1770- 1783, a guide to primary sources from the British Colonial Office (now held in the National Archives of the UK) that deal with the events of the American Revolution (Davies 1972). Though this guide covers the years 1770 to 1783, it only extensively references documents from the CO 5 Collection for the years 1775 to 1781. Even so, Documents of the American Revolution offers a means of accessing the information contained in the CO 5 Collection that would otherwise be unrealistically time intensive and impossible within the confines of this project. Similarly, UWF graduate student Larry James, during his research into Brigadier General Frederick Haldimand, discovered the online version of an extensive index to the Haldimand Papers (Lemoine and Tremblay 2006). This index, first published over the course of several years (1884-1889) in the annual Report on Canadian Archives by the Public Archives of Canada (the repository of the original Haldimand Collection), calendars and briefly describes each individual document in the 115 microfilm reels. These descriptions permitted examination of only the documents germane to this research, thus facilitating the discovery of many sources in the Haldimand Collection that contribute important information to the understanding of death and burial in colonial Pensacola.

Using the information from these primary and secondary sources, a database was created of the names, death dates, occupations, and other information about those who died in colonial Pensacola (Appendices 10.A and 10.B). The database allowed for a better understanding of the invisible segments of the population, such as the aged, women and children, blacks and Native Americans, etc. Currently containing the names of over 700 individuals who died in Pensacola between 1763 and 1821, the database remains an important part of this project. Unfortunately, approximately 270 individuals were not included in the database because, even though their deaths were mentioned in documentary sources, those sources provided no names and/or death dates (Johnstone 1765, Johnstone 1766a, Tayler 1766, Thirty-First Regiment 1767, Browne 1768, Dickson 1773, Campbell 1780, Campbell 1781a, Campbell 1781b, Shea n.d.). In addition, at least 1,399 additional deaths occurred during known yellow fever epidemic outbreaks between the years of 1810 to 1905 (Roth 2006). Unfortunately for this research, only 69 deaths that occurred during these outbreaks are accounted for in St. Michaels’s cemetery (Roth 2006). For example, in 1853, 260 individuals died of yellow fever. Even so, there are no marked burials in St. Michael’s cemetery for the year 1853. Despite these omissions, the database will serve as a useful tool and starting point for future researchers.

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Unfortunately, successes in uncovering the names of Pensacola’s “hidden” dead were tempered by a relatively unproductive search for primary information on early cemeteries in Pensacola. Although a few tantalizing clues were found in historical documents and archaeological excavation reports, the British and second Spanish burial grounds remain largely invisible to the researcher. British and second Spanish colonists only rarely referred to the burials of their colleagues, friends, and relatives. They did not describe funeral rites or interments nor did they describe the locations of the plots in which the dead were buried. Even ministers and surgeons avoided these subjects when recording the deaths of parishioners and patients. Knowledge of burials and cemetery locations appears to have been so common that it did not merit mention or explanation. The information about cemetery locations that was uncovered is examined in detail later in this chapter.

The remaining items in this chapter focus on the subjects outlined above, as well on the unproductive sources uncovered during this project and potential leads for future research. The first section examines the religious establishment of Pensacola during the British period and briefly touches upon the Catholic Church’s presence during the second Spanish period. The next section centers on what is known of hospitals in Pensacola’s colonial period as well as the surgeons and mates who attended to the sick and dying. An examination of the British military and naval presence follows with particular attention paid to the military musters that contributed a wealth of names of soldiers who died while on duty in Pensacola from sickness, combat, accidents, etc. Subsequently, the evidence for the location of cemeteries in the colonial period of Pensacola is examined. Finally, the last two sections outline some of the unproductive sources encountered during this research and identify potential leads that may contribute additional information to an understanding of the topics discussed in this chapter. Together, the various avenues of research have all contributed to a more detailed and informed understanding of death and interment during the British and early second Spanish periods in Pensacola. Nevertheless, this research is only a beginning. Of the 700 plus names in the database, too few for a disease-ravaged region during a 50-year period, not many women and children are included and virtually no slaves, free persons of color, or Native Americans. These disenfranchised populations are typically difficult to find in a documentary record constructed by upper class white males, and Pensacola was no exception. While additional research may provide a few names for these individuals, it may reveal more information on the percentages of these groups within the general population, allowing for more accurate extrapolations of the number of people who died in Pensacola between 1763 and 1821. Ultimately, it is hoped that the database and this discussion of the sources, collections, indices, and archives that proved to be productive and will facilitate the work of future researchers.

Churches and Ministers

Research into death and burial in Pensacola revealed several important Anglican parish registers in Winston De Ville’s (1986) British Burials and Births on the Gulf Coast: Records of the Church of England in West Florida, 1768-1770. The original copies of the registers are located in the CO 5 Collection, sections 587 and 588 (Durnford 1770, Chester 1771a and 1771c). These parish registers list the deaths of individuals in Pensacola from 26 200

June 1768 to 24 June 1771, with a small gap between 10 June and 24 June 1770. The registers include a wide cross section of the population, from soldiers to musicians to shipwrights. Since sources such as these registers are central to one of the main goals of this project (the identification of the individuals who died in Pensacola from 1763 to 1812), additional research was conducted into the CO 5 Collection in order to bring to light any similar documents. Mr. De Ville was also contacted to determine if he had discovered any additional registers since the publication of his book in 1986. Unfortunately, Mr. De Ville did not know of any other registers and no others were found in the CO 5 Collection.

Due to the significance of the registers, these setbacks did not put an end to research on the religious establishment of Pensacola. Instead, an examination of the institution and the minister who created these registers was undertaken in order to determine if other registers were ever kept and, if so, where they might be deposited if they survived the centuries. The parish registers mentioned above were kept by Reverend Nathaniel Cotton, the minister of Pensacola from early 1768 until his death on 3 July 1771. Thus, the registers cover only the short period during which Cotton presided in Pensacola. Cotton provided these registers to the Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Pensacola, who in turn sent them to officials in England, hence ensuring their survival in Colonial Office records. This knowledge assisted in the formulation of questions that guided the next phase of research into Pensacola’s religious establishment. What other Anglican ministers resided in Pensacola before and after Cotton’s appointment? Did these ministers keep registers of death and burial during their tenure? If so, where did they store or send them? Where was the Anglican church located and what happened to its records? Were there military chaplains for each regiment and, if so, what role did they play in preaching the word to Pensacola’s inhabitants? What other organized religions, besides the Church of England, were present in Pensacola?

Extensive research has resolved some of these questions, while others remain unanswered. Before Nathaniel Cotton’s appointment as minister of Pensacola, William Dawson served the spiritual needs of the residents of the city. Dawson was appointed in 1764 at the young age of 22 and arrived in Pensacola in 1765 (Bishop of London 1764, Pennington 1938, Currin 1999). Soon after, Dawson petitioned Governor George Johnstone for permission to move to South Carolina, as he was unable to support his large family on the salary provided to Anglican missionaries due to the area’s high cost of living. Although Johnstone was unable to continue providing a salary to Dawson, he sympathized with his plight and authorized his move to South Carolina in May 1766 (Johnstone 1766c). Dawson probably left Pensacola shortly after receiving Johnstone’s response, but his respite was short-lived. After moving to Charleston, he died 19 January 1767, leaving behind a wife and six children (Hart 1767). Despite extensive research, no registers kept by Dawson have been found in repositories in England or America. His short residency and evident hardships may have prevented him from keeping registers or, if he did, they may not have survived the centuries. Nevertheless, it is possible that Dawson did keep registers that have survived to the present day. If so, additional research may someday uncover these documents and shed light on death in Pensacola during the earliest years of the British period.

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Regardless of numerous appeals to the British government, two years passed after Dawson’s departure before another minister was officially appointed to Pensacola. Shortly beforehand, Lieutenant Governor Monfort Browne forced the issue by appointing Mr. Matthew McHenry, a Pennsylvania native, as pastor in Pensacola (Johnstone 1766c, Bishop of London 1768, Browne 1768). According to the author of a study of the early Anglican Church in Florida, McHenry was a “dissenting minister,” but the meaning of this phrase is unclear (Pennington 1938). After Nathaniel Cotton’s appointment in 1768 and his arrival early that summer, he began keeping parish registers and continued to do so until his premature death in 1771 from “Dropsy and a complication of disorders” (Bishop of London 1768; Inhabitants of Pensacola 1768; Durnford 1770; Chester 1771a, 1771b, and1771c). Once again, Pensacola was without a minister. In spite of this religious crisis, a request by William Gordon, minister of Mobile, to be appointed as minister of Pensacola was denied by Governor Chester on the grounds that he was “an unpopular Preacher and by no means agreeable to the Inhabitants here” (Chester 1771b). Even so, in May 1773, Chester complained of the continued lack of a minister (Chester 1773). In the same year, the Bishop of London appointed George Chapman to the post, but Chapman never came to Pensacola, citing the unhealthy climate and the prospect of leaving his family orphaned should an ailment take his life (Bishop of London 1773, Pennington 1938). A 1774 document includes a recommendation from the Earl of Dartmouth for Benjamin Russen to serve as minister in Pensacola, but no other source suggests that Russen ever set foot in the city (Dartmouth 1774). Whether another “dissenting” minister was ever appointed is uncertain, but five years later in 1778, Lord George Germain wrote to Governor Chester that he was still unable to find a minister for Pensacola (Germain 1778). In 1779, Philipp Franz Elisaus Waldeck, chaplain to the 3rd Regiment of Waldeck, noted that Pensacola had “neither church nor pastor” (Waldeck 1983: 161a). In the end, no Anglican minister was appointed to serve in Pensacola before the British lost the province in 1781 (Pennington 1938). Only one person appointed by the Bishop of London resided in Pensacola during its occupation by the British. That man, John Firby, was the schoolmaster in Pensacola from 1765 to 1781 (Pennington 1938). Although his writings could revolutionize the understanding of religion in Pensacola during the British period, his papers have not been located and few of the many primary sources consulted during the course of this research mention his name.

Several ministers for the Garrison of West Florida are mentioned in the British Army Lists published annually by the British War Office. These include Philip Rosenhagen in 1766 and 1767, Carew Reynell from 1772 to 1780, and Lancaster Framingham in 1781. While Nathaniel Cotton is correctly listed as the minister for the Garrison of West Florida from 1768 to 1771, it does not appear that any of the other ministers recorded in the Army Lists came to Pensacola or that the Bishop of London issued any missionary bonds to them (Burton n.d.). This confusion may be partially explained by the fact that Cotton was appointed to the positions of “not only Minister for the Town, but [also] Chaplain to the Garrison at this place” (Chester 1771b). Nevertheless, William Stiell, Commander of the Forces in West Florida, specifically noted the lack of a chaplain to the garrison in 1778 in direct opposition to the information contained in the Army Lists (Stiell 1778). In 1779, Philipp Waldeck wrote that the Council of West Florida “wishe[d] that the preacher assigned to the garrison [would] also serve as the preacher for the city” (Waldeck 1983: 161a). Even 202

though Cotton was appointed to both positions and paid accordingly, it appears that this logical measure was prohibited sometime between 1771 and 1779. Whether it was reinstated before 1781 is unclear. Additional research may clarify the difference between the positions of minister to the town and chaplain to the garrison as well as explain the apparent inaccuracies found in the Army Lists.

Over the course of almost two decades of occupation, official Anglican ministers served Pensacola’s faithful for less than five years. This fact alone clarifies the lack of Pensacola parish registers in archives around the world. In addition, the lack of a church and minister’s house probably exacerbated the dispersal of any church records that were kept. As early as 1766, Lieutenant Governor Monfort Browne noted the complete absence of a church at Pensacola (Browne 1766). In fact, during the entire British occupation of Pensacola no Anglican church was built despite continuous requests to the crown by the civil officials, ministers, and residents of Pensacola (Browne 1766, Council of West Florida 1766b, Inhabitants of Pensacola 1768, Cotton 1768, Durnford 1774, Chester 1778, Pennington 1938, Waldeck 1983: 161a). Land for a church had been set aside by 1778; this is mentioned in a letter from Governor Chester to Lord George Germain and in the diary of chaplain Philipp Waldeck (Chester 1778, Waldeck 1983: 161a). While the location of that reserved land—the square around the advanced redoubt—is recorded in a 1778 map of the Fort of Pensacola, no church was built upon it (Durnford 1778, Pennington 1938) (Figure 10.1). Despite the lack of a church, Pensacola inhabitants did attend religious services in various buildings and other locations over the years. In 1770, Chester noted that General Frederick Haldimand’s former house had been used as a place of worship before Chester’s occupation of it (Chester 1770). Haldimand’s house and associated buildings, on lots 85 and 86, were located just to the west of the Fort of Pensacola (Purcell 1778; Howard 1947; Elizabeth Benchley, personal communication 2007) (Figure 10.2). After Governor Chester took up residence in Haldimand’s house, Pensacola religious believers used the government house for services, but in 1773, Chester suggested that the building had deteriorated so badly it was nearly unusable (Chester 1773) (see Figure 10.2). Nevertheless, the government house still appears on a 1778 map although it is unclear if it was still being used for worship services (Durnford 1778) (see Figure 10.1). In 1779, Philipp Waldeck mentioned several times in his diary that he was forced to hold church services outside due to the lack of a church or even a shed to serve as a place of worship (Waldeck 1983: 163a, 177a-177b, 185b). The fact that an Anglican church building never existed in British Pensacola and that any places of worship were temporary further explains the lack of parish registers for the city. Even if registers were kept, they would have been regularly moved between various buildings and easily lost, damaged, or destroyed.

Despite the lack of ministers and a church in Pensacola, regimental chaplains were often appointed to the regiments that served in the garrison, although some never actually joined their regiments or ever set foot in the city. Those chaplains who did minister to their troops occasionally ministered to the residents of Pensacola as well. Some may have kept records of the deaths of the military and civilian inhabitants they served. The first regiment to arrive in Pensacola was the 35th Regiment of Foot on 30 November 1763 (Forbes 1764). A muster roll from October 1764 notes that chaplain Edward Whitty had been absent from 203

the regiment since 1756 (Johnstone 1764b). The only other known muster for the 35th Regiment in Pensacola records that chaplain Edward Whitty was absent during the first half of 1765 (Thirty-Fifth Regiment 1765). Although the Army Lists show Edward Whitty as chaplain of the regiment for 1763 and 1765 (no list found for 1764), it is unlikely that he ever served in Pensacola (Burton n.d.). The 35th Regiment departed Pensacola in 1765 when relieved by the 31st Regiment of Foot (Halifax 1765, Rea 1978). According to the muster rolls of the 31st Regiment from 25 December 1764 to 24 June 1768, chaplain Edward Broomhead (or Bromhead) was absent with leave during the entire period (Thirty-First Regiment 1764-1768). The 31st Regiment’s deputy chaplain Collier, no first name given, did join his regiment in Pensacola and died there on 8 March 1766 (Johnstone 1766c, Thirty- First Regiment 1767). Although not mentioned in any extant regimental musters or the annual Army Lists, Lieutenant Governor Monfort Browne related the death of a Reverend Thomas Wilkinson in early 1768. According to a letter from John Ellis, Agent for West Florida, Reverend Wilkinson was present in Pensacola as early as October 1766 (Ellis 1766). Browne’s letter suggests that Wilkinson served as the minister in Pensacola and the chaplain of the regiments at both Pensacola and Mobile (Browne 1768). No more is known of Thomas Wilkinson, but additional research may provide more information about the role he played in the religious establishment at Pensacola.

During the entire period during which no civil minister resided at Pensacola (1771 to 1781) the 16th Regiment of Foot was stationed in the city (Rea 1978). No musters have been found for the 16th Regiment during this period despite extensive research. A single note in the National Archives of the UK suggests that they were lost before the 1930s. Although the annual Army Lists show John Edwards as the chaplain of the regiment from 1770 to 1779 and William Edwards as the chaplain from 1780 to 1781, the lack of any extant musters makes it impossible to ascertain if these chaplains actually served in Pensacola (Burton n.d.). If John Edwards did join his regiment in Pensacola, his correspondence and registers would shed light on the period from late 1771 to 1779 for which no regimental musters or parish registers exist. Few names have been recovered from this later period and little is known of death and burial in Pensacola between these dates.

The 3rd German Regiment of Waldeck, stationed in Pensacola from 1779 to 1781, was served by chaplain Philipp Franz Elisaus Waldeck, who kept a diary of his time with the regiment (Waldeck 1983). Though he did not describe the burials or deaths of the many Waldeck soldiers who lost their lives in Pensacola, he did describe the religious establishment of the city, or lack thereof, and regularly mentioned church services. His diary serves as an example of the documentation that may be revealed by additional research into regimental chaplains. In addition to the 35th, 31st, and 16th Regiments of Foot and the 3rd Regiment of Waldeck, other regiments served in Pensacola. These include the 60th Regiment of Foot, the Royal Regiment of Artillery, the Maryland Loyalists, the Pennsylvania Loyalists, and the West Florida Royal Foresters. For the 60th Regiment and the Royal Regiment of Artillery, the exact nature of their stay in Pensacola, including dates and companies, has not been sufficiently ascertained nor have any pertinent musters been uncovered; thus little is known of the chaplains who served them. While the chaplains of the Maryland Loyalists and the Pennsylvania Loyalists were John Patterson and Jonathan Odell respectively, most of the 206

musters for the two regiments record that both chaplains were on leave in New York (Maryland Loyalists 1778-1779, American Army List 1779, Pennsylvania Loyalists 1779- 1782, United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists 1780, American Army List 1779, Clark 1981). It is unlikely that they ever joined their regiments in Pensacola. The West Florida Royal Foresters was a small, local regiment that probably did not have a chaplain. The Royal Foresters’ musters, recorded after their deportation to New York upon conclusion of the Siege of Pensacola—Spain’s attack on the British to regain Pensacola in 1781—do not list a chaplain (Clark 1981). In addition, naval logs from ships stationed in Pensacola record that worship services were frequently held onboard. Whether ship captains or naval chaplains conducted these services is unclear. In either case none of the logs consulted describe funeral services or reference religious registers kept by captains or chaplains (Hound Log 1777- 1779, Port Royal Log 1780-1781).

In addition to the Anglican ministers, chaplains, and deputy chaplains present in Pensacola, there is some evidence of other organized religions. In 1768, Cotton noted the presence of a number of Presbyterians who worshiped with the Anglicans due to their lack of a minister (Cotton 1768). In January 1766, Lieutenant Governor Browne arrived with a group of 46 French Protestants, including their minister, Peter Levrier (Council of West Florida 1766a). The foreign Protestants soon settled to the north of Pensacola in a spot they christened Campbelltown. Although their minister was a man of some controversy, it does appear that Levrier led the French Protestants in worship at Campbelltown until sometime during its gradual abandonment between 1768 and 1770. Levrier himself probably moved to land he had been granted near the Mississippi (Starr 1976). Any personal correspondence he may have maintained or records he kept have not been found. The German men of the Waldeck Regiment belonged to several different religious sects, including Catholic, Evangelical, Reformed, and Lutheran (Burgoyne 1989). It is not clear to what religion their chaplain Philipp Waldeck belonged nor what types of services he led (Waldeck 1983). It is clear that the religious views of Pensacola residents were not unilateral. Those non-Anglican congregations lucky enough to have ministers may have kept their own records, some of which may survive to this day. Much more remains to be learned about the complex religious environment of Pensacola before a search for archived parish registers and other documentation can be undertaken.

The time constraints of this research and presence of a language barrier prevented thorough study of the Catholic Church in Pensacola after the city was surrendered to the Spanish in 1781. The Spanish reinstated the Catholic faith when they regained West Florida in 1781. The location of earlier church services is unknown but the Spanish were holding mass services by 1813 in a former British provision storehouse (Durnford 1778, Pintado 1813) (see Figure 10.1 and Figure 10.3). Some significant Catholic document collections were identified and are described below, but a lack of time did not permit their examination. Additional research into the archives of the collection “Diocese of Louisiana and the Floridas, 1576-1803,” which are maintained at the Notre Dame Archives in Notre Dame, Indiana, may provide more information on death and burial during the early second Spanish period. Documents within this collection that pertain to Pensacola date primarily from 1796 to 1803, a period in which death and burial in Pensacola is poorly understood. 207

Despite time restrictions, some documents were identified that revealed the names of residents who died in second Spanish Pensacola. The early records of St. Michael’s Church burned in a fire in 1882 (Dawkins 1991: 70, 84-86) and were thought to be lost, but the John Gilmary Shea Papers in the Special Collections of Georgetown University provided some of the missing information. John Gilmary Shea, a prolific historian, conducted research on a variety of topics, including the history of the Catholic Church in the United States. In so doing, it appears that he visited Pensacola in the 1870s and transcribed various documents from St. Michael’s before the fire destroyed them. In one of Shea’s published volumes, he references the parish registers of St. Michael’s (Shea 1888). In a surprising stroke of luck, folder 34 in box 15 of the John Gilmary Shea Papers contained the transcribed registers from St. Michael’s Church for the years 1781 to 1798. These registers list the names, death dates, causes of death, and additional information about residents of Pensacola, as well as recording about 140 unnamed individuals, who died between these years (Shea n.d.). Further research into the religious presence during Spain’s second occupation of West Florida may promote a better understanding of death and burial in second Spanish Pensacola.

While research into the religious establishment of Pensacola did not uncover many British and second Spanish death registers or additional information regarding burial grounds, the questions asked and answered here set the stage for further research. Any and all of the ministers, chaplains to the garrison, regimental chaplains, deputy chaplains, schoolmasters, non-Anglican ministers, and Catholic priests may have produced diaries, letters, registers, maps, and many more documents that could transform the knowledge of death and burial in colonial Pensacola. It is hoped that this simple outline of religion in West Florida’s main colonial city will encourage and inform research by future scholars.

Doctors and Hospitals

Investigation into those who died in Pensacola between 1763 and 1821 led to additional research into the medical environment of the time. Doctors and surgeons were identified to determine who would have been caring for the sick in hopes that they left behind medical records or an indication of the disposition of the deceased. Hospitals and their locations were also a significant part of the search for the “hidden” people of St. Michael’s. Laura Harrell’s (1967) research into Pensacola’s medical history prompted further investigation into hospitals not only because of their connection to the dead but also to better understand what the conditions were like for the sick and dying during this time. If hospital records could be located, they might provide additional names of those who died in Pensacola between 1763 and 1821 or describe where they were buried.

Life in Pensacola during British occupation was not easy. The environment was harsh; Pensacola’s sandy soil made it difficult to construct building foundations and keep them intact, the acidic soil could not support agricultural production, and the climate was warm and humid (Bense 1999: 24). In addition, Pensacola’s environment was a perfect breeding ground for sickness, epidemics, and plagues. When outbreaks of illness did occur, the city had little defense against them due to the lack of a suitable hospital and staff. The 209

city was without an adequate British hospital and an acceptable sanitation method to dispose of waste (Bense 1999: 24). Despite these shortcomings, the colonial population of Pensacola had access to fresh water (Stringfield 1996). What the city referred to as a hospital lacked proper walls, had a leaky roof, and had poor air circulation (Coker 1998, Robertson 1764a). Along with the lack of a satisfactory hospital and poor sanitation, maintaining a steady flow of provisions and medicines was also a constant struggle. Philip Waldeck, chaplain of the 3rd Waldeck Regiment, wrote throughout his journal of these shortages: “there is nothing more to drink here except water…we are suffering a serious outbreak of sickness caused by weakness and shortages” (Waldeck 1983: 217a). Despite the lack of medical supplies, British surgeons did the best they could when they arrived in Pensacola with the regiments.

The 35th Regiment and 3rd Battalion of the 60th Regiment were the first two British regiments to arrive in Pensacola in 1763 (Lt. Col. Robertson 1764a, Forbes 1764, Rea 1978). Each regiment usually included a surgeon and a surgeon’s mate. Surgeon Edward Bray served the 35th Regiment when they first arrived in West Florida (Thirty-Fifth Regiment of Foot 1765). Muster rolls for the 35th regiment, located in the UK National Archives, list surgeon Edward Bray and mate William Notter in Pensacola from 25 December 1764 to 24 June 1765 (Thirty-Fifth Regiment of Foot 1765). The 3rd Battalion of the 60th Regiment, which included veterans from Havana, surely had a surgeon within their ranks; however, no records were located indicating the name of the surgeon who served this regiment (Bense 1999: 23). The 60th Regiment left Pensacola by 1764 and not to return until 1776 (Lt. Col. Robertson 1764a, Rea 1978). Shortly after the departure of the 60th Regiment, the 31st Regiment arrived in Pensacola. Historical documents indicate that prior to their arrival in 1765; Dr. James Chalmers was their principle care physician by 1763 and arrived with the regiment in Pensacola (Burton n.d.: 84, Lt. Col. Robertson 1764a, Forbes 1764, Rea 1979: 23). Richard Dean is listed as mate to the 31st Regiment. However, Dean was not available to perform his duties from 25 December 1764 to 24 June 1765 (Thirty-First Regiment of Foot 1765). Dean eventually returned to his duties as the documents list him in the musters for the following year (Thirty-First Regiment of Foot 1764-1768). Chalmers continued to serve as the regiment’s surgeon until his death on 10 August 1765. Richard Dean was promoted to surgeon the next day and Robert Barry became Dean’s mate (Walsh 1765, Thirty-First Regiment of Foot 1764-1768, Burton n.d.). Documents reveal little additional information pertaining to doctors until later years.

In addition to these medical doctors and mates, William Coker stated in his 1998 article that surgeon Dr. Samuel Fontinelle and six mates “composed the medical staff in British West Florida” in 1764 (Coker 1998:183). Unfortunately, further research into Coker’s statement proved to be unsuccessful and Dr. Fontinelle’s name did not appear in any other documents about surgeons in Pensacola. Dr. Fontinelle could have been in Mobile or serving in another hospital outside of Pensacola in the West Florida region.

By 1765, residents and military regiments in Pensacola were suffering from “epidemics of yellow fever, malaria, dysentery, and either typhus (hospital or jail fever) or typhoid” (Rea 1969: 348, Coker 1998: 183). Documents show that over 130 people lost their lives in Pensacola due to illnesses referred to at the time as “putrid feaver”, “billious feaver”, 210

“malignant feaver”, and “scurvy” (Haldimand 1767c, Johnstone 1766, Walsh 1766, Walsh 1765, 31st Regiment 1764-1768). Due to these and other ailments, surgeons had their hands full. The timing of the arrival of Dr. John Lorimer in the summer of 1765 was fortuitous (Harrell 1967). Lorimer became surgeon to the military hospitals in West Florida upon his arrival (Harrell 1967). His presence augmented the short-handed medical staff. Richard Dean was the only surgeon on record for the 31st regiment (Burton n.d.: 215). Robert Barry continued to be listed as mate for the 31st until he became “absent” around 25 December 1766 and remained absent from 25 December 1766 until 24 June 1767 when he appeared again in the documents as being “sick” (Thirty-First Regiment of Foot 1764-1768).

