Managerial Practices Influencing Integration of Information Communication Technology in In-Service Programmes at Police Training Institutions in Kenya
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MANAGERIAL PRACTICES INFLUENCING INTEGRATION OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN IN-SERVICE PROGRAMMES AT POLICE TRAINING INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA Abraham Mugambi Nkingo A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Education in Educational Administration University of Nairobi 2016 DECLARATION ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my beloved wife, Zipporah Kanyuah Gaicima; my lovely daughter, Vannenciah Gaceri; my sons Mordecai Msindi and Sylvistine Hakimu; and to my dear parents, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Nkingo Kimake. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I would like to thank the Almighty God for his provision, grace, and for giving me patience, good health and courage which was very necessary during this study. Secondly, I sincerely owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisors and academic mentors Professor Winston J. Akala and Dr Jeremiah M. Kalai for their immense support, guidance, patience and understanding from the beginning to the end of this study. Special thanks to Professor G.Wanjala and Dr Ibrahim Khatete who encouraged me to register for a Doctoral programme. Thanks also to all the Members of staff University of Nairobi, Department of Educational Administration and Planning and school of Education teaching staff for their contribution and professional advice. I am indebted to the Deputy Inspector General of Kenya Police Service who approved my academic scholarship. I am also grateful to my workmates who accorded me moral support, time and encouragement during my study. In particular, I appreciate Mr. Charles Mumanthi, Ms Zipporah G. Mboroki and Mr. Leonard Katana, who were my supervisors at Police Headquarters. Thank you so much for the support accorded me. My gratitude also goes to the Directorate of Criminal Investigations, Commandant Kenya Police College Kiganjo and the Commandant General Service Unit for allowing me to carry out the study in their respective Police training institutions. I want to thank all my research assistants, the study participants and respondents, who included instructors in the three police training institutions, the trainees and various administrators who provided valuable information to my study. Thank you all for your cooperation and assistance. In a very special way, I would like to thank all my family members and friends for their moral support and encouragement throughout my academic journey which was not only very demanding but also challenging. In particular, I would like to acknowledge the support of the love of my life, Zipporah Kanyuah, my only daughter, Ms Vannenciah Gaceri, and my sons, Mordecai Msindi and Sylvistine Hakimu, who prayed, encouraged and made me smile even when things were tough. Thank you for being understanding and for enduring my absence when I should have been with you. iv And to Nahashon Kathenya, Christine Kananu, Symon Muthomi, Purity Kawira, Nahaman Murage, Nicholas Mwangi, Dorcas Muthoni and Christopher Mugwiria, thank you for every kind word of encouragement you offered me. A very special appreciation to my father, Mr Robert Nkingo Kimake, and mother, Mrs Isabella Karimi Nkingo, for modelling hard work, endurance and determination to me from a very tender age. I appreciate you so much for laying my strong academic foundation that has yielded this achievement. It is practically impossible to mention you all by names but I thank you for the support you accorded me to make this work a success. I owe this success to you all. May God bless immensely you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration...............................................................................................................ii Dedication.............................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgement...................................................................................................iv List of figures ........................................................................................................xiii Abbreviations and acronyms...................................................................................xv Abstract.................................................................................................................xvi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the problem ..............................................................................8 1.3 The Purpose of the Study ..............................................................................9 1.4 Research Objectives......................................................................................9 1.5 Research hypothesis......................................................................................9 1.6 Significance of the study .............................................................................10 1.7 Limitations of the study...............................................................................11 1.8 Delimitations of the study ...........................................................................12 1.9 Assumptions of the study ............................................................................12 1.10 Definition of significant terms.....................................................................12 1.11 Organisation of the study ............................................................................13 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................15 2.2 Concept of police in-service training...........................................................15 2.3 Involvement of employees in formulation of ICT integration policies .........17 2.4 Instructional supervision and integration of ICT..........................................20 2.5 Involvement of employees in development of in-service training programmes and ICT integration ......................24 2.6 Provision of ICT infrastructure and ICT integration ....................................26 2.7 Summary of reviewed literature ..................................................................29 2.8 Theoretical framework ................................................................................30 2.9 Conceptual framework................................................................................33 vi CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................37 3.2 Research design ..........................................................................................37 3.3 Target population........................................................................................38 3.4 Sample size and sampling procedure...........................................................39 3.5 Research instruments ..................................................................................41 3.5.1 Questionnaires ............................................................................................41 3.5.2 Interview schedule ......................................................................................43 3.5.2 Observation guides......................................................................................44 3.6 Instruments validity ....................................................................................44 3.7 Instruments reliability .................................................................................45 3.8 Data collection procedures ..........................................................................46 3.9 Operationalization and Measurement of Variables ......................................47 3.10 Data analysis techniques .............................................................................49 3.11 Ethical considerations .................................................................................50 CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................52 4.2 Response rate..............................................................................................52 4.3 Instructors and trainees demographic and ICT proficiency information .......54 4.3.1 Gender distribution .....................................................................................55 4.3.2 Distribution of instructors and trainees by age.............................................56 4.3.3 Education levels for instructors and trainees................................................57 4.3.4 Instructors’ working experience ..................................................................57 4.3.5 Instructors and trainees ICT proficiency......................................................58 4.3.6 Hypothesis testing of instructors ICT proficiency........................................58 4.4 Formulation of ICT policies by police officers ............................................60 4.4.1 Involvement of instructors and trainees in ICT policies formulations ..........61 4.4.2 Implementation of ICT policies on police training.......................................69 4.4.3 ICT policies and integration of ICT in police training..................................72 4.4.4 The relationship between police involvement in ICT policies and integration of ICT in police training ............................................................75