European Guidelines for Wine Cultural Landscape Preservation and Enhancement the VITOUR LANDSCAPE Project Is Part-Financed by the EU - E.R.D.F

AND ENHANCEMENT PRESERVATION LANDSCAPE FOR WINECULTURAL EUROPEAN GUIDELINES Edited by Giuliana Biagioli, MichèleEdited byBiagioli, Prats andJoachim Giuliana Bender with special regard to endaNgered areas andvineyards www.vitour.org

ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement The VITOUR LANDSCAPE project is part-financed by the EU - E.R.D.F. 2007-2013 – Objective 3 – Territorial Coo- peration Programme INTERREG IV C. The Interregional Cooperation Programme INTERREG IVC, financed by the European Union’s Regional Development Fund, helps Regions of Europe work together to share experience and good practice in the areas of innovation, the knowledge economy, the environment and risk prevention. EUR 302 million is available for project funding but, more than that, a wealth of knowledge and potential solutions are also on hand for regional policy-makers.

The content of this publication reflects the views of the au- thors. The Managing Authority of the INTERREG IVC is not responsible in any way for the use which might be made of the information contained therein. INDEX

4 Preface: The ViTour Landscape project and its partners (Giuliana Biagioli)

5-7 1. General Introduction 1.1. Cultural landscapes: definitions (Michèle Prats) 1.2. The structuring elements of the landscape according to inhabitants, public and private stakeholders: a view from the inside (Giuliana Biagioli) 1.3. The constituting elements of the winegrowing cultural landscapes according to the Vitour Landscape project: the construction of a “glocal” view. (Giuliana Biagioli)

8-15 2. The physical elements of the landscapes (Michael Schimek)

16-19 3. Ecological system (Francesco Marchese)

20-25 4. The agrarian/rural organisation of space, production and productivity: its characters (Giuliana Biagioli, Roberto Vezzosi)

26-32 5. Settlement development and architecture (Sara Scheer, Filinto Girão)

33-38 6. Accessibility and mobility (Jeanne Corthay, Emmanuel Estoppey)

39-45 7. Governance and Vineyard Cultural Landscapes (Myriam Laidet)

46-48 8. General Conclusions (Roberto Vezzosi)

49 Bibliography

50 ViTour Landscape project partners

51 Credits 4 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement interregional syndicatofVal deLoire. of theUNESCOsite,public engineerstructure, the least from theadministrativepointofview, theexistence of CinqueTerre inwhichtheNational Parkovercame, at (and ofcooperation)these organisms, from thecase So there isalsoaproblem andascaleofimportance or RegionalParksforothersites. interest) forVal d’Orcia, andalsothenumerous National Terre NationalPark,theANPIL(Protected area oflocal structures inorneartheUNESCOsites:seeCinque • Quite often, there are other protection types and the secondacentralisedone. – Neusiedlersee-twonations,thefirstafederalstate, ministrative districts,53Municipalities.AndagainFertö States with their federal laws, three Directions, five ad- Or thecaseofUpperMiddleRhineValley -twofederal being thethird largest wine-producing area ofFrance. rities andaconsistent number ofprivate stakeholders, Loire -tworegions, fourDepartments,161localautho- See, for the variety of situation, the case of the Val de sites ofsuchinstruments,structure andplans. nowadays under revision, or alack until now in some of the inscription of management structures and plans, vate stakeholdersandtheexistencefrom thebeginning cated dealingwithstate/regional/ local public andpri- • Thevarietyofsizemeansalsoamore orlesscompli- much smaller1.368hectares ofthe“core-zone” ofLavaux. a surfaceof2.943square kilometers, Loire Valley, tothe • There isagreat varietyaboutsites: nal andinternational-whichshouldprovide forthisitem. ment. Different alsoare thelawsandregulations –natio- tions which are in charge of their protection and enhance- they are ruleddifferently according tothevariousinstitu- in history, economic anddemographicstructures, and The cultural landscapes we are dealingwithare different (Giuliana Biagioli)(Giuliana The PR

First ofall,intermsdimension:from thelarger area, ViTour Land EF ACE scap e proje c

t gered sites. in progress, usefulfor otherprotected and/or endan- open laboratoryofexperiments ingoodpractices,still Our intention is to present the case of our sites as an are allWorld Heritage sites. as anexampleofgoodpractices inourguidelines:they strong linkbetweentheculturallandscapeswepropose Taking allthesedifferences intoaccount,there isavery sible todoafterwards. be donetogettheinscriptionandwhatwasreally pos- • Thisisafurtherproblem: whatitwaspromised would been reformulated orappeartoneedreformulation. the UNESCOplanshavebeenmade,theyrecently with theUNESCOaimsshouldbetested.Evenwhere instruments are present, butmaybetheircoherence Wachau andtheVal deLoire. Ofcourse,otherplanning 2012: thetwoItaliansitesCinqueTerre andVal d’Orcia, management planapproved byUNESCOApril ved byUNESCO.OnlyfourdidnothaveaUNESCO The majorityofthesiteshavemanagementplansappro - • There isavarietyofmanagement structures andplans. pressure inothersites. and/or thepopulationgettingolderandolder, orurban ticular, problems related todevelopmentinmanysites, legislation doesnotavoidallrisksandproblems. Inpar ring theenhancement.Butweknowverywellthatgood to thepreservation ofallsites, inmanycasesalsofavou- or regional andlocal,appears tobeadequateatleast • Thelegislativeframework,eitherEuropean ornational framework. regions, asinItaly)and more centralisedinstitutional tion (presence of the State but decentralised powers to Germany, Pico, Lavaux),sitesofasort“mixed”situa- a regional orevenmore localgovernment(asinAustria, analysis, betweensitesmore dependentonafederalor • There isanimportantdifference, whichneedsfurther and

it s par tners -

(Michèle Prats) limits of the natural environment they are established in.” sustainable land use, considering thecharacteristics and Cultural landscapesoftenreflectof specifictechniques the essentialanddistinctculturalelementsofsuchregions. geo-cultural region andalso fortheircapacitytoillustrate and oftheirrepresentativity intermsofaclearlydefined ted onthebasisbothoftheiroutstandinguniversalvalue ral forces, bothexternalandinternal.Theyshouldbeselec- environment andofsuccessivesocial,economiccultu- constraints and/oropportunitiespresented bytheirnatural settlement overtime,undertheinfluenceofphysical “They are illustrativeoftheevolutionhumansocietyand between humankindanditsnaturalenvironment. embraces adiversityofmanifestationstheinteraction cultural landscapes”.Theterm“culturallandscape” they are allontheWorld Heritagelist,andallas“living The commonfactorofthetenVITOURsitesisthat Treaty on PlantGenetic Resources for Foodand Agriculture are theConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD,1992), the especially inthemanagementof culturallandscapes:these implementation oftheWorld Heritageconvention,and ted sincethen,havealsotobe takenintoaccountinthe Other UNESCOconventions, whichhavebeenadop- and technologicalglobalisation. should be maintained against economic, social, cultural landscape diversitywasrecognised asaresource which After thewidespread disseminationofAgenda21, between humankindanditsnaturalenvironment. Heritage Convention,enhancingtheevolvinginteraction nable developmentintheimplementationofWorld and culture closertogether, withanewvisionofsustai- of thefirst“EarthSummit”inRio,order tobringnature by theWorld HeritageCommitteein1992,theveryyear This newcategory, theCulturallandscape,wasadopted with intangibleheritage • theassociativeculturallandscape,withastrong link time (whichisthecaseofVITOURlandscapes). bits significantmaterialevidenceofitsevolutionover nary process isstillinprogress. Atthesametimeitexhi- with thetraditionalwayoflife,andinwhichevolutio- social role incontemporary societycloselyassociated - acontinuinglandscapeisonewhichretains anactive - arelict (orfossil)landscape; • intentionally byman(suchasgardens andparks) • theclearlydefinedlandscapedesignedandcreated three categoriesofCultural landscapes: mentation oftheWorld Heritage convention,there are According tothe Operational Guidelines for the imple- 1.2.1. 1.2.1. The 1.1. 1. G 1 World Heritage Paper26World Heritage CulturalLandscapes AHandbookforConservation andManagement theorganically evolvedlandscape, withtwosub-categories: C ult

eneral UNESCO ural

land

vie w scap Intro es: definiti 1 gement, thebestchanceofsuccessonlongterm. their fullimplication.Itis,withassociationtothemana- more, nowadays,withthe inhabitants’ participationand authorities, withthe help oflocal experts, and more and the applicationfiles,whoare generallylocalpeople, as oftheirremarkable attributes are duetotheauthorsof by theState,initiativeandselectionofsites,aswell compulsory, and thoughthelistingproposal hasbeenmade respected. Butwemustbear inmindthatcandidacyisnot UICN andICOMOS,inorder toascertainthattheOUVis there isaprocess ofpermanentmonitoringbyUNESCO, being “outsider”and“topdown”criteria,especiallysince The UNESCOcriteriaare often presented andresented as which differ according tothecharacteristicsofsite. Each OUVisbasedonvariouscriteriaandattributes well astheauthenticityandintegrityofits“attributes”. Value” (OUV)forwhichthesitehasbeenselected,as management respecting the“OutstandingUniversal The World Heritage inscription brings the needfor or otherkindofagriculture. proportions, with architecture, towns, nature, meadows Lavaux, theotherlandscapesbeing“mixed”,indifferent been listedbythemselves:Tokaj, AltoDouro, Picoand UNESCO VITOURsites.Fourvineyards have the onlyfeature, noreventhemainfeature, ofthe ten In ourculturallandscapes,vineyards are notalways Promotion oftheDiversityCulturalExpressions (2005). gible CulturalHeritage(2003)andontheProtection and (2001), theConventionforSafeguarding oftheIntan- countries, notincludingAustria andGermany. rope. The convention has been signed by 30 European managing andplanninglandscapes throughoutEu- regional, nationalandinternational levelforprotecting, authorities toadoptpolicies andmeasuresatlocal, The EuropeanConventionaims toencouragepublic the qualityofpeople’slivingenvironment. urban, outstanding as wellordinary, that determine all typesoflandscapes,natural,rural,peri-urbanand and consolidationoftheEuropeanidentity.Itcovers and cultural heritage, contributing to human wellbeing that it is a basic component of the European natural that itcontributestotheformationoflocalculturesand landscape is an essential feature of human surroundings, October 2000bytheCouncilofEurope,recognisesthat pean Landscape Convention, adopted in Florence in Besides theUNESCOcorpusofconventions,Euro- C The 1.2.2. o nventi o n d s Europ o uc n