Documents found thus far, for 1768, list Dr. Lorimer as the only surgeon at the garrison and Dr. Dean the only surgeon for the 31st regiment in Pensacola (Burton n.d.: 85, 171). Dr. Dean’s mate, Robert Barry, served from 25 December 1767 until 24 June 1768 (Thirty-First Regiment of Foot 1764-1768, Burton n.d). A letter from Haldimand, however, notes the presence of a surgeon’s mate by the name of Thomas Sparham and a hospital clerk named Patrick Strachan (Haldimand 1769b). The Medical staff in Pensacola during Britain’s occupation of the region also included women. He indicates, in a letter to Captain Innis of the 21st regiment in 1769, that he, Haldimand, authorized the appointment of a “careful woman” to attend the sick of Captain Innis’s corps and sent the same authorization to the Captain Lieutenant of the 31st regiment in Pensacola (Haldimand 1769a). The number of women employed in Pensacola as nurses and the period of time in which they served in this capacity is unknown. Nevertheless, this seemed to be a common practice because Haldimand stated that the women were to be paid the “usual allowance” (Haldimand 1769a). Reference to women during the colonial period was unusual and women and the roles they played in the medical establishments in Pensacola during the late 1770s and 1800s rarely appear in historical documents. Because women were often overlooked, it is understandable that documents only reveal staff reductions and demotions of men. For example, a letter written by Haldimand stated that Dr. Sparham was “reduced” and due to the reduction, “arrangements of the hospital at Pensacola have changed” (Haldimand 1768c). How exactly things changed are unknown, the letter fails to give details or specifics (Haldimand 1768c). Nevertheless, a reduction or demotion of the hospital staff could not have been beneficial. By the end of April 1769, things were not improving. The hospital staff suffered another reduction, leaving only one surgeon and only one mate (Haldimand 1769c). Buildings used for hospitals were also deteriorating and in need of attention.

In 1764, engineer Archibald Robertson complained that the inherited Spanish hospital in Pensacola was in a state of disrepair and lacked a chimney, floor, sashes, and window frames (Robertson 1764a). The poor hospital conditions might have been caused by a hurricane that hit the town in August of 1760 and damaged the majority of the buildings (Coker 1998). Rebuilding of the town, including the hospital, began in 1761, but progress was slower than expected (Coker 1998). Several 1763 maps and one 1764 map show the location of the hospital within the fort (Figures 10.4, 10.5, 10.6 and 10.7). Hospital conditions were poor and a lack of money prevented the stabilization of existing buildings (Bense 1999: 24). In February of 1766, General Thomas Gage stated that the hospital at Pensacola was “not in the best condition” and seven hundred pounds had been paid to 211

Digitized photographic film (35mm slide). Parilla, Diego Ortíz and Cortéz, Ferringan. Map of the Fort of Pensacola, 1763. AGI, Seville, Spain. Mapas y Planos de Florida y Luisiana 64.

Figure 10.5. Diego Ortíz Parilla and Phelipe Ferringan Cortéz’s Map of the Fort of Pensacola, 1763. Digitized photographic reproduction. Parilla, Diego Ortíz and Cortéz, Phelipe Ferringan. Plano del Presidio de San Miguel de Panzacola, 1763. (m.2v.426) M.XLII 426, on file Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spain. Courtesy of David Dodson.

Figure 10.6. Diego Ortíz Parilla and Phelipe Ferringan Cortéz’s Plano del Presidio de San Miguel de Panzacola, 1763.

Durnford, the city engineer, for repairs to the barracks and hospital (Gage 1766). The barracks were being used as a hospital and were uninhabitable for they lacked a chimney, kitchen, proper roofing, and suitable windows (Rea 1969, Coker 1998, Gage 1766). Conditions were so poor, that The Council of West Florida wrote to the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations in November of 1766 requesting a hospital in both Pensacola and Mobile and provided an estimated cost of 1,500 pounds (Council of West Florida 1766b, Coker 1998).

Brigadier General Fredrick Haldimand’s arrival in 1767 transformed the hospital and living conditions in Pensacola. He encouraged personal vegetable gardens and stressed the need to bring fresh water to the garrison (Rea 1969). In addition, he explained the need for cleanliness and requested additional medical supplies (Rea 1969). One document written by Haldimand showed an account of money disbursed in Pensacola, which included the sums spent for various items for the rented “house occupied as an Hospital” (Haldimand 1769b).

Dr. Lorimer also attempted to improve the city’s health condition. He wrote to General Haldimand in late April 1767 estimating the cost for construction of a hospital and for obtaining sufficient medical supplies at Pensacola (Lorimer 1767). In addition, he provided Haldimand with a list of items needed to care properly for the sick, which included brown sugar, orange juice, barley, oatmeal, beef, wine, and vinegar (Lorimer 1767). After receiving Lorimer’s suggestions, Haldimand wrote to Gage describing various public works taking place, along with the covering of the hospital, “which should be completed in 3 to 4 weeks” (Haldimand 1767a). On 4 July 1767, Haldimand wrote again to Gage mentioning the death of one soldier due to a putrid fever and stated that slaves were building the hospital, which “should be finished in a few days” (Haldimand 1767b). A 1767 map of the fort shows that the hospital had moved from its previous location to a southeast corner building, which seems to be a result of changes made by Haldimand and Lorimar (Durnford 1767) (Figure 10.8). Additional maps show that the hospital was still in this location in 1778 (Durnford 1788, Purcell 1778) (see Figures 10.1 and 10.2). Haldimand and Dr. Lorimer strove to improve the hospital conditions and sanitary methods throughout their time in the city.

The citizens of Pensacola not only had to be cautious of cleanliness and sanitation on land but also had to be alert regarding ships arriving in the bay with crews who were possibly caring diseases and plagues. Haldimand stressed this problem in a letter discussing the arrival of Captain Stuart with sick recruits, already having lost 22 soldiers during the passage (Haldimand 1768a). Haldimand had to quarantine the remaining recruits on Santa Rosa Island to prevent further spread of the disease and ordered the recruits to build their own shelter (Haldimand 1768a). By April, four of the sick recruits on Santa Rosa Island died and were probably buried there to prevent the spread of the disease. The remaining soldiers were ordered to stay on the island until all of the sickness has passed (Haldimand 1768b). In 1772, plans were discussed to build a blockhouse on Santa Rosa Island to serve occasionally as a quarantine hospital as “the Place that Was Used formerly for that purpose [is] at present fitted to Lodge the Officers of the Company quartered there” (Haldimand 1772). No maps have been located thus far showing the location of this quarantine station on Santa Rosa Island. A 1769 French map appears to show the location of a hospital on Gulf Breeze, but 216

other primary documents have yet to verify this location (Noyan 1769). The map maker of this 1769 French map could have accidently misrepresented the location of the hospital, the hospital could have moved, or there could have been two hospitals—one on Gulf Breeze and one on Santa Rosa.

In 1779, Dr. John Lorimer, one of the only remaining surgeons in Pensacola, requested to be appointed chief surgeon and purveyor of all the hospitals in West Florida (Lorimer 1779). In his memorial to Campbell, he discussed his fourteen years of service in Pensacola and his successful training of eleven mates, five of them now surgeons and one of them an apothecary to the hospitals in America (Lorimer 1779). A surgeon by the name of Edwin Thomas is listed as serving the 16th regiment from 1770 to 1781 in the British Army Lists; however, whether or not he ever actually arrived is debatable, as no musters for the 16th Regiment have been found (Burton n.d: 70). Dr. Lorimer remained in Pensacola as surgeon until the end of Britain’s occupation of West Florida (Coker 1998:183). Attempts to establish an organized, well-stocked, efficient medical facility were in the works. Also in 1779, Campbell proposed the construction of a general hospital at the brick kilns (Campbell 1779b). It is unknown if the hospital at the kilns was actually built, but seems unlikely due to Spain’s siege of the city two years later. A 1780 map of Pensacola depicts a hospital just outside Fort George, but little else is knows of the hospital there (Heldring 1780) (Figure 10.9). Pensacola, from the beginning of British occupancy, often struggled with adequate hospital construction and maintenance. However, due to Britain’s short occupancy of the region, the inability to acquire medical supplies, and the lack of doctors, plans for a well functioning British hospital never fully developed.

After the Spanish regained control of West Florida in 1781, the British did not officially release Pensacola until 1783 (Coker 1998:187). Spaniards, however, occupied the city beginning 10 May 1781 (Coker 1998:187). Between the years 1781 and 1783, little is known about the status of the city’s hospital and medical staff due to the possible loss of documents during the town’s transitional phase. It is not until 1783 that Spanish testamentos from patients at the Royal Hospital San Miguel in Pensacola begin to appear in the archival documents (Testamentos 1783, Testamentos n.d.). An 1813 map of the city shows grounds reserved for a national hospital, but it appears that this hospital was never actually ever constructed (Pintado 1813, Elizabeth Benchley, personal communication 2007) (see Figure 10.3).

Military and Navy

Despite a small civilian populace, colonial Pensacola was primarily a garrison town. Officers, soldiers, military wives, and children typically made up the bulk of the population and thus represented a large percentage of those who died in Pensacola. Royal naval vessels, though not regularly stationed in the province until the later bellicose years, carried sailors who participated in the city’s economy and sometimes died while onshore or onboard ship in the bay. Thus, any research into death and burial in Pensacola must focus on the military history of the region and any extant military records. After determining the regiments and some of the naval vessels stationed in Pensacola, the CO 5 Collection, Haldimand Papers, 218

Public Domain. Digitized photographic reproduction from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland. Item No. RP0011 8x10 color print. Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief Engineers, Entry 18, Letter received 1826-36. File F-206-1836, Box 42A 9W2A, 15/3/1 Map of Pensacola. Heldring, Henry. Plan of the Town of Pensacola in West Florida, of Fort George, and the Works Adjacent, Newly Erected for the Necessary Defense and Security of Said Place by Order of Major General John Campbell Under the Direction of Henry Heldring, Captain Lieutenant 3rd Regiment Waldeck, 1780.

Hospital

Cemetery

Figure 10.9. Henry Heldring’s Plan of the Town of Pensacola, 1780.

and Gage Papers were consulted to clarify each regiment’s or naval vessel’s arrival and departure dates and identify additional military and naval information on deaths, burials, cemeteries, etc. Although some key documents were uncovered, the number of deaths found was minimal. Continued research led to musters in Library and Archives Canada and interest in the military records of the British National Archives. After consulting Kitzmiller’s In Search of the “Forlorn Hope:” A Comprehensive Guide to Locating British Regiments and their Records (1640-WWI) and the National Archives online catalog (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk) to identify various potentially significant record groups, UK National Archives researcher, Robert O’Hara, was hired to search for any records pertinent to this project (Kitzmiller 1988). His investigations uncovered numerous muster rolls, pieces of correspondence, vessel logs, and other items that added significant data to this project. Colonial Pensacola regimental history and the important information gleaned during this research are outlined below.

The first regiments to arrive in Pensacola took possession of the city from the Spaniards. These included the 35th Regiment of Foot, which arrived on 30 November 1763, and the Third Battalion of the 60th Regiment of Foot, which arrived in late 1763 or early 1764 (Lt. Col. Robertson 1764a, Forbes 1764). Captain Joseph Winter’s Company of the Second Battalion of the Royal Regiment of Artillery was located in Pensacola from November 1764 to early 1769 (Fead 1766, Laws 1952). By March 1764, the soldiers of the Third Battalion of the 60th Regiment had been transferred to other regiments leaving for the Illinois country and only 170 men of the 35th Regiment were noted to be “fit for duty” (Lt. Col. Robertson 1764).

Little is known of the Battalions of the 60th Regiment and the Royal Regiment of Artillery in Pensacola, as few letters have been found that discuss the state of the soldiers and officers in those regiments. Law’s Battery Records of the Royal Artillery, 1716-1859 does provide some insight into the presence of the Royal Artillery in Pensacola (Laws 1952). After the departure of Captain Joseph Winter’s Company of Royal Artillery, Captain W. Gostling’s Company and the late Captain J. Butler’s Company, both of the First Battalion, were in Pensacola Harbor from February to March 1769. After this date, the Royal Artillery appears to have been absent from Pensacola until 1772. From March to October 1772, Captain W. Gostling’s Company was stationed at the Red Cliffs, Pensacola and then at Santa Rosa Island from November to December 1772. At different points, the companies mustered onboard the H.M.S. Mercury and the H.M.S. Noble. The Royal Artillery again appears to have been absent from Pensacola between 1773 and 1778. In 1778 and 1779, part of William Johnstone’s Company of the Fourth Battalion was present in Pensacola (Stiell 1778, Campbell 1779a). Whether this company stayed in Pensacola between 1779 and 1781 is unclear, but Johnstone’s Company was at Pensacola from the beginning of 1781 until the British surrender on 9 May 1781 (Laws 1952). According to a muster compiled by Brigadier General John Campbell, only one Royal Artillery soldier (a matross, also known as a gunner’s assistant) died during the Siege (Campbell 1781a). The rest of Johnstone’s company left as prisoners of war on 11 May 1781 (Laws 1952).

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Attempts were made to identify muster rolls and other records for the 60th Regiment of Foot and the Royal Regiment of Artillery, as well as the other Pensacola regiments, in several divisions of the UK National Archives. These included: 1) the War Office 12 (WO 12) division, which contains general muster books and pay lists from the Office of the Commissary General of Musters (and successors); 2) the War Office 10 (WO 10) division, consisting of artillery muster books and pay lists; 3) the War Office 69 (WO 69) division, which includes the Royal Artillery papers and records of service; and 4) the War Office 34 (WO 34) division, which contains monthly returns of the Royal Artillery in sections 204, 205, and 212 (WO 34/204, WO 34/205, WO 34/212). None of this research exposed records of the 60th Regiment or Royal Regiment of Artillery during their time in Pensacola. This is especially surprising for the Royal Artillery as Laws’s history of the regiment, written as late as 1952, cites Royal Artillery muster rolls (Laws 1952).

In contrast, more is known of the 35th Regiment. Several letters dating to late 1764 mention sickness and death among the troops of the 35th (Lt. Col. Robertson1764, Johnstone 1764a, Johnstone 1764b, Mackinen 1764). In addition, the UK National Archives WO 12 division did produce musters for the 35th Regiment that provides the names of nine soldiers who died between 25 December 1764 and 24 June 1765 (Thirty-Fifth Regiment 1765). Shortly thereafter, the 35th Regiment returned to England so it is unlikely that later musters will include information on deaths in Pensacola (Halifax 1765). Unfortunately, no records were found for the period from November 1763 to November 1764, so little is known of the extent of the sickness and death that evidently occurred during the first year of the 35th Regiment’s stay in Pensacola. The names of three officers who died in 1764, no month or day given, were found in a history of the 35th Regiment, which suggests that other musters or letters mentioning these deaths did exist in the late 1800s (Trimen 1873). Additional research at the British National Army Museum and in regimental museums may provide more information about the first year of the 35th Regiment’s deployment and about the entire deployment period of the 60th Regiment and the Royal Regiment of Artillery in Pensacola.

Many more records were uncovered for the 31st Regiment, which relieved the 35th Regiment in Pensacola in early or mid 1765 and stayed until late 1768 (Halifax 1765, Lowndes 1765). Not long after arriving, the 31st Regiment of Foot, as well as the city of Pensacola, was decimated by an epidemic that may have been a combination of yellow fever, typhoid or typhus, dysentery, and malaria (Walsh 1765, Rea 1969). By October of 1765, 120 men of the 31st Regiment had died (Walsh 1765). Though the death toll slowly tapered off as the epidemic ran its course, muster rolls of the 31st Regiment from the UK National Archives WO 12 division for 25 December 1764 to 24 June 1768, still show an appreciable number of deaths from 1766 to 1768 (Thirty-First Regiment 1764-1768). Recruits for the 31st Regiment arrived in Pensacola in March 1768, but were themselves so sickly that Haldimand quarantined them on Santa Rosa Island, where at least four died (Haldimand 1768a, 1768b). It is uncertain whether these deaths are included on the muster rolls, as the recruits had not officially joined the regiment before their deaths. Although no 31st Regiment musters postdating 24 June 1768 have been found, Reverend Nathaniel Cotton’s parish death registers begin on 26 June 1768 and continue long after the departure of the majority of the

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regiment (Durnford 1770). Thus, it appears that death within the 31st Regiment is more thoroughly documented than death within any other regiment stationed in Pensacola.

Unfortunately, this is only true for the men of the regiment. In a humbling document that lists deaths within the 31st Regiment between 25 July 1765 and 10 July 1767, the names and death dates of 196 men are recorded, but the muster offers only totals, (except the last names of five officers’ wives and their three children), for the women and children who died: 28 and 44 respectively (Thirty-First Regiment 1767). While one woman and two children of the 31st Regiment are mentioned in Cotton’s parish registers (Susanna Ross; Mary Ryley, daughter of Joseph Ryley; and Mary Lanter, daughter of Jacob Lanter), most of the women and children of the regiment remain invisible (Durnford 1770). It is difficult to estimate the severity of such a loss when little is known of the number of women who accompanied the regiment, but a document from the Haldimand Papers lists the numbers of women and children in the 31st Regiment in September 1768 as 80 and 68 respectively (Thirty-First Regiment 1768). Therefore, women in the regiment totaled approximately 108 and children 112 during the regiment’s deployment to Pensacola. Thus, the diseases that caused such great loss among the men killed approximately 26 percent of the women and 39 percent of the children attached to the regiment. Although the names of these women and children may never be known, their graves lie somewhere under the sands of Pensacola.

In 1768, the majority of the 31st Regiment of Foot, excepting three companies, left Pensacola (Gage 1768). Between 1768 and 1770, apart from these companies, the city was without a military presence. Between April and June 1770, the 16th Regiment arrived in Pensacola and remained there until the surrender of the city in May 1781 (Rea 1978, Royal Anglican Regiment History Committee [RARHC] 1985). Despite the 11 years during which the 16th was stationed in Pensacola, almost no records of deaths have been found. As noted above, a search of the WO 12 division of the UK National Archives uncovered only a note stating that the musters for the dates 25 October 1769 to 24 June 1777 were missing as early as the 1930s. Musters for June 1777 to May 1781 were also lacking, but no note detailed their absence. Communication with the National Army Museum and those regimental museums associated with the 16th Regiment produced no musters or correspondence for the period in question. Deaths that occurred among the soldiers, wives, and children of the 16th Regiment for the years 1770 and 1771 are recorded in Reverend Cotton’s parish death registers, but no names of the dead of the 16th Regiment are known for the years 1772 to 1781 (Durnford 1770, Chester 1771a and 1771c). Two letters written in 1773 suggest that the garrison was plagued by sickness that year and at least four men died (Hutchins 1773, Dickson 1773). In December of 1775, three companies of the regiment were sent to St. Augustine, leaving seven companies to defend Pensacola. In 1779, four of these companies were sent to guard the various forts on the Mississippi and all but one, the Grenadier Company, were captured by the Spanish in the attacks on the forts, including the one at Baton Rouge (RARHC 1985). Although the Grenadier Company returned to Pensacola at the end of November 1779 to defend the city against Spanish attackers, the soldiers were exhausted and sick. Thirteen grenadiers died before 10 February 1780 (Campbell 1780). Little more is known of the deaths the regiment sustained during the decade in which the 16th Regiment was stationed in the city, including the sacrifices it made during the Siege of 222

Pensacola. It is hoped that future research will uncover the missing musters of the 16th Regiment of Foot and other archival sources that shed light on the deaths of a regiment that was stationed in Pensacola for over a decade, the longest tenure in West Florida of any British regiment.

While most regiments were primarily from Great Britain, the military also included Germans. The 3rd English-Waldeck Regiment was comprised of soldiers from Waldeck, Germany, the smallest of six German regions that sold troops into English service during the colonial period (Burgoyne 1994). They arrived in Pensacola in 1779 (Rea 1979: 23). Gerald Walther von Kamrath’s (1987) thesis provides a general idea of the actions of the Waldeck Regiment in West Florida before and during the Siege of Pensacola in 1781 (Kamrath 1987). Albert Haarmann (1970) discusses details of the regiment’s movement in his article, “The 3rd Waldeck Regiment in British Service.” Unfortunately, neither source revealed any names of fallen Waldeck soldiers or their burial locations. However, both sources do reference the writings of Max von Elking whose book, Die Deutschen Hufstruppen im Nordamerikanischen Befreiungskriege, 1766 bis 1783, includes a map significant to this research (Elking 1977). This map, drawn by Henry Heldring, Captain-Lieutenant of the Third Regiment of Waldeck and acting engineer in West Florida during his deployment in Pensacola, depicts crosses to the north of Pensacola near the present day location of St. Michael’s Cemetery (Heldring 1780) (see Figure 10.9). A more detailed review of this map is provided in the cemetery section within this chapter.

Additional investigation into the Waldeck Regiment revealed a collection of unpublished papers from historian Bruce Burgoyne, which are curated at UWF’s Special Collections. Burgoyne spent over forty years researching the role of German mercenaries in the American Revolution and published over 35 major works on the subject (Burgoyne 1999). The Bruce Burgoyne Papers contain lists, transcribed and compiled by Burgoyne, of Waldeck soldiers who served in America, including the place, date, and cause of their deaths (Burgoyne n.d.). The lists include the names of 50 Waldeck soldiers who died in Pensacola between the years of 1779 and 1781. Of the 50, Theodor Wilhelm Ursall definitely died in the Siege of Pensacola since Brigadier General John Campbell listed him by name in a roster of the siege from 10 May 1781 (Campbell 1781a). In addition to the 50 soldiers known to have died in Pensacola, 15 other soldiers may have died in the city, but no location is listed next to their names. Of these 15, Christian Wenthe died on 16 May 1781 and may have been wounded in the Siege of Pensacola. Thus, the list compiled by Burgoyne provides the names of 47 deceased soldiers, making it one of the most significant sources on the Waldeck regiment encountered during this research. The Burgoyne Papers also include Burgoyne’s translation of the personal diary of Philipp Franz Elisaus Waldeck, who served the regiment as chaplain during its entire deployment in America (Waldeck 1983). Although the diary contains many detailed observations pertaining to the regiment, it does not reveal the names or burial locations of fallen Waldeckers, other than that of Lieutenant von Horn, who is also mentioned in other sources (Waldeck 1983: 214b, Burgoyne n.d., Burgoyne 1989). A few deaths are noted throughout the diary, but whether they died in Pensacola cannot be determined (Waldeck 1983:170b, 179a, 182b, 185a, 185b, 194b, 212b, 214b). The diary does however reveal harsh living conditions, lack of food, and shortage of supplies 223

encountered by the Waldeck Regiment. Philipp Waldeck states, “there is no worse place in the World. Satan and all his angels should be banished to [Pensacola]” (Waldeck 1983). In addition, Waldeck references the lack of a church in Pensacola and discusses church services held outside for the Waldeck Regiment (Waldeck 1983: 161a, 163a, 169b, 170a, 174a, 177a, 185b).

Burgoyne also published several books on the Waldeck regiment, including a compilation of short biographies on each soldier (Burgoyne 1989). This compilation included information about the lives the soldiers led before and during their deployment to America. The additional information, such as the soldier’s religion, age, parent’s names (when provided), and rank promotions, was added into the database, thus broadening an understanding of the many individuals who served in the Regiment of Waldeck. Burgoyne’s other writings provided additional clues. His book, Eighteenth Century America: A Hessian Report on the People, the Land, the War as Noted in the Diary of Chaplain Philipp Waldeck (1776-1780), notes that ensign Karl von Horn died on 19 July 1780 in Pensacola and “was buried [the] next day” (Burgoyne 1995). This reference is one of very few that mentions burial in Pensacola. The book, The 3rd English-Waldeck Regiment in the American Revolutionary War, provides additional information on several Waldeck soldiers who died in Pensacola and serves as a supplement to his unpublished compilation of Waldeck musters lists (Burgoyne n.d., Burgoyne 1999). For example, in his unpublished compilation of Waldeck muster rolls, Burgoyne records Christian Wenthe as dying of wounds, but provides no location. In the book discussed above, Burgoyne not only states that cannoneer Christian Wenthe was fatally wounded, but also adds that he died in Pensacola on 16 May 1781 (Burgoyne 1999).

Along with the Waldeckers, the Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists both arrived in Pensacola on 19 January 1779 (Trexler and Walck 1966). They stayed until 1781 and fought in the Siege of Pensacola. Therefore, soldiers of the Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists who died between mid-January 1779 and May 1781 were likely buried in the Pensacola area. Murtie June Clark discusses the Loyalists who fought in the British colonies and provides transcriptions of muster rolls for both the Pennsylvania and the Maryland Loyalists (Clark 1981). The original muster rolls of the Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists for the years 1779-1781 and the United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists for 1780 are located in Library and Archives Canada (Maryland Loyalists 1778-1779, Pennsylvania Loyalist 1779- 1782, United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists 1780). According to these and other documents, the Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists united for a short period while in Pensacola in 1780 (Campbell 1780, Clark 1981, United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists 1780).

In 1779, Maryland Loyalists arrived in Pensacola Bay, many of them sick with smallpox; possibly contracted in Jamaica. This called for an immediate quarantine of the Maryland soldiers in the bay due to the epidemic (Campbell 1779a, Fenn 2000: 114, 310). The presence of this epidemic explains the large number of Maryland Loyalists who died in 1779, especially February of that year. In total, 38 Maryland Loyalists died in 1779 and over half of them died in February. The deceased consisted of six volunteers, two corporals, and 224

twenty privates (Maryland Loyalists 1778-1779). Unfortunately, 1779 is the only year within the archival records that revealed names of Maryland soldiers who died in Pensacola. This could be due to the small number of soldiers remaining in the regiment after the death and desertion that plagued it in 1779.

Within the CO5 Collection, two letters provide additional information about the Maryland and Pennsylvania Loyalists. In one letter, Brigadier General John Campbell suggested to Sir Henry Clinton that, due to a high number of desertions in all the companies present in Pensacola by 1779, the Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists should be condensed into one regiment (Campbell 1779a, Braisted 2007). In doing so, all officers not needed, due to the merge, would be “retired upon half pay” (Braisted 2007). Once Sir Henry Clinton received word that the regiments might be united and placed under the command of William Allen instead of Lt. Col. James Chalmers, he sent a letter disapproving the merge at once (Braisted 2007). Nonetheless, the letter stating Clinton’s displeasure was either ignored or never received (Braisted 2007). Exactly one year later, numbers within the regiments had dwindled even further due to “death and desertion” and Campbell united the Maryland and Pennsylvania Loyalists into one corps while awaiting a decision on the matter from Sir Henry Clinton (Campbell 1780). The muster rolls for the United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists contain the names and death dates of fourteen privates and three sergeants (United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists 1780). These two regiments were united until 1781 (Clark 1981).

Sir Henry Clinton received word of the United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists by April 1780. Clinton was displeased with Campbell’s actions in uniting the two corps into one new regiment (Braisted 2007). However, due to the lack of communation between Clinton and Pensacola, word of his disapproval did not reached Pensacola until the following year (Braisted 2007). In 1781, the United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalist regiment separated back into the original regiments (Clark 1781). Pennsylvania Loyalists’ musters noted this change, and listed death dates of soldiers who died on 8 May. Unfortunately, some of the dates written on the muster rolls do not include years, but those that include several deaths on 8 May probably list the deaths of men who died on 8 May 1781—the exact date on which the British advanced redoubt blew up after a Spanish shell hit the structure, ending the Siege of Pensacola. The listed names include those of three sergeants, two corporals, and eleven privates (Pennsylvania Loyalist Muster 1779-1782).

According to a letter from John Campbell, a total of 45 Pennsylvania Loyalists and only one Maryland Loyalist died during the Siege of Pensacola (Campbell 1781a). These include six sergeants, four corporals, and thirty-five privates. No name is listed for the fallen Maryland Loyalist, however the soldier’s rank is given as “private” (Campbell 1781a). Though the Waldeck Regiment, Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists, one company of the Royal Artillery, and three companies of the 16th Regiment were in Pensacola during these troublesome later years, military leaders felt more reinforcements were needed.

