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Urszán József Urszán József A rendőri komponens szerepe az EU civil válságkezelő műveleteiben a Nyugat-Balkánon Politikatudományi Intézet Témavezető: Prof. Dr. Halász Iván PhD © Urszán József Budapesti CORVINUS Egyetem Politikatudományi Doktori Iskola A rendőri komponens szerepe az EU civil válságkezelő műveleteiben a Nyugat-Balkánon PhD értekezés Urszán József Budapest, 2016 2 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK BEVEZETÉS ................................................................................................................................. 5 ALAPFOGALMAK .................................................................................................................. 9 KUTATÁSI ELŐZMÉNYEK ................................................................................................. 21 A DISSZERTÁCIÓ MÓDSZERTANI ALAPJAI .................................................................. 30 1. AZ ELSŐ VÁLSÁGREAGÁLÓ MŰVELETEK A BALKÁNON .................................... 35 1.1. Nemzetközi rendfenntartás a krétai konfliktus idején (1897-1898) ............................. 35 1.2. A macedón reformakció (1903-1908) .......................................................................... 39 1.3. A szkutari incidens és az albán csendőrség reformja (1913-1914) .............................. 46 1.4. A három korai nyugat-balkáni béketámogató misszió összehasonlítása ..................... 50 2. A MODERN VÁLSÁGREAGÁLÓ MŰVELETEK RENDŐRI KOMPONENSE AZ ENSZ GYAKORLATÁBAN ................................................................................................................. 53 2.1. Az ENSZ békefenntartó műveletei és a rendőri funkciók ellátása ............................... 53 2.2. Az ENSZ békefenntartó misszióinak rendőri komponense ......................................... 56 2.3. A nemzetközi közösség fegyveres beavatkozásai a délszláv konfliktus idején ........... 63 2.4. Az EUFOR ALTHEA Integrált Rendőri Egység és a magyar szerepvállalás ............. 66 2.5. Összefoglalás ............................................................................................................... 69 3. AZ EU CIVIL VÁLSÁGKEZELÉSÉNEK JOGI–POLITIKAI ALAPJAI ÉS A NYUGAT- BALKÁNI KÖRNYEZETE ........................................................................................................ 72 3.1. Az EU demokratikus államépítő szerepvállalása a Nyugat-Balkánon ......................... 72 3.2. Az EU kiemelt stabilizációs és fejlesztési támogatásai, programjai ............................ 76 3.3. Nyugat-balkáni országok helyzete a demokratikus átmenetben és a csatlakozási folyamatban.............................................................................................................................. 80 4. AZ EU CIVIL VÁLSÁGKEZELŐ MISSZIÓK RENDŐRI KOMPONENSEI A NYUGAT-BALKÁNON ............................................................................................................. 97 4.1. Az EU civil válságkezelő szakpolitika fejlődése és intézményrendszere .................... 97 4.2. Rendőri komponens és fő funkcióik az EU civil válságkezelő misszióiban .............. 104 5. AZ EUPM BIH RENDŐRI MISSZIÓ ............................................................................... 109 5.1. Az EUPM misszió előzményei .................................................................................. 109 5.2. Az EUPM BiH megalapítása és politikai mandátuma ............................................... 115 5.3. Az EUPM BiH műveleti tevékenysége ...................................................................... 120 5.4. Magyar rendőrök az EUPM BiH misszióban............................................................. 128 5.5. Az EUPM BiH rendőri komponens tapasztalatai ....................................................... 129 3 6. AZ EUPOL PROXIMA/EUPAT MISSZIÓK RENDŐRI KOMPONENSE .................... 132 6.1. Az EUPOL PROXIMA/EUPAT misszió előzményei ............................................... 132 6.2. A PROXIMA misszió politikai mandátuma .............................................................. 136 6.3. A PROXIMA rendőri komponense ............................................................................ 137 6.4. Az EUPOL PROXIMA és az EUPAT ....................................................................... 143 6.5. Magyar rendőrök az EUPOL PROXIMA misszióban ............................................... 144 6.6. Az EUPOL PROXIMA/EUPAT rendőri komponens tapasztalatai ................................ 145 7. AZ EULEX MISSZIÓ RENDŐRI KOMPONENSE ........................................................ 149 7.1. Az EULEX misszió előzményei - az UNMIK rendőri komponense ......................... 149 7.2. Az EULEX misszió létrehozása és politikai mandátuma .......................................... 163 7.3. Az EULEX rendőri komponens szervezeti felépítése és tevékenysége ..................... 