ean ti Land o scap n e

5 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 6 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement natural surroundings, the food, the family environment, viewed identifiedtheirintimate environment with“the In CinqueTerre, themajorityof the inhabitantsinter growers andinstitutionalstakeholders. site, halfamongordinary inhabitants,halfamongwine - Between 80to100interviewswere conductedforeach ject, CinqueTerre andTokaj, plustheSaint Emilion Landscape proof thesitesparticipatinginVitour - Let ustaketwoexamplesfrom aprevious enquiryontwo very divergent “views”from theinsideaswell. site beverydeep,butthere couldalsobedifferent and the viewsfrom outsideandfrom insidetheWorld Heritage social relations). Hence,notonlycouldthegapbetween mainly losing(atleastintermsoffreedom, qualityoflife, with a part ofthe population gaining (money) and the other present) are notequallydistributedamongtheinhabitants, and disadvantagesofinclusionintheWH(bothare always The disappointmentisevengreater whentheadvantages that there wouldbenosuch influxofmoneyforeverybody. which wasfollowedbydisappointmentwhentheyrealised ted aquasi-automaticeconomicreturn fortheirterritory, List wasfinallyconcededbyUNESCO,theysimplyexpec- decisively, and whentheinscriptiononWorld Heritage in questionwere therefore notreally consulted,atleastnot the lowerinstitutionallevels.Theinhabitantsofterritory government –thenationalstateandthenwentdownto cluded inthisanalysis,wasinitiatedatthehighestlevelsof tion, atleastforthemajorityofculturallandscapesin- nor implicit. In many cases the procedure for the inscrip- from theinscription,which are oftenneitherguaranteed ten the inhabitants expect some benefits for their territory criteria ofinscriptiontotheWorld HeritageList.Quiteof- not necessarilycorrespond, forinstance,totheUNESCO an intimaterelationship with theirlandscapewhichdoes habitants there canbedifferent views.The“natives”have institutions and/orofthevisitorsand“eyes”in- Moreover, between the “external eye” of the international disappearing; andthisisnotaneasytask. heritage in order tosave it from being destroyed or from need to invent new initiatives to re-use the patrimony them maynotbepresent anymore, sothere isanurgent but theeconomicandsocialstructures whichhavebuilt which makesthemauniqueandinestimableheritage, cultural landscapesare theresult ofcenturieshistory, a changingpopulation,economyorsociety. Infact,the vation of a WH site can be in conflict with the needs of ments undertakenwithUNESCOintermsofthepreser possibly atahigherlevel.Ontheotherhandcommit- nomic development,socialwelfare andqualityoflife,all daily lifeaccording totheirexpectationsintermsofeco- does notdeprivetheirinhabitantsoftherighttolive tories. TheirinclusioninUNESCO’s Word Heritagesites Cultural landscapesare deeplyanthropised, living terri- 2 1.2. 1.2. The t a vie Paysagesd’exception, paysages auquotidien.Uneanalyse comparativedes sitesviticoleseuropéens du Patrimoinemondial, coord. S.Briffaud- A.Brochot, 2010 o inhab w f s truc rom in it ant t uring s, pub s ide (Giuliana Biagioli)(Giuliana li

element c and 2 site. site. priv - - s o sometimes resembling ananonymouspostcard. the transformationoftheirterritory into“anotherplace” of the“culturallandscapeearnings”, willjustsuffer from case oftheabsenceapolicy ofsocialredistribution On theotherhand,apartof populationwhich,inthe the territoryisinitselfanaddedvaluefortheirbusiness. ducers and sellers, etc.)andforwhomthe protection of gaining from theprotection (touristoperators,winepro- case ofTokaj), butinallcases,there are localresidents only some benefits also for the local inhabitants (as in the first group could alsobepart ofanexternal area, with protection provided by the WH, with others losing. The categories immediatelyorpotentiallygainingfrom the sites atleast,isthatthere are, atthesametime,social emerging inourproject, certainlyforthetwoItalian The bigproblem, commontoanyprotected area, and social differences). the great wineproducers andthecauseofanincrease in majority of those interviewed as being in the interest of cial” ones (the criteria of UNESCO was identified by the landscape differ, but they are the opposite of the “offi- only do the opinions of the ordinary inhabitants on the In Tokaj, more than in Cinque Terre and Saint Emilion, not all, riversascommunitylinks,insteadofwinegrowing. richer innaturalresources andhistory:forests and,above in winegrowing represent theirlandscapeasbeingmuch cape. The inhabitantsinterviewedwhodonottakepart of itsinclusionintheWHasahistoricalwinegrowing lands- different representations ofthelandscapeandeffects producers andotherinhabitants clearlyemerged inthe non-winegrowing interests and a division between wine inscription as a winegrowing site was not accepted by the viewed, thesituationwasquitedifferent inTokaj. Here the accepted inCinqueTerre bytheallofinhabitantsinter While theUNESCOlabelanditscriteriawere more orless But there are muchmore importantproblems: tely thisisnotcompleteforalloursites. mate” landscapeappearsalsoinothercases;unfortuna- kind of evaluation belonging to the inhabitant’s “inti- Cultural Landscapes.Itisinteresting, however, thatthis cannot be introduced as criteria for inclusion in the WH Of course,thesun,seaandsmelloffood “slipping onCinqueTerre”. standardised presentation tovisitors,there isariskof asimpleand card enrichedbytheUNESCOlabel”.With problems. “You shouldnotpresent theplaceasapost- remained a superficial message which avoided the real nal, aestheticannouncementtovisitors,but,infact,it posed “beautifulviticulturallandscape”tobeanexter that anotherofthoseinterviewedconsidered thepro- was”, anditisworthconsideringthisagain,giventhefact of theoldestpeopleadded“nowitisnotastrue the sun,sea,mountain,andsoon”,whilstone a f te

the s t

ake land ho scap lders: e according - - as bytheconsumersoflocalproducts. Culturallands- Authenticity and diversity are required by tourists, as well globalisation”. against economic,social,cultural,andtechnological as a resource which should be guarded and maintained stated above,that“landscapediversitywasrecognised “uniqueness” ofalocalarea anditisforthisreason, as tion predominantly dependsonthe“authenticity”and sector isanexample).Ontheotherhand,inscrip- economic benefits(thegrowth increase inthetourism but also economic as a result of the arrival of immediate The inscription brings added value,notonly symbolic, and reveals anewheritagetoalleyesontheplanet. site, whichcannowbeseeneverywhere intheworld, ritories. Infact,theinscriptionshinesabeacononeach does, however, amplifytheirimpactontheinscribedter fers theeffects ofglobalfactorstothelocalsphere, it sense, althoughitisnottheinscriptionitselfwhichtrans- are affected bytheglobalisationphenomenon.In this The protected areas, aswithanyotherarea intheworld, of localpracticesfrom onesitetoanother. This istheaiminlastpartofourproject: thetransfer 3 1.3. The land t Paysagesd’exception, paysages auquotidien,p.19. h e co scap co n s t n es according ruc s tit ti uting o n o

element f a “

t gl o the oca s o - Vit a worldwideoriginandimportance. change, GMO,foodsafety, andsoon,allofwhichhave such topicsasgeneralsustainabledevelopment,climate tutions andplayersduringdiscussionsdebateson influenced by, globalviewsprepared bynon-localinsti- • Atthesametime,theseterritoriesreceive, andare area inrelation totherest oftheworld. tive totheglobal;itamplifiesuniquenessofasmall • Theinscription,infact,qualifiesthelocalspace rela- phenomenon ofglobalisation. construction ofanidentitythelocalspacewith well illustratestheconsubstantialityofprocess of Therefore, the policies relating to world heritage sites be integratedintotheirlocalidentity. to newglobalexpectationswhichmustcoexistwithand World Heritage,theirterritoriesmustadaptthemselves not beWH-but,atthesametime,theybecomepartof capes are local, unique places - otherwise they would A “glocal”view, therefore, isanecessity. as theyare supposedto be anexampleofexcellence. and accuratelyin the WH sites than in otherterritories, however, be applied,onalocalscale,more incisively l f ” vie

the our Land wine w. (Giuliana Biagioli)(Giuliana

g rowing scap e proje 3 Theseissuesmust, cult ural c t : ?? 7 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 8 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement producing specialisedtypesofwine(Tokaji Aszú). tances, whichwasthereason foraverylongtraditionof rivers inalandscapewithveryspecialclimaticcircums - • famous Renaissancecastles. as isstillillustratedbyimpressive cityensemblesandthe the core zonesofculturaldevelopment inWestern Europe, the region wealthoverthe centuriesandmadeitoneof rallel to a vibrant trade culture along the river which gave • academy painters(afterwhomthefirsttouristsfollowed). unification orasidealisedrurallandscapesseenbythe new rise in the 19th century, as spiritual heart of national Most significantthoughfortheareas’ inscriptionswastheir turies as the heart of important trade and traffic relations. Stone Age,theirrole asRoman frontier andinlatercen- cial wasthevalleys’longtraditionofsettlementsince sons forthenominationofsiteasWorld Heritage.Cru- and theWachau (AT), severalaspectsgavethemainrea - • by theRepublicofSiena. cape followingthecolonisationof the ruralsurroundings listing wasthecreation of an idealisedRenaissancelands- • the justificationofinscriptionthesesites: also thehistoricsignificanceoflandscapewere partof In any case, the general aesthetic appeal and, sometimes, UNESCO World Heritagelist. landscapes represented intheproject beinglistedonthe all of the ten VITOURLANDSCAPEWorld Heritage cultural The existence of winegrowing was not the only reason for (Michael Schimek) • geological stability, … • (such asstonewalls),floodingfrom tributariesandrivers,… • risk. Someofthemainriskscouldbe: of thelandscape, these elementscanbemore orlessat Depending on the specific set of core physical elements 2.1. The 2.2. o 2. The AtTokaj (HU)winegrowing wasestablishedbetween IntheVal deLoire (FR),winegrowing wasestablishedpa- In the river valleys of the Upper Middle Rhine Valley (DE) InVal d’Orcia/Montalcino (IT),themainreason forthe Relief: Risk of soil erosion, collapse of supporting buildings Relief: Riskofsoilerosion, collapseofsupportingbuildings Rivers andcoastalzones:Flooding, erosion andhydro- Demographic andeconomic change:Keepingup f Risks, prob