On 5 Feb 1780, General Campbell commissioned Adam Chrystie to raise “two troops of dragoons” (Chrystie 1783). These troops, the West Florida Royal Foresters, were present 225

in Pensacola during the 1781 Siege. Historical documents pertaining to their presence in Pensacola are sparse. Chrystie, Captain-commandant of the West Florida Royal Foresters, mentions the death of one lieutenant during the Siege in a letter to Lord North two years after the battle (Chrystie 1783). This lieutenant is identified by name in a roster written just two days after the battle (Campbell 1781a). No documents identified thus far record the number of men who composed the West Florida Royal Foresters, but it appears that Lieutenant Joseph Penhorn is the only West Florida Royal Forester to have died during the Siege of Pensacola (Campbell 1781a).

Additional aid to Pensacola came from the 60th Regiment of Foot. Despite the fact that little is known of the battalions of the 60th, a few documents record their presence in Pensacola during the later years of Britain’s occupancy. A letter from William Stiell, Commander of forces in West Florida, notes that companies of the 3rd Battalion and 4 companies of the 4th Battalion were present in Pensacola in 1778 (Stiell 1778). In 1779, John Dalling —Col. Commander of the 3rd Battalion— noted in a letter, the presence of the 1st Battalion of the 60th Regiment in Pensacola while requesting all of the battalions of the 60th Regiment in Pensacola, including his own battalion, be returned to Jamaica (Wallace 1878, Dalling 1779). Campbell referred to the 60th Regiment and stated that by 1779, there were eight companies of the 3rd and 4th Battalion “composed chiefly of German Condemned Criminals and other Species of Goal Birds” (Campbell 1779a). It is unknown at this time if any men from the 60th died while in Pensacola, as a search of the National Archives of the UK provided no musters or additional documents pertaining to the 60th Regiment of Foot.

Another branch of the British military researched was the British Navy. Investigation into the British Navy was conducted because several documents listed sailors who died in redoubts during the Siege of Pensacola. British Navy captains and masters kept musters of their sailors along with logs discussing locations and shipboard activities. The captain’s and master’s logs reviewed over the course of this project do not list as many deaths of sailors as the musters, but they do record the days in which the ships were in Pensacola Harbor. The logs, musters, and other records show that the following ships: H.M.S. Active, H.M.S. Atalanta, H.M.S. Alarm, H.M.S. Carysfort, H.M.S. Daphne, H.M.S. Diana, H.M.S. Druid, H.M.S. Ferret, H.M.S. Hound, H.M.S. Lowestoffe, H.M.S. Mentor, H.M.S. Port Royal, H.M.S. Prince Edward, H.M.S. Renown, H.M.S. Solebay, and H.M.S. Tartar were all present in Pensacola Harbor at different times during the British occupation of the city (Active Log 1763-1767, Alarm Log 1764-1765, Alarm Log 1765-1766, Atalanta Log 1776- 1777, Atalanta Log 1777-1778, Atalanta 1777-1778, Carysfort Log 1770-1771, Daphne Log 1777-1778, Diana Log 1770-1773, Druid Log 1767-1768, Druid Log 1769, Druid Log 1778- 1779, Ferret Log 1766-1767, Hound 1778-1779, Hound 1780-1781, Hound Log 1777-1779, Lowestoffe Log 1769-1773, Mentor 1780, Port Royal 1780, Port Royal 1780-1781, Port Royal Log 1780-1781, Prince Edward Log 1764-1766, Renown Log 1768-1769, Solebay Log 1778-1779, Tartar Log 1765-1766). Knowing the days certain ships were in Pensacola Harbor is useful because this information can be combined with musters. British Navy musters list the names of crewmembers and note the death dates of those who died while part of a ship’s compliment. Once the death date and name were located in a ship’s muster, the captain’s and master’s logs were used to determine if the ship was in Pensacola. The logs 226

also occasionally provided additional information about some sailor’s deaths. While sailors who died at sea were usually sacrificed to the depths, those sailors who died while a ship was in Pensacola Harbor were probably buried in the town or the surrounding area (a practice that is documented during the early American period) rather than being thrown into the bay—an unhealthy prospect in any era (Servies 1992, Bruington 1986). Although the majority of the logs do not mention burial of those who died, a few, including the logs of the Active, Diana, Ferret, Hound, and Lowestoffe, do provide this information. Even so, only the log of the Lowestoffe specifies that the deceased were buried “on shore” and even then does not describe the location of the burials (Lowestoffe Log 1769-1773). Although not all the logs clearly describe burial practices, it is likely that most or all of the naval vessels that visited Pensacola could have buried their dead on shore in the same manner as the Lowestoffe. Unfortunately, it is thus nearly impossible to determine whether deceased sailors and marines were buried on the land nearest to their ships’ anchorage at the time of their death or in a designated cemetery. Nevertheless, the ship logs do prove that these individuals were buried in the general vicinity of Pensacola.

One possible burial location of a deceased individual is alluded to in the 1777-1779 log for the Hound, which includes one reference to the burial of a body found floating in the water off Deer Point (on modern–day Gulf Breeze Peninsula) after a major storm. While the location of that burial is not specified, the body was likely buried near Deer Point, the closest land mass (Hound Log 1777-1779). This theory is further supported by the discovery of a coffin eroding out of a bluff on Gulf Breeze Peninsula in 1876 by Port Inspector William Henry Davison and the discovery of several coffins eroding out of the beach on Deadman’s Island (just off Gulf Breeze Peninsula) by the University of West Florida Archaeology Institute in October 2005 (Davison 1876; Joanne Curtin, personal communication 2008).

The musters for His Majesty’s Ship the Hound were located in the UK National Archives. These musters list the deaths of five sailors who died in 1778 while the ship was in Pensacola Harbor (Hound 1780, Hound 1778-1779, Hound 1780-1781). Another sailor on the H.M.S. Hound, William Walton, died in 1780 when the ship was again in Pensacola (Hound 1780, Hound 1780-1781). Musters from His Majesty’s Ship the Atalanta were also found in the British National Archives. These musters not only list the specific dates when the H.M.S. Atalanta was in or near Pensacola Harbor between the years of 1776 and 1777, but also the names and death dates of deceased sailors (Atalanta 1777-1778). Only one sailor, William Stuttle from Liverpoole, died while the Atalanta was in Pensacola in 1776. In 1777, four additional sailors from the Atalanta died while it was in Pensacola Harbor (Atalanta 1777-1778).

During the Siege of Pensacola in 1781, many British soldiers and sailors lost their lives. The British Navy was present in Pensacola Bay toward the end of British occupancy. Although the Siege was primarily a land engagement, ships captured prizes while out at sea and several sailors reinforced the British terrestrial forces, fighting alongside them in Pensacola’s redoubts (Campbell 1781a, Servies 1982). When a Spanish shell blew up the British advanced redoubt, both sailors and soldiers were killed.

227

Records show that the ships H.M.S. Mentor and H.M.S. Port Royal were both present in Pensacola Bay during the 1781 Siege (Servies 1982, Mentor 1780, Port Royal 1780, Port Royal 1780-1781). During the Siege, sailors from the Mentor and Port Royal were sent to assist the soldiers manning the British redoubts. On 8 May 1781, 16 sailors from the Mentor died when the advanced redoubt exploded (Mentor 1780, Campbell 1781a). James Neild, a sailor from the Mentor, died in the Pensacola hospital sometime in July, possibly from wounds received during the siege. Musters of His Majesty’s Ship the Port Royal also list the names of sailors who died during the Siege (Port Royal 1780-1781). In 1781, one sailor, Thomas Jervoise, died while in prison and five sailors are listed as being “blowed up [sic] at the Advance Redoubt” (Port Royal 1780, Port Royal 1780-1781). In addition, one sailor is listed as “killed at the Middle Redoubt Pensacola” while another is listed as “killed at the Navy Redoubt Red Cliffs Pensacola Harbour West Florida” (Port Royal 1780, Port Royal 1780-1781). Sailor John Walker died in the hospital in Pensacola on 29 May 1781 (Port Royal 1780, Port Royal 1780-1781). Whether he died from wounds received during the siege is unknown. In a letter from Campbell, midshipman John Blair, is listed as having died in the siege (Campbell 1791a). His death brings the total number of H.M.S. Port Royal sailors killed in the siege to eight. John Campbell recorded the loss of twenty-four unnamed seaman, of which sixteen were from the H.M.S Mentor and eight from the H.M.S. Port Royal (Mentor 1780, Port Royal 1780, Port Royal 1780-1781, Campbell 1781b). Fortunately, the muster rolls described above revealed the names of these 24 seamen who died between the 8th and 10th of May 1781, which accounts for all of the sailors who were killed during the Siege of Pensacola.

Cemeteries

One of the most important goals of this research was the identification, through archival and published research, of the burial ground or grounds used by the British and second Spanish during their occupation of Pensacola. As mentioned above, St. Michael’s was formally surveyed in1807, but second Spanish city residents were burying their dead even when no official cemetery existed (Bruington 1986). The same is true for the British residents who, despite the lack of an official burying ground, probably buried their dead according to the cultural norms of their society.

According to Mortuary Monuments and Burial Grounds of the Historic Period, burials in the British North American colonies were typically found in “individual farmsteads, community burial grounds, and in and around parish churches” and the majority were unmarked (Mytum 2004: 18). When the British took control of Pensacola in 1763, less than a decade after the Spanish had moved their settlement to the mainland from Santa Rosa Island in 1752, there may already have been an informal cemetery. This cemetery, if it existed, is not listed around or near the Catholic chapel of Presidio San Miguel nor anywhere else on late first Spanish and early British maps (Anonymous 1763, Parilla and Cortéz 1763a, and 1763b) (see Figures 10.4, 10.5, and 10.6). Although new British officials and residents complained bitterly of the dilapidated state of the barracks and hospital, they do not mention a church building (Robertson 1764a, Currin 1999). Even so, the Spanish chapel was probably not in very good condition as it was quickly converted to a provision storehouse 228

and/or officers’ barracks and, later, a wood yard (Anonymous 1764, Robertson 1764b, Durnford 1778) (see Figures 10.7 and 10.1). As mentioned above, this left the British with no church building and none was in built in Pensacola during the entire British occupation (Browne 1766, Council of West Florida 1766b, Inhabitants of Pensacola 1768, Cotton 1768, Durnford 1774, Chester 1778, Pennington 1938, Waldeck 1983: 161a).

The lack of a church does not necessarily suggest the lack of an organized cemetery. As early as 1769, Elias Durnford, who served at various times as the colony’s engineer and lieutenant governor, hinted at an established cemetery in his description of the burial place of late Governor John Eliot. “Governor Elliot (sic) was laid near General Bouquet 12 feet to the North in the same Parallel, this being thought the best Place” (Durnford 1769). Though Durnford’s letter does not mention a specific parcel of land where these burials were located, his failure to do so suggests that local residents were familiar with the location of Bouquet’s grave. In addition, the reference to placing Eliot’s burial “in the same Parallel” hints at an organized cemetery plan. Mytum notes that some early urban cemeteries “were organized on a regular grid layout” (2004: 50), but also states that the “arrangement of interments within colonial American burial grounds was not uniform” (2004: 20). Thus, the evidence in Durnford’s letter is inconclusive.

Mytum’s examination of burial places in other communities reveals that Upland South cemeteries of the late eighteenth to nineteenth centuries organized by secular bodies tended “to be placed on hills, away from places of worship which were often only built at a later stage of settlement after the burial ground had already been established and used” (Mytum 2004: 44). Although Pensacola is not located in the Upland South region, its lack of a church during the British period and control by a civil government may have spurred a similar cemetery evolution. This contention is supported by the 1778 minutes of two meetings of the Council of West Florida. On 22 January 1778, the minutes of the Council describe the lack of a proper burial ground in Pensacola and include the requests from local residents for the establishment of such a burial ground. Granting their request, the Council suggested establishing a cemetery on four acres of land “on the North side of the Run.” The Council also established requirements for clearing the land, establishing a path from the town to the burial ground, and building a “post and rail fence with two Gates” with a “Ditch…run round the said fence at least three feet wide and two feet and one half deep” (Council of West Florida 1778a). To execute their plans, the Council requested contract proposals from the public. The 11 February 1778 Council meeting minutes note that Mr. James Aird, a carpenter, offered to do the work for $583, but his proposal was rejected as being too expensive. The Council then requested additional proposals for “clearing the said four acres of Land[,] running a Ditch round the same of three feet wide and two and a half feet deep and Clearing Two Roads to the same[,] one from Charlotte Bridge and the other from George Street” (Council of West Florida 1778b).

Unfortunately, an examination of the subsequent council minutes provided no additional information on the results of the Council’s request for proposals and no proof that these works were ever undertaken. Instead, the minutes of the Council betray an increasing concern over the rebel forces located to the north of West Florida and the conflicts daily 229

arising throughout Britain’s American colonies. These events appear to have superseded any detailed discussion of burial in West Florida. Nevertheless, the location described in the Council minutes, though imprecise, appears to have been located in the same general area as today’s St. Michael’s cemetery. In addition, two maps from 1778 and 1780 depict a cemetery at or near the location described above. One, drawn by Joseph Purcell, designates the area as a cemetery and the other, drawn by Waldeck soldier and engineer Henry Heldring, shows crosses to the north of Pensacola (Purcell 1778, Heldring 1780) (see Figures 10.2, 10.9, and Figure 10.10). Neither map depicts a ditch or fence around the cemetery, but together they suggest that the Council’s plans were carried out despite the lack of any written records.

The evidence from Durnford’s 1769 letter and the 1778 Council minutes may point to a cemetery on the same plot of land since the Council may have chosen to establish an official burial ground where residents were already burying their dead. It is also possible that the Council decided to establish a new burial ground outside of the city in 1778 due to a lack of space in the current burial ground. Mytum states, “In America, many of the older burial grounds in small towns…were left undisturbed once full, and new cemeteries established on the peripheries of the settlements,” but also notes that “many [urban] burial grounds were built over” (2004: 49). Thus, evidence of an early British cemetery in Pensacola may have been quickly eradicated after a cemetery north of the city was established.

In addition to this possible Anglican cemetery within or near the British fort of Pensacola, there is evidence for other early burial grounds in a few locations around the city. Up to the early eighteenth century, non-majority denominations were not permitted to bury their dead in separate cemeteries, but the mid-eighteenth century saw a turn towards “sectarian burial grounds” (Mytum 2004: 43). Although the majority of Pensacola’s citizens appear to have been Anglican, minister Nathaniel Cotton noted the presence of a number of Presbyterians at his worship services as they lacked their own “Teacher” (Cotton 1768). Presbyterians may have been buried in the same cemetery as the Anglican residents of Pensacola or they may have maintained their own small burial ground. Additional research into the Presbyterian and Scottish (Scots were often Presbyterians) presence in Pensacola may shed light on these practices. In addition to Presbyterians, a small group of French Protestants resided in Campbell Town to the north of Pensacola between 1766 and 1770 (Starr 1976). They may have buried their dead near their settlement because of their separate religious identity and to avoid transporting the deceased to Pensacola. At least one individual—Jane Catherine Cooker—was buried in Campbell Town after being born there only seven months earlier, according to Reverend Cotton’s parish registers (Chester 1771a). The men of the German Waldeck Regiment adhered to several different faiths. Records show that those who identified their faith were Catholic, Evangelical, Reformed, and Lutheran (Burgoyne 1989). Since the Waldeck Regiment was only in Pensacola from 1779 to 1781, it seems unlikely that they buried their dead in a separate cemetery, but this possibility cannot be discounted without further research.

Besides these possible separate sectarian cemeteries, several sources support the use of Santa Rosa Island as a quarantine station at various times during the British period (Figure 230

Public Domain. Portion of digitized photographic reproduction from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland. Item No. RP0011 8x10 color print. Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief Engineers, Entry 18, Letter received 1826-36. File F-206-1836, Box 42A 9W2A, 15/3/1 Map of Pensacola. Heldring, Henry. Plan of the Town of Pensacola in West Florida, of Fort George, and the Works Adjacent, Newly Erected for the Necessary Defense and Security of Said Place by Order of Major General John Campbell Under the Direction of Henry Heldring, Captain Lieutenant 3rd Regiment Waldeck, 1780.

Figure 10.10. Henry Heldring’s Plan of the Town of Pensacola, 1780. Closeup view of cemetery area.

10.11). In March of 1768, General Frederick Haldimand wrote to General Thomas Gage concerning the arrival of military recruits who were so sick that 22 had died during the ocean voyage (Haldimand 1768a). In order to prevent an epidemic in Pensacola, Haldimand ordered the recruits quarantined on Santa Rosa Island. About a month later, Haldimand again wrote to Gage, informing him that four of the recruits on Santa Rosa had died and many were still seriously ill. Haldimand refused to permit any of the recruits to land on the mainland until the sickness had passed (Haldimand 1768b). Whether Haldimand and others commonly used Santa Rosa Island in this way is uncertain, but another letter from Haldimand in 1772 again connects Santa Rosa and quarantine. Haldimand requested permission to build a blockhouse on Santa Rosa Island to serve as a quarantine hospital as “the Place that Was Used formerly for that purpose [is] at present fitted to Lodge the Officers of the Company quartered there” (Haldimand 1772). Although Haldimand never mentions the burial of those who died while quarantined on Santa Rosa Island, it seems logical that they were buried on the island itself. Thus, the remains of some of Pensacola’s British defenders may be buried beneath the shifting sands of Santa Rosa Island or may have long ago washed into the gulf during a hurricane or other destructive storm.

Sailors who died while on board ship may have been buried on the nearest land mass rather than transporting their bodies to the town cemetery. The log of the H.M.S. Hound for the years of 1777-1779 records the burial of a body found floating in the water off Deer Point (on modern–day Gulf Breeze Peninsula) after a major storm. Even though the burial location is not recorded, the body was probably buried on land near the ship’s anchorage (Hound Log 1777-1779). A coffin discovered eroding out of Gulf Breeze Peninsula in 1876 by Port Inspector William Henry Davison along with the investigation of several historic coffins found eroding out of Deadman’s Island (near Gulf Breeze Peninsula) by the University of West Florida Archaeology Institute in October 2005 seems to support this theory (Davison 1876; Joanne Curtin, personal communication 2008). Although not an official colonial cemetery, Gulf Breeze Peninsula and Deadman’s Island may be the final resting place of mariners who lost their lives onboard ships temporarily anchored off the peninsula.

Epidemic disease was all too familiar to Pensacola’s residents and the soldiers who guarded the settlement. On 19 January 1779, troop reinforcements arrived in Pensacola, including the Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists and the 3rd Regiment of Waldeck (Trexler and Walck 1966). While the other troops were allowed to land, the infection raging among the Maryland Loyalists caused Brigadier General John Campbell to quarantine them on their ship in the bay near Tartar Point, now part of the Pensacola Naval Air Station (Campbell 1779a, RARHC 1986, Fenn 2000). Those who died during this quarantine may have been buried at or near Tartar Point (see Figure 10.11). Additional evidence for a cemetery in this location is found in the report of an archaeological excavation at the site of the first Pensacola Lighthouse on the Naval Air Station. During excavation at the site, one burial and several disarticulated bones were discovered, later found to be three distinct burials including two strong males and a possible child. The authors of the report argue that these burials belong to a well-known “old Spanish cemetery,” dating to the first Spanish period (1698-1752), which is listed in several maps and archival sources (Jordan et al. 2000). An examination of these sources does not support this theory. The historians, including 232

Gauld, George. A plan of the harbour of Pensacola in West-Florida. Surveyed in the year 1764 by George Gauld, M.A. The bar by Sir John Lindsay. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. Call Number: G3932.P45 1764 .G3 Vault. Control Number 73691619 Digital ID: g3932p ar165600 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3932p.ar165600. Internet - Dec. 22, 2003.

Figure 10.11. George Gauld’s Plan of the Harbour of Pensacola, 1764.

Stanley Faye, referred to by Jordan et al. do not cite the primary sources from which they derive their information. In addition, most of the early maps the report references show only a single cross in the location in question. During this time, a single cross on a map had many meanings. Juan de Hessain (1746) reported that a cross was used to delineate the territorial boundary at Mobile Point between the French of Mobile and the Spaniards of Pensacola. Researcher Giovanna Vitelli writes, “In numerous early images and texts of French settlement of the New World, there are standing crosses planted on a headland or entrance to an estuary. In early contexts, [the] cross represented liminal space, between the known and unknown” (2007). Jordan et al’s only strong evidence for a cemetery in this location comes from an 1822 chart of Pensacola Harbor and Bar by Major James Kearney which clearly shows several crosses together in an area to the west of present day Fort Barrancas on the Naval Air Station (Kearney 1822) (Figure 10.12). The fact that a cemetery is depicted in this area on an 1822 map strongly suggests that this is a second Spanish or British cemetery, rather than a first Spanish (1698-1752) cemetery that would probably have been invisible and forgotten by 1822. This cemetery might well be the final resting place of soldiers of the Maryland Loyalists or second Spanish residents and soldiers living or stationed nearby. Additional archaeological and archival research of this area may clarify the establishment and use of this potential burial ground.

Besides St. Michael’s and the possible cemeteries in downtown Pensacola, on Santa Rosa Island, on Gulf Breeze Peninsula, and on Tartar Point, (see Figure 10.11) there are other cemeteries recorded in mid-nineteenth to early twentieth-century sources that may have been established earlier than the oldest known records. The oldest burial registers of Christ Church, the earliest established Anglican church in Pensacola, list a wide variety of burial places and cemeteries between 1851 and 1920. These include St. Michael’s, St. John’s, the Navy Yard, Bluff Springs, Lion Cemetery, Santa Rosa Park, Laurel Hill, National Cemetery, Lagoon, Old Warrington, New Warrington, Union Hill near Myrtle Grove, Special Naval Cemetery, Ferry Pass, Breuts (sic), Pleasant Grove, New Hope, Whitmire, Gull Point, and the Colored Peoples’ Cemetery. The poorhouse, a graveyard at Parish Ba---, on the shore by home, and a private cemetery just back of Town Point are also listed as places of burial (Christ Church 1851-1920). The history and establishment of some of these cemeteries are well known and many are still in use today (Bruington 1985). Others are not as well documented. Research into the locations and origins of these obscure cemeteries and burial places may uncover evidence of their establishment and use during the British and second Spanish periods.

Even though archival evidence of cemeteries in Pensacola is elusive and problematic, this section has highlighted several important primary sources that support the use of the area around St. Michael’s cemetery as a burial ground long before its establishment in 1807, possibly as early as 1769 though more definitely by 1778. Future researchers and archaeological excavators of St. Michael’s Cemetery should consider that a separate Presbyterian cemetery might have existed in Pensacola. Moreover, there may be evidence of African American burials around St. Michael’s as sometimes, “the African American population, whether slave or free, had a small area on the edge of the burial ground set aside for their use” (Mytum 2004: 49). In addition, attention has been called to several other areas 234

Kearney, James, Major, assisted by Lieuts. Thompson, Turnbull and Butler, 4th Artillery. 1822. Pensacola Harbor and Bar. Florida. Surveyed in 1822. American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia, Pa. Realms of Gold no. 1191, Map 659 [1822] Un38phb.

Figure 10.12. James Kearney’s Plan of Pensacola Harbor and Bar./Ft. San Carlos de Barrancas, 1822.

of interest—within the confines of the British fort of Pensacola, on Santa Rosa Island, and at Tartar Point—associated with known deaths during the British occupation. Finally, further evidence for British and second Spanish cemeteries may be found by tracing the histories of cemeteries mentioned in later sources, such as the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth-century burial registers of Old Christ Church. Although it is tempting to focus on the still extant St. Michael’s Cemetery when researching the burial of early colonial citizens of Pensacola, locations of burials and burial grounds in the colonial city were probably far from straightforward. Throughout British North America, variety in burial locations increased in the mid-eighteenth century and evidence of small plots and rural cemeteries were quickly erased by the expansion of cities (Mytum 2004). Continued development and redevelopment in and around Pensacola may reveal evidence of these early cemeteries and revolutionize the understanding of death and burial in West Florida during the colonial period.

Unproductive Sources

The research conducted for this project produced numerous important documents. It also hinted at the utility of many other archival sources and collections for a better understanding of death and burial in Pensacola during the British and early second Spanish periods. As in any research project, many sources that at first appeared to be significant did not produce the critical information they appeared to contain. While this is inevitable, it is often difficult for future researchers to understand the torturous paths taken by other scholars as only successes are cited and failures are never mentioned. In order to facilitate the research of future historians and interested parties, this section highlights some of the major disappointments and dead ends encountered during this project.

As mentioned in the introduction, no members of the local historical and genealogical societies, including the Pensacola Genealogy Society, the Pensacola Historical Society, and the defunct British West Florida Club, are conducting research into death and burial in Pensacola at the time of this writing. Winston De Ville (1986), author of British Burials and Births on the Gulf Coast: Records of the Church of England in West Florida, 1768-1770, was unable to offer any additional documents found since the publication of his work nor could he suggest any potential archives or collections of interest. The work of British National Archives researcher, Robert O’Hara, uncovered hundreds of important documents, but also a handful that were not useful. The correspondence located in the Privy Council 1 division, section 59/5/2 (PC 1/59/5/2) of the UK National Archives, which includes requests for land in West Florida by various military officers, did not provide any information on death in Pensacola. Instead, these letters would be useful for those conducting early deeds research in the city. The British National Archives General Register Office Record Group 43/3 (RG 43/3) was also consulted. RG 43/3 indexes the deaths and burials from 1707 to 1917 listed in Record Group 33 (RG 33), which contains miscellaneous foreign registers and returns. Unfortunately, RG 43/3, and thus RG 33, contained almost no references to deaths in North America from 1763 to 1821 and none that occurred in Pensacola.

Several wills in the British and Scottish National Archives were examined, including those of Simon Amory, James Barbut, Phillips Comyn, William Dawson, Robert Donald, 236

Isaac Mendes, William Panton, and Robert White. Pensacola High School International Baccalaureate student, Rachel Jones, transcribed several of these wills. Even though the wills occasionally provide dates and places of death, they were often written or read long after the events in question and their contents are sometimes inaccurate. This is especially apparent in the testament dative, prepared 17 April 1770 in Edinburgh, of William Dawson. Although the testament refers to Dawson as a former minister of Perth, it also records a transaction that occurred between Dawson, John Ellis, and John Stewart in Pensacola in 1765 (Edinburgh Commissary Court 1770). English Anglican minister, William Dawson, was present in Pensacola as the minister to the town from 1764 to 1766. It seems unlikely that two Dawsons, both ministers, were present in Pensacola at the same time. Instead, this Scottish testament probably mistakenly records Dawson as a minister in Perth and the testament was likely enacted long after Dawson’s death, in South Carolina in 1767, when Stewart realized a debt was still owed to him (Hart 1767, Edinburgh Commissary Court 1770). As in this example, additional documentation from Pensacola, such as letters noting the places and dates of death, were usually necessary to verify the contents of the wills. Thus, the wills, while useful for research into the economic and business transactions of Pensacola residents, were not of much value for this project.

Both the Church of England’s Lambeth Palace Library and the Guildhall Library in London were consulted in the hopes of finding parish registers and correspondence from the British period of Pensacola. The Lambeth Palace Library provided copies of missionary bonds for the various ministers who served in West Florida and suggested research into the Fulham Papers, but only limited correspondence was uncovered. No parish registers were found. The same is true for the Guildhall Library whose guide, The British Overseas: A Guide to Records of Their Births, Baptisms, Marriages, Deaths and Burials, Available in the United Kingdom, only produced records of death registers from Pensacola for the years 1879- 1905 (Guildhall Library 1988).

A reference from the Mormon Family History Library prompted research into records of the Pensacola chapter of the National Society of United States Daughters of 1812 contained in the UWF John C. Pace Library Special Collections (Accession Number M1972- 11). A short description of the contents of these records suggested that the collection included family bibles with entries dating back to 1761. Unfortunately, the earliest death record found dated to the mid-1800s.