167 7.4. Magyar rendőrök az EULEX misszióban .................................................................. 175 8. A RENDŐRI KOMPONENSEK EMPIRIKUS KUTATÁSI EREDMÉNYEI .................... 177 ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS ÉS AZ ELÉRT TUDOMÁNYOS EREDMÉNYEK ............................... 189 IRODALOM .......................................................................................................................... 207 FELHASZNÁLT DOKUMENTUMOK JEGYZÉKE .......................................................... 220 FÜGGELÉK .............................................................................................................................. 222 RÖVIDÍTÉSEK JEGYZÉKE ................................................................................................ 222 TÁBLÁZATOK JEGYZÉKE .................................................................................................... 227 MELLÉKLET ........................................................................................................................ 241 A SZERZŐ TÉMÁBAN MEGJELENT PUBLIKÁCIÓI ......................................................... 254 4 BEVEZETÉS1 A többnemzetiségű személyzettel végrehajtott, válságövezeteket érintő békefenntartó (peace-keeping), államépítő (state-building) és nemzetközi civil/polgári válságkezelő (civilian crisis management) műveletek különösen a kétpólusú világrend felbomlását követően indultak dinamikus fejlődésnek. Az államépítés politikatudományi megközelítésben egy az államelméletből kölcsönzött kifejezés, amely egy működő állam létrehozásának folyamatát jelenti. A fogalom mindenekelőtt a nyugat-európai államok kialakulásával kapcsolatban merült fel, olyan intézményes struktúra megalkotására hivatkozva, amely eredményeként garantálható a meghatározott földrajzi terület és népesség feletti főhatalom törvényes gyakorlása, beleértve az erőszak alkalmazásának állami monopóliumát (Tilly 1975: 601). A civil válságkezelés mint béketámogató módszer, a korábban kizárólag katonai erővel végrehajtott békefenntartás alternatívájaként már az 1960-as években megjelent az Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete (továbbiakban: ENSZ) tevékenységében, de fejlődésnek igazán az 1990-es évektől indult (Kaspesen–Sending 2005: 9). E korábban túlnyomórészt megfigyelő nemzetközi katonai jelenlét mellett, illetve helyett a működésképtelen állami intézményrendszert helyettesítő átmeneti nemzetközi igazgatást (interim administration) megvalósító, végrehajtó feladatokat is ellátó civil közreműködés iránt egyre határozottabb igény jelent meg a konfliktusokkal sújtott országokban. A kiszolgáltatott civil lakosság jogainak védelme, a közbiztonság, a közszolgáltatások és a jogállamiság nemzetközi közreműködéssel történő helyreállítása egyre jelentősebb szerephez jutott a korábban egyeduralkodó katonai békefenntartás 1 A disszertáció megírását a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem TÁMOP-4.2.2/B-10/1/2010-0023 számú programja támogatta. 5 mellett. E sokrétű tevékenység számára elméleti keretet a civil válságkezelés koncepciója biztosít. Az Európai Unió (továbbiakban: EU) alig több mint egy évtizedes múltra visszatekintő civil válságkezelő missziók többnemzetiségű rendőri komponenseinek tudományos kutatása napjainkban még messze elmarad a katonai békefenntartás történetének feldolgozottságától. Az ENSZ, az Észak-atlanti Szerződés Szervezete (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, rövidítve NATO) és az EU által katonai erővel végrehajtott műveletek eddig publikált tapasztalatai – akár tudományos közleményekről, monográfiákról vagy a katonák személyes hangvételű visszaemlékezéseiről van szó – jelenleg sokféle idegen nyelven és eltérő tudományos színvonalon ugyan, de könyvtárat megtöltő mennyiségben érhetők el. Függetlenül attól, hogy a külföldi rendvédelmi szakemberek közreműködése a helyi válságok kezelésében és rendezésében számottevő múltra tekint vissza, e tevékenység jogi, intézményi és szakmai szempontú feldolgozottsága korántsem kielégitő. Szakirodalmi források igazolják, hogy a nyugat-balkáni békefenntartó és polgári válságkezelő missziók tapasztalatainak tudományos igényű feldolgozása során a szerzők előnyben részesítik a katonai aspektusokat. Habár az elmúlt évtizedben a rendőri komponens szerepe egyértelműen megerősödött, hiányoznak például az olyan átfogó, polgári válságkezelő műveleteket tematikusan, egy kötetben értékelő elemzések, mint amelyek katonai szempontból például a NATO balkáni műveleteiről készültek (Allin 2002: 7). Ugyancsak előnyös lenne a válságkezelő rendőri tevékenység alapfogalmait tisztázó, közérthető, a tudományos ismeretterjesztést és felsőoktatást egyaránt támogató olyan összefoglalás, mint amely az ENSZ békefenntartás tekintetében már elkészült (Bellamy–Williams
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