the “sp lendour” o phys

lems and land f

i the co cal scap s nfli ites velling toasiteoftheirchoice. landscape –doesnotalwaysmatchtheviewoftouriststra- substance ofthelandscape,especiallyinalarge cultural at thesite–whoare alsothose incharge ofkeepingupthe cially controversial, sincethe viewoftheinhabitantsliving other substantialquestion.Sometimes,thismatterisespe- visiting, alsohastobetakenintoaccount,apartfrom any the landscapeisperceived asbeingaesthetic,andworth sought after by tourists. This is why the question whether Nevertheless, allthesitesinvolvedare stillextensively changed insomecases. different extentineachsite,atleastaltered, oreventotally economically successfulway, whichwere, therefore, toa the needofdoingbusinessontraditionalstructures inan natural risks,and,especiallyduringrecent decades,by In addition,theseelementsare shapedbyclimate,soil, structures andinfrastructural elements. tionship betweenwinegrowing, relief, water, settlement programme, the point to be considered is always the rela- So, generallyspeaking,inalllandscapesinvolvedthe system toprotect thevines). gal, whichcausedtheconstructionofauniquestonewall or the location between the sea and the volcano in Portu- be witnessed(suchasthelakeandsaltpansinAustria, are uniqueintermsoftheveryspecialisedhabitatsthatcan Azores (PT),winegrowing followsalonglandscapes that • slopes, orneartheriverbank. tal sceneriesandtinyvillagesbuiltonthesteepterraced winegrowing goeshandinwithspectacularcoas- • VITOUR LANDSCAPEare: are present inanumber oftheregions represented in Some typicalconflicts resulting from theseriskswhich the year, orduringtourismseason). tourist pressure andan increase inpopulation (allover end ofthescale,landuseconflictsinareas withurbanor suffering from depopulationandaging,or, ontheother landscape elementsdependentonhumancare inareas c AtFertö-NeusiedlerSee(HU/AT) andPicoIslandinthe InCinqueTerre (IT),Lavaux(CH),andAltoDouro (PT),

t element s es s Picture 1-Old-styleandnew-style terracesatOelsberg (DE) Picture 3-RedesignedterracesatBopparder Hamm(DE) Picture 4-RedesignedterracesnearRüdesheim(DE) Picture 2-LEADER+project Oelsberg winehill(DE) Picture 5-AbandonedterracesinAltoDouro (PT) taking placeinAltoDouro. A slightlymore subtle,though stillclearalterationis equally obvious. at thesametimeaslossoflandscapeelementsis reasons. Theincrease inmechanisationopportunities of theRhine,havebeentotallychangedforeconomic the hillvineyards around RüdesheimontheHessebank Middle RhineValley nowadays,likeBopparder Hammor highest economicreturn for winegrowers intheUpper On theotherhand,thosehillvineyards whichyieldthe foreground ofthepicture) isobvious. neyards andtherecently realigned hillvineyards (inthe DER+). Thevisualdifference betweentheold-stylevi- in thiscasewiththesupportofEuropean funds(LEA- the oldterracesandbyinstallingamonorackrailway, Oberwesel, anentire hillvineyard wasrecultivated using At some places, like the Oelsberg hill vineyard near is theUpperMiddleRhineValley. quite thorough wayinorder tomechanisewinegrowing One examplewhere the landscape waschangedina structures, suchassoilerosion. cause otherproblems sofar notknowninthetraditional elements. Sometimes,thesealterationsthemselves even atthecostoftotallosstypicallandscape chance ofkeepingupwinegrowing incertainareas, Very often,thesemajorchangesseemtobetheonly changes invineplantingandslopestructuringpatterns. roads inbetweentheterracestoslightorevenmajor vines and harvesting. These range from building small is friendliertomechanisedmethodsoftakingcare ofthe Usually, thismeansre-shaping winehillsinawaywhich 2.2.1. shap Altera ed wine Picture 6-Currently predominant terracetypeinAlto Douro (PT) ti hill o n o s f

traditi o n all y 9 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 10 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement Picture 10-Standard typeof flood protection wallin Spitz (AT) Picture 7-Recentlyredesigned terracesinAltoDouro (PT) Picture 9-Floodprotection wallatHundsheim(AT) Picture 8-DrystonewallartinAltoDouro (PT)

used, unlikeintheUpperMiddleRhineValley. of view. Inaddition,traditionaldrystoneterracesare still same timethere are nomajorchangesfrom avisualpoint landscape ismadeready formechanisationandatthe some ofthem very highandtechnicallyskillful.Thus,the roads are necessary, drystoneterracesare stillbuilt, points, though,especiallyinAltoDouro, where small races carryingonlyonerow ofvines.Atsomeimportant races. Theybasicallyfeature green slopeswithsmall ter Recently, mechanizationhasledtonewtypesofwineter of vinesonaslope. terrace wallsandplantingareas withanumberofrows were changedintoamore orderly structure withhigher ra infestation.Incasethatwinewasre-planted, thehills century duetothelossofvinesbecausephilloxe- ley. Most of them were already given up during the 19th to theold-styleterracesinUpperMiddleRhineVal- In formertimes,terracesinAltoDouro lookedsimilar landscape, asinVal deLoire. the connectionoflocalpeople andtouriststotheriver times reduces the legibility of the cultural landscape and lopment from anecologicalpointofview, butitsome- vial forests. Inmanycases,thisisnotanegativedeve - grazing, causedtheseareas toberecovered bytheallu- up traditionalwaysoflanduse,suchashorseandcattle from thebanksofrivers.Atsametime,giving used fortrafficpurposeshascutoff villagesandcities cially inrecent decades,theincreased amountofareas portant viewsandrelations isanimportantissue.Espe- In other river valleys, accessibility and maintaining im- tems havebeencompleted. to looksimilartheoneinSpitz.Sofar, foursuchsys- changed alittle,allotherprotection systemsare going be built.AlthoughtheHundsheimwallscouldonly guidelines fortheremaining floodprotection systemsto and delegatesofICOMOSAustriatodiscusscommon of theothermunicipalitiesmetwithfederalauthorities tection wallforthevillageofHundsheim,mayors with theMunicipalityofMauternplansforfloodpro - After aninitialphaseofdiscussionandbeingpresented water andmudoutofsettlementareas. ral politicianstobuildafloodprotection systemtokeep led theinhabitants,aswellfederalstateandfede- In the Wachau, for example, the major flooding in 2002 conflicts mayarise. key element of the cultural landscape, some risks and Wherever theco-existence ofwaterandsettlementisa wa 2.2.2. ter and Rela ti

land o n ship b et ween

- -

the usualrules. restaurants orprivateestates) justifyexemptionsfrom coastlines andwhethercertainuses(suchashigh-class Another is the question of public or private access to along LakeGeneva. heavily populatedandfrequently usedlakeshore zones have, forexamplethereed beltinLakeNeusiedlorthe high ecologicaloraestheticalvaluestheseareas often between access to thelakeshores ortothesea and the this situation.Onetypicalconflictisthe relationship lakes also have to deal withproblems resulting from The culturallandscapeslocatedattheseasideor about theWorld Heritagelandscape. relationship betweentheriverandlandscape with specialinstallationsinformingvisitorsaboutthe “Rhine bankvisitorzones”andhavebeenequipped along the Rhine, special places were designated as easily accessiblefrom thehistorictowncentres. All again beusedforrecreational purposesandbemore the river, suchasStGoar, insuchawaythattheycan to redesign theembankment zones ofthecitiesalong In theUpperMiddleRhineValley, projects were started or theotherkindofuse. that helppoliticianstodecide ontheframeworkforone In thiscase,itmightbevaluable tocreate instruments areas are notlocated on steephillsbutintheflatlands. or industrial estates, especially if these winegrowing sure from othertypesofutilisation,suchasforhousing population, winegrowing areas couldcomeunderpres- On theotherhand,inculturallandscapeswithagrowing tion, butalsofornature protection issues. This might well hold true not only for monument protec- people tostayinthearea andmaintainitthemselves. traditional conservation strategies, by enabling the local make abetter contribution to conservation goals than tion strategies,sincetheseprosperity measures might perity ofthelocalpeopleare asimportantconserva- In thiscase,intelligentsolutionsfortheeconomicpros- outstanding universalvalue(OUV)ofthesite. leads toanacceleratedlossofwhatisimportantforthe ties forWorld Heritage cultural landscapesindirectly because sometimeslimitingdevelopmentopportuni- the managementofcontinuingcultural landscapes, toring World Heritageleads todifficultsituationsfor tion defendedbytheinstitutionsresponsible formoni- In somecases,theprimeimportanceofconserva- r in 2.2.3. egi bo o C th ns on la depopu se r v a on ti ting

v s. and ex pl

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Picture 12-Landscapeframes(DE)–plannedsituation Picture 14-Cuttingfree access pointstotheriver(FR) Picture 11-Landscapeframes (DE)–current situation Picture 13-HistoricriverlandscapeattheLoire (FR) 11 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 12 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement in averyprecise andbasicallyalsosustainableway. teresting, sincetheyseemto tackle therelated problems The followingGoodPolicyPracticesseemparticularlyin- tion tostrictregulation. different typesofinstruments,from voluntaryparticipa- by providing regional managementwithpoliciesusing They brought solutionstomanyofthequestionsraised, do withoneoftherisksandconflictspresented before. chapter. Nevertheless, a lot of them have something to partners, not many dealt directly with the topic of this Among thegood policy practices presented bythe added sugar, influenceofoakorotheralterations oftaste. most of them from the dry stone terraces, without any wine wasproduced onlyfrom grapesfrom the Wachau, world buyingoneofthesewines canbesure thatthis Federspiel, andSmaragd.Thus, wineloversalloverthe ries whichbecametrademarksoftheirown:Steinfeder, sable amongotherwines,theygavethemthree catego- their wines onlybottled.To maketheirwinesrecogni- the borders oftheWachau winegrowing region andsell Wachauall, Vinea vintnersmayonlyown landwithin Law.stricter thanintheAustrianWinegrowing Mostof members very strict rules for producing their wines, much Wachaucalled “Vinea NobilisDistrictus”,which gaveits In order toachievethisgoal,theyfoundedanassociation grants andsubsidies. by theirownmeansandincomeratherthanrelying on traditional way, keepinguptheterracedlandscape allow thewinegrowers to continueproducing winethe come advocatesofthewinegrowing region. Thiswould highly valuedbywinelovers,whothemselveswouldbe- duct whichwouldthusreach ahighretail priceandbe Rather theyshouldtrytocreate ahigh-qualitynichepro- few estatescontrol more than10haofwinegrowing land. wine estateintheWachau isslightlyover1ha,andonlya in Austriaandabroad. Until today, theaveragesizeofa pete with the large estatesfrom other winegrowing areas their wineatalowprice,astheywere unabletocom- was nousetryingtoheadforthebigmarketsandselling kind ofmechanisation.Theycametothepointthatthere steep, narrow drystoneterraces, hardly allowingforany discussed waystokeepuptraditionalwinegrowing on some ofthetopwinegrowers intheregion metand In theWachau, thisinitiativestartedevenearlier. In1983, a high-classquality-lovingaudiencefortheirproducts. before quantity, and havetriedto make sure that they find Since then,successfulwinegrowers haveputqualityfirst, market – marked a turning point in Austrian wine culture. sweeter andthusmore fashionableontheGermanwine growers hadmixedtheirwinewithantifreeze tomake it The bigwinescandalof1985–someruthless- 2.3.1. C 2.3. Sele o W dex c ted achau ( Goo A T) d