Several secondary sources consulted were also disappointing in the lack of information they provided on Pensacola or death and burial in the city. Many of the regimental histories cited in this chapter added significant data to this research, but histories of the Royal Navy did little more than mention one or two Royal Navy ships that visited Pensacola (Clowes et al. 1966, Syrett and DiNardo 1994). Despite several references from other sources, the journal of Charles Woodmason—a traveling Anglican preacher who visited Pensacola—did not provide any descriptions of the city germane to this research (Woodmason 1953). Ship passenger lists and immigration studies also did not provide information pertinent to the goals of this project (Long 1969, Teper 1978).

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Finally, Pensacola Colonials, 1559-1821 by Johnnie Andrews, Jr. deserves a special note of caution (Andrews 1970). While this publication seems to contain a wealth of information on the deaths of Pensacola residents, it is inconsistent with primary sources. The book only includes one source citation. In addition, the dubiousness of the other uncited sources is noted in the forward and readers are cautioned about using the information contained in the book. Of the hundreds of names in the publication, only three were entered into the database that compliments this chapter because they were referenced in other sources as well (see Appendix 10.A). An example of the inconsistency of this source is provided by the case of Evan Jones who, according to Pensacola Colonials, 1559-1821, was killed in a duel with Lieutenant Governor Monfort Browne in 1767. However, this duel is referenced in a letter from an N. to General Haldimand on 12 March 1770, which mentions the duel and notes that Evan Jones did not die, but recovered from his wounds (N. 1770). Although the author of the letter did not provide the date of the duel, it seems unlikely that he or she would have been referring to a duel that occurred three years before. Rather, the death of Evan Jones in the manner and at the time described by Andrews appears to be completely incorrect.

While some other fruitless avenues of research were encountered during this project, the most frustrating are outlined above. It is hoped that this short synthesis will alert future scholars to some common unproductive sources, thus avoiding wasted time and energy.

Suggestions for Future Archival Research

This chapter discusses several archival and secondary sources that have been identified thus far, but is by no means conclusive. It is apparent that while conducting this research, several avenues of investigation still exist. The time allotted for this report simply did not permit further investigation into several of the potential sources uncovered near the end of the project. Future research into the “hidden” people of St. Michael’s Cemetery may provide further details into the lives lost during the British and second Spanish occupancy of Pensacola. Archival documents in general, tend to get lost over time, are incomplete, or become separated. Some information simply may never have been recorded. Nevertheless, the research conducted for the purpose of this report has produced leads for future investigation.

The British military was a constant present in Pensacola during its occupancy of the city. The military garrisons dominated the town’s population. Although several documents have provided insight into many of the regiments stationed in Pensacola, and the names of those who died within those regiments, historical documents for the 16th Regiment have not yet been uncovered. The 16th Regiment was present in Pensacola for eleven years, a long time not to have produced more archival sources than those known at present. So far, the only records located that mention the death of men from this regiment are from Anglican minister, Reverend Cotton, who recorded deaths occurring within the regiment for the years 1770 and 1771. The UK National Archives lists information on the 16th as missing. Perhaps no remaining records from the 16th Regiment survive today, but, if they could be located,

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these musters would list additional names of men from this regiment who died in Pensacola that no other documents have disclosed.

Other documents pertaining to the military that could further the search for the “hidden” people of St. Michael’s are additional ship’s musters and logs. Pensacola was a thriving port playing host to several merchant and naval ships of the time. Names of any additional ships that entered Pensacola Harbor during this period could lead to musters and logs in the National Archives, and thus, supply additional names of sailors who lost their lives while in Pensacola. There is also evidence of a staffed hospital ship stationed in the bay after the Siege to care for the ill and severely wounded (Rea 1969: 364, Lorimer 1782: 31, William 1781: 215). Any additional information about such a ship could facilitate research into the ship’s official papers and documents, if any exist.

Military pensions are another avenue for future researches to address. These pensions were the request for aid from the wives of soldiers who died while on active duty. Letters from widows claiming pensions have survived and a few reveal names and death dates of officers in various Pensacola regiments, but none mention the location of the regiments at the time of the officer’s deaths (Pensions 1773-1781). If the locations of these officers could be established through other means, these documents would be another source for British military deaths in Pensacola.

In addition to the possibility of gathering names of fallen soldiers from military pensions, further research into the Waldeck regiment could provide other names and possible burial locations. Bruce Burgoyne has written over 35 published and unpublished documents on the German Mercenaries. Information provided on his personal web site list several of these publications. His published CD, “Waldeck Soldiers of The American Revolutionary War”, “contains brief biographies of every man who served from the eighteenth-century German principality of Waldeck as members of the 3rd English-Waldeck Regiment” (Burgoyne 2006, Burgoyne 2005). Communication with Burgoyne suggests that this CD offers additional information regarding the regiment’s deployment in Pensacola that is not contained in his 1989 book, Brief Biographies (Mini- Bios) of Waldeck Soldiers: The Men of the 3rd English-Waldeck Regiment (Burgoyne 2006, Burgoyne 1989).

Further investigation is also needed into the numerous documents within the legajos in the Cuban Papers. The Cuban Papers (Papeles Procedentes de Cuba) were originally part of the Spanish records from the colonies that were transferred to Seville in the 1880s from the Cuban archives in Havana. Within this collection, there exist several last rites and wills of testaments from individuals who died at the Royal Hospital of San Miguel in Pensacola dating back to 1783. Research conducted at Louisiana State University Special Collections and on microfilm reels of the papers from Florida State University permitted examination of many of these documents. These documents have revealed several names of patients at the royal Hospital (Hill 2003, Testamentos 1783, Testamentos n.d.). Several names were cross- referenced with the names of known individuals interred at St. Michael’s cemetery. These names are not listed in the St. Michael’s cemetery burial records found in the Shay Papers nor in Bruington’s works. 239

A letter found within the Haldimand collection may provide researchers with an additional avenue of investigation. This particular letter requested that each British regiment send their regimental returns of the sick and dead to the War Office on the first of every year and included a form within the letter to aid this request (Barrington 1766). Although this letter was found within the Haldimand Papers, an extensive search of these papers did not produce additional information pertaining to these forms. It is unknown if these forms were ever actually used by the commanders of the Pensacola regiments. If these particular forms were indeed prepared and survived to the present day, they maybe located within the War Office division housed at the UK National Archives.

Conclusion

When walking through St. Michael’s Cemetery, the gravestones seen above ground are more than just slabs of granite and marble. These markers represent the lives of individuals who helped shape Pensacola into what is today. But what about those people without markers who also influenced the city’s present? Should they not also be remembered for their contributions? Hundreds of individuals who died in Pensacola from the mid 18th century either left no markers at all or their markers have been lost over the years.

The search for the “hidden” people of St. Michael’s has helped identify some of these lost individuals. The goals of this project were to seek out the names of these individuals within the archival documents and any references to cemeteries or burial grounds during the British and second Spanish colonial periods. Numerous secondary sources were identified and consulted in order to facilitate research on these topics. In addition to these publications, many hours were spent researching documents in several archives housed in Europe and North America. Intensive research into the archives has produced not only the names of hundreds of individuals, but also insights into churches, hospitals, and cemeteries in British and second Spanish Pensacola.

Research into churches and ministers provided a wealth of information. The names of ministers and the years they were in Pensacola were identified. Several British regimental chaplains were also identified who served the troops stationed in the city during Britain’s occupancy of Pensacola. The city’s church, or rather the lack there of, was referenced many times in various documents. From the beginning of Britain’s control of the West Florida territories, establishing a church was a constant struggle. Several letters were recovered from the archives that requested a place to worship, for money to build a church, and permission to use monies collected from fines to be used to build a church (Browne 1766, Council of West Florida 1766, Inhabitants of Pensacola 1768, Chester 1778, Germain 1778). Religion in colonial Pensacola was far more complex than previously thought and included not only Anglican followers, but also Catholic, Lutheran, Evangelical, and Reformed religious believers as well (Burgoyne 1989).

The search for documents relating to Pensacola’s medical history during the British period produced a great deal of insight into the city’s medical staff and hospitals. Not only 240

did the citizens attempt to improve the health and sanitation of the city, but they also took precautions to protect their city against the arrival of sick soldiers and sailors (Rea 1969, Lorimer 1767, Haldimand 1768a). Medical staff was often short-handed and supplies were scarce (Lorimer 1767). Hospital conditions were poor, but doctors and staff did the best they could with what was at their disposal (Robertson 1764a).

Research into British military and naval records produced most of the names in the database. The majority of Pensacola’s population was made up of military men and their families. Detailed records kept by the British military probably accounts for the number of names that have been located. Nonetheless, the exact burial locations for the majority of these military men, women, and children are still a mystery. Names of deceased non-military citizens, if their names were recorded at all, were often written down by a minister. While this makes them hard to locate, the task is not impossible. The search for non-military British and second Spanish citizens has uncovered many names and these have been incorporated into the database.

Research into British cemeteries provided a better understanding of this complex topic. Several minutes of the Council reference the need for burial lands and discussed requests for proposals to establish grounds for such a cemetery (Council of West Florida 1778a, Council of West Florida 1778b). By the time the British arrived in 1763, there may already been a common burial ground, but its location was not identified. Although no specific British cemetery was identified, several documents suggest that St. Michael’s, or the area near St. Michael’s, was used as a burial ground before it was officially established in 1807.

This chapter has discussed the findings of the research conducted thus far into the names and possible burial locations of those who died in Pensacola between 1763 and 1821. Although these individuals’ burial markers are lost, their names have now been identified, and their influence upon the development of Pensacola revealed. The meaning of their impact upon the city’s present can now be added to Pensacola’s written history.

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Chapter XI. Conclusions

Within the micro environment of St. Michael’s Cemetery, an interdisciplinary approach to investigations has led to a better understanding of the site and its relationship to the cultural and physical landscape of the community with which it is associated. Initially organized on the outskirts of the colonial settlement, the contemporary St. Michael’s Cemetery is an eight-acre, green space in the heart of the modern urban environment. The impact of 240 years of urbanization has altered the original colonial landscape, and most of the infrastructure of the early community is reflected primarily in the archaeological record. This is not entirely the case at St. Michael’s Cemetery where flora and fauna reflect the early community’s over and understory and funerary architecture dating to Pensacola’s Second Spanish occupation dots the landscape. While much information can be discerned from surface features in the cemetery, there is another dimension to the site that is unseen by the naked eye—the unmarked burials that underlie the marked burials on the site.

A primary objective of the Search for the Hidden People of St. Michael’s Cemetery project was to identify potential unmarked burials using remote sensing techniques. Of the three methods employed, ground penetrating radar was the most effective method. The contemporary surface of the cemetery contains approximately 3,200 marked graves dating from 1812-2008. The final GPR interpretation identified approximately 4,200 subsurface anomalies originating in three distinct depths throughout the cemetery. While it is not likely that all anomalies represent unmarked burials, a substantial number probably do given the cemetery’s long and close association with the colonial and postcolonial community.

The population estimate for Depth 1 (.93m to 1.24m) GPR is 2,211; Depth 2 (1.54m to 1.85m) GPR is 1,364; and Depth 3 (2.17m to 2.48m) GPR is 705. It is speculative to project the number of deaths that occurred in Pensacola or the subsequent burials that have occurred at St. Michael’s Cemetery over the course of the cemetery’s use. However, those numbers are probably substantial and represent both recorded and unrecorded deaths and burials. For example, approximately 1,000 of the anomalies identified in the remote sensing survey likely represent unmarked graves that were recorded as marked in the 1938 Bruington survey of the cemetery. In the 62 years between 1938 and the GIS survey in 2000, surface documentation of these burials was lost. It can be assumed that, since the oldest death date recorded by Mrs. Bruington was 1812, a substantial number of graves were already unmarked when she conducted her survey and that more burials took place after 1938 that were never marked.

An additional factor that must be considered in determining the location and number of unmarked burials associated with the early history of the cemetery is the interment style. If burials associated with the first Spanish occupation of the mainland (1754-1763) are present, they were likely shroud burials. If burials associated with the British occupation are present, they are likely wood coffin burials. The use of wood for burial casings continued into the mid to late 1800s in Pensacola. Johnson and Haley note that unlike the stronger signatures assumed to be associated with metal vault interments, shroud or wood coffin interments might be expected to reflect a more subtle signature. Many early burials may be 242

very discrete and may be difficult for remote sensing equipment to detect. In addition to anomalies that appear to represent individual unmarked burials, several large anomalies are noted. While these anomalies may represent a number of close interval or overlapping individual interments, they may also represent mass graves associated with catastrophic death episodes known to have occurred in the community.

An analysis of community organization and growth drawn from maps and documents suggests that the immediate area surrounding St. Michael’s Cemetery has been utilized for communal burial purposes since at least 1778 and possibly since the mid 18th century, when the Spanish established the small settlement of San Miguel on the site of modern downtown Pensacola. While the site of an earlier Spanish cemetery (ca. 1754-1763) is unknown, if it was not located under the chapel floor, it was likely located along a trail in close proximity to one of the gates to the fort. Based on a consideration of existing maps and literature, a possible location for a cemetery associated with San Miguel might be along the pathway emanating from the north gate, in a protected area between the northeast bastion and the well traveled path/road leading to the brick kiln and bayou to the east. The remote sensing survey data indicates that few anomalies are present along the south road as it enters the contemporary cemetery; however, dense concentrations of anomalies are documented as the road eases into the center of the cemetery. The majority of anomalies in the area of the south roadbed range in depth from .93 meters to 1.85 meters below the contemporary landscape. It is possible that the south road was initially established as an access road to the early Spanish cemetery and the dense concentration of anomalies under the contemporary roadbed close to the center of the modern site represents unmarked burials associated with the 1754-1763 Spanish population.

When the British arrived in Pensacola, they used the existing Spanish infrastructure out of necessity and then improved on it. This use of infrastructure may have included utilization of an existing burial ground since the British did use existing burial grounds in other towns they occupied. And, it would appear that the British were probably utilizing several areas around the bay for burials.

The first firm indication of a cemetery associated with the community is found on maps and in documents associated with the twilight of the British occupation. By 1778, a cemetery approximately four acres in size and to the north of the colonial town is noted to be actively in use. By 1781, the cemetery encompassed an area crossed by several roads. While the cemetery may have merely been expanding, roads may represent spatial definitions between Anglican and non-Anglican burials. One ca. 1780 map indicates that burials were occurring on the east side of Charlotte Street (modern Alcaniz St.). Based on map reconciliations, these burials appear to fall within the modern boundary of St. Michael’s Cemetery. However, in considering the location of the British cemetery shown on 1778- 1781 maps, caution should be used. Because the cemetery was outside of the core colonial town and was not enclosed, the site cannot be firmly anchored to the colonial or contemporary landscape. It does appear however, that the main body of the British burial ground likely lies in the area to the immediate Northwest of the boundary of contemporary St. Michael’s Cemetery with some burials possibly inside the modern boundary. 243

When the Spanish re-claimed Pensacola in 1781, they utilized a British infrastructure that was already in place, moving into buildings and adapting established spaces to their needs. Religious differences existed between the two cultures, which may have influenced burial patterns: the Spanish may not have chosen to inter their dead directly along side Anglican burials, however, they obviously chose to use the same general area. When the Spanish formally surveyed a burial ground in 1807, the area designated for community burials covered 25 acres, an excessively large tract of land to designate as a cemetery for a small community that averaged around 1000 citizens. It is possible that the Second Spanish burial ground know as St. Michael’s Cemetery encompasses at least some portion of the British cemetery and possibly the burial ground associated with the earlier Spanish occupation.

The oldest marked burials (a total of 146 representing the years between1812-1865) are located along either side of the south road of the cemetery. This road appears to be a remnant of the colonial trail system possibly extended during the British occupation to connect the 1763-1781 community (via the north gate) to the outskirts of the town and beyond. The road also appears to have been in use throughout the British occupation and active as a thoroughfare until closed off at the east end of the cemetery in the 1830s. Based on its general location, a portion of the contemporary north road in the cemetery may encompass a remnant of the road to the brick kiln noted on British maps of the area. The north end of contemporary St. Michael’s Cemetery was not commonly utilized until after the 1870s, even though it was surveyed as part of the cemetery in 1807. The north road cutting through the cemetery appears to also be a remnant section of the colonial road system and while a substantial number of subsurface anomalies are present in the area, they are not as densely concentrated as in the area around the south road. If the northwest quadrant was utilized for burials during the British occupation, the Spanish Catholic community may have avoided using the area initially, but may have included it in the overall boundary of the 1807 survey. Over time surface evidence of burials associated with earlier groups would be lost to overgrowth and deterioration, community corporate memory would fade, and the community would became more culturally diverse. Reburying in an area within the cemetery that appeared to be open would have been a practical solution to overcrowding. There are many anomalies noted at Depth 3 (2.17m to 2.48m) in the northern end of the cemetery. This may be because a higher elevation allowed for deeper interments. The larger Depth 3 anomalies may also represent multiple or mass burials.

Two major events have impacted the cemetery landscape and both occurred in the mid to late 19th century. Acreage was detached from the east side and south side of the cemetery reducing the burial ground from 25 acres in size to 8 acres. Around the same time, the community began to use the stream system and adjacent wetlands as a community garbage dump, eventually filling in the area and creating a new land surface. At the extreme south end of the cemetery, burials began to take place in the filled wetlands. On land included in the 1807 plat, houses began to be built.

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With the exception of the modification of the wetlands at the extreme south end of the contemporary cemetery, the topography of the site generally reflects the original landscape. Some minor alterations include a redistribution of soils likely reflective of the spreading of excess soil associated with interment activities and evidence of fill episodes associated with maintaining the north road (trench T-7). With the exception of the filled wetlands at the extreme south end of the site, the cemetery soils are sandy and moderately well drained, facilitating the successful utilization of remote sensing techniques in surveying the subsurface of the site. However, because of the nature of the soils, it can be difficult to differentiate burial pits from surrounding matrix as was the case of the unmarked burial encountered in the south profile of Trench 3.

Subsurface testing to confirm remote sensing data produced a positive result. Preliminary results of the remote sensing survey were utilized to select sites for the soil survey trenches. These trenches were positioned to avoid areas where the potential for unmarked burials existed. Very few areas were identified as clear of potential unmarked burials, however, the remote sensing data proved to be remarkably accurate. No evidence of burial activity was encountered in areas cleared for trenches. The one exception was in trench T-3 (which extended approximately one foot outside of a cleared area where it was positioned). The edge of an unmarked grave shaft was clipped in the south profile of trench T-3. Although a comprehensive examination of the burial was not conducted, the burial shaft did not appear to have contained a coffin, which may indicate a shroud interment. If so, the burial may be associated with the early Spanish occupation of San Miguel. This unmarked burial, along with the multitude of others on the site, represents a silent city of people who populated the community over time; who they were is part of the rich history of the area and knowing their story enhances our understanding of the rich cultural heritage of Pensacola.

Historical research related to individuals who lost their lives in Pensacola throughout the colonial period is ground breaking. Not only has the project produced a wealth of information regarding a little understood aspect of Pensacola’s past, research avenues have also been opened that promise to expand on current research. As the project evolved, historical research focused a good deal on the British occupation for several reasons. First, prior to this project, no research had been conducted to better delineate the location of the British cemetery and, based on initial map research, there was a strong possibility that the British cemetery was in close proximity to (if not partially or wholly underlying) St. Michael’s Cemetery. Moreover, almost no research had previously been conducted to identify individuals who lost their lives in Pensacola during the British occupation. And, surviving documents relating to Spanish Pensacola (ca 1753-1763 and 1781-1821) are not abundant in general and are particularly scarce in regard to personal information regarding population and mortality. It was determined that records related to British deaths could be more easily identified and obtained. This of course proved to be a daunting task.

It is to the dogged determination of the two graduate students working on the project, Kendra Kennedy and Siska Williams, that so much information has been unearthed. Along with the outstanding archival research that produced the information contained in this report, a major contribution to future research is not just the in-depth roadmap to documents that 245

proved helpful, but also a detailed account of documents that did not yield information pertinent to the research topic.

The goal of The Search for the Hidden People of St. Michael’s Cemetery project was to better understand the micro environment of the cemetery and how that environment fit into the larger cultural and physical landscape of the community it served. While a substantial body of information has been assembled, one of the most important aspects of the project relates to how that information is disseminated. The St. Michael’s Cemetery geographic information system is vital in sharing the information gleaned from the project with the public. The GIS created for the cemetery is the bedrock supporting all research conducted on the site. Not only does it anchor the surface features of the site in time and space, it also anchors subsurface anomalies, facilitating the comprehensive management and protection of the cultural resources of this historic site. In addition to the surface and subsurface map of the site, the GIS database of marker data, allows for a comprehensive study of such topics as funerary architecture, gender, ethnicity, iconology, etc. Data contained in the cemetery’s GIS is freely accessible to both researchers and the general public via the interactive St. Michael’s Cemetery GIS web site.

In looking to the future, it should be noted that unmarked burials associated with the colonial and post colonial community probably are present outside the modern confines of St. Michael’s Cemetery as well as inside the modern confines. All invasive activity that occurs inside the cemetery is monitored. This practice should continue. Remote sensing has proved to be an effective tool in identifying unmarked burials inside St. Michael’s Cemetery. Because of subsurface disturbance related to urban development that has occurred outside the cemetery, remote sensing technology may be less effective, as was evidenced in the area to the east of the cemetery where the Aragon Apartments once stood. However, there are areas around the cemetery where the subsurface is relatively free of disturbance. Better defining the exact location of the British cemetery will protect this important cultural resource and facilitate effective urban planning. Several areas are of particular concern; the area immediately to the east and south of the modern cemetery on land included in the 1807 survey, and the area to the immediate north/northwest of the cemetery. At present, all public utilities projects, road construction projects, and other invasive activities conducted in the area immediately surrounding the cemetery are monitored. This practice should continue. Moreover, public and private development/re-development projects in the area of St. Michael’s Cemetery should incorporate, in the planning stage of the project, a strategy for addressing the possible presence of unmarked burials.

In terms of future historical and archaeological research, there are several avenues suggested in this report that can be explored to further identify those who died in Pensacola during the colonial and post colonial periods. Future research may also better define the location of any other cemeteries associated with the community that have been lost on the modern landscape. Limited excavations inside the cemetery would also be helpful in better understanding the organization and orientation of subsurface features and possible cultural associations. In particular, the area around the south road may contain burials associated with the early Spanish community. The northwest quadrant of the cemetery may contain 246

burials associated with the British occupation. There are also a number of large anomalies that may represent multiple or mass burials associated with yellow fever epidemics.

While much has been lost at St. Michael’s Cemetery over the many years it has been in use as a community burial ground, much has been found. The Search for the Hidden People of St. Michael’s Cemetery project has given voice to many who lost their lives on the Gulf Coast frontier; it has also given many people, who are yet to be named, a place.

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REFERENCES CITED

248 Chapter I: Introduction

References Cited Bancroft, Janet 1995 Index to St. John’s Cemetery of Pensacola, Florida. Copy on file at the University of West Florida Archaeology Institute, Pensacola.

Preston, David Robinson 1829 Journal. On file at the John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, University of West Florida. Pensacola

St. Michael’s Cemetery Foundation Files (SMCFF) 2000-2008 File Folder: Unmarked burial feature forms.

Stringfield, Margo S. 2007 The Search for the Hidden People of St. Michael’s Cemetery. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Thompson, Sharyn 1989 Florida’s Historic Cemeteries: A Preservation Handbook. Historic Tallahassee Preservation Board. Tallahassee.

249 Chapter II: Environmental Setting

References Cited

Braun, Lucy 1950 Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. The Free Press, McMillan Publishing Co., New York.

Davis, Barry 2007 Specimen identification (Request for Plant Information). University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History. Gainesville.

Fenneman, N. W. 1938 Physiography of the Eastern United States. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Hunt, Charles B. 1974 Natural Regions of the United States and Canada. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.

Lea, Grady 2002 St. Michael's Cemetery Plant Identification (Spring, Summer and Fall, Year 2001; Winter and Early Spring, Year 2002). Escambia County Extension Service Master Gardeners. Copy on file at UWF Archaeology Institute, Pensacola.

Niering, William A. 1963 Terrestrial Ecology of Kapingamarrangi Atoll, Caroline Islands. Ecological Monographs 33(2):131-160.

Marsh, Owen T. 1966 Geology of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Western Florida Panhandle. Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 46(7), Tallahassee.

Pfeiffer 2006 Personal Communiation

Puri, H. S. and R. O. Vernon 1964 Summary of the Geology of Florida and Guidebook to the Classic Exposures. Florida Geological Survey Special Publication 5 (revised).

Quattrocchi, Umberto 2006 CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Volume 2 (E-O). Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton.

250 Stringfield 2003 Onsite observation.

Weeks, H. H., A. G. Hyde, A. Roberts, D. Lewis, and C. Peters 1980 Soil Survey of Santa Rosa County, Florida. United States Department of Agriculture.

251 Chapter III: Archaeological and Historical Settings

References Cited

Autos 1756 Autos on the Hurricane of 1752, Superior Government Year of 1756, AGI Mexico 2445. Translated by R. Wayne Childers, 2000.

Benchley, Elizabeth D. 2005 Smuggling at the End of the First Spanish Colonial Period: Presidio San Miguel de Panzacola, Florida. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Meeting, York, England. January.

Benchley. Elizabeth D., R. Wayne Childers, John James Clune, Cindy L. Bercot, David B. Dodson, April Whitaker, and E. Ashley Flynt 2002 The Colonial People of Pensacola: History and Archaeology of the Community Associated with Spanish San Miguel de Panzacola (1754-1763) and British Pensacola (1763-1781). University of West Florida Archaeology Institute, Draft Report of Investigations, No. 107.

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1996 Wells in Colonial Pensacola. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. UWF, John C. Pace Library.

2000a Preliminary Archaeological Site Management Initiatives for St. Michael’s Cemetery, Pensacola, Florida. Report on file at the UWF Archaeology Institute, Pensacola.

2000b Overview of Historic St. Michael’s Cemetery. Public forum presentation in conjunction with a Florida Humanities Council grant. Pensacola, Florida. Stringfield, Margo S.

2002 St. Michael’s Cemetery: A Democracy of the Dead. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology, Mobile.

2005 Field notes documenting Pfeiffer site (Hurricane Ivan exposure). Report on file at the UWF Archaeology Institute, Pensacola.

272 2006 Field notes documenting John Hunt burial (Vandalism exposure). Report on file at the UWF Archaeology Institute, Pensacola.

2007 The Search for the Hidden People of St. Michael’s Cemetery. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology, Williamsburg.

Stringfield, Margo S. and Elizabeth D. Benchley 1997 Archaeological Testing of the Old Christ Church Restoration Project. Report of Investigations Number 61. Report on file at the UWF Archaeology Institute, Pensacola.

2004 The Spring Street Improvement Project: Archeological Monitoring of a Storm Water Drainage Project in Pensacola, Florida . Report of Investigations Number 64. Report on file at the UWF Archaeology Institute, Pensacola.

Stringfield, Margo S. And John C. Phillips 1997 Bay Point and Pinewood: Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Investigations of an Abandoned Sawmill Community on Blackwater Bay, Santa Rosa County, Florida. Report of Investigations Number 59. Report on file at the UWF Archaeology Institute, Pensacola.

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274 Chapter VII: St. Michael’s Cemetery Geographic Information System (GIS)

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275 Chapter VIII: Locating Burials in St. Michael’s Cemetery Using Geophysical Techniques

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278 Chapter IX: Soil Survey

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280 Chapter X: Into The Archives

List of Abbreviations

ADM Admiralty AGI Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Spain CO Colonial Office GIS Geographic Information Systems MPG Maps and plans extracted to flat storage from records of the Colonial Office PC Privy Council Office PHS Pensacola Historical Society PRO Public Record Office RARHC Royal Anglican Regiment History Committee RG Record Group T Treasury TNA The National Archives of the UK, Kew, England UWF University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida WO War Office

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1773 Letter from Governor Peter Chester to the Earl of Dartmouth, written 15 May 1773. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/590, pp. 167- 170.

1778 Letter from Governor Peter Chester to Lord George Germain, written 17 January 1778. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/594, pp. 267-270.

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285 Dawkins, Mary Merritt 1991 Parish of Saint Michael the Archangel: The First Hundred Years 1781-1881. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of History, University of West Florida.

Dartmouth, Earl of 1774 Letter from the Earl of Dartmouth to King George II, written 21 February 1774. Library and Archives Canada, Ontario, CO 324/43, p. 70.

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1769 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Druid from 1 January 1769 to 31 December 1769. TNA: PRO ADM51/277.

1778- 1779 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Druid from 9 October 1778 to 22 September 1779. TNA: PRO ADM51/277.

Durnford, Elias 1767 Plan of the Stockade Fort at Pensacola representing it in its Present State; with the proposed situation for New Barracks. TNA: PRO MPG 1/349.

286 1769 Letter from Elias Durnford to General Haldimand, written 16 May 1769. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 6, Section 21763, pp. 122-123a.

1770 Letter from Lieutenant Governor Elias Durnford to “My Lord,” written 9 June 1770. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/587, pp. 319- 330.

1774 Letter from Elias Durnford to the Earl of Dartmouth, written 15 January 1774. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/591, pp. 5-8.

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Ellis, John 1766 Letter from John Ellis, Agent for West Florida, to the Earl of Shelburne, written 24 October 1766. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/583, pp. 661-662.

Fead, George 1766 Letter from George Fead, Lieutenant of the Royal Artillery, to General Frederick Haldimand, written 1 October 1766. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 8, Section 21677, pp. 60-60a.

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Gage, Thomas 1766 Letter from General Thomas Gage to Acting Brigadier General Tayler, written 25 February 1766. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 2, Section 21662, pp. 107.

1768 Letter from General Thomas Gage to Lieutenant Governor Monfort Browne, written 27 June 1768. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/585, pp. 181-182.

Gauld, George and John Lindsay 1764 A Plan of the Harbor of Pensacola in West-Florida. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington D.C., Call Number: G3932.P45 1764 .G3 Vault, Control Number: 73691619, Digital ID: g3932p ar165600. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3932p.ar165600.

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1767b Letter from General Frederick Haldimand to General Thomas Gage, written 4 July 1767. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 2, Section 21663, pp. 93-94a.

1767c 31st Regiment Return, written 10 July 1767. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 6, Section 21673, pp. 16-19a.

288 1768a Letter from General Frederick Haldimand to General Thomas Gage, written 3 March 1768. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 2, Section 21663, pp. 204.

1768b Letter from General Frederick Haldimand to General Thomas Gage, written 20 April 1768. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 2, Section 21663, pp. 215-216a.

1768c Letter from Brigadier General Haldimand to General Thomas Gage, written 11 June 1768. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 2, Section 21663, pp. 263.

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1769c Letter from Brigadier General Frederick Haldimand to Doctor Lorimer, written 25 April 1769. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 7, Section 21674, p. 36.

1772 Letter from Brigadier General Frederick Haldimand to Sowers, written 12 May 1772. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 8, Section 21677, pp. 162-162a.

Halifax, Dunk 1765 Letter from Dunk Halifax to Governor George Johnstone, written 23 March 1765. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/582, p. 333.

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1777- 1779 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Hound from 24 July 1777 to 3 April 1779. TNA: PRO ADM51/463.

1780 Muster Rolls of His Majesty’s Ship the Hound from 1 March 1780 to 31 October 1780. TNA: PRO ADM 36/9905.

1780-1781 Muster Rolls of His Majesty’s Ship the Hound from 1 November 1780 to 6 August 1781. TNA: PRO ADM 36/9906.

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Hutchins, Thomas 1773 Letter from Thomas Hutchins to General Frederick Haldimand, written 4 October 1773. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 27, Section 21730, pp. 311-312a.

Inhabitants of Pensacola 1768 Letter from the Inhabitants of Pensacola to the Earl of Hillsborough, written 30 July 1768. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/586, pp. 5-8.

290 Johnstone, George 1764a Letter from Governor George Johnstone to John Pownall, Secretary to the Board of Trade, written 31 October 1764. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/582, pp. 309-316.

1764b Letter from Governor George Johnstone to “My Lord,” written 31 October 1764. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/582, pp. 242- 251.

1765 Letter from Governor George Johnstone to Chief Justice William Clifton, written 21 and 22 August 1765. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/583, pp. 509-513.

1766a Letter from Governor George Johnstone to John Pownall, written 1 April 1766. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/583, pp. 487- 493.

1766b Letter from Governor George Johnstone to Reverend William Dawson, written 29 May 1766. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/583, pp. 85-88.

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Kearney, James 1822 Pensacola Harbor and Bar, Florida. American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia, Call number: 659: [1822]: Un38phb.

Kitzmiller, John M. II 1988 In Search of the “Forlorn Hope:” A Comprehensive Guide to Locating British Regiments and their Records (1640-WWI), Vol. I. Manuscript Publishing Foundation, Salt Lake City, Utah.

291 Laws, M.E.S. 1952 Battery Records of the Royal Artillery, 1716-1859. Royal Artillery Institute, Woolwich, England.

Lemoine, Mario and Alain M. Tremblay 2006 Reels/Series of the Haldimand Collection. Electronic document, http://www.haldimand-collection.ca, accessed March 2006.

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Lorimer, John 1767 Letter from Doctor John Lorimer to Brigadier General Frederick Haldimand, written 27 April 1767. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 7, Section 21675, p. 74-75.

1779 Letter from Doctor John Lorimer to Brigadier General John Campbell, written 25 January 1779. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/597, pp. 107-115.

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Lowestoffe 1769-1773 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Lowestoffe from 15 June 1769 to 12 May 1773. TNA: PRO ADM51/557.

Lowndes, Charles 1765 Letter from Charles Lowndes, Junior Secretary to the Treasury, to Lord Viscount Barrington, Secretary at War, written 1 August 1765. TNA: PRO WO 1/872.

Mackinen, Robert 1764 Letter from Captain Robert Mackinen to Welbore Ellis, Secretary of War, written 30 October 1764. TNA: PRO WO 1/49.

Maryland Loyalists 1778-1779 Maryland Loyalist Muster Rolls. Library and Archives Canada, Ontario, “C” Series, Reel C4223, Record Group 8, Volume 1904, pp. 298-351.

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292 Mytum, Harold 2004 Mortuary Monuments and Burial Grounds of the Historic Period. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.

N. 1770 Letter from N. to General Haldimand, written 12 March 1770. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 26, Section 21729, pp. 113-114.

Noyan, Chevalier de 1769 Plan de Pensacola et entrée de la baie. Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Call number: BnF: CPL: GE SH 18 PF 138 DIV 9 P 10 D.

Parilla, Diego Ortíz and Phelipe Ferringan Cortéz 1763a Map of the Fort of Pensacola. AGI, Seville, Spain, Mapas y Planos de Florida y Luisiana 64.

1763b Plano del Presidio de San Miguel de Panzacola. Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spain, m.2v.426, M.XLII 426. Courtesy of David Dodson.

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Pennington, Edgar Legare 1938 The Church in Florida, 1763-1892. Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 7(1): 3-77.

Pensions 1773-1781 Letters from Widows Claiming Pensions. TNA: PRO WO 4/1023.

Pintado, Vincente 1813 Map of Pensacola. University of Florida Libraries, Digital Library Center, Gainesville, Digital File: UF90000015.tif.

Port Royal 1780-1781 Master’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Port Royal from 7 April 1780 to 28 February 1781. TNA: PRO ADM52/1971.

1780 Muster Rolls of His Majesty’s Ship the Port Royal from 1 March 1780 to 30 April 1780. TNA: PRO ADM 36/10140.

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293 Prince Edward 1764-1766 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Prince Edward from 24 November 1764 to 29 May 1766. TNA: PRO ADM51/917.

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Robertson, Archibald 1764a Letter from Engineer Archibald Robertson to Captain Robert Mackinen, written 25 October 1764. TNA: PRO WO 1/49.

1764b Plan of Fort at Pensacola. TNA: PRO MPG 1/528.

Robertson, Lieutenant Colonel 1764 Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Robertson to General Thomas Gage. In General Gage’s Letter of the 10th March 1764. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/540, pp. 98-102.

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294 Royal Anglican Regiment History Committee 1986 The Story of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (The 16th Regiment of Foot). n.p.

Servies, James A. (editor) 1982 The Log of the H.M.S. Mentor, 1780-1781. University Presses of Florida, Pensacola.

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1888 Life and Times of the Most Reverend John Carroll: Embracing the History of the Catholic Church in the United States, 1763-1815. John G. Shea, New York.

Solebay 1778-1779 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Solebay from 1 September 1778 to 31 August 1779. TNA: PRO ADM51/909.

Starr, Barton J. 1976 Campbell Town: French Huguenots in British West Florida. Florida Historical Quarterly 54(4): 533-548.

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Stiell, William 1778 Letter from William Stiell, Commander of the Forces in West Florida, to Lord Amherst, written 28 March 1778. TNA: PRO WO 34/110.

Stringfield, Margo 1996 Wells in Colonial Pensacola, Florida. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of West Florida.

Syrett, David and R.L. DiNardo (editors) 1994 The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815. Scolar Press (for the Navy Records Society), Hants, England.

Tartar 1765-1766 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Tartar from 1 January 1765 to 5 June 1766. TNA: PRO ADM51/972.

295 Tayler, William 1765 Letter from William Tayler to Governor George Johnstone, written 27 May 1766. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/584, pp. 45-48.

Teper, Michael (editor) 1978 Passengers to America: A Consolidation of Ship Passenger Lists from the New England Historical and Genealogical Register. Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland.

Testamentos 1783 Wills and death certificates of residents of Pensacola from 1783. Legajo 674, Section B. Papeles Procedentes de Cuba.

n.d Mortuaria del Sor. Dn. Gabriel Marin Pizarro Mtro. Contador de las Rs. Caxas de Panzacola. 221ff. Legajo 700, Section L. Papeles Procedentes de Cuba.

Thirty-First Regiment of Foot 1764-1768 Muster Rolls of the 31st Regiment of Foot for 25 December 1764 to 24 June 1768. TNA: PRO WO 12/4648.

1767 Return of the Commissioned Officers, NonCommissioned Officers, Privatemen, Women, & Children that are dead since 25th July 1765 of His Majesty’s 31st Regiment of Foot, Pensacola, written 10 July 1767. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 6, Section 21673, pp. 16-19a.

1768 Return of the Number of Women & Children in His Majesty’s 31st Regiment of Foot, written 2 September 1768. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 2, Section 21663, pp. 308-308a.

Thirty-Fifth Regiment of Foot 1765 Muster Rolls of the 35th Regiment of Foot for 25 December 1764 to 24 June 1765. TNA: PRO WO 12/4949/2.

Trexler, Scott A. II and Lee A. Walck 1966 Rebel and Tory Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel William Allen. Jr. Lehigh County Historical Society 26:9-84.

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296

United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists 1780 United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists Muster Rolls. Library and Archives Canada, Ontario, “C” Series, Reel C4224, Record Group 8, Volume 1907.

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Walsh, Ralph 1765 Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Walsh to Haldimand, written 21 October 1765. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 8, Section 21677, pp. 32a-33a.

1766 Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Walsh to Haldimand, written 26 June 1766. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 8, Section 21677, pp. 47a-48a.

Waldeck, Philipp Franz Elisaus 1983 The Diary of Philipp Waldeck. Translated by Bruce E. Burgoyne. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Bruce Burgoyne Papers, box 1 (83-9), folder 2.

William 1781 Letter from William to Doctor John Lorimer, receipted on 17 July 1781. University of Alabama Library, Tuscaloosa, British Headquarters / Sir Guy Carleton Papers, Reel 10, No. 3626

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297

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 4.A

Artifact Analysis: Soil Survey

ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0001 001 0 0.3 Wood 3 3.40 3.60 06S 0002 001 0 0.3 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 3 3.40' 3.60' 06S 0004 001 1 26.6 Bristol Slip Stoneware 3 3.8' 3.8' 06S 0004 002 1 19.5 Decal Transfer Whiteware 3 3.8' 3.8' 06S 0004 003 1 6.4 Other Bottle 3 3.8' 3.8' 06S 0004 004 1 7.8 Condiment Bottle 3 3.8' 3.8' 06S 0004 005 1 8.3 Soda Bottle 3 3.8' 3.8' 06S 0004 006 2 36.1 Indeterminate Brick 3 3.8' 3.8' 06S 0004 007 0 17.7 Non Cultural Stone 3 3.8' 3.8' 06S 0004 008 0 3.9 Oyster 3 3.8' 3.8' 06S 0003 001 1 159.7 Decal Transfer Whiteware 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 002 1 118.1 Ironstone 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 003 1 24.9 Plain Whiteware 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 004 1 20.6 Edge Molded Whiteware 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 005 1 47.3 Transfer Printed Pearlware 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 006 1 8 Plain Whiteware 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 007 1 32 Chinese Porcelain 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 008 1 40.7 Hand Painted Over Glaze Porcelain 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 009 1 105.8 Ink Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 010 1 72.4 Pharmaceutical Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 011 1 12.8 Other Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 012 1 32.4 Other Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 013 1 38.2 Condiment Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 014 1 148 Condiment Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 015 1 203.8 Pharmaceutical Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 016 1 90.8 Condiment Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 017 1 92.3 Pharmaceutical Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 018 1 57.2 Other Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 019 1 11 Bottle Stopper 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 020 1 52 Other Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0003 021 1 59.4 Condiment Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 022 1 53.4 House Window Glass 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 023 1 28.5 Pharmaceutical Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 024 1 34.2 Pharmaceutical Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 025 2 7 Pharmaceutical Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 026 1 316.6 Soda Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 027 1 395.2 Soda Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 028 1 128.6 Condiment Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 029 1 234.4 Condiment Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 030 1 228.1 Condiment Bottle 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 031 1 1325.8 Augered Brick 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0003 032 1 1884.6 Cannon Ball 5 4.85' 4.85' 06S 0005 001 321 3952 Indeterminate Brick 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 002 12 110 Handmade Brick 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 003 15 156.1 Augered Brick 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 004 3 3175 Handmade Brick 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 005 813.2 less than one half inch Brick Fragment 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 006 7 49.8 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 007 555.6 Oyster Shell Mortar 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 008 83.2 Mortar Finished 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 009 13.9 Oyster 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 010 9.8 Indeterminate Shell 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 011 193 Non Cultural Stone 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 012 3.3 Coal 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 013 63.7 Cinder_Slag 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 014 3.9 Carbonized Wood 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 015 1 7.2 Earthenware with Colored Glaze_20th Cent 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 016 1 2 Albany Slip Stoneware 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 017 1 0.2 White Salt Glazed Stoneware 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 018 1 0.5 Plain Pearlware 6 0.0' 1.0' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0005 019 1 0.3 Transfer Printed Pearlware 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 020 1 0.4 Rockingham 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 021 1 0.7 Unglazed Redware 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 022 1 0.5 Glass Button 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 023 1 0.5 Indeterminate Glass 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 024 3 1 Indeterminate Glass 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 025 10 11.4 Indeterminate Glass 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 026 1 7 Indeterminate Glass 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 027 4 9.8 Indeterminate Glass 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 028 1 3.9 Indeterminate Drinking Glass 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 029 22 29.9 Vial 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 030 55 57.1 Indeterminate Glass 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 031 8 1.5 Tube 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 032 2 7.1 Crown Cap 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 033 1 3 Coin_Token 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 034 1 3.4 Nail 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 035 1 5.5 Nail 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 036 1 5.1 Nail 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 037 1 1.5 Nail 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 038 7 10.2 Fragmentary Nail 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 039 1 0.7 Staple 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 040 2 16.1 Screw 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 041 14 Indeterminate Object 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 042 1 0.1 Seed 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 043 9.2 Indeterminate Bone 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0005 044 0.1 Scale Fish 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0017 007 3.8 Carbonized Wood 9 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0017 008 1 0.1 Seed 9 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0017 009 0.1 Indeterminate Shell 9 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0017 010 1 2.4 Nail 9 2.0' 3.0' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0018 001 16.3 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 9 3.0' 4.0 06S 0018 002 5.9 Non Cultural Stone 9 3.0' 4.0 06S 0018 003 18 Non Cultural Stone 9 3.0' 4.0 06S 0018 004 8.3 Carbonized Wood 9 3.0' 4.0 06S 0018 005 1 0.4 Fulgurite 9 3.0' 4.0 06S 0019 001 5.7 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 002 1 5.7 Indeterminate Glazed Brick 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 003 5 10.7 Indeterminate Brick 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 004 363.9 Mortar Finished 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 005 60.2 Oyster Shell Mortar 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 006 16.4 Fired Clay 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 007 86.9 Non Cultural Stone 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 008 1.4 Coal 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 009 2 Cinder_Slag 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 010 1 Carbonized Wood 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 011 1 1.7 Fence Wire 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 012 1 2.9 Fragmentary Nail 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 013 0.2 Indeterminate Object 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 014 1 28.2 Albany Slip Stoneware 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 015 1 13.8 Other Bottle 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 016 1 0.7 Other Bottle 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 017 1 2.5 House Window Glass 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 018 1 0.2 Indeterminate Glass 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 019 1 1.4 Other Bottle 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 020 2 0.8 Indeterminate Glass 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 021 1 0.5 Other Bottle 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0005 045 1.5 Large Mammal Bone 6 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 001 518 3972 Indeterminate Brick 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 002 2157 Fired Clay 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 003 2157 Non Cultural Stone 7 0.0' 1.0' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0006 004 838.6 Oyster Shell Mortar 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 005 400.5 Mortar Finished 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 006 20 69.5 Augered Brick 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 007 382.4 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 008 1 25.3 Porcelaneous Stoneware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 009 1 11.8 Porcelaneous Stoneware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 010 2 2.3 Kaolin Pipe 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 011 1 0.1 Kaolin Pipe 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 012 1 8.7 Bottle Ginger Beer 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 013 1 15.5 Albany Slip Stoneware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 014 1 12.8 Albany Slip Stoneware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 015 10 22.4 Unglazed Redware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 016 1 8.1 Indeterminate Coarse Earthenware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 017 1 2.2 Coarse Earthenware Painted 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 018 1 1.4 Plain Whiteware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 019 1 3.8 Plain Whiteware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 020 3 3.5 Plain Whiteware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 021 5 4.7 Plain Creamware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 022 3 2.1 Decal Transfer Whiteware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 023 1 1.5 Earthenware with Colored Glaze_20th Cent 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 024 1 2.8 Earthenware with Colored Glaze_20th Cent 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 025 1 2 Transfer Printed Pearlware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 026 1 0.7 Transfer Printed Pearlware 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 027 1 2.3 Earthenware with Colored Glaze_20th Cent 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 028 1 1 Earthenware with Colored Glaze_20th Cent 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 029 7 8.5 Indeterminate Porcelain 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 030 3 2.7 Indeterminate Porcelain 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 031 9 26.4 Wine Bottle 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 032 12 15.2 Wine Bottle 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 033 3 1.4 Other Bottle 7 0.0' 1.0' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0006 034 11 8.4 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 035 1 4.6 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 036 18 5 Very Thin Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 037 53 70.5 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 038 4 2 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 039 1 0.1 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 040 2 4 Dish 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 041 1 1.3 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 042 2 4.3 Dish 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 043 1 0.2 Cuff Link 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 044 1 0.1 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 045 162 167.4 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 046 10 9.4 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 047 5 14.1 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 048 39 90.1 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 049 6 8.4 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 050 1 7.8 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 051 1 3 Stemmed Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 052 1 8.9 Other Bottle 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 053 1 2.4 Indeterminate Drinking Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 054 13 11.8 Indeterminate Glass 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 055 5 21.4 Came 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 056 1 4.4 Shell 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 057 1 0.8 Casing 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 058 1 3.9 Machine Part 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 059 1 18.1 Tubing 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 060 1 1.9 Machine Part 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 061 1 12.8 Bolt 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 062 1 3.2 Shot 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 063 1 2 Shot 7 0.0' 1.0' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0006 064 1 2.8 Fence Wire 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 065 1 4.4 Nail 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 066 1 4.5 Nail 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 067 2 16.7 Nail 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 068 1 3.7 Nail 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 069 1 3.6 Nail 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 070 1 3.5 Nail 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 071 22 46.2 Fragmentary Nail 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 072 2 2.5 Nail 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 073 1 1.9 Nail 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 074 1 282.4 Nut 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 075 17.8 Indeterminate Object 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 076 1 3.4 Metal Object Indeterminate 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 077 1 0.1 Paper Fragment 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 078 1 0.2 Seed 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 079 1.6 Indeterminate Bone 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 080 1 1.6 Cut_Sawed Large Mammal Bone 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 081 320.9 Coal 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 082 80.2 Unmodified Clay 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 083 1 2.5 Non Utilized Flake_Historic 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 084 74.2 Cinder_Slag 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 085 10.1 Whelk Shell 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 086 19.6 Oyster 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 087 13.6 Indeterminate Shell 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 088 77 Indeterminate Shell 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0006 089 13.1 Carbonized Wood 7 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0007 001 1.4 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 7 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0007 002 3 Fired Clay 7 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0007 003 22.2 Non Cultural Stone 7 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0007 004 7.9 Carbonized Wood 7 1.0' 2.0' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0008 001 1 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 7 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0008 002 29 Non Cultural Stone 7 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0008 003 1.4 Carbonized Wood 7 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0009 001 87 2179 Indeterminate Brick 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 002 2 9.5 Augered Brick 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 003 166.1 Fired Clay 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 004 362.7 Plaster_Mortar Unspecified 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 005 1 69.6 Indeterminate Brick 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 006 458.5 Non Cultural Stone 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 007 1 1.3 Unglazed Olive Jar 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 008 4 2.7 Indeterminate Coarse Earthenware 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 009 1 5 Plain Whiteware 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 010 1 4.8 Transfer Printed Whiteware 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 011 1 28.2 Transfer Printed Whiteware 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 012 1 1.3 Sand Temper Indeterminate Plain 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 013 1 48.1 Other Bottle 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 014 7 23.7 Dish 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 015 1 0.4 Indeterminate Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 018 1 3.8 Indeterminate Drinking Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 019 3 0.4 Indeterminate Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 020 3 8.5 Indeterminate Drinking Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 021 3 6.7 Indeterminate Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 022 2 4.2 Vase 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 023 4 3.9 Indeterminate Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 024 28 31.6 Indeterminate Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 025 2 2.6 Indeterminate Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 026 5 0.5 Very Thin Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 027 1 5.1 Marble 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 028 1 5.9 Other Bottle 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 029 2 3.7 Wine Bottle 8 0.0' 1.0' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0009 030 3 3.1 Wine Bottle 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 031 4 10.5 House Window Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 032 4 27.3 Other Bottle 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 033 2 67.3 Metal Plate 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 034 52 Indeterminate Object 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 035 1 14.3 Nail 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 036 8 36.7 Nail 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 037 2 7.2 Nail 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 038 1 3.9 Nail 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 039 1 1.4 Nail 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 040 1 0.6 Tack 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 041 15 39.3 Fragmentary Nail 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 042 1 3.1 Screw 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 043 1 3.7 Screw 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 044 12 26 Fence Wire 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 045 1 1.1 Eraser Band_ Pencil 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 046 2 1.3 Tack 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 047 1 5.7 Metal Object Indeterminate 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 048 32.3 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 049 1 2 Storage Jar Glazed 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 050 1 11.9 Storage Jar Glazed 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 051 1 4.7 Indeterminate Glass 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 052 29 Cinder_Slag 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 053 84 Coal 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 054 64.7 Carbonized Wood 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 055 1.1 Wood 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 056 8.6 Unmodified Clay 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 057 19 2.3 Seed 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 058 25.1 Oyster 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0009 059 3.3 Indeterminate Bone 8 0.0' 1.0' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0009 060 3.6 Cut_Sawed Large Mammal Bone 8 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0010 001 1.9 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 8 1.0' 1.8' 06S 0010 002 3 204.3 Indeterminate Brick 8 1.0' 1.8' 06S 0010 003 3.4 Fired Clay 8 1.0' 1.8' 06S 0010 004 6.5 Non Cultural Stone 8 1.0' 1.8' 06S 0010 005 3.3 Coal 8 1.0' 1.8' 06S 0010 006 1 3.3 Metal Object Indeterminate 8 1.0' 1.8' 06S 0010 007 4 Carbonized Wood 8 1.0' 1.8' 06S 0010 008 0.4 Indeterminate Shell 8 1.0' 1.8' 06S 0010 009 0.2 Bird Bone 8 1.0' 1.8' 06S 0011 001 2.3 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 7 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0011 002 1 0.5 Indeterminate Coarse Earthenware 7 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0011 003 1 0.6 Indeterminate Glass 7 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0011 004 3.3 Fired Clay 7 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0011 005 22.7 Non Cultural Stone 7 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0012 001 4.4 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 8 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0012 002 1 1.8 Indeterminate Glass 8 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0012 003 1.5 Indeterminate Object 8 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0012 004 3.6 Fired Clay 8 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0012 005 10 Carbonized Wood 8 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0012 006 11.4 Non Cultural Stone 8 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0013 001 3.4 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 8 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0013 002 3.2 Fired Clay 8 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0013 003 1 6 Nail 8 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0013 004 1 4.9 Fragmentary Nail 8 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0013 005 2.3 Indeterminate Object 8 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0013 006 75.7 Non Cultural Stone 8 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0013 007 22.7 Non Cultural Stone 8 3.0' 4.0' 06S 0014 001 450.6 Soil Sample 8 1.1' 1.1' 06S 0014 002 1 319.5 Flask 8 1.1' 1.1' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0014 003 1 221.9 Pharmaceutical Bottle 8 1.1' 1.1' 06S 0015 001 135.1 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 002 318.2 Fired Clay 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 003 88 410.2 Indeterminate Brick 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 004 3 20.8 Indeterminate Brick 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 005 385.7 Plaster_Mortar Unspecified 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 006 189.1 Mortar Finished 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 007 398.7 Non Cultural Stone 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 008 2 1.9 Plain Pearlware 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 009 2 12.1 Other Bottle 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 010 1 12.2 Other Bottle 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 011 1 11.2 Condiment Bottle 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 012 1 5.7 Condiment Bottle 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 013 1 10.5 Condiment Bottle 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 014 1 1 Indeterminate Glass 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 015 15 7.9 Indeterminate Glass 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 016 2 1.9 Indeterminate Glass 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0019 022 0.1 Slate Fragment 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 023 1 0.1 Seed 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0019 024 45.2 Rangia 9 0.0' 4.0 06S 0020 001 1 2721.5 Handmade Brick ? 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0021 001 21 381.9 Indeterminate Brick 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 002 2 2.4 Indeterminate Brick 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 003 63.1 Fired Clay 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 004 152.5 Mortar Finished 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 005 2 1.4 Non Utilized Flake 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 006 1 2.1 Non Cultural Stone 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 007 1.2 Coal 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 008 1.2 Slate Fragment 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 009 3.5 Cinder_Slag 9 0.0' 4.5' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0021 010 381.1 Non Cultural Stone 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 011 73.7 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 012 1 15.7 Dish 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 013 7 12.5 House Window Glass 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 014 1 0.4 Indeterminate Glass 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 015 1 2.1 Other Bottle 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 016 6 4.1 Indeterminate Glass 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 017 22 Carbonized Wood 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 018 2 12.5 Metal Object Indeterminate 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 019 1 1.1 Fragmentary Nail 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 020 1 0.2 Seed 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 021 9.3 Oyster 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 022 3.6 Indeterminate Shell 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 023 55.9 Rangia 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0021 024 0.5 Indeterminate Bone 9 0.0' 4.5' 06S 0015 017 16 25.9 House Window Glass 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 019 1 2.8 Shot 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 020 1 0.5 Casing 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 021 3 11.1 Wire 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 022 1 1.5 Nail 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 023 1 0.9 Nail 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 024 1 1.2 Nail 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 025 3 3.5 Fragmentary Nail 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 026 2.7 Flat Iron 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 027 8.5 Indeterminate Object 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 028 16.3 Cinder_Slag 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 029 14.1 Coal 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 030 21.2 Carbonized Wood 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 031 51.6 Indeterminate Shell 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0015 032 1 1.8 Plain Whiteware 9 0.0' 1.0' ELEVATION ELEVATION PROJECT PROV CAT # CT WT ARTIFACT TRENCH TOP BOTTOM 06S 0015 033 1 1.2 Nail 9 0.0' 1.0' 06S 0016 001 2 2.2 Indeterminate Brick 9 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0016 002 0.5 Fired Clay 9 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0016 003 20.3 Non Cultural Stone 9 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0016 004 3.8 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 9 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0016 005 1.2 Coal 9 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0016 006 1.6 Carbonized Wood 9 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0016 007 2 0.7 Utilized Flake 9 1.0' 2.0' 06S 0017 001 5.8 less than one fourth inch Scanned Fraction 9 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0017 002 0.2 Fired Clay 9 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0017 003 0.3 Oyster Shell Mortar 9 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0017 004 4 Non Cultural Stone 9 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0017 005 2 1.7 Utilized Flake 9 2.0' 3.0' 06S 0017 006 1 0.2 Non Utilized Flake 9 2.0' 3.0'