P o li cy P rac winegrowers hasalready joinedtheinitiative. 2012. More thanhalfoftheremaining MiddleRhine presented theirsignature winetrademarksinAugust who passedtheir“MiddleRhine Charter”in2010and taken upbytheGermanMiddle Rhinewinegrowers, The CodexWachau hasrecently beenobservedand tion programmes orgrantstofarmersare. World Heritagewinegrowing landscape as conserva - price isatleastequallyefficientinorder tokeepup a ment whichallowswinegrowers toproduce atafeasible ting aneconomicandquality-managementenviron- about 1,400haduringthelast40years.Obviously, crea- negrowing area in the Wachau has stayedconstantat chance ofmechanisationwinegrowing, thetotalwi- medievally-structured dry stone terraces withoutany the winegrowing area oftheWachau isstilllocatedon Spring tastingfestival.Althoughasignificantpartof of whichmore than100participate intheannualWine than 200winegrowers are Wachau, membersofVinea The positiveresults ofthe strategyare evident:More bers are youngerthan40 years. com. In additiontothat,sevenout of tenboard mem- the Parkertestorsimilar, according towww.90pluswines. of 90pointsandmore at internationaltastingssuchas which togetherhavecollectedmore than1,000listings growers oftheregion. Thecurrent board unitesestates that theassociationalwayswasledbytopwine- Another key factor Wachauto the success of Vinea is and thustheirowneconomicprosperity. importance forthecredibility Wachau ofVinea brands far, since theyknow that keeping to the rules is of key ties havehadtobeimposedonthewinegrowers so not keeping to the association’s rules, onlya few penal- Wachau. Althoughthere isalsoadisciplinarycodefor the Wachau inorder tocomplywiththerulesofVinea so. Someofthemhaveevensoldproperty outside the professional winegrowers oftheregion havedone piel andSmaragdhavetosignthiscodex.Almostallof chau andusetheprotected brandsSteinfeder, Feders- All winegrowers Wa whowanttobemembersofVinea - season, reaching highphysiologicalripenesspotential. wines. Thegrapesare harvestedbyhandandlateinthe tion of theirSteinfeder®, Federspiel® and Smaragd® ken in the contemporary wine business for the produc- renounce manyofthepossibilitiesthatcanbeunderta- duce nature winegrowers andnothingelse.TheVinea tration, aromatisation orfractionation.Thus,theypro- any additivesanddonotmakeuseofartificialconcen- region andare bottledthere aswell.Theyworkwithout wines comeexclusivelyfrom theWachau winegrowing WachauThe Vinea winegrowers mustensure thattheir follows: consists ofsixprinciples,whichcanbesummedupas rules byendorsingtheso-called“CodexWachau”. It WachauIn 2006,Vinea oncemore specifieditsown ti c es receive amaximumofEUR 3,500perhayearfor whosignacontractfor10yearscanWinegrowers growing intheWorld Heritagearea. from Portuguesesources) whenre-establishing wine- granting winegrowers generous financial support(only gional GovernmentoftheAzores passedaprogramme This iswhy, along withtheinscriptionofPico,Re- quickly overgrown withweedsandbushes. more ofthewinegrowing area tobeabandonedand of producing wineinsuch astructure causedmore and compartment, from thesalty seawinds.Thehardship the ground, sometimesone singlevineperdrystone rais. Theirpurposewastosavethevinesgrowing on high drystonewallsmadeofbasalt,theso-calledcur deal withanincredible number ofaboutone-metre- between theseaandvolcano,production hadto growing purposes.Although produced inflatareas core andbuffer zoneofthesitewere usedforwine- Heritage culturallandscapein2004,only75haofthe When PicoIslandontheAzores waslistedasWorld 2.3.2. w Picture 15-TheLoibenberg (AT) hasstayedconstantinwinegrowing area sincethe1970ies ineg Re row - es t ing l ab lishing a o nd Picture 17-Picovineyard landscape (PT) cultiv n Pi co (P a ted T)

- by theRegionalGovernment. 75 hato99ha,duethenewgrantschemespassed within theWorld Heritage boundarieshadgrown from After 5yearsonly, thetotalactivewinegrowing area work withoutconstantsubsidiesfrom thestate. for theirwinewhichallowsthemtocontinuewith winegrowers shouldnow start tolearnearnaprice discussion, sincetheauthoritiesare oftheopinionthat gramme shouldbecontinuedafter2014isstillunder for 10 years, until 2014. The point whether the pro- The programme waspassed in2004andscheduled Environment. authority, located at theRegionalAuthorityfor the have toreport ontheirharvest totheWorld Heritage and agriculturalauthorities.Inaddition,winegrowers Controls are carriedoutjointlybytheenvironmental size limitfortheeligibleplotsofland. growing, typicalofPicoIsland. There isnominimum nal grapevarietiesandsticktotheoldwayofwine- winegrowing onabandonedlandiftheyusetraditio- a maximumofEUR20,000perhaforre-establishing negrowers whosignacontractfor15yearscanreceive keeping upwinegrowing ontheirland.Inaddition,wi- Picture 16-Thecurrent board Wachau ofVinea (AT) Picture 18-Someofthe“currais“onPico(PT) 13 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 14 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement Picture 19-CinqueTerre winegrowing landscape(IT) and inmanycasesevenstoppedinverted. the winegrowing landscape mayatleastbesloweddown mercial activities there. Inaddition, the abandonment of people are comingback to thearea andstartingcom- developed. Positiveresults canalready beseen:Young financial supportschemesandtrainingwere on ruralbuildingsanddrystonewalls”.Atthesametime, Among theresults are the“Guidelinesforinterventions young peopletostartnewwinegrowing enterprises. generally speakingolderwinegrowers, andtoencourage ciations, withtheaimofsupportingthosestillremaining, Culture, CorpoForestale delloStato,andprivateasso- the Italian Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of All theactionsare madethrough collaborationbetween promoting agriculture asanaddedvalue. knowledge, usingforexampleGISsystemsasatool,and between traditionalknowledgeandmodernecological varieties. Theaimwas,andstillis,toobtainintegration doned landortore-establish endangered orlostgrape innovative tools,suchaspilotprojects torecover aban - managing theterritorythrough theParkPlanandits In recent years,thenationalparkhasbeenplanningand Terre NationalParkwasestablishedin1999. bed intheWorld HeritageListin1997andwhyCinque terraced landscape.Thisiswhythelandscapewasinscri- survive andfortheprotection andmaintenanceofthe a demandformore publicactionsforthelandscapeto Since thisstrategywasincreasingly seentofail,there was winegrowing, whichtypicallyhaslittlevariety. of biodiversitywere notseenasbeingimportant taining thelandscape.Thisiswhyinpastissues nesses whichhaveplayedafundamentalrole inmain- mainly beenthelocalcommunitiesandprivatebusi- century) tolessthan100hainthe1970s.Sofar, ithas from 1,200ha(themaximumsurfacereached inthe 20th The area usedforwinegrowing inCinqueTerre declined 2.3.3. Cin rac que es and Res Picture 20-Different usagescontestwitheachotherin Val deLoire (FR) Terr t oring rep (IT) lanting abando

vines ned

ter in

- areas or if they can be re-allocated for other uses, such if winegrowing plots should be kept up as winegrowing growing plots.Ontheother hand,theyhelptodecide and oenologicaldecisionsaboutthefuture oftheirwine- The toolhelpswinegrowers totakeclearmanagement renewal, etc. of avineyard intheface of urbanisation,theneedfor • such asvineyard diversity and potential; • bed intheconsultativemaps; nagement, etc.)tothewinegrowing potential,asdescri- • dological map andtaking the mesoclimateinto account; of avineyard attheplotscale usingadetailedgeo-pe- • The GIStoolenablesto: and theStateinorder topayforthesesurveys. dicates receive subsidiesfrom InterLoire, theRegions, wine syndicatesaskingforterroir surveys.Thesesyn- state andInterLoire. Today, theyare directly paidby Until 2007,thisactionwasfinancedbythe regions, the implemented aGIStoolforwineterroir characterisation. with thesupportofRegionPaysdelaLoire, they trade unions,orwinegrowers. Duringthelasttenyears, scientific research toconsultants,cooperativestructures, negrowing terroir unitsandtransferringtheresults ofthis CTV’s mainactivityconsistsinstudyingandchartingwi- IFV). (Frenchdu Vin” andWine, Institute forVines et andthe“InstitutFrançaisdelaVigne the Loire Wine) ported by “InterLoire” (Interprofessional Committee of “Cellule Terroirs (CTV)isanassociationsup- Viticoles” Lo p terro 2.3.4. Picture 21A-Geo-pedologicalandmesoclimate studiestoidentifythevinegrowing lanning Adapting practices(grapevariety, rootstock, soilma- Spatialising thepotentialandvariousconstraints Objectively promoting and communicatingsubjects Protecting and managing the winegrowing capital ire C (FR irs as harac )

in s the terizing trument bas potentials andconstraints, attheplotscale is wineg f s or spa in Val rowing tial

planning considerations. by thistoolare therefore alsousedforfurtherspatial as housingorindustrial purposes. Themaps produced by thesite’s 164localauthorities. gement planwhichisintheprocess ofbeingapproved use isalsopromoted inthe draftfortheUNESCOmana- trument into their own municipal development plans. Its nicipalities intheVal deLoire are abouttoadopttheins- based onaparticipatoryplanningapproach. More mu- important winegrowing areas. Everyplancreated was had adoptedtheZAPasaninstrumenttoprotect their 2010, 5municipalitieswithatotalof26,000inhabitants and wasrequested bythe localwinesyndicate.Upto The toolwasfirstusedatMontlouis-sur-Loire in2007 vided bytheGIStooldevelopedCTV, forexample. a ZAPhastobebasedonvaliddata,suchasthatpro - areas around the larger cities. Of course, the decree for urban pressure from takingawayimportantwinegrowing One majorreason forcreating suchzonesistoprevent ZAPs are becoming part of municipal land use plans. dification canonlybeauthorisedbyorder oftheprefect. Orientation. Iftheirdecisionisnegative,thelandusemo- ral andtotheDepartmentalCommittee for Agricultural ZAP has to be presented to the Chamberof Agricultu- to theagronomic, biologicaloreconomicpotentialofa Any changeinlandusewhichmightmakealasting allowed ontheplotorbecauseofitsgeographicsituation. public interest either due to the quality of the production Its purposeistoprotect winegrowing zoneswhich are of area protected by decree of the prefect of the region. According totheFrench ruralcode,suchazone isan THE 2.3.5. AP ZO NE Picture 21C-AnexampleforaGISrendering: Theterroirs ofSavennières (FR) PRO IN V S IN L TE A C NNING T NNING A TED L DE L L DE A G O OO RI I R CULT E (F L: L: Picture 21B-Digitalterroir atlas R ) URAL

15 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 16 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement (Francesco Marchese) Most ofthemalsopresent naturalareas (forests, wa- landscapes asperceived byoutsidersandinhabitants. Loire (FR),are probably closertotheidealimages of (IT), Tokaj (HU),Fertö-NeusiedlerSee(HU/AT), Val de Open landscapes,suchas Val d’Orcia/Montalcino fully functional. tions among the different components inside them are they canbeeasilyidentifiedandtheecological rela- vironmental systemsthuscreated are wellstructured: built ontheedgesofwallsoralongthem.Theen- of thelocalcommunities:pathsforexampleare microclimate, andtheyconditiontheuseaccess geomorphologic aspectofthesesites,aswelltheir The terracedareas haveactuallycontributedtothe small ditchesatthebaseofeachterrace. as theirfunctionisalsotocollectrainwaterfrom the the terraces,akeypartofmicro-hydraulic system, geological stabilityalsoassured bythestairscutting art ofthepositioningrocks, guaranteehydro- good qualityofthestonesandaboveallmasterly and earth,withoutusinganybindingmaterial.The one ontopoftheotherandfilledwithcrushedstone were builtexclusivelyfrom rocks carefully positioned up newlandscapesscenarios.Here, thedrystonewalls enough spacetocultivatelandwasthekeyopening that the"combinedworkofnature andman"tofind and theUpperMiddleRhineValley (DE)itisevident Cinque Terre (IT),Wachau (AT), Lavaux(CH),Douro (PT) In areas characterisedbysteep slopes,asinthecaseof be presented atamore generallevel. tures andtheirownidentities thatcanalso,however, es, havecreated unique landscapes withspecificfea- turies, combinedwithnaturaleventsanddrivingforc - In thesecases,humanactionsdownthrough thecen- enced byagriculturalactivitiesandconditions. Thus, oneshouldspeakofanecologydeeplyinflu- in mostcases,asaresult ofmaintainingbiodiversity. hidden rules that govern the ecological systems and, fective tangibleexampleoftheaddedvalues nised asculturallandscapes,canbeconsidered anef- Rural landscapes,especiallywhenuniversallyrecog- 3.1. Th v 3.Eco al ue e ro o f rura l a le lo t nd

land gi h e soc scap ca i a es l a l e nd te sys identities. uing localproducts, aswelltangibleandintangible tion usedbymoderneconomics basedonvisitorsval- meaning ofrurallandscapes, capableofanewattrac- to understandthereason fortherecently re-awarded Apart from theecologicaldimension,itisalsoeasy environments. by therelationships betweenphysical,builtandlived to identifytheimpliedvalueofrurallandscapes,given landscape ecologyitisprobably effectively possible activities: thankstoasimpleexpression derivedfrom These systemsofecosystemscomprisemanandfarm among ecosystemflowsandexchanges. of thespatialrelations: energy, materialandspecies the functionalityofcomponentsand,inparticular, give long-termassuranceofthefragilebalance aimed atpreserve the acknowledged values.They affected by human activities, are protected by actions spaces. Nature dynamics, modifiedbutnotnegatively es, ofnaturalprotected areas thatoverlaytherural scapes isstrengthened by thepresence, inmanycas- The primaryecologicalrole playedbytheseland- are prominent. structured meshofwalls, where theplots(“currais”) the windandseabreezes bybuildingahugeand from anotherislandand protecting theplantsfrom in manycasesbyexchangingseasaltforfertilesoil stone intotheirsustenancebyplantingvines,starting tainable use.Theywere abletoturnunproductive they provide possibilities offindingnewformssus- the territorialsystemand,forlocalcommunities, a strong influenceonthe complete functionalityof The extreme mainfeatures ofsiteslikePico(PT)have transitional conditionsfrom oneecosystemtoanother. tures oftheseruralspaces becausetheyguaranteethe importance intheorganisation andconnectionstruc- Areas ontheborders, theecotones,takeongreat species andthere are evensomeecologicalniches. a networkwithhighlevelofbiodiversityinterms these cases,theconstituentelementsare thecore of tercourses andbanks,moors)aswellruralareas. In co n om i c m

eas withsimilarfeatures. that couldbetypicalofwhatisgoingonindifferent ar permit theidentificationofsomeprevious criticalcases The examplesoffered Landscapenetwork bytheVitour the rapidrateofchangesocio-economicscenarios. and bydifficultiesinplanningprogramming, dueto capable ofsupportingeffective managementpolicies by problems arisingfrom alackofeconomicresources These are accompanied,atthisparticulartimeinhistory, the conservationofvaluesculturallandscapes. soil consumption:theseare justafewofthethreats to Climate change,fires, growth ofmonoculture, pollution, both internalandexternalcausesfactors. tested. Thepotentialrisksandproblems canderivefrom The stabilityofthese systems is very fragile, and con- evaluated, sothattheirintegrity isnotcompromised. of thesespecialenvironments shouldbeanalysedand portunities andhasincreased, thecarryingcapacity While the local economic system has found new op- These situationsshouldbe appropriately managed. of thevillages. cessible sectionsofcoastalpathNo.2andinthecentre intense andparticularlyfocusedonthemore easilyac- and onsomefestivedates,theinflowofpeopleisvery well astothecoastalpath.However, insomeperiods several services,suchasaccesstoecologicalbuses boats, thankstotheCinqueTerre Card, whichprovides to CinqueTerre bycargaveareason forusingtrainsand the NationalPark.Theisolationandlackofaccessibility at fostering collective mobility, and were promoted by tourists were created intheterritory, aimingespecially short time,accommodationandaseriesofservicesfor a guides, especiallyintheAmericanmarket.Within enhancement andthevisibilitygivenbysomeexpert list, andtothecontinuousactionsforpromotion and increased. Thiswasdueto theimpactofHeritage in theseplaces,formanyyearsfarfrom touristroutes, the latercreation ofthe National Park(1999),interest (1997) and andTinetto and theislandsPalmaria,Tino Heritage Listinscription,togetherwithPortoVenere coast andupdowntheterraces.AfterWorld and towalkalongthehikingpaths,winding the inhabitantsofsmallvillagesoverlookingsea over theworldcometoexperienceeverydaylifeof In CinqueTerre, forexample,everyyearvisitorsfrom all up tohundreds ofthousands, orevenmillionsperyear. sites isincreasing, andnowadays, insomecases,itgets attraction. Theannualnumberofvisitors to UNESCO It iswellknownthattheselandscapesare agreat tourist and 3.1.1. Tourism pressure o 3.2. f a aba ndo g Risks, prob ri cult ural nment ac lems and

tivities

co nfli - by thepeoplecenturiesago. sure continuity with the sustainable local project begun the dailyactivitiesofinhabitant, theonlywaytoen- be supportednotonlybypublic actionbutmainlyby ism andthecostsofdeveloping agriculture, whichmust the possibilitiesoffered tothelocalcommunitybytour ment oftheseterritoriesistofindabalancebetween The challengefortheplayersinvolvedinmanage- lowed thesurvivaloftheselandscapesovercenturies? duration. Howwillwechangetheunwrittenrulesthatal- rain whichismore andmore irregular inintensityand bility conditions of the slopes no longer able to withstand The cleaningactionofsurfacewateraffects thefragilesta- an influenceontheevolvinglandscapebuildingprocess. areas affected byold,recent and current landslides have cult geomorphologicalconditions.Itisoftenthecasethat agricultural mechanisationbecauseoftheextremely diffi- fragmentation andthealmosttotalabsenceofforms to risksoftheabandonmentterraces,suchasland Liguria Region,there are worseningfactorsthatgiverise the agriculturalsector. Besides,insomesites,suchasthe the hard workandtothelong return timeofinvestmentin carried outinthehistoricalcentre are notcomparableto The easierandfasterincomefrom activitiesthatcanbe the process ofabandonmentagriculturalactivities. tourism sectoronlandscapecontributetoaccelerating The degenerativeeffects ofexcessiveemphasisonthe c t s of CinqueTerre (IT)andthefootpathsconnectingthem Picture 23-Lesshikerstrek thehigherpaths(IT) Picture 22-Manytourists crowd thevillages - 17 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 18 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement opportunities forpublicfunding.Agriculture isbecoming emerged, according tonewrequests from themarketand Also, inrecent years,a newtypeofawareness has tity thathasbecomeestablishedandispartofhistory. the re-allocation offunctions, soastopreserve theiden- the intensiveexploitationofagriculturalareas byvirtueof scape represent strength thatcanovercome thevisionsof The aestheticvalueandthemultifunctionalnature ofland- environment forsomespecies. ecosystem componentsandfactors,cancreate anideal sures, playamicroclimatic role and,inrelation toother affected bynaturalvegetation,withtheirvariousexpo- on thelocalconditions.Steepslopes,whencultivatedor have averydifferent ecosystemsignificancedepending wise be at risk. It is true that the vineyards and other crops to maintainhighlevelsofbiodiversitythatwouldother Landscape mosaicswithhighheterogeneity are necessary ment policiesoftheseterritories. an elementthatare takenintoaccountbythemanage- the intensiveuseoflandformono-productions shouldbe France, are strongly linkedtothecultivationofvines, and "Icon" landscapes,suchassomepartsofTuscany and acceleration ofthedegenerativeprocesses. al landuseaimingatmono-culturalproduction isafurther to theirlossofvalue.Pressure towards formsofagricultur and atthesametime,asmentionedabove,canalsolead Agricultural practicescharacterisetheculturallandscapes harvest time and winegrowers have toreact. Erosion, es- up occursfasterinwarmtemperatures andthisaffects dictable; acidvaluechangesare significant;sugarbuild- weather conditionsare gettingmore extreme and unpre- are clearlyevident:seasonschangewithouttransition; The effects of climate changein Tokaj, as in other areas, that shouldbeavoidedcanrecognised. paragraphs: thevaluesmentionedthere aswellrisks for summarisingsomeaspectspresented intheprevious The followingare someexamplesthatcouldbeuseful this integrationemerges strongly. presented Landscapenetwork bypartnersof the Vitour landscape itself.Intheframeworkofexperiences ment thattakenoaccountofthesystemicvision of the able toadoptstrategiesandactionsfortheirmanage- was said before, are tied to each other and it is unthink- Problems and risks occurring in Cultural landscapes, as 3.3.1. 3.1.2. t so 3.3. o pr cuil M Sele C event ompariso o ltiv n ocult c a ted