APPENDIX 4.B

Public Component and Exhibit

Public Presentations associated with The Search for the Hidden People of St. Michael’s Cemetery Project

Margo S. Stringfield:

January 18, 2006 Inside UWF Today/Television program on the project April 8, 2006 National Society of the American Revolution (lunch)/ Talk on project April 8, 2006 Get in the Spirit/Talk on project/exhibits April 26, 2006 Christ Church/ Talk on project May 19, 2006 Florida Trust meeting/ Talk on project (workshop) December 4, 2006 Leadership Pensacola/ Talk on project February 13, 2007 Gulf Breeze Public Library/Talk on project March 9, 2007 Leisure Learning/Tour and talk on project March 13, 2007 Christ Church/ Talk on project March 20, 2007 Delchamps Archaeology Museum (Mobile)/ Talk on project June 2, 2007 Get in the Spirit event/ Public talks and exhibits on project July 6, 2007 Rotary Club/ Talk on project August 29, 2007 Pensacola Chamber of Commerce/Talk on project October 10, 2007 Jacksonville Cemetery Commission/Talk on project October 25, 2007 NCPTT/Talk on project February 19, 2008 First Baptist Church/Talk on project September 26, 2008 UWF history class at SMC/Talk on project October 15, 2008 Colonial Dames/Talk on cemetery/project

Jay Johnson

October 25, 2007 NCPTT/Workshop leader/remote sensing at SMC (on site) May 17, 2007 Florida Trust for Historic Preservation /workshop May 18, 2007 Florida Trust for Historic Preservation/Public demonstrations on site Bryan Haley

October 25, 2007 NCPTT Workshop leader/remote sensing at SMC (on site) May 17, 2008 Florida Trust for Historic Preservation annual meeting, workshop on remote sensing May 18, 2008 Get in the Spirit/Florida Trust, public demonstrations on site

Siska Williams

June 2, 2007 Get in the Spirit Event at SMC/Exhibit and talk May 17, 2008 Get in the Spirit Event at SMC/ Exhibit and talk

Stuart Hamilton

June 2, 2007 Get in the Spirit Event at SMC/GIS demonstrations May 17, 2008 Florida Trust for Historic Preservation annual meeting workshop/GIS May 18, 2008 Get in the Spirit Event at SMC/GIS demonstrations

Johan Liebens

June 2, 2007 (Student) Get in the Spirit Event at SMC/Soil survey/mapping May 18, 2008 Get in the Spirit Event at SMC/Soil survey &mapping demonstrations

Howard Shores

2007-2008 Over the past two years (2007-2008) Howard Shores (SMC Foundation board member) has given a talk on the cemetery and the Search project to the United States Marine Corps volunteers who work on site each Saturday. This amounts to approximately 90 presentations to volunteers from around the United States and abroad.

Misc. Every volunteer effort on site includes a talk on the cemetery and the Search project.

APPENDIX 8.A

Grid Key

Key to Depths

Overall Map

Jamiaica Crinum

Key to Depths

Depth 1: .93m to 1.24m

Depth 2: 1.54m to 1.85m

Depth 3: 2.17m to 2.48m

APPENDIX 8.B

GPR Results

The interpretation of the GPR results is presented below. The depths are indicated by the color of the polygon. The cemetery has been divided into 9 sections for ease of viewing. These results also appear in the accompanying GIS.

Figure B-8.1: GPR interpretation, northeast section.

Figure B-8.2: GPR interpretation, north central section.

Figure B-8.3: GPR interpretation, northwest section.

Figure B-8.4: GPR interpretation, east central section.

Figure B-8.5: GPR interpretation, center section.

Figure B-8.6: GPR interpretation, west central section.

Figure B-8.7: GPR interpretation, southwest section.

Figure B-8.8: GPR interpretation, south central section.

Figure B-8.9: GPR interpretation, southeast section.

APPENDIX 8.C

Pilot Survey

Ground Penetrating Radar

Test transects were collected over several areas of interest in the cemetery that contained known burials. The burials tested were from a range of dates and it is not known if they were metal or wood casket. As expected with the sandy soils, the quality of the GPR data was excellent and burials were clearly evident. Figure C-8.1 shows one example of the GPR transects.

During the trial data collection, the challenge that the monuments, fences, copings, trees, and other surface objects presented became apparent. Although obstacles can be navigated around, the multitude of obstructions would be extremely time- consuming to contend with. Moreover, it would be impossible to even run transect lines for the much of the cemetery.

Electrical Resistivity

Test transects were also collected using a Geoscan RM15 electrical resistance meter. Six probe separation distances, yielding six different depths, were collected. A pole-pole array type was used to allow for conversion to electrical resistivity. Several likely burials are evident in the inverted data (Figure C-8.2).

Although the test data suggested the electrical resistivity method could successfully delineate burials in the cemetery, the surface obstructions again presented a challenge. This situation was even more difficult for resistivity than GPR since probes must actually be inserted into the soil and a regular probe separation interval is preferable. The areas with concrete, brick, and gravel that could be surveyed with GPR were impossible to survey with electrical resistance. Given these restrictions, a plan of targeted electrical resistivity was selected.

Figure C-8.1: Example transect from the trial GPR survey.

Figure C-8.2: Example transect from the trial electrical resistivity survey.

APPENDIX 8.D

Potential Mass Graves

MASS GRAVES

In order to locate possible mass burials, a further examination was conducted of anomalies with a population estimate of four or larger for each depth (Figure M1). The threshold of four is arbitrary, but is conservatively below what would be expected for a mass grave. Based on proximity of these anomalies to burial markers, many of these anomalies are probably caused by individual burials whose boundary cannot be delineated. Once these are excluded, six anomalies remain (Figure M2). The two western-most of these overlap slightly and are therefore probably caused by the same feature, leaving a total of five possible mass graves. An examination of the raw data reveals that none of these are caused by casket burials, which is further evidence that these might be mass graves.

Figure M1. Anomalies with a population estimate greater than four.

Figure M2. Possible mass graves after eliminating anomalies caused by individual burials.

APPENDIX 10.A

Deaths in Pensacola Database 1763-1821

Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments Major Gen. James Adolphus 1 Richard Adderly 1765 September 29 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25 2 Carlos Alba 1792 April 20 Pensacola M 23

Katharina Margareta 3 Johann Friedrich Albracht 1779 November 5 Pensacola Illness / Shot? M Johann Christoph (Flamme) Waldeck 3rd Private 28 Adult 24, 34 Religion: Evangelical. 3rd of 7 Children.

4 Daniel Allan 1765 August 19 or 21 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

George (16th 5 Anne Allen 1770 November 12 Pensacola F Regiment of Foot) Winnifred Infant 9, 37 Full name is Anne Margaret Allen.

George (16th 6 Mary Allen 1770 July 1 Pensacola F Regiment of Foot) Winifred 3.5 Child 9, 37 age 3 1/2.

7 Susanna Ames 1768 September 15 Pensacola F John Adult 8, 37 Maiden name is Arner.

Naval Officer and 8 Simon Amory 1775 August 31 Pensacola M Register Adult 12, 30

9 Maria Anaquche 1819 July 22 Pensacola F Auto Garzon 70 Adult 23 A Metiza of the Talapuche Nation. Widow.

10 John Anderson 1765 September 6 Pensacola Dysentery M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

11 Francisco Anet. 1786 Pensacola M 23, 36 Internment payment Holy Visit 1791. Paisano (Peasant).

12 Antonio Ansolis 1784 October 28 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Barcelona.

13 James Antonio 1780 May 10 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 Sailor on the Port Royal.

United Pennsylvania and 14 William Appleby 1780 January 14 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22

15 Jeb. ? Arieal 1795 March 14 Pensacola M 23

16 Matias Arostequi 1785 February 26 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Olitez.

United Pennsylvania and 17 Thomas Atcheson 1780 January 25 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

18 John Atherton 1765 October 6 Pensacola Dysentry M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

19 Richard Babbs 1768 September 28 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

20 Carlos Bachelier 1781 August 28 Pensacola M 23 From Bourgogne.

21 John Baker 1765 August 3 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

22 Silas Baker 1768 September 11 Pensacola M John Rebecca 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

23 Isaac / James Ball 1766 September 14 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

24 Juan Balla 1790 September 8 Pensacola M 23, 36

Major Gen. James Adolphus 25 Richard Ballies 1765 August 8 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

26 John Banner 1765 October 6 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

Pensacola / 27 Jose Barela 1791 Mobile M Boatswain Adult 36 Internment payment Holy Visit 1791, boatswain of ship.

28 Francis Barker 1766 November 2 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

29 Thomas Barker 1765 August 13 or 16 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Dunbar, Scotland. 30 James Barney 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor/ Coxswain Adult 29 Sailor on the Mentor.

31 John Barns 1767 January 28 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

32 Samuel Barret 1765 August 12 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

33 George Barwell 1767 August 17 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Soldier Adult 25

34 Mancisco Basquez 1785 November 28 Pensacola M La. Reg. 3rd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Seville.

35 Antoinne Basquis 1781 October 29 Pensacola M Sailor Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

Sailor on the Port Royal. "Blowd up at the Advance Redoubt 36 John Bassillio 1781 May 10 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 Pensacola".

Sailor on the Port Royal. "Blowd up at the Advance Redoubt 37 James Bates 1781 May 10 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 ".

38 Mary Bates 1768 August 2 Pensacola F Abraham Adult 8, 37

39 Walter Battison 1770 September 29 Pensacola Nervous Fever M 9, 37

40 Friedrich Bauer 1779 December 8 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private ca. 27 Adult 24, 34 Religion: Evangelical.

41 Thomas Bayor 1768 February 8 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Soldier Adult 25

42 Samuel Beal 1779 February 18 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

43 Johannes Behr 1779 June 29 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 1st Private ca. 34 Adult 24, 34 Died in the Hospital at Pensacola.

44 Belchites 1782 June 26 Pensacola 23

45 John Bell 1767 March 2 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

August / 46 John Bell 1765 October 12 Pensacola Dysentry M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

47 Antonio Beltran 1790 Pensacola M 23 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

48 Sarah Bentham 1770 September 3 Pensacola Flux F Ensign 16th Regiment of Foot Adult 9, 37

49 Johannes Besselbach 1780 December ? Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 30 Adult 24, 34

50 Philip Bird 1766 February 14 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

51 James Blair 1770 November 18 Pensacola Flux M 16th Regiment of Foot Band of Music Adult 9, 37 One of the Band of Music of the 16th Reg.

52 John Blair 1781 May Pensacola Combat M Midshipman Adult 16 Listed as coming from Port Royal.

53 Andres Blanco 1790 Pensacola M 23

Lieutenant en el Regimento Fixo de la 54 Diego Blanco 1786 May 28 Pensacola M Louisana Adult 23 Holds the title of Don.

55 Benjamin Boilland 1765 February 5 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

Sargente Major Holds the title of Don. Internment payment Holy Visit 1791, 56 Francisco Bonet 1787 April 8 Pensacola M (Sergeant Major) Adult 23, 36 Srgt Mj of this plaza.

57 Thomas Bonston 1779 February 3 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

58 Stephen Bootman 1779 February 4 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Corporal Adult 20

59 John Borras / Borrows 1765 December 21 or 25 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

60 Rebecca Borrowman 1768 August 4 Pensacola F William Mary 8, 37

61 Crutis Bosman 1779 February 3 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

62 Henry Bouquet 1765 2 Pensacola M Commander Adult 33 Military commander of "Panzacola". Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

63 William Bovey 1766 September Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

64 Dan Boyde 1795 April 28 Pensacola M Sailor 23

65 William Bradshaw 1765 September 11 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

66 Patrick Brannon 1768 December 23 Pensacola M 21st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

67 Adam Brauns 1780 November 3 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private ca. 40 Adult 24, 34

Major Gen. James Adolphus 68 Joseph Bravit 1765 August 13 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

69 George Bremming / Bremmer 1765 August 19 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

70 Bartholomew Brierton 1765 February 28 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

Catherine 71 John Brodbeck 1768 September 15 Pensacola M Mineinger 8, 37

72 Thomas Brooks 1765 October 4 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

73 Jonathan Brooksbanks 1766 August 10 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

William (16th 74 Elizabeth Brown 1770 September 18 Pensacola F Regiment) Frances 9, 37

75 James Brown 1765 October 25 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

United Pennsylvania and 76 William Brown 1780 January 7 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22

77 Jacob Browne 1770 December 16 Pensacola M Andrew Catherine 16th Regiment of Foot Infant 9, 37 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

John (21st 78 Janet Brymer 1768 September 22 Pensacola F Regiment) Adult 8, 37

79 Robert Bulgin 1765 August 9 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

Sailor on the Port Royal. "Killed at the Navy Redoubt Red 80 James Bunkey 1781 May 11 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 Cliffs Pensacola Harbour West Florida".

81 Michael Burke 1778 December 19 Pensacola M Hound Marine Adult 27, 48 Marine on the Hound.

82 Anne Burrows 1770 July 10 Pensacola F Crowley Elizabeth 9, 37

83 Onorato Burrows 1794 January 29 Pensacola M 23

84 Will Burshall 1767 November 9 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Soldier Adult 25

85 Alexander Burt 1769 February 11 Pensacola M Laboring Man Adult 8, 37

86 Fransisco Cabrero 1780 December 9 Pensacola M Sailor Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

87 Pedro Calderon 1781 March 3 Pensacola M Malefactors Adult 29 Passenger on the Mentor.

88 Juan Caliezas 1785 August 31 Pensacola M La. Reg. 5th, 2nd Battalion 2 Soldier Adult 23 From Cadiz.

89 John Cameron 1768 December 12 Pensacola M 21st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37 Possibly Cameron.

90 Donald Campbell 1765 September 8 or 17 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Dublin, Ireland. Sailor 91 Montgomery Campbell 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 on the Mentor.

92 Robert Campbell 1767 November 5 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Soldier Adult 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

93 Richard Cape 1768 October 22 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

94 Richard Capes / Copet 1765 August 17 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

95 Manuel Caridad 1784 January 21 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Navarre.

96 Lorenzo Caro 1792 August 3 Pensacola M 23

97 Finley Carr 1765 August 10 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

98 Samuel Carr 1766 August 1 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

2nd Sargento 99 Rufino Carrarco 1788 February 19 Pensacola M (Sergeant) 23

100 James Carrol 1779 October 11 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

101 Edward Carroll 1781 May Pensacola Combat M 16th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Adult 16

United Pennsylvania and 102 Daniel Carty 1780 January 10 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Walter Dulany's Private Adult 22 Enlisted with the Maryland Loyalists.

103 Franco Casas 1784 January 28 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Gerona.

104 Antonio Casellas 1791 March 27 Pensacola M 23

Pensacola / 105 Leon Castejon 1791 Mobile M Civilian 36 Internment payment Holy Visit 1791.

106 Juan Castelin 1793 December 21 Pensacola M 23

107 Benito Antonio Castillo 1783 June 23 Pensacola M Infant 23 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Major Gen. James Adolphus 108 Thomas Cathledge 1765 August 3 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

109 Pedro Chaballic 1785 November 26 Pensacola M La. Reg. 3rd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Tours.

110 James Chalmers 1765 August 10 Pensacola Putrid Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Doctor Adult 2, 5, 39

111 George Chapman 1778 November 24 Pensacola M Hound Marine Adult 27, 48 Marine on the Hound.

112 George Chapman 1769 February 17 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

Violent Contusion Samuel (16th 113 Isabella Chesnut 1771 May 22 Pensacola from Husband F Regiment of Foot) 50 Adult 37

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 114 John Christian 1779 March 14 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Thomas Colden's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

115 Jose Antonio Christian Linker 1784 August 4 Pensacola M 23 From Germany.

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From North Scotland. Sailor 116 David Christie 1781 May 8 Pensacola Combat M Mentor Midshipman Adult 16, 29 on the Mentor. Listed as a "Ship Mentor".

117 John Churdon 1767 August 16 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Soldier Adult 25

118 William Clark 1765 August 9 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

119 Elizabeth Clarke 1769 January 20 Pensacola F 8, 37

120 Robert Clocher 1765 September 11 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

121 John Coachman 1765 September 26 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

122 Thomas Coldwell / Colwell 1765 August 18 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

123 William Coldwell / Colwell 1766 May 29 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

124 William Coleman 1765 August 10 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

Deputy 125 Collier 1766 March 8 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Chaplain/Doctor Adult 3, 4, 5

126 John Collins 1765 August 18 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

Deputy Provost 127 Robert Collins 1768 October 24 Pensacola M Marshall Adult 8, 37

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Walls, Norfolk. Sailor 128 Thomas Collins 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 on the Mentor.

United Pennsylvania and 129 William Collins 1780 January 7 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22

130 Colominos 1785 August 22 Pensacola Antonio Colominos Child 23

131 Edward Combs 1781 January 17 Pensacola M Port Royal Armorer Adult 49 Armorer on the Port Royal.

132 Juan Congo 1781 January 11 Pensacola M Adult 29 Passenger on the Mentor. Listed as "Black".

Christopher (16th 133 Mary Connelly 1770 July 4 Pensacola F Regiment of Foot) Mary 1.5 Child 9, 37 Age 1 year 6 months.

134 Samuel Conner 1765 August 17 or 22 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

Sailor on the Atalanta. Born in Bermudas. Entered service at 135 James Conners 1777 October 21 Pensacola M Atalanta Sailor Adult 26, 54 the age of 30.

136 Barney Connor 1768 September 9 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 137 Thomas Connor 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

138 Francois Consalle 1780 October 4 Pensacola M Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

139 Alexander Cooke 1766 November 7 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Corporal Adult 5, 25

Campbell 140 Jane Cooker 1770 July 31 Town Flux F Thomas Jane 7 months Infant 9, 37 Full name is Jane Catherine Cooker.

141 Richard Cooper 1765 August 17 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

142 George Corke 1765 August 28 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

143 William Cormack 1765 August 17 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

1765 to 144 Cornish 1767 Pensacola F 31st Regiment of Foot Adult 5

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 145 Andrew Cosgrove 1779 April 4 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Thomas Colden's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

146 Levin Costin 1779 February 11 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

147 Joseph Costman 1779 February 5 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

148 Elisha Cottingham 1779 February 1 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

149 Levi Cottingham 1779 February 1 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

Dropsy/ Complication of 150 Nathaniel Cotton 1771 July 3 Pensacola disorders M John Mary Gibbs Minister 38 Adult 10, 17

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. Marine born as part of the 151 David Couney 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Marine Adult 29 complement on the Mentor.

Robert (16th 152 Mary Craig 1770 August 31 Pensacola Decay F Regiment of Foot) Margaret 9, 37 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

153 Thomas Crawford 1769 February 18 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

154 Benjamin Cre... ? 1779 October 9 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

Thomas (16th 1 year 8 155 Anne Creek 1770 November 30 Pensacola Convulsions F Regiment of Foot) Elizabeth months Child 9, 37

1765 to 156 Crofton 1767 Pensacola F Corporal Crofton ? 31st Regiment of Foot Adult 5

1765 to 157 Crofton 1767 Pensacola Corporal Crofton 31st Regiment of Foot Child 5

158 Isidro Cros 1780 26 Pensacola M Private Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

Fever / 159 Joseph Crow 1770 December 12 Pensacola Convulsions M 42 Adult 9, 37

Holds the title of Don. Teniente Coronel de los Reales Exercitos y Comandante de Dicho Batallon (3d) (Lieutenant Dona Nicandra Colonel of the Royal Exercitos and Commandant of said Don Bernardo Dona Franca Lopez of Battalion (3rd)). Internment payment Holy Visit 1791 160 Francisco Javier Cruzat 1789 July 5 Pensacola M Baltazar Cruzat Birto Cartagena, Spain See comments See comments Adult 23, 36 commandment of Battalion.

161 Charles Cumming 1765 September 2 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

United Pennsylvania and 162 John Cummins 1780 January 17 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22

163 James Currey 1765 August 7 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

164 Thomas Cuzine 1765 May 10 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

165 Antonio Manuel Daino 1794 June 18 Pensacola M 23 Platicante mairo del hospital.

United Pennsylvania and 166 Vol. William Dallas 1780 April 8 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Walter Dulany's Private Adult 22 Middle name starts with a G.

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Lassage near Cork, 167 Hugh Dammun 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 Ireland. Sailor on the Mentor. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

168 John Davidson 1766 March 16 or 17 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

169 Samuel Davidson 1765 August 11 or 12 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

170 Samuel Davis 1765 February 7 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

171 Samuel Dawson 1765 August 22 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

172 Thomas Dawson 1765 August 6 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

Holds the title of Don. Passanger on St. Juan Bautista from 173 Andres de 1784 October 31 Pensacola M Adult 23 Omoa.

174 Miguel de Alegria 1784 May 28 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23

Volo con el repuesto de polvora" (Blown up with spare 175 Juan de Boyson 1783 September 22 Pensacola gunpowder) M Artillery Soldier Adult 23

Pensacola / 176 Gasper de Cobos 1791 Mobile M Civilian 36 Internment payment Holy Visit 1791.

Coronel Graduado/ 177 Carlos Deville de Degoutin 1810 May 5 Pensacola M Reg. Infa de La. Captain 23 Holds the title of Don.

178 Felipe de Doria 1781 August 19 Pensacola M Reg. Inf. del Principe Sergeant Adult 23 Holds the title of Don.

Subteniente Reg. de Infa. de (Second 179 Vicente de Equiarreta 1782 July 15 Pensacola M EspaZa Lieutenant) Adult 23 Holds the title of Don.

180 Franco de Heras 1783 October 11 Pensacola M Reg. Fixo de la Luisiana 8th, 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Talavera.

Holds the title of Dona, her husband holds the title of Don. Her husband is the commisario (comisario) de entradas at the 181 Josefa de la Cruz 1782 October 8 Pensacola F Manuel de Ortiz Adult 23 Hospital.

182 Josef de la PeZa 1790 June 8 Pensacola M 70 Adult 23 Born on Santa Rosa Island. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

183 Juan de los Reyes 1785 October 14 Pensacola M La. Reg. 3rd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Brigne.

de los Solores 184 Maria Macario 1793 October 30 Pensacola F Charles Sanchez Adult 23

185 Francisca de Loza 1782 August 16 Pensacola F Miguel Gil Adult 23 Coronel de Esto Plaza/ Comandante Politico y militon de esta Provinicia Holds the title of Don. Native of CoruZa. Murio 186 Mauricio de LuZiga 1816 September 6 Pensacola M 73 Adult 23 dora anterior at 73 (died after ? at age 73) .

187 Andres de Mata 1782 October 20 Pensacola M Reg. Inf. del Principe Soldier Adult 23 From Granada.

188 Juan de Mata 1785 November 17 Pensacola M La. Reg. 3rd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Alteziras.

189 Estevan de Valoria 1789 Pensacola M Priest Adult 23 Cura officiated, the chaplain of the batallion being indeposed.

190 Estevan de Vegas 1784 July 12 Pensacola Drowned M Adult 23

191 Juan de Vegas 1784 July 12 Pensacola Drowned M Estevan 23

192 Miguel de Vegas 1783 November 21 Pensacola M Infant 23

193 John Dean 1767 May 1 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

194 Thomas Dean 1770 September 10 or 16 Pensacola Fever / Worm M Benjamin Mary 16th Regiment of Foot 9, 37 10 (16?), Worm..Fever (sic).

195 Francisca del Castillo 1784 July 2 Pensacola F 23

196 Leonhard Diamor 1780 August 9 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private ca. 21 Adult 24, 34 Religion: Catholic.

Guarda de las Rentas Reales (Keeper of the 197 Juan Diaz 1786 August 13 Pensacola M Royal Income) Adult 23 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

198 Griffin Dickinson 1768 March 4 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Soldier Adult 25

199 Joseph Dickinson ? 1779 January 23 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

200 Richard Dicks 1779 February 7 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

Shot and killed by Indians in the woods near 2nd, transferred to the 4th in 201 Christian Dietz 1781 April 22 Pensacola Pensacola M Waldeck Dec. 1779. Private ca. 43 Adult 24, 34 Evangelical. Cabinet maker by trade. Married with 3 children.

202 Jacob Diggin ? 1779 February 8 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

203 Bernardo Dilfon 1781 January 9 Pensacola M Sailor Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

United Pennsylvania and 204 James Dilworth 1780 April 3 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Walter Dulany's Private Adult 22

205 Thomas Dixon 1765 August 12 or 13 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

206 William Dixon 1771 March 20 Pensacola Drowned M 16th Regiment of Foot Adult 37

United Pennsylvania and 207 James Dixon? 1780 January 14 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22

208 James Dogherty 1768 December 30 Pensacola M 8, 37

209 Dogherty 1769 January 14 Pensacola 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

210 Jose Domingo 1793 June 24 Pensacola M 23

Dona Maria Capt. Don Juan Gertrudis de 211 Eulalia Dominqurez 1795 January 21 Pensacola F Dominqurez Ottero 2 Child 23

212 Jane Donaldson 1769 December 28 Pensacola F George Donaldson Adult 8, 37 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

213 George Dosman ? 1779 February 7 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

214 James Doughardy 1765 November 3 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

215 John Dowell 1766 February 12 or 18 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

United Pennsylvania and 216 Patrick Downing 1780 January 3 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Walter Dulany's Sergeant Adult 22 Enlisted with the Maryland Loyalists.

United Pennsylvania and 217 Patrick Downing 1780 January 7 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Sergeant Adult 22

218 Francis Drake 1765 August 11 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

219 Samuel Dry 1769 January 27 Pensacola M 21st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

220 William Duff 1765 August 24 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

221 Benjamin Duggers 1779 February 5 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

Full name is Elisa William Dunford. Father Lt. Gov. Elias 222 Elias Durnford 1771 January 5 Pensacola Fits M Elias Rebecca Infant 37 Durnford.