e ti rosion o n m ure n Goo o et f

s ho everal d

d P Tokaj s in o li

l cy o ess P rac - - landscape trivialisation or desertification. landscape trivialisationordesertification. All theseongoingdynamicscouldhelptoavoidrisksof their products aswell providing hospitalitytovisitors. the importanceoforganic farminganddirect sellingof ronmental externalitiesas farmersbegintounderstand much more amultifunctional producer ofpositiveenvi- Oenology. - UniversityofPécsResearch InstituteforViticulture and Science, DepartmentofViticulture - CorvinusUniversityofBudapest, FacultyofHorticultural gether withresearch organisations: which ownstheplantationinHétszölöVineyard, to- The studywascarriedoutbytheTokaj-Hétszölö Winery, best solutionregarding theyieldandgrapequality. of thesoil;topreserve itsmoisture content;toprove the biological activity;topreserve theorganic mattercontent tat conditionsforlivingorganisms inthesoil;toincrease tion andreduction ofnutrientlosses;toobtainbetterhabi- ability toimprove thesoilstructure, especiallyforcompac- cultivation methodagainsterosion, withthecapacityand tres. Specificstudieswere undertakentofindthebestsoil a degree ofannualerosion thatcanreach 1to3centime- than 80%ofthesurfaceisendangered bysoilerosion, with west from theTokaj hillis514metres abovesealevel.More ranges exposed to the south-east, north and west-north- In thewinegrowing area, theaverageheightofslope by thesefactors. one of the worst consequences of the processes caused pecially ontheloessbasedsoilvineyards (Hétszölö),is ti natural dynamicsandsettlementrulesdecrease theriskoflandscapetrivialization c es Picture 25-Themonocultural"wall"ofthevineyards ofLavaux(CH): Picture 24-Abandonment andresulting landslides are mainlylocatedintheless accessibleareas (IT) (W case ofloesssoil. on steepslopes and thesoilisnotso compact, asinthe very important,especiallywhentheplantationislocated the pointofviewerosion prevention, soilcultivationis conditions forthegrowth ofgoodqualitygrapes.From damage causedbyerosion andcanalsocreate better The soilcultivationmethodconsidered canreduce the straw mulchproved tobe the bestsolutioninallaspects. gust only195mmprecipitation wasrecorded) andthe In 2007,theweatherwasextremely dry(from MaytoAu- grape waslessintensiveinthesevines. barely covered vinesandthevegetativegrowth ofthe The leastyieldandrot ratiowasobservedinthecaseof suitable microclimate forBotrytisinfection. soil and it seems to contribute to the conformation of a Straw mulchcanconservethemoisture contentofthe higher onthestrawmulchedplots. content ofthemust,rationoblerot berrieswas ferences were observedinthesugarandnitrateacidity to yieldandgrapequality, althoughnosignificantdif- straw mulchproved tobethebestsolutionwithregard 2007, and themeasurements were takenin2008. The The experimentwassetupintheHétszölö Vineyard in noble rot were measured inthecaseofbothcultivars. the titratable acidity, the pH of the juice and the ratio of applications pertreatment. Theyield,thesugarcontent, K.9. Every treatment was located on five rows, with four gated were: ‘Furmint’cloneT.85 and‘Hárslevelü’clone 1x1.8 mrow andvinespacing)thevarietiesinvesti- The study was carried out on cordon de Royat vines (with • Mechanicalcultivation • Bare covercrop • Mulchingwithstraw Three soilcultivationmethodswere compared: directive RedList;thenewartificialbanksheld.The fish were monitored, many ofthemincludedontheFFH cally and ecologically; more thanforty different types of branches are working as expected way, both hydrologi- projects, tobefinancedbyLIFENature. Today, thenew ube became part of a larger group of nature protection financial compensation.Singleprojects alongtheDan- permit tousetheirlandforecologicalpurposeswithout and Rührsdorfvillages,80privatelandownerssigneda More precisely, inthecaseofproject nearRossatz old branchesoftheDanubetomainriver. NGOs, haveinvestedmore thanEUR5minreconnecting the privateanglingassociationandlocalenvironmental with the European Union, Federal andState authorities, ing grounds. Since2003,theWachau region, together typical fishofthefreely flowingDanubelosttheir breed- disconnected from the main river. Because ofthis,the old sidebranchesoftheDanubebecamemore andmore After straighteningthebedofDanubearound 1870, ub 3.3.2. achau) e bran Re co ches nne c t ting o the o main ld Dan rive - Lower Austria. won the“milestoneaward” givenbytheGovernorof protection asanimportantvalue.In2008,theproject came from thelocalpeoplebecausetheyseenature Alotofsupport jects intheNationalParkeastofVienna. ject hasalready servedasarole modelforsimilar pro- elements are alsousedbylocalsforrecreation. Thepro- spire formercherrygrowers. merchandising even ifitissometimesdifficult to re-in- is uniqueinGermanyanargument forcultivationand etc…) Furthermore, thefactthatvarietyofcherries ferent ways(according totaste,location,timeofyear the entire varietyisgoingtobemerchandised indif- able toshowthatnotonlyonekindoffruitbutrather ties ofcherries.Theattemptistofindeconomicusages were difficultiesinfindingbusinessusagesforallvarie- and forthefinancialbackground oftheproject butthere scientific basishasbeenessentialfortheacceptance in order toavoidtrouble inprocessing theproject. The interested and all players became involved very early From the beginningof the project, citizens were very there isalsowidespread publicinterest. have notonlyawokentheinterest oftheplayersbut ised eventslikethe“DayofMiddleRhineCherry” and furthernewuseswillbedrawup.Speciallyorgan - to becreated created andguidelinesforcherrygrowing far. Aregional brand, “MiddleRhine Cherries“, isgoing and propagation innurseries havebeenundertakenso oped andseveralactionsforthecultivationofvarieties with nearly140varietiesofstonefruitshasbeendevel- varieties andasurveyoftheircharacteristics.Adatabase tential ofcherrygrowing on thebasisofacollection A feasibilitystudywascarriedouttoelaboratethepo- cherry varietiescanstillbefound. of biodiversity, althoughinuncultivatedareas manyold Scrub encroachment onneglected parcels causesaloss rent cherrygrowing ismainlyforprivateconsumption. parcels andthoseonsteep slopeswere neglected.Cur on larger parcels on the top of the hills. The smaller serve themarketasrequired andintensivecultivation The consequenceswere a reduction inbiodiversityto and unifiedappearanceoffruitswere themain reasons. prices aswelltherequirement ofagreater amount southern Europe, falling trade pricesandrisinglabour vation has been decreasing. Increased fruit imports from of demandfrom thecanningindustry. Since1960,culti- cherry growing beganafterthe2ndWorld War because tion startedinthe18thcentury, butthemainboomin cherry cultivationhasbeenexpanding.Commercialisa- tance inthepast.Since13thcentury, thearea under Fruit growing hadgreat economicandecologicalimpor – S 3.3.3 o g Rhine rowing f us b i Middle t o a Valle divers in ab and l le

Rhine y) it

the y ( a us nd Upp

mainten C herries er e by f Middle an ru c it

- - 19 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 20

ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement (Giuliana Biagioli, Roberto Biagioli, (Giuliana Vezzosi) landscape haschanged,as has, toanevengreater tion andlayoutofthesoil.The traditionalagricultural have ledtomajorchangesin themethodsofproduc- mechanisation andspecialisation ofagriculture, which rated. First progressive abandonment, followed by the change –bothsocialandtechnologicalhaveaccele- twentieth centuryonwards, however, theprocesses of has keptalivethestrataofdifferent ages.From themid- been characterisedbyslowandgradualchange,which If welookatruralareas, wecanseethattheyhavelong needs ofagriculturalproductivity. presence ofwater, etc.)andinrelation tothespecific the givenconditions(climate,soilcharacteristics, lution, whichmustrespond withmaximumefficiencyto of spaceinagriculture istheresult ofafunctionalevo- to theconstructionoflandscape.Theorganisation more thananyother, makesasignificantcontribution agriculture isrecognised asanessentialfactorthat, termines theuniquenessofplace.Forthisreason, sions of a singular "material culture", which is what de- their spatialandfunctionalrelationships, are expres- systems inthefields,togetherwithfarmbuildingsand The layoutofsoils,crops andagriculturalwatering and crafts,Milan1845). The actsofsocietytowards theencouragementofarts another."(Carlo Cattaneo,"Agriculture andmorality, in be seentonourishingonestratumofpeopleabove above the other, just as in fields, the fertile strata can a numberofseparatefamilies,onelivingonthefloor In thisway, the citiescontainedhousesinhabitedby should construct their fields as they buildtheir cities. all theworkgoingonbefore theireyes.Yes, people into vineyards, theyassigned asingleword todescribe riverbanks oftheRhineandMosellebeingtransformed and, withseeminglyidenticallackofeffort, thevirgin constructed undertheshadowofRomaneagles, manic tribeswatchedbridges,streets andwallsbeing is a“builder”(Bauer).WhentheunsuspectingGer signify “cultivation”, but “construction”; the “settler” German word for“agriculture” (Ackerbau)does not art of“construction”andthe“cultivation”; "The Germanlanguageusesthesameword forthe 4. 4. The it pro or s charac g ducti a ni a g sa rarian o on ti n ters a nd of - 3rd largest vine-growing region in France) with 4,000 vine growing (8%vignoblefrançais:Val deLoire isthe cattle rearing. About65,000hectares are dedicated to which isdedicatedtocereal andoilseedcrops and site isalmost178,000ha,a considerableamountof crop. Thearea devotedtoagriculture intheUNESCO the Loire Valley. Here the vineisbynomeanstheonly The situationisparticularlycomplexinthevastarea of run bysalariedemployees. are controlled byhuge,capital-orientedwineriesand other end of the scale, we find farm organisations that plied inparticularto environmental protection. At the 660 co-owners),allwithcutting-edgetechnology, ap- ha of vineyards are divided among 1,840 owners and small family-runproperties completelydominate(700 to bebothwinemakerandcitizen,asinLavaux,where king systems,where itis possible foramanorwoman We havemore integratedvine-growing andwine-ma- valley, or, inothersites,considered unmanageable. case withCinqueTerre, orresidual, aswiththeRhine socio-economic systemsnowlargely extinct,asisthe attractive landscapes,buttheresult ofagriculturaland part of the traditional Tokaj production zone. These are Upper Douro valley, CinqueTerre, Lavaux,aswella sion: theUpperMiddleRhinevalley, theWachau, the tage sitesthathavesingularreference tothisdiscus- the culturallandscapesthatformpartofworldheri- fact, terracedvineyards are acharacteristicofmost employed inparticularfortheplantingofvineyards. In many othersinEurope, are examplesofthissystem, of crop. Many ofthesitesincludedinthisproject, like create smallartificialplains inwhichtoplantanykind gement ofsteepterrain,whichmustbeterracedto A primaryexampleofsuchdivergence isthemana- differentiation. nisation, togetherwithmarkedeconomicandsocial by distinctculturalorder anddivergent spatialorga- ject, is the huge variety of landscapes, characterised seen from Landscapepro thoseincludedintheVitour - mining European winegrowing areas, ascanbeclearly One oftheprimarydifficultiesencountered whenexa- extent, thelandscapeofvineyards. /rural pro space ductivit

, , y: inherent toproduction from smallparcels ofvines-the create topqualitywines.Infact,thetypicalweakness about athird ofthevinegrowing area andis ableto tive, DomäneWachau, founded70yearsago,controls duction andmarketingofwine. Thelargest coopera - the strength ofthecooperativemovementinpro- Conservation oftheculturallandscapeisaidedalsoby 2 haandbynomeansenoughtosupportafamily. of 440hectares ofvineyards, anaverageoflessthan dry stonewalls.Around 250familiesshare ownership Val deLoire. Thevinesgrow onterracessupportedby and estatesare onaveragemuchsmallerthaninthe ha, ofwhich1,400haare vineyards. Landownership The cultivated area in the Wachau amounts to 25,000 beit withlessfractionalownership. small, directly runwinerydominates,asinLavaux,al- In theWachau andtheUpperMiddleRhineValley the risks ofmonoculture. landscape andbiodiversity, andalsolesssubjecttothe be regarded, historically, asthemostrespectful oflocal ducing area, itbeingan agriculturalsystemthatmay agricultural diversification in thishigh quality wine-pro- vity. It would be interesting to explore the theme of diversified agriculture or are engagedinasecondacti- costs are reduced. These growers generally practise levels inthesector, asadministrativeandcommercial professional help.Profitability isamongstthehighest of labourrevolves around thefamilynucleus,with which vinifies andmarketsthewine. Theorganisation entire crop (grapes,must)tothecooperativewinery, enjoy anassured outlet for their produce, by selling the which represents 18%oftheproducers. Theygenerally consists ofthe"coopérateurs"(cooperative)system, members andjustafewemployees.Thelatterprofile often withamixedfarmingsystemandaidedbyfamily au négoce,"representing 23%ofthearea’s producers, first ofthesecategoriesismadeupthe"vendeurs panies, whoseproduction andactivityisdiverse.The winemaker. Thefourthandfifthprofiles refertocom- tisan", exercising thedoublerole ofvine-grower and and politicalnetworks.Theyare termed"vigneron ar employees and have a strong presence in local social ducers, whoare aidedbyfamilymembersandexpert 17% oftheestates.Theseare independentwinepro- selling directly toprivateindividualsaccountingfor nals, representing 20%ofthearea’s estates;growers identification offive profiles: direct sellersto professio- vineyards andsocio-typesintheVal deLoire, withthe 2012, theChamberofAgriculture issueda"typologyof of theworkiscarriedoutbysalariedemployees.InMay i.e. thosewithaminimumsizeof1to3hectares, 50% sufficient formakingaliving.In“professional” estates, is approximately 15ha;anythinglessisconsidered in- rectly from thewinery. Theaveragesizeofawineestate perative wine merchants; the remaining 40% is sold di- for by15specialisednégociantcompaniesand24coo- Sixty percent oftheregion’s winesalesare accounted growers, 60winetradersand16cooperatives. - to restructure thetraditional vineyards, forthe exploi- the purchase ofnewland,forthemajoreffort needed It istheywhobearthehuge investmentsrequired for model of the Douro Valley wine production system. use ofhired labourandrepresent themore dynamic other hand,are almostexclusivelycharacterisedbythe tional production systems.Thelarger vineyards, onthe growing process andtheirworkinmaintainingtradi- in thearea, thanks totheir completerole inthevine- are theonesthatkeeprichnessoflandscape "traditional" modeloftheDouro winesystem.These characterised bytheuseoffamilylabourandare the their activity. Smallvineyards are almostexclusively which hasallowedmanysmallproducers tomaintain this contexttheimportanceofcooperativemodel, neyards, ortocooperatives.Itisimportantnotein wine toshippers,manyofwhomhavetheirownvi- mically unviable.Smallproducers thensellgrapesor fragmentation thatoftenmakescellaragingecono- of freight, whichisalso linked totheextreme land Another peculiarfeature of theregion isthepresence only 8%offarmersare under theageof40. lation. Around 39%ofmanufacturers are over-65, while tion however, there isalsotheworryofan aging popu- the samepattern,butinadditiontoageneralreduc - 31%. Thedemographicstructure oftheregion follows of thetotal,whilethosebetween20and50hacometo ley hasareas rangingfrom 5to20ha,comprising61% number of companies (and growing) in the Douro Val- to smallercompanies,withlessthan5ha.Thelargest and 1997byabout13%).Thisreduction appliesmostly ver, we observe a progressive reduction (between 1989 is under vines, with 9,000 companies, of which, howe- area utilised is about 250,000 ha, of which 48,000 ha the production andsaleof wine.Here theagricultural it ismultinational“luxury”companiesthatmonopolise In theDouro Valley, forexample,from the1960son, interests holdsway. to thepointwhere financialandinternationalcapital This relationship weakenswhenproperties getlarger, maintenance anddevelopmentofaculturallandscape. between privateinterests andthoseofcitizensinthe grees, from lowesttohighest,there isstillarelationship These are twoexamplesofplaceswhere, tovarying de- growing area (seeChapter2). wine production, muchstricterthanintheAustrianvine also important,givingitsmembersverystrictrulesfor Wachauof the association "Vinea Nobilis Districtus " is bute tothesurvivalofhistoricallandscape;role survive alone,nor, consequently, beallowedtocontri- the UNESCOsite,whowouldnothavestrength to important forsmallproducers intheregion included in presence ofthecooperativewineryis,therefore, very winemaking professionalism ofthecooperative.The under aterritorialbrand,withqualityguaranteedbythe producers ofspecialitygrapes,whichmaybemarketed - becomesastrength where smallproducers become difficulty ofproducing andmarketingjustafewgrapes 21 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 22 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement are directly ownedandfamily-run,althoughlandrental med overtheyears.Seventy-fivepercent oftheestates demonstrating the focal point that Brunello has assu- a totalofabout 2500 peopleare active inthesector, and, takingwine-related activitiesintoconsideration, employs 2,000people(certainlynotallresidents) In atownofabout5,200inhabitants,direct farming or more ha,coveringatotal area of17,963.14ha. survey carriedoutin2000identified75estateswith50 of between20haand50ormore ha(68companies).A largest numberoffarms are thosewithasurfacearea ceed 20ha,makingupaboutaquarterofthetotal.The contiguous hectares of land;includingthosethat ex- referring toplotsoflandextendingovermore than five cultivationaccountsfor70%ofthecultivatedarea,Vine areas oncedevotedtoolivetrees andarablecrops. in thearea undervines,whichhasgraduallyfilledthe Brunello inrecent yearshasledtoasignificantincrease exactly withthatofthemunicipality).Thesuccess the area governedbytheDOCGappellationcoincides the overall image of the area (it is no coincidence that enough todominatetheeconomicandsociallife In Montalcinohowever, theimageofwineisstrong importance (asinPico). mate andnaturalorphysicalfeatures assumegreater Cinque Terre) andotherswhere thetotallyuniquecli- to, forexample,thedevelopmentoftourism(asin king systems that play a residual role and subordinate the scarcity offinancialinvestments,wehavewinema- At almosttheoppositeendofscale,because tionality, mainlythrough theintroduction oftourism. tion oftheactivitiesestatetowards multifunc- cherries, livestock, etc.) and for the same diversifica- tation ofotherlocal agricultural products (oil, apples, the protection ofitscultural value. tion intoastillimage,canbeaneffective strategyfor wine landscapeandtherefusal toallowitscrystallisa- surance ofsustainabledevelopmenttheEuropean and alwaysonthemove.Onotherhand,anas- that tellahumanstory, astorythatisalwaysunique needs ofagriculturalproduction donoterasethesigns ask, and that is whether it is possible to ensure that the However, there is a common question that we allmust vary according totheneeds ofeachindividualcase. the choiceofinstrumentstobeused,whichnecessarily by eachpartner, togetherwiththerelative solutionsand for theprotection andenhancementofthelandscape differences derivetheprioritiesandactionstobetaken an essentialpartoftheeconomyandsociety. From these capes, andinparticularthosewhere thevineyard is still differences betweendifferent European culturallands- Landscapeprojectof theVitour inunderstandingthe The casestudies,therefore, illustratetheprimary value policies andactionstopromote thearea asawhole. ries alsoreduces thepossibilityofpromoting common tion betweencompaniesandtheself-reliance ofwine- boundaries of one single estate. The lack of associa- process ofwinemakingisentirely carriedoutwithin the pared to other Tuscan and Italian areas because the like thetownofMontalcinoisanatypicalreality com- carried outwithintheconfinesofestate.Itseems lian areas, becausethe entire winemaking process is is atypicalwhencompared tootherTuscan andIta- appears thatthetownofMontalcinoisareality that municipality istheproduct ofjust10estates.Thusit production, andover60%ofthewineproduced in the also bottlerandseller, intheabsenceofindustrialscale and salaried labour is on the increase. The producer is Picture 26-Vineyards inPicoIsland(PT) impact thattends,ifnotconsidered inthelongterm, tion factoroftheland,butatsametimehasan Tourism alsoisanindustrythatmakesuse oftheattrac- landscape. and useofagriculturalland,itsculturalheritage the riskofunderminingmethodsforcreation individual factorscomingintoplay, carrywiththem models intosocialrelationships, withmore andmore Changes inlifestyleandtheintroduction ofmore urban longing (toaplace,community)becomepluralised. for theconstructionoffamilyandchoicesbe- The houseisnolongertheplaceofworkandmodels where oncetheyhadstrong symbolicvalue. ditches and hedges, which are reduced to stereotypes, ted andminorinfrastructuralpatternsdisappear-the area bereft ofagriculture, care ofthesoilisinterrup- away from itstraditional agricultural use.Inacountry environmental conditions anddrawingthecountryside ving outofthecities,searching fordifferent andbetter lation; ontheother, anincrease inthepopulationmo- On the one hand, we have a decrease in the rural popu- phenomena. dimensions and...Allthesefactorscreate contradictory son tourism,withitsnewquantitativeandgeographical the mindofurbanpopulationandforsamerea - waste disposal,etc.),theattractionofcountrysidein power lines,plantsfortheproduction ofenergy and development ofterritorialinfrastructures (highways, the dispersal of places for living and places of work, the The diffusion andinternationalisationofwinemarkets, agricultural landscape. ferent production systemsandthemaintenanceof the investments andcouldcallintoquestionboththedif- social reasons. These factors directly affect corporate and decliningruralpopulation,forbotheconomic First ofallwemustconsiderthedangeranaging ments thatmaybringaboutacrisissituation. increase thepressure ontheagriculturalsystemsorele- tion of rural areas. What have emerged are factors that and have had an increasing impact on the transforma- landscape; theseare nottheproduct oflocalconditions have beenaddedthatdeterminethedesignof relatively recent times,however, newexternalfactors tative ofthebalancebetweenthesetwodynamics.In where themanymarksleftonground are represen - the historicalrelationship betweennature andwork, man. Inparticular, therurallandscapebearswitnessto The landscapeistheproduct oftheincessantwork 4.1. Risks and prob lems results inthereduction ofbiologicaldiversity. form of nativeortraditionalspeciesandabandonment ferent formsofvegetationtakeroot, notalwaysinthe ronmental value:onlandabandonedbyagriculture, dif- humans andagriculturalpracticeshaveimportantenvi- should howeverberemembered thatthepresence of fertility anddeteriorationinthestructure ofthesoil.It tion, hydro-geological instability, waterscarcity, lossof Intensive agriculture can produce problems ofpollu- Terre). destructive (asinthecaseofrecent floodsinCinque nisation ofagriculture, have becomemore severe and effects ofwhich,owingto abandonmentorthemecha- tures thatforcenturieshelped tocontainerosion, the walls, embankments,hedgesandotheragriculturalfea- At risk of gradualextinctionare the terraces, dry stone diminishes agriculturaluse. renewable energy) inagriculturalareas, whichfurther of large equipment,and technologicalsystems(e.g. are subjecttoagrowing demandforthelocalisation of industry, commerce andnewinfrastructures and The lowlandshavemore and more oftenseentherise balance ofecosystemsandbiodiversityusedtocoexist. cape (Montalcino),where elementsthatguaranteedthe vineyards, thereby reducing thediversityoflands- crop areas, whichhavebeengraduallyreplaced by gressively diminishedthe grazingmeadowsandmixed fitability from thevineis higher, winegrowing haspro - farming practices. In the most fertile areas, where pro- sive agriculturalmethodshavetakentheplaceofold Where agriculturalareas andsurfacesare easier, inten- a breakdown intheoldspatialbalance. threaten tooverwhelmthehistoricalnucleiandlead woodland –therecent buildingadditionstoooften nents -ruralvillages,barns,gardens, cultivatedland, established overtime,betweenthedifferent compo - widespread settlement,governedbyrelationships, In placeswhere theagriculturalsystemismarkedby deprivation. full-time homes,escapingfrom thebigcityandurban Valley), whochoosethemeitherasweekendretreats or populations are arriving(theRhineValley andtheLoire areas thatare accessiblefrom themajorcities,new seeing progressive abandonment, whereas in other The more marginal areas -hillsandmountainsare loping activities,thatare notalwayscompatible. urging mobilityflowsortheincrease inpricesand deve- to reduce thequalityoflifelocalpopulation,by 23 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 24 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement coastal area, no longer being maintained by the locals. locals. the by maintained being longer no area, coastal the on those except them, of most paths, abandoned recover to was aim first The aconvention. through Riomaggiore of Municipality the and Authority Park the with accordance in organised were camps work The area. the discover and to visit used is day. time Free a hours five working leaders, Legambiente by dinated coor shifts ten-day do world the over all from and Italy from volunteers The culture. local and environment the enhance and protect to restore, aproject implement to opportunity the participants offer we which in rience expe a brief is camp A work camps. work volunteer our in year, each participating people 3,000 than more ving invol energy, renewable of use the programmes, tion educa environmental development, sustainable mote NGO. We pro environmental Italian an is Legambiente T 4.2.1.1. L 4.2.1.1. a cu G 4.2.1. 4.2. 4.2. e l rr so t so ltiv e Th Sele o aG eg PP f a i ti s prac amb o PP o or t or c n work camps a camps work iente ted s: n mu ti ra c e ca Goo diti ltif n b u o n e assoc n c d a ti