223 James Dyer 1779 February 19 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

224 James Dykes 1779 February 5 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

October / 225 John Eaton 1765 November 31 or 2 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

226 Edward Edwards 1765 August 9 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

227 John Edwards 1765 September 23 or 24 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

228 Solomon Edwards 1786 Pensacola M 7 Child 23

Major Gen. James Adolphus 229 Thomas Edwards 1766 November 1 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

230 Scroope Egerton 1765 October 8 Pensacola Putrid Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Adult 3, 4, 5, 39

231 John Eliot 1769 May 2 Pensacola Suicide M Governor Adult 33 Governor of West Florida, hung himself in his study.

Agent for West 232 John Ellis 1776 October 5 Pensacola M Florida Adult 11

233 John Ellis 1765 October 28 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

234 John Ellis 1765 April 29 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

Major Gen. James Adolphus 235 George Elsherson 1765 August 12 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

236 John / Thomas Emory 1765 August 13 or 31 Pensacola Black Vomit M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

237 George Evans 1779 February 16 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

238 William Evis 1771 February 3 Pensacola Dysentery M 37 Orphan under care of Lt. Downman.

239 Cristabal Juarez Falcon 1793 March 20 Pensacola M 23

240 Joseph Farmer 1765 August 9 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Adult 2, 5, 39

241 Robert Farquharson 1764 September 4 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Adult 1, 38

242 Andrew Farrel 1771 April 13 Pensacola Teeth M Thomas Mary 16th Regiment of Foot Adult 37 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

243 Josef Federico 1789 March 29 Pensacola M 23 From Campechy.

244 Juan Breton Felipot 1793 July 5 Pensacola M 23

Major Gen. James Adolphus 245 James Field 1765 December 7 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

2nd, transferred to 4th in 246 Henrich Figge 1780 August 7 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 1779 Dec. Private ca. 39 Adult 24, 34 Religion: Evangelical.

247 Thomas Filsmaurice 1781 April 24 Pensacola M Sub-lieutenant 21 Adult 33 Sub-lieutenant in King's Army, born Ireland 1760, cadet 1776.

248 Jane Fitchatt 1768 November 16 Pensacola F 21st Regiment of Foot Adult 8, 37

249 David Fleming 1765 August 15 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

250 James Fletcher 1767 February 19 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

Forsado (Forced 251 Matias Flores 1793 November 24 Pensacola M laborer) Adult 23

252 Estevan Floriano 1784 January 12 Pensacola M Soldier Adult 23 From Tenerife.

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Ipswick, Suffolk. Sailor 253 John Folley 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 on the Mentor.

254 John Forbes 1766 December 21 or 22 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

255 Anthony Forehand 1769 January 19 Pensacola M 8, 37

256 Mariano Formosa 1790 September 24 Pensacola M 23, 36 Internment payment Holy Visit 1791.

257 James Forward 1770 August 1 Pensacola Flux M 9, 37 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 258 John Foster 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Corporal Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

Died in Pensacola Harbour. From Lambeth, Surry. Sailor on 259 Henery Fox 1781 March 16 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 the Mentor.

260 Pedro Fraire 1785 September 11 Pensacola M La. Reg. 1st, 3rd Battalion Soldier Adult 23

261 George Frederick 1765 September 8 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

262 Christian Frese 1780 November Pensacola Non-combat M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 21 Adult 24, 34 Religion: Evangelical.

263 William Fricker 1777 November 7 Pensacola M Atalanta Sailor/ Gunner Adult 26, 54 Sailor on the Atalanta.

264 John Frogget 1765 August 20 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

United Pennsylvania and 265 John Fulle? 1780 January 19 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22

266 Isaac Futt 1779 February 1 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

267 Thomas Gadd 1767 August 30 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Soldier Adult 25

268 Estevan Gallardo 1788 Pensacola M 23

269 John Gardiner 1765 November 24 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

270 Juan Garzon 1792 January 11 Pensacola M 23

Contra maestre of la Goleta del Rey San Marcos. (Master ? of 271 Juan Maria Gaston 1791 Pensacola M Rey San Marcos 23 the Schooner Rey San Marcos).

272 John / Thomas Gates 1765 August 18 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

2nd, transferred to 4th in 273 Henrich Genuit 1780 August 6 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 1779 Dec. Private ca. 29 Adult 24, 34 Religion: Evangelical. Married with one Child.

274 Geore Giesenschlaeger 1780 March 3 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 33 Adult 24, 34 Religion: Evangelical. Shoemaker by trade.

275 Mich Gil 1795 April 30 Pensacola M 23

Provost of the 276 Konrad Glaentzer 1779 April 17 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck staff ca. 56 Adult 24, 34 Died in the camp at Fort George.

277 Jonathan Goddard 1765 August 17 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

278 William Godfrey 1765 August 12 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

279 Christian Goette 1779 October 19 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 2nd Corporal Adult 24, 34

280 Michael Goggin 1770 November 2 Pensacola Black Scurvy M 16th Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 9, 37

281 Juan Gonzales 1784 September 21 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Malaga.

282 Juan Antonio Gonzales 1783 April 18 Pensacola M 9 Child 23

Pensacola / 283 Blas Gonzalez 1791 Mobile M Storekeeper Adult 36 Internment payment Holy Visit 1791, Storekeeper of this plaza.

284 Mary Goodwin 1768 September 5 Pensacola F William Jane 8, 37

285 James Graham 1768 July 20 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Sergeant Adult 8, 37

Cazadores Agregados al 3r Bat. (Hunters added to the 3rd 286 Pedro Graillen 1785 September 22 Pensacola M 3rd Battalion Hunter Adult 23 Battalion). From Cordova.

Major Gen. James Adolphus 287 William Grant 1765 August 9 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

288 Robert Gray 1765 April 4 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Soldier Adult 25

289 James Green 1765 September 1 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

290 Levin Green 1779 February 9 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

Major Gen. James Adolphus 291 Samuel Green 1765 December 10 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

292 Thomas Green 1769 July 24 Pensacola Drowned M Tavern Keeper Adult 8, 37

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 293 Dennis Grimes 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Vacant Sergeant Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

294 Antonio Guarita 1784 December 9 Pensacola M St. Juan B Sailor Adult 23 Sailor on St. Juan B.

295 Ernst Christian Guenther 1780 January Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 37 Adult 24, 34

296 Hugh Guthrie 1769 December 18 Pensacola M Jamaica Purser Adult 8, 37 Purser to His Majesty's ship Jamaica.

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Hillsbourgh, Ireland. 297 James Guthrie 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 Sailor on the Mentor.

298 William Gwinn 1765 March 17 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Major William Forbes's Soldier Adult 40

299 Karl Friedrich Hahne 1780 March 14 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 28 Adult 24, 34

300 John Haigh 1771 January 16 Pensacola Consumption M 36 Adult 37 Buried on Jan 18.

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 301 Joseph Hains 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Sergeant Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

302 Edward Hall 1765 August 26 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

303 Isaac Hall 1765 August 23 or 24 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

304 William Hall 1765 November 1 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

305 Thomas Hamaker 1765 August 10 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

306 Alexander Hamilton 1765 August 27 or 28 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

307 Andrew Hamilton 1768 August 18 Pensacola Drowned M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

308 Andrew Hamilton 1768 August 18 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Soldier Adult 25

James (16th 309 John Hamilton 1770 October 7 Pensacola Convulsions M Regiment of Foot) Martha Infant 9, 37

310 John Hamnet 1765 August 17 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

Sailor on the Port Royal. "Blowd up at the Advance Redoubt 311 Richard Hardman 1781 May 11 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 Pensacola".

312 John Harlow 1778 December 13 Pensacola M Hound Sailor Adult 27, 48 Sailor on the Hound.

313 Lambert Harper 1765 August 7 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

314 William Harper 1766 August 29 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

315 Edward Harrison 1766 August 25 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

316 James Harriss 1779 February 4 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

Major Gen. James Adolphus 317 John Haswell 1765 August 13 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Sailor/ Gunner's Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Milford, Whales. Sailor 318 John Hatchman 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Mate Adult 29 on the Mentor.

319 Hawky 1770 February Pensacola M Sawyer Adult 8, 37

320 David Hayman 1779 February 16 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

321 Edward Haywood 1770 July 29 Pensacola M 16th Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 9, 37

322 John Heap 1768 September 21 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

323 Robert Heavis 1767 September 10 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Soldier Adult 25

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 324 James Henderson 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Bannond, Ireland. 325 Morris Henegan 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 Sailor on the Mentor.

326 Augustin Henman 1781 January 19 Pensacola M Sailor Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

327 Joseph Henry 1781 December 6 Pensacola M Sailor Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

328 Kaspar Hesse 1780 February 26 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private ca. 30 Adult 24, 34

329 Hicky 1771 April Pensacola Teeth F Daniel Margaret 1 Infant 37 Callahan mother's maiden name.

330 Walden Hill 1765 November 8 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 331 Isaac Hillburn 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Corporal Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

332 Francis Hipwood 1768 July 5 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

333 William Hiscox 1767 May 27 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

334 David Hodgson 1766 May 17 or 18 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

335 Sarah Hodgson 1771 March 31 Pensacola Consumption F Spinster Adult 37

336 Kaspar Hohmann 1779 May 28 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private ca. 25 Adult 24, 34

Major Gen. James Adolphus 337 John Holdhams 1765 September 9 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5

338 Peter Holland 1765 April 17 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Capt. Andrew Simpson's Soldier Adult 40

339 Robert Holmes 1766 August 24 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Sergeant Adult 5, 25

340 William Holmes 1768 June 17 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Soldier Adult 25

341 Andreas Homberger 1779 June 8 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private ca. 19 Adult 24, 34

342 William Hooker 1765 July 28 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Captain Adult 2, 5, 39

1765 to 343 Hooker 1767 Pensacola F William Hooker ? 31st Regiment of Foot Adult 5

344 Isaac Hopwood Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Soldier Adult 25

345 Robert Hord 1765 August 12 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Ensign Adult 3, 4, 5, 39

346 William Horn 1765 August 11 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

347 Hermann Hundertmarck 1779 May 21 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 37 Adult 24, 34 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Johann Henrich Johann Christoph Private / Batman Was declared an invalid in September 1778. Married with 2 348 Bernhard Hunecke 1780 August 9 Pensacola Illness M H. Waldeck 4th by Feb. 1779 ca. 48 Adult 24, 34 children. Godfather was Henrich Berend Kukuk. Evangelical.

United Pennsylvania and 349 John Inglish 1780 January 7 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22

350 John Insell 1766 August 26 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Corporal Adult 5, 25

351 Alexander Jack 1765 October 19 or 20 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

352 Philip Jackson 1765 October 28 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

353 Richard Jarrott 1766 December 18 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 354 Richard Jasper 1781 May 4 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Vacant Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

355 Miguel Jauregui 1784 September 16 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Biscay.

356 Thomas Jervoise 1781 April 18 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 Sailor on the Port Royal. Died in imprisonment.

357 Robert Johnston 1770 July 9 Pensacola Flux M 16th Regiment of Foot Sergeant Adult 9, 37

John (16th 358 Anne Jones 1770 November 10 Pensacola Teeth F Regiment of Foot) Susannah Infant 9, 37 Lt. John, Teeth (?).

359 James Jones 1765 August 19 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

360 Richard Jones 1765 April 12 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Thomas Hall's Soldier Adult 40

361 Terry Jones 1764 Pensacola M 33 Died at his residence at Escambia Bay.

362 Thomas Jones 1766 April 21 or 22 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

363 Jones 1771 February 16 Pensacola Drowned 16th Regiment of Foot Adult 37

364 Ambrose Jordan 1781 September 10 Pensacola M Cecilia ? Sailor Adult 23 A sailor of the frigate Cecilia ?

Sailor on the Port Royal. "Killed at the Middle Redoubt 365 Thomas Joyse 1781 May 7 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 Pensacola ".

366 Juan Antonio Juarez 1783 June 20 Pensacola M 19 Adult 23

367 Samuel Kerry 1781 January 18 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 Sailor on the Port Royal.

368 John Kilman 1770 December 27 Pensacola Gripes M John Mary 16th Regiment of Foot Infant 37

Evangelical. Killed at Fort George, during the siege of 369 Christian Knoechel 1781 April 12 Pensacola Combat M Waldeck 3rd Private ca. 22 Adult 24, 34 Pensacola.

370 Patrick Knowles 1766 September 19 Pensacola Nervous Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

371 Henrich Kuempel 1779 December 20 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private Adult 24, 34

United Pennsylvania and 372 John Kyan 1780 January 7 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22

2nd Sargento 373 Jacinto Lacort 1787 April 17 Pensacola M (Sergeant) Adult 23, 36

Jacob (31st 374 Mary Lanter 1770 May 28 Pensacola F Regiment of Foot) Anne 8, 37

375 Lewis Laporte 1770 November 14 Pensacola M Stranger 9, 37 Stranger.

Forzado (Forced 376 Mauricio Lara 1793 December 5 Pensacola M laborer) Adult 23

377 James Lawson 1765 August 16 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

378 William Lees 1765 February 11 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Soldier Adult 25

Major Gen. James Adolphus 379 Thomas Leitch 1765 August 11 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

380 Leitch 1767 August 13 Pensacola M Chief of Justice Adult 6, 7

381 James Lemans 1765 August 10 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

382 Lorenzo Lentian 1780 October 23 Pensacola M Sailor Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

383 Edward Lewis 1765 August 15 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

Johann Georg 384 Eberhard Leydenberg 1779 July 10 Pensacola Illness M Johann Georg L. Waldeck 1st Private 34 Adult 24, 34 Evangelical. Died in the Hospital at Pensacola.

385 James Lightbody 1766 January 21 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Corporal Adult 5, 25

386 William Lightfoot 1765 August 24 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

387 Alexander Limeburner 1765 August 11 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

388 Johann Henrich Lindig 1781 January 21 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Corporal ca. 30 Adult 24, 34 Evangelical. Stone Mason by trade.

389 John Lister 1766 January 24 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

Cannoneer in the 390 Henrich Litzau 1781 May 7 Pensacola Combat M Waldeck Artillery Section Adult 24, 34 Killed in The Redoubt during the siege of Pensacola.

391 Alexander Livingston 1766 July 24 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

392 David Logan 1764 December 31 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 40 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

393 Juana Losada 1795 April 14 Pensacola F Don Juan Losada 23

394 James Love 1766 March 26 or 30 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

395 William Love 1768 November 14 Pensacola M 8, 37

396 Abraham Luke 1765 August 9 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

397 Thomas Lyle 1766 July 12 or 13 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

Commander of Pensacola, CT native, served Canada & 398 Phineas Lyman 1775 Pensacola M Commander Adult 33 W.Indies.

399 Matthew Lyons 1771 June 18 Pensacola Accidental Death M 37 Found dead, Inquest held.

400 Cornelius Lysaght 1764 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Adult 38

401 William Lysaght 1765 August 8 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

402 John MacGuire 1769 February 9 Pensacola M Private Secretary Adult 8, 37 Private Secretary to Lt. Gov. Browne.

403 John Mainard 1765 June 5 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Capt. Richard Allen's Soldier Adult 40

404 Zenon Malo 1784 November 30 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Navarre.

405 Jose Manchan 1791 October 12 Pensacola M 23

406 Joaquin Manegat 1790 Pensacola M Sergeant Adult 23, 36

407 James Manson 1781 20 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 From Elgin, Scotland. Sailor on the Mentor. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

408 James Mant. 1770 September 8 Pensacola Drowned M James Mary 9, 37

409 Juan Maquntic 1785 September 26 Pensacola M La. Reg. 3rd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Perigueux.

410 Friedrich Marckert 1779 September 29 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private Adult 24, 34

411 Edward Maris 1768 August 30 Pensacola Drowned M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

Major Gen. James Adolphus 412 Isaac Marsh 1765 August 9 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

413 Robert Marshall 1766 August 9 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 414 Robert Marshall 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

415 John Marygold 1778 December 25 Pensacola M Hound Marine Adult 48 Marine on the Hound.

416 Antonio Masan 1795 April 11 Pensacola M 23

Sailor on the Port Royal. "Blowd up at the Advance Redoubt 417 George Mascole 1781 May 11 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 Pensacola".

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Ballnamain Banffshire, 418 George Mason 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 Scotland. Sailor on the Mentor.

419 Isaac Mason 1765 September 7 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5

420 John Mason 1765 August 28 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

Major Gen. James Adolphus 421 Joseph Mason 1765 August 28 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

422 Sebastian Mastinez 1785 October 29 Pensacola M La. Reg. 3rd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Malaga. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Mathias (16th 423 Christiana Mathews 1770 November 16 Pensacola F Regiment of Foot) Rebecca 6 days Infant 9, 37

424 William Mathias 1768 July 10 Pensacola M 8, 37

2nd, transferred to 4th in 425 Kaspar Matthias 1780 August 8 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck Dec. 1779 Private Adult 24, 34

426 Joanna Mattocks 1769 February 13 Pensacola Suddenly F 8, 37

427 Juana Maura 1794 July 18 Pensacola F Jos. Maura Calatine Guerra 5 Child 23

James (16th 428 James Maxwell 1770 October 12 Pensacola M Regiment of Foot) Mary Infant 9, 37

429 Joseph McBee 1765 November 24 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

430 Hugh McCormick 1770 May 8 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

431 Joseph McCourt 1770 November 8 Pensacola M John Jane 16th Regiment of Foot 9, 37

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 432 John McCullagh 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

Major Gen. James Adolphus 433 William McCullough 1765 August 21 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

434 David McCurrick 1765 August 17 or 18 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 435 Michael McDermot 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

436 John McGervis 1767 March 26 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Soldier Adult 25

Son of Scotch trader and half French half Creek Princess. Burried at Panton and Leslie Company mansion garden, but 437 Alexander McGillivray 1793 February 17 Pensacola Illness M Creek Chief 34 Adult 19, 33 legend has it, that the body was later removed. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Major Gen. James Adolphus 438 James McGowan 1765 August 5 Pensacola Black Vomit M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Sergeant Adult 5, 25

Major Gen. James Adolphus 439 George McGuire 1765 August 24 or 28 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

440 Thomas McHendrick 1765 October 18 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

441 John McKay 1766 November 18 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

442 Hugh McLaine 1765 May 10 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

443 Hugh McLaughlon 1767 March 2 or 16 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

444 James McTurk 1765 August 22 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

445 Isack Meason 1765 September 9 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Soldier Adult 25

446 Marcos Medlin 1761 February 2 Pensacola Killed M Soldier Adult 33 Killed by Alabama Indians at home at Punta Rosa.

447 Isaac Mendes 1767 April 11 Pensacola M Adult 31

448 Menor 1785 March 2 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23

Pensacola / Full name is Jose Cataldo Merot. Internment payment Holy 449 Jose Merot 1791 Mobile M Sergeant Adult 36 Visit 1791.

450 Maria Mesaya 1785 February 19 Pensacola F Infant 23

451 Stephen Messater 1765 August 12 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

1st, transferred to 4th in April 452 Christoph Meyer 1779 December 4 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 1779 Private ca. 54 Adult 24, 34 Reformed. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

453 Johann Georg Meyer 1779 October 26 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 1st Private ca. 25 Adult 24, 34 Reformed.

Dona Francesa Don Juan Miguel Sophie de 454 Juan Miguel 1794 June 23 Pensacola M de Losada Rocheblave 23 Privately Baptised.

455 Gaspar Miler ? 1784 March 17 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23

456 Henry Miles 1779 February 3 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 457 Maydon Miles 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

Catharina 458 Maria Millar 1794 August 11 Pensacola F Joseph Millar Stephan 23

459 Maria Millar 1794 November 6 Pensacola F Samuel Millar Susan Indra 23

460 Walter Miller 1770 September 26 Pensacola Excessive Drinking M Soldier Adult 9, 37

461 William Miller 1771 May 29 Pensacola Asthma M Carpenter 35 Adult 37

462 William Miller 1767 August 4 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Soldier Adult 25

463 James Miller, Senior 1767 April 26 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Soldier Adult 25

464 Thomas Mills 1768 December 6 Pensacola M Mason Adult 8, 37

465 James Mitchell 1770 October 8 Pensacola Flux M James Catherine 16th Regiment of Foot 9, 37

466 Lorenzo Monte 1784 April 19 Pensacola M Child 23

467 Abraham Moore 1765 August 21 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Major Gen. James Adolphus 468 Jonnas Moore 1765 August 16 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

469 Martha Moore 1770 August 3 Pensacola Flux F Alexr. Jane 7 months Infant 9, 37

470 William Moore 1770 August 1 Pensacola Consumption M 16th Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 9, 37

471 Guillaume Mora...? 1781 February 4 Pensacola M Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

472 Richard Morrell 1766 July 20 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5

473 Peter Morris 1779 March 17 Red Cliffs M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

Major Gen. James Adolphus 474 John Mosley 1765 December 21 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

475 John Muckroy 1767 August 12 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Soldier Adult 25

476 Patrice Murphis 1767 November 6 Pensacola M Adult 33 Irishman of Pensacola.

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 477 David Murphy 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 478 John Murphy 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

479 Richard Murrald 1766 July 29 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

480 Peter Murray 1765 October 3 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

481 William Murray 1766 October 25 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

482 James Musto 1771 June 23 Pensacola Flux M Matthew Mary 37 Full name is James Moses Musto. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

483 Jose Antonio Navarro 1784 February 5 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Sergeant Adult 23 From Grenada.

Died in Pensacola Hospital. From Leigh, Lancashire. Sailor 484 James Neild 1781 July ? Pensacola M Mentor Sailor/ Steward Adult 29 on the Mentor.

485 Robert Nelson 1766 September 28 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

1765 to 486 Nesbitt 1767 Pensacola F 31st Regiment of Foot Adult 5

487 Robert Nickle 1766 December 18 or 21 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

Died of Illness in the Hospital at Pensacola. (Possibly the Johann Christian Nolte born 23 May 1757 in Buehle. If so, he was an Evangelical and Father was Johann Franz N; Mother 488 Christian Philipp Nolte 1779 July 7 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 1st Private ca. 24 Adult 24, 34 was Marie Magdalene).

Died as prisoner of war of Illness in the Hospital at Pensacola. 489 Johannes Nolte 1781 May 30 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 24 Adult 24, 34 Evangelical.

490 Thomas ? Obeir 1779 February 1 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

491 Hugo O'Conor 1781 May Pensacola M Adult 33 Irishman in army of Don Bernardo Galvez.

492 Trimoto O'Daly 1781 May 4 Pensacola M 36 Adult 33 Born Ireland 1745, cadet 1766.

493 Pablo Antonio Orgalley 1785 February 15 Pensacola M Infant 23

494 Eubule Ormsby 1764 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Adult 38

495 Osca 1785 December 26 Pensacola Infant 23

Major Gen. James Adolphus 496 John / George Osling 1765 August 11 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

497 Estevan Pachet 1785 July 16 Pensacola M La. Reg. 5th, 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Catalan. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

498 John Pane 1766 November 28 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Carlisle. Sailor on the 499 John Parker 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 Mentor.

500 George Parsons 1766 November 11 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

Sailor on the Atalanta. Born in London. Entered 501 William Parsons 1777 October 19 Pensacola M Atalanta Carpenter's Mate Adult 26, 54 service at the age of 20.

502 Gilbert Patterson 1765 September 5 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

503 Zachariah Payne 1779 February 8 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

504 David Peacock 1765 September 18 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

Servant Johann Sergeant / 505 Wilhelm Pelzhaenger 1780 August 27 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Batman Adult 24, 34

506 James Penney 1765 December 21 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

507 Manuel Penpinela 1780 February ? 4 Pensacola M Private Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

508 Thomas Peplon 1766 June 2 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Soldier Adult 25

509 Will Pepper 1779 January 26 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

510 William Perkins 1766 October 20 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

Dona Genoveva 511 Caleste Peteli 1793 June 7 Pensacola F Don Jose Peteli Sibilot 6 Child 23

From Alicante. Ayudante major of the 3rd batt. La Reg. 512 Jose Peteli 1791 December 1 Pensacola Suddenly M See comments See comments 40 Adult 23 (Assistant Major of the 3rd Batt.). Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

513 Estevan Peto 1793 June 7 Pensacola M 23

514 David Philips 1765 August 29 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

Andrew (21st 515 Levia Phillips 1768 November 13 Pensacola F Regiment) Adult 8, 37

516 William Phillips 1770 October 23 Pensacola Nervous Fever M Tryal Commander 46 Adult 9, 37 Esq., Commander of His Majesty's Sloop Tryal.

517 Santiago Piboto 1795 September 20 Pensacola M 23

518 William Pickerall 1765 August 24 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

1765 to 519 Pilott 1767 Pensacola Lieutenant Pilott 31st Regiment of Foot Child 5

520 Miguel Pineda 1781 March 1 Pensacola M Malefactors Adult 29 Passenger on the Mentor.

Combat / shot through the head 521 Joseph Pinhorn 1781 May / April ? / 12 Pensacola and instantly killed M Royal Foresters Lieutenant Adult 16, 47

522 Joseph Pinosse 1780 December 5 Pensacola M Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

523 Thomas Piplo 1766 June 2 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

524 Edward Poor 1768 December 4 Pensacola M Patrick 8, 37

525 Benjamin Porter 1768 August 30 Pensacola Drowned M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

Robert (16th 526 Mary Porter 1771 January 11 Pensacola Dropsy/ Scurvy F Regiment of Foot) Mary 4 Child 37

527 Francis Powell 1765 December 4 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

528 Henry Prattman 1779 February 6 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

Sailor on the Atalanta. Born in Bristol. Entered 529 Thomas Pratton 1777 January 17, 20 Pensacola M Atalanta Sailor Adult 26, 53 service at the age of 20.

530 Joseph Price 1765 August 19 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

531 Robert Price 1765 October 20 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

Pensacola / 532 Francisco Prima 1791 Mobile M Civilian 36 Internment payment Holy Visit 1791.

533 Geronimo Pris 1795 March 7 Pensacola M 23

534 Humphrey Proudly 1770 November 25 Pensacola M Adult 9, 37 Poor man found dead.

535 Anton Andreas Puoll 1780 July 18 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private Adult 24, 34 Born in Italy, Samariza.

536 Juillermo Querquer 1784 November 1 Pensacola M 23 From Ireland.

537 Pedro Quintana 1781 August 14 Pensacola M 23 Catalan.

538 Joseph Quinuner 1781 December 11 Pensacola M Sailor Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

ca. 10 Father George Raincock, Esqr. Member of his Majestys 539 Dorothy Raincock 1771 4 Pensacola Feaver / Flux F George Anne weeks Infant 37 Council.

540 Wilhelm Range 1779 August 17 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 5th Private ca. 39 Adult 24, 34 Evangelical.

541 Eleanor Reazon 1770 February 11 Pensacola F 8, 37

542 Charles Reid 1768 September 22 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Corporal Adult 8, 37 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Major Gen. James Adolphus 543 George Reid 1765 August 19 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

544 Thomas Reid 1766 February 4 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

545 Jakob Reuter 1780 February 7 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 31 Adult 24, 34 Evangelical.

546 Robert Rhodes 1765 November 19 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

547 Geronimo Ribera 1784 March 23 Pensacola Drowned M 23 Holds the title of Don. From Mahon.

548 Jayme Ribera 1785 November 11 Pensacola M Adult 23 From Mahon. Holds the title of Don.

549 Charles Richards 1766 March 3 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

1) Carlos Estur Chuard. 2) Juan 550 Maria Lucia Rigs 1794 June 18 Pensacola F More (Scotch). Adult 23 Widow.

551 James Ritchie 1778 December 14 Pensacola M Hound Sailor Adult 27, 48 Sailor on the Hound.

Vezino (spelt Vecino today) de esta Plaza. Resident of the 552 Juan Riuz 1785 September 22 Pensacola M 23 Plaza.