P l o o n a li t Cin i lit a ted cy y. qu P e rac - - - - - an income from other local Mediterranean products. Mediterranean local other from income an to earn stakeholders economic local the to encourage pesto, well-known the for used basil of cultivation the to dedicated terraces and trees lemon of plantation the with introduced, was wine the and vines to the mentary comple products agricultural of range awider Finally, Terre landscape Cinque the of element main the walls, dry the to protect also useful was action This lands. cultivated and restored the on boars wild of incursions to prevent fences electric of installation - the vines. local of varieties 20 of area, asmall such in presence, the to protect taken were steps versity, biodi to increase where, terraces, of recovering - the photos) (see paths, of - are-opening were: results The cultures. and generations different between dialogue through tourists, the from and participants the from both territory, the from turn re balance amore to ensure was one consequent and last The agriculture. in multifunctionality and versity biodi to enhance was third The terraces. abandoned to recover was objective second The considered. been have hills to the villages connecting paths particular, In ti c es Picture 27-LegambienteWork campinCinqueTerre (IT) - - - - is a quality factor that has an important influence on on influence important an has that factor aquality is Landscape methods. cultivation to new methods tion produc traditional from ashift caused also has boom economic This 1980. from businesses winemaking in growth to a100-fold leading increased, constantly has wine Brunello for demand the decades, recent In 4.2.2.1. Th a proc 4.2.2. S 4.2.2. en nd ha in e ss n l us c e oca e s: t s: e t l m a a h k l in o ent nd e cas ab n scap ow us le e o f t a ledge e f M in h e a e h r o nt egi nd nd e a r o l it

c g n in o a a ve l ge o. po r n li a c n ie c e s -

socio-economic development plans. plans. development socio-economic with tools planning territorial connects that Region can Tus the by made choice to astrategic thanks linked, closely are plans two These NUT2). (Prs, Plan lopment Deve Regional the and NUT2) (Pit, Plan Landscape and Territorial the are Tuscany in tools planning main The to winemaking). complementary economic activities various of development the to promote and products local of image the creating in to help tourism, attract to (taken policy economic of ameasure as territory of guardianship active and knowledge of processes new of appreciation of wine. For this reason, experimentation Picture 28-Vineyards andolivegroves around Sant'AntimoAbbeyinvald'Orcia Picture 29-Vineyards downonthehillofMontalcino - - 25 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 26 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement highlighted their role as “counterparts”. as role their highlighted which sector, farming the of representatives the with exclusively tools, technical the of definition the In phase; goal-setting the In issues; pressing most the light to to bring sets, data the of development the During stakeholders. and of participation and the local the community wasknowledge accompanied by engagement expert technical on drawing plan, Structural the of phase creation the during Montalcino, at addition, In landscapes. agricultural and practices farming of evolution historical the track to possible it makes GIS also The features. landscape the of protection active the and resources ronmental envi of conservation the to ensure and territory the of protection environmental and hydrogeological the for promote environmentally friendly farming practices, to possible it makes tool etc.). This standardisation, pollution, erosion, (soil limited still is practices ming far of externalities negative the of Perception crops. of types in changes to assess authorities the enable GIS can the of application territory, the of nagement ma For landscapes. wine the of improvement geting representation are fundamental for tar actions policy visual its and information The one. each of characters different the to highlight and landscapes different of features recurring keyand the to identify possible it GIS makes The use. soil of maps as well as types) rock maps can alsotype be produced (soil composition, Soil map. exposure slope the radiation, solar annual of map the like areas, individual of characteristics ral agricultu of assessment support can produced layers Some risk. ofthe geo-morphological information and system urban the mosaic, agricultural the forms, the information and relationships land between highlight and to collect used been GIS has the level), municipal at planning spatial for (tool Montalcino of Plan levels”. all at Structural the In assessment and planning enabling information of source main the is which GIS, regional the of management integrated the municipalities in participate the creation and and provinces the Region, “The Tuscan” landscape. “fake to auniform, rise give and landscapes typical most the of value iconic the endanger might which countryside, the of imagination collective new to and approaches to new rise gave lifestyles new addition, In avoided. be should monoculture vine of prevalence absolute the also and networks drainage agricultural of elimination the fields, the of layout the of plification hydrogeological guardianship and biodiversity. Sim guarantees also it territory; the to defend able activity, acreative is done, well if Agriculture, sector. cultural agri the of maintenance and presence to the linked is alandscape of Richness countryside. the in vities acti