553 Juan Rivero 1784 August 14 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Canary Islands.

Sailor on the Port Royal. "Blowd up at the Advance Redoubt 554 Charles Robinson 1781 May 10 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 ". Listed as a surveyor or servant.

555 Edward Robinson 1768 September 8 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 8, 37

William (16th 556 John Robinson 1770 May 28 Pensacola M Regiment) Elizabeth 8, 37

557 Robert Robinson 1770 July 15 Pensacola M James Elizabeth 16th Regiment of Foot Infant 9, 37 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

558 William Robinson 1767 December 2 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Soldier Adult 25

559 William Robison 1779 February 20 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

560 Josef Rodreguez 1784 September 19 Pensacola M 10 Child 23

561 Juana Rodreguez 1784 October 23 Pensacola F Infant 23

562 Maria Josefa Rodreguez 1784 September 22 Pensacola F Infant 23

563 Estevan Rodriguez 1781 July 24 Pensacola M 23 From Canary Islands.

564 Francis Rodriguez 1781 November 20 Pensacola 2 months Infant 23 Middle name starts with a K. or an X.

565 Charles Rogers 1765 September 8 or 9 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

566 Josef Romere 1785 September 27 Pensacola M La. Reg. 3rd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Andaluz.

567 Juan Rosaut 1785 August 15 Pensacola M La. Reg. 2nd Battalion Sergeant Colonel Adult 23 From Toulouse.

568 Catherine Rose 1770 May 8 Pensacola F George Adult 8, 37

31st Regiment 569 Grace Rose 1769 March 25 Pensacola F Soldier's Wife Adult 8, 37

570 James Ross 1765 October 3 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Corporal Adult 5, 25

571 James Ross 1769 December 4 Pensacola M Attorney Adult 8, 37

572 Susanna Ross 1769 September 12 Pensacola F 31st Regiment of Foot Adult 8, 37 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

573 Walter Ross 1764 December 25 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Capt. Richard Allen's Soldier Adult 40

574 Blas Ruiz 1780 November 6 Pensacola M Sailor Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

575 Felipe Ruiz 1783 December 14 Pensacola M 23

Joseph (31st 576 Mary Ryley 1768 September 30 Pensacola F Regiment) Sarah 8, 37

577 Michael Sachs 1779 August 14 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private Adult 24, 34

578 John Sadler 1765 November 10 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

Holds the title of Don. Subteniente de granaderos 3rd bal. Reg Dona Peronila La. Native of Bursos. Children: Andres Saez, Juan, Rafael 579 Juan Saez 1793 June 24 Pensacola M Lavante See comments See comments Adult 23 and Heloisa y la Postume o Postumo.

580 Juan Salvador 1792 June 8 Pensacola M 23

1765 to Lieutenant 581 Sampson 1767 Pensacola F Sampson ? 31st Regiment of Foot Adult 5

1765 to Lieutenant 582 Sampson 1767 Pensacola Sampson 31st Regiment of Foot Child 5

583 Carlos Sanchez 1795 November 10 Pensacola M 23

584 Samuel Scamadine 1766 December 10 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

585 Willibald Schade 1779 August 29 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private Adult 24, 34

586 Philipp Schaeffer 1779 October 17 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Captain at arms ca. 26 Adult 24, 34 Evangelical.

587 Michael Schart 1779 May 11 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 29 Adult 24, 34 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

588 James / John Schaw 1765 August 2 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

Reformed. Tailor by trade. Was wounded in fighting in Dec. 589 Johannes Schmidt 1779 August 11 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private ca. 33 Adult 24, 34 1776, and later died of illness at Pensacola.

590 Franz Schneider 1779 14 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 5th Private Adult 24, 34

591 Leonhard Schreyer 1780 February 29 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 19 Adult 24, 34

Tilemann Arnold Evangelical. Had 4 children. After failing his examination to Henrich Justine Christine become the preacher at Freienhagen, he became a drunkard Schumacher. Gertrud Elisabeth and joined the 3rd regiment, leaving his wife and children in 592 Arnold Schumacher 1780 July 29 Pensacola Illness M Lawyer Schultheiss Wildstach Waldeck 4th Cadet ca. 35 Adult 24, 34 Germany. Died of illness in camp.

593 James Scott 1767 January 4 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

594 James Scott 1765 October 9 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

595 John Scott 1765 September 30 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

596 Robert Scott 1765 October 6 or 26 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

597 Daniel Shay 1779 August 19 Red Cliffs M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

United Pennsylvania and 598 Edward Sheerman 1780 January 25 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Walter Dulany's Private Adult 22 Enlisted with the Pennsylvania Loyalists.

599 John Shepherd 1765 August 16 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

600 John Shepherd 1765 October 6 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

1780 or 601 George Sheppard 1781 May 20 Pensacola M Mentor Marine Adult 29 Marine born as part of the complement on the Mentor.

602 James Shikston 1768 May 10 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Soldier Adult 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

603 William Shipley 1765 August 13 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

Major Gen. James Adolphus 604 John Siddaway 1765 October 15 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

605 Friedrich Siebert 1780 April 6 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 4th Private ca. 16 Adult 24, 34

606 Mathias Simon 1783 February 6 Pensacola M Reg. Inf. del Principe Soldier Adult 23 From Castile.

607 Thomas Simpson 1765 November 8 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

608 George Sinclair 1766 December 1 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

Master of a 609 James Slack 1768 July 5 Pensacola Drowned M Schooner Adult 8, 37

610 John Small 1766 January 17 Pensacola Nervous Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

611 Edward Smith 1766 November 14 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Private Adult 5, 25

612 George Smith 1766 August 11 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

613 Joseph Smith 1767 August 8 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Soldier Adult 25

614 Oladiah Smith 1779 February 2 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

615 Thomas Smith 1768 August 6 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Sergeant Adult 8, 25, 37

616 Randolph Smulling 1779 February 5 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Corporal Adult 20

617 Nathaniel ? Smulling 1779 February 2 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Hospital 618 Antonio Soler 1781 July 4 Pensacola M Practicante 23 From Ortiz ?

619 Andreas Sorg 1780 June 28 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 3rd Private Adult 24, 34

620 Edward Speakman 1765 August 3 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

United Pennsylvania and 621 Michael Spelsey 1780 February 23 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Sergeant Adult 22

Henry (16th 622 Diana Stedfast 1771 June 22 Pensacola F Regiment of Foot) Catherine 37

623 James Stedfast 1770 July 19 Pensacola M Henry Catherine Infant 9, 37

624 Judeth Stequet 1784 December 19 Pensacola F Adult 23 Widow. American.

625 Joseph Steuart 1770 August 4 Pensacola Flux/ Consumption M 9, 37

It is not certain if this murder occurred in Pensacola as Haldimand writes that he intends to summon Oldfield (Murder) 626 Stiner 1767 Pensacola Murder M Artillery Cannonier Adult 42 "here" to deliver him to civil authorities.

627 Jacobo Strok ? 1781 July 26 Pensacola M 23 French.

628 Charles Stuard 1782 January 4 Pensacola M Lucia Viks Adult 23 From Ireland.

United Pennsylvania and 629 Daniel Stuart 1780 February 25 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Capt. Kearney's Invalid Private Adult 22

630 John Stuart 1768 November 16 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Grenadier Adult 8, 37

Superintendent of 631 John Stuart 1779 March 21 Pensacola M Indian Affairs Adult 13, 14, 15

Sailor on the Atalanta. Born in Liverpoole. Entered 632 William Stuttle 1776 April 9 Pensacola M Atalanta Sailor Adult 26 service at the age of 42. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

633 Maria Suarez 1790 September 12 Pensacola F Antonio Casillas Adult 23, 36 Internment payment Holy Visit 1791.

634 Noble Sullivan 1779 February 3 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

635 Joseph Summerford 1765 August 12 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

636 Benjamin Summers 1779 February 5 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

637 Joseph Suthern 1765 August 8 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

638 Edmund Sutton 1769 March 8 Pensacola M 8, 37 Full name is Edmund William Sutton.

639 John Sutton 1769 November 5 Pensacola M Infant 8, 37

640 John Sweating 1768 March 23 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Soldier Adult 25

641 Edward Taylor 1766 January 15 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

642 George Taylor 1765 August 10 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

643 Michael Taylor 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. Sailor on the Mentor.

644 Samuel Taylor 1765 December 4 Pensacola Consumption M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Sergeant Adult 5, 25

Major Gen. James Adolphus 645 Adam Tennont 1765 August 12 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Corporal Adult 5, 25

646 Robert Tenpenney 1765 August 9 or 10 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

647 Paull Thacker ? 1765 June 12 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Capt. Robert Sherwood's Soldier Adult 40 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Boston, America. 648 James Thatcher 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 Sailor on the Mentor.

649 Griffith Thomas 1767 June 26 or 27 Pensacola Nervous Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

650 John Thomas 1765 August 9 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

651 William Thomas 1769 January 26 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Grenadier Adult 8, 37

652 William Thompson 1768 July 7 Pensacola M Richard Mary 31st Regiment of Foot Soldier 8, 37

653 Nathan Thornton ? 1779 January 28 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Private Adult 20

654 Richard Tinsley 1765 August 21 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Private Adult 5, 25

Anna Marie 655 Johann Henrich Todt 1779 October 22 Pensacola Illness M Johann Jost T. Fingerhut Waldeck 4th Sergeant ca. 56 Adult 24, 34 Lutheran.

656 Vicente Tortosa 1783 May 11 Pensacola M Reg. Principe Soldier 27 Adult 23

657 Juan Trapero 1784 January 21 Pensacola Drowned M 23 From Cordoba.

658 Leonhard Truebendoerfer 1779 June 3 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 5th Private ca. 19 Adult 24, 34

August / 659 John Tunks 1765 September 14 or 17 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. John Ross's Private Adult 5, 25

660 Isabella Turner 1769 February 18 Pensacola F Elizabeth 8, 37

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Charlestown, South 661 John Turner 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 Carolina. Sailor on the Mentor.

662 Richard Turner 1767 August 19 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Soldier Adult 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

Major Gen. James Adolphus 663 William Tythe 1765 September 2 Pensacola Malignant Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

William (Royal 664 Jane Underwood 1770 October 24 Pensacola Suddenly F Artillery) Elizabeth 9, 37

665 Alexander Urrie 1766 December 16 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Drummer Adult 5, 25

Evangelical. Killed by a cannonball in the Advanced Redoubt 666 Wilhelm Theodor Ursall 1781 May 4 Pensacola Combat M Waldeck 3rd Ensign ca. 26 Adult 24, 34 at Pensacola.

667 Valdespina 1790 March 23 Pensacola M Don Antonio Child 23

668 Thomas Vallame 1765 August 8 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Hodgson's Private Adult 5, 25

669 Robert Vauly 1765 February 23 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

670 Francis Vignoles 1769 July 25 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Captain Adult 8, 37

Konrad Albrecht 671 Karl von Horn 1780 July 19 Pensacola Illness M von Horn Waldeck 5th Ensign Adult 24, 34, 35 Died in Pensacola and "was buried next day."

672 Rich Voyce 1765 February 12 Pensacola M 35th Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 40

673 John Wainwright 1770 October 2 Pensacola Consumption M 16th Regiment of Foot Soldier Adult 9, 37

674 John Walch 1765 August 20 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Francis Vignoles's Soldier Adult 25

675 Joel Walker 1765 December 21 Pensacola Nervous Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

676 John Walker 1781 May 29 Pensacola M Port Royal Sailor Adult 28 Sailor on the Port Royal. Died in the hospital in Pensacola.

677 John Walmsley / Wamslow 1765 July / August 19 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Corporal Adult 5, 25 Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

678 William Walton 1780 December 17 Pensacola M Hound Marine Adult 41, 48 Sailor on the Hound.

679 Robert Wanno 1771 March 17 Pensacola Accidental Death M 16th Regiment of Foot Adult 37

Robert (16th 680 Elenor Wans 1770 July 21 Pensacola F Regiment of Foot) Catherine Child 9, 37

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 681 James Ward 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Vacant Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

682 John Ward 1765 August 19 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 683 William Warden 1781 May 6 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Capt. Joseph Swift's Sergeant Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

684 Thomas Waterfield 1768 July 29 Pensacola M Shipwright Adult 8, 37

685 Leonhard Weitner 1779 December 4 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck 2nd Private Adult 24, 34

686 James Westwater 1778 October 17 Pensacola M Hound Cook/Sailor Adult 27 Sailor on the Hound.

687 Henry Whaley 1779 February 7 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

688 Joseph Wheeler 1765 February 23 Pensacola M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. George Maxwell's Soldier Adult 25

689 Ann White 1770 April 18 Pensacola F John Mary 8, 37

690 John White 1768 August 31 Pensacola M Laboring Man Adult 8, 37

Commissary of 691 Robert White 1774 November 8 Pensacola M Stores Adult 32 This is the date of the will, not of death.

692 Thomas White 1766 Pensacola M Adult 33 Resident of "Peninsula" (Gulf Breeze). Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

693 John White, Sr. 1770 May 21 Pensacola M Carpenter Adult 8, 37 John White, Senior.

694 Thomas Whiteside 1765 August 27 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Thomas Varlo's Private Adult 5, 25

5th, transferred to 3rd on Catholic. Hunter by trade. Died of illness in the hospital at 695 Josef Thomas Wieser 1781 April 15 Pensacola Illness M Waldeck Dec. 1779. Private ca. 52 Adult 24, 34 Pensacola.

696 Mary Williams 1791 February 14 Pensacola F William Williams Adult 18

Killed in the Redoubt, Pensacola. From Kingswood. Sailor on 697 Stephen Williams 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Mentor Sailor Adult 29 the Mentor.

698 Elijah Willson 1765 August 12 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Major Edward Bromley's Private Adult 5, 25

699 John Willson 1765 August 12 Pensacola Billious Feaver M 31st Regiment of Foot Capt. Archibald Hamilton's Private Adult 5, 25

Major Gen. James Adolphus 700 Richard Willson 1766 November 19 Pensacola Scurvy M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

Major Gen. James Adolphus 701 Thomas Willson 1765 November 12 Pensacola Dropsy M 31st Regiment of Foot Oughton's Private Adult 5, 25

Thomas (16th 702 Margaret Wilson 1770 September 26 Pensacola F Regiment of Foot) Anne Infant 9, 37

703 Carlos Winkelmahm 1782 January 9 Pensacola M 20 Adult 23 From Hamburg.

Although no year is listed on the muster roll, 8 May 1781 is the day the Advanced Redoubt blew up in Pensacola. As this man and several others from the PA Loyalists died on this same 704 John Winters 1781 May 8 Pensacola M Pennsylvania Loyalist Vacant Private Adult 21 day, 1781 is likely the year these men were killed.

705 James Woods 1766 January 7 Pensacola Dysentrey M 31st Regiment of Foot Lt. Col. Ralph Walsh's Private Adult 5, 25

706 Levi Woods 1779 January 20 Pensacola M Maryland Loyalist Volunteer Adult 20

707 Josef Yber 1785 December 24 Pensacola M La. Reg. 3rd Battalion Soldier Adult 23 From Barcelona. Death Place of Source First Name Last Name Death Year Death Month Day Death Cause of Death Sex Father's Name Mother's Name Spouse's Name Regiment Company / Ship Occupation Age Maturity Number Comments

708 Pedro Yglesia 1795 December 30 Pensacola M 23

709 Antonio Zalaver 1781 Pensacola M Private Adult 29 A Spanish Prisoner on the Mentor.

El Tio Antonio (Uncle 710 Antonio) 1791 September 21 Pensacola M 70 Adult 23 Native of Genoa.

711 Fortunada Maria 1795 April 20 Pensacola F Don Juan Losada 2 Child 23

Sergeant 712 Gregoria Francisca 1795 March 17 Pensacola F Dominguez 23

713 Jose 1784 September 28 Pensacola M Sailor Adult 23

Sargente 714 1795 September 21 Pensacola M (Seargent) Adult 23

715 Joseph Smart 1766 January 19 Pensacola M Active Boatswain Adult 50

716 John Edkin 1765 January 8 Pensacola M Alarm Sailor Adult 51

717 Thomas Hambly 1765 February 6 Pensacola M Alarm Sailor Adult 51

718 James Cotter 1765 April 17 Pensacola M Alarm Sailor Adult 51

719 James Morgan 1765 May 23 Pensacola M Alarm Sailor Adult 51

720 James Allen 1765 September 15 Pensacola M Alarm Marine Adult 52

721 Robert Shey 1777 March 13 Pensacola M Atalanta Sailor Adult 53

722 James Watson 1777 November 13 Pensacola M Atalanta Boatswain Adult 54

APPENDIX 10.B

Full Bibliography for Deaths in Pensacola Database 1763-1821

APPENDIX 10.B

Source Full Bibliography for Deaths in Pensacola Database 1763-1821 (see Appendix 10.A) Number Johnstone, George. Letter from Governor George Johnstone to “My Lord,” written 31 October 1764. UWF, John C. Pace Library, 1 Special Collections, CO 5/582, pp. 242-251. Walsh, Ralph. Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Walsh to Haldimand, written 21 October 1765. UWF, John C. Pace Library, 2 Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 8, Section 21677, pp. 32a-33a. Johnstone, George. Letter from Governor George Johnstone to Henry Seymour Conway, written 23 June 1766. UWF, John C. Pace 3 Library, Special Collections, CO 5/583, pp. 609-620. Walsh, Ralph. Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Walsh to Haldimand, written 26 June 1766. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special 4 Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 8, Section 21677, pp. 47a-48a. Return of the Commissioned Officers, NonCommissioned Officers, Privatemen, Women, & Children that are dead since 25th July 1765 of His Majesty’s 31st Regiment of Foot, Pensacola, written 10 July 1767. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, 5 Haldimand Papers, Reel 6, Section 21673, pp. 16-19a. Haldimand, Federick. Letter from General Frederick Haldimand to General Thomas Gage, written 1 September 1767. UWF, John C. 6 Pace Library, Special Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 2, Section 21663, pp. 104-107aa. Browne, Monfort. Letter from Lieutenant Governor Monfort Browne to the Earl of Shelburne, written 29 September 1767. UWF, 7 John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/585, pp. 1-4. Durnford, Elisa. Letter from Lieutenant Governor Elias Durnford to “My Lord,” written 9 June 1770. UWF, John C. Pace Library, 8 Special Collections, CO 5/587, pp. 319-330. Chester, Peter. Letter from Governor Peter Chester to “My Lord,” written 14 March 1771. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special 9 Collections, CO 5/588, pp. 131-140. Chester, Peter. Letter from Governor Peter Chester to the Earl of Hillsborough, written 25 August 1771. UWF, John C. Pace Library, 10 Special Collections, CO 5/588, pp. 305-306. 11 None: Gentleman's Magazine, 46: 483. 1776. Johnstone, George. Letter from Governor George Johnstone to Henry Seymour Conway, written on 13 March 1776. UWF, John C. 12 Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/583, pp. 21-23. Campbell, John. Letter from Brigadier General John Campbell to George Germain, written 22 March 1779. UWF, John C. Pace 13 Library, Special Collections, CO 5/597, pp. 17-28. Capmbell, John. Letter from Brigadier General John Campbell to George Germain, written 7 April 1779. UWF, John C. Pace Library, 14 Special Collections, CO 5/597, pp. 161,167,165. APPENDIX 10.B

Source Full Bibliography for Deaths in Pensacola Database 1763-1821 (see Appendix 10.A) Number Cameron, Alexander. Letter from Alexander Cameron to General Haldimand, written 15 July 1779, UWF, John C. Pace Library, 15 Special Collectios, Haldimand Papers, Reel 53, Section 21777, pp. 143-145. Campbell, John. Letter from Brigadier General John Campbell to an unknown recipient, written 10 May 1781. UWF, John C. Pace 16 Library, Special Collections, CO 5/597, pp. 711-720. 17 Rightmyer, Thomas. Personal Communication. 2006. 18 None: Gentleman's Magazine, 61 (1): 189. 1793. 19 None: Gentleman's Magazine, 63 (2): 767. 1793. Maryland Loyalist Muster Rolls. Library and Archives Canada, Ontario, “C” Series, Reel C4223, Record Group 8, Volume 1904, pp. 20 298-351. Pennsylvania Loyalists Muster Rolls. Library and Archives Canada, Ontario, “C” Series, Reel C4224, Record Group 8, Volumes 21 1906-1907. United Pennsylvania and Maryland Loyalists Muster Rolls. Library and Archives Canada, Ontario, “C” Series, Reel C4224, Record 22 Group 8, Volume 1907. San Miguel de Panzacola parish registers and correspondence. John Gilmary Shea Papers, Box 15, Folder 34, Georgetown University 23 Library, Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C. Waldeck Regimental Lists . UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, Bruce Burgoyne Papers, box 2 (2/84), folder 5, 24 Introduction, pp. 1-65. 25 Muster Rolls of the 31st Regiment of Foot for 25 December 1764 to 24 June 1768. TNA: PRO WO 12/4648. 26 Muster Rolls of His Majesty’s Ship the Atalanta from 1 May 1777 to 24 July 1778. TNA: PRO ADM 36/9045. 27 Muster Rolls of His Majesty’s Ship the Hound from 1 March 1780 to 31 October 1780. TNA: PRO ADM 36/9905. 28 Muster Rolls of His Majesty’s Ship the Port Royal from 1 March 1780 to 30 April 1780. TNA: PRO ADM 36/10140. 29 Muster Rolls of His Majesty’s Ship the Mentor from 1 May 1780 to 30 June 1780. TNA: PRO ADM 36/10398. Will of Simon Amory, Gentleman of Pensacola in the Province of West Florida, America. 20 November 1766. PROB 11/923, Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Tyndal Quire Number 381-431, National Archives, United Kingdom. 30 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk Will of Isaac Mendes of Pensacola West Florida, North America. 21 July 1769. PROB 11/950, Records of the Prerogative Court of 31 Canterbury, Bogg Quire Number 242-292, National Archives, United Kingdom. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk APPENDIX 10.B

Source Full Bibliography for Deaths in Pensacola Database 1763-1821 (see Appendix 10.A) Number Will of Robert White, Commissary of Stores at Pensacola in West Florida of London. 8 November 1774. PROB 11/1002, Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Bargrave Quire Number 372-417, National Archives, United Kingdom. 32 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk 33 Andrews, Johnnie Jr. Pensacola Colonials 1559-1821. Bienville, Louisiana: Bienville Historical Society, 2006. Burgoyne, Bruce. Brief Biographies (Mini- Bios) of Waldeck Soldiers: The Men of the 3 rd English-Waldeck Regiment. Dover, 34 Delaware: B.E. Burgoyne, 1989. Burgoyne, Bruce. Eighteenth Century America: A Hessian Report on the People, the Land, the War as Noted in the Diary of 35 Chaplain Philipp Waldeck (1776-1780). Bowie, MA: Heritage Books, 1994. Coker, Wiliam S. and G. Douglas Inglis. The Spanish Censuses of Pensacola, 1784-1820: A Genealogical Guide to Spanish 36 Pensacola. Pensacola: Perdido Bay Press, 1980. De Ville, Winston. British Burials and Births on the Gulf Coast: Records of the Church of England in West Florida, 1768-1770 . 37 Ville Platte, Louisiana: American Society of Genealogists, 1986. Trimen, Richard. An Historical Memoir of the 35th Royal Sussex Regiment of Foot . Southampton, England: Southampton Times 38 Newspaper & Printing & Publishing Co., Ltd., 1873. Burton, Ivor F. British Army Lists 1740-1784. Department of Social Policy and Social Science Bedford College. London: University 39 of London, n.d. 40 Muster Rolls of the 35th Regiment of Foot for 25 December 1764 to 24 June 1765. TNA: PRO WO 12/4949/2. 41 Muster Rolls of His Majesty’s Ship the Hound from 1 November 1780 to 6 August 1781. TNA: PRO ADM 36/9906. Letter from General Frederick Haldimand to General Thomas Gage, written 17 July 1767. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special 42 Collections, Haldimand Papers, Reel 2, Section 21663, pp. 97-98a. Royal Anglican Regiment History Committee 1986: The Story of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (The 16th Regiment 43 of Foot) . n.p.

44 Inhabitants of Pensacola to the King, written 12 May 1769. UWF, John C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/586, pp.199-202. Browne, Monfort. Letter from Lieutenant Governor Monfort Browne to the Earl of Hillsborough, written 13 May 1769. UWF, John 45 C. Pace Library, Special Collections, CO 5/586, pp. 123-126, 129, 134.

46 Cort, Cyrus. Colonel Henry Bouquet and His Campaigns of 1763 and 1764. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Steinman and Hensel, 1883. APPENDIX 10.B

Source Full Bibliography for Deaths in Pensacola Database 1763-1821 (see Appendix 10.A) Number Braisted, Todd W. A History of the Provincial Corps of Pennsylvania Loyalists (in 7 parts), Electronic document, 47 www.royalprovincial.com, accessed November 26, 2007. 48 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Hound from 24 July 1777 to 3 April 1779. TNA: PRO ADM51/463. 49 Master’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Port Royal from 7 April 1780 to 28 February 1781. TNA: PRO ADM52/1971. 50 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Active from 7 August 1763 to 8 June 1767. TNA: PRO ADM51/5. 51 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Alarm from 8 May 1764 to 21 June 1765. TNA: PRO ADM51/3757. 52 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Alarm from 22 June 1765 to 29 April 1766. TNA: PRO ADM51/3757. 53 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Atalanta from 30 August 1776 to 31 August 1777. TNA: PRO ADM 51/ 75. 54 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Atalanta from 1 August 1777 to 23 July 1778. TNA: PRO ADM 51/ 75. 55 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Carysfort from 28 January 1770 to 30 April 1771. TNA: PRO ADM51/168. 56 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Daphne from 19 April1777 to 24 March 1778. TNA: PRO ADM51/277. 57 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Diana from 20 October 1770 to 17 December 1773. TNA: PRO ADM51/247. 58 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Druid from 3 December 1767 to 31 December 1768. TNA: PRO ADM51/277. 59 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Druid from 1 January 1769 to 31 December 1769. TNA: PRO ADM51/277. 60 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Druid from 9 October 1778 to 22 September 1779. TNA: PRO ADM51/277. 61 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Ferret from 30 January 1766 to 13 July 1767. TNA: PRO ADM51/352. 62 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Lowestoffe from 15 June 1769 to 12 May 1773. TNA: PRO ADM51/557. 63 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Prince Edward from 24 November 1764 to 29 May 1766. TNA: PRO ADM51/917. 64 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Renown from 11 March 1768 to 11 March 1769. TNA: PRO ADM51/776. 65 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Solebay from 1 September 1778 to 31 August 1779. TNA: PRO ADM51/909. 66 Captain’s Log of His Majesty’s Ship the Tartar from 1 January 1765 to 5 June 1766. TNA: PRO ADM51/972.

APPENDIX 10.C

Total Number of Named Deaths by Year

APPENDIX 10.C YEAR Total Number of Named Deaths by Year 1761 1 1764 6 1765 176 1766 52 1767 26 1768 45 1769 23 1770 47 1771 22 1772 1 1774 1 1775 2 1776 2 1777 6 1778 9 1779 73 1780 46 1781 77 1782 7 1783 9 1784 26 1785 21 1786 4 1787 2 1788 2 1789 3 1790 8 1791 12 1792 4 1793 11 1794 7 1795 13 1810 1 1816 1 1819 1 1765-1767 8 1780 or 1781 1 UNKNOWN 1 Total: 757 Named Deaths

APPENDIX 11

19th century newspaper report of unmarked burials encountered northwest of St.

Michael's Cemetery

Forms and Survey Log

Historical Cemetery Form, Florida Master Site File

Survey Log Sheet

Table of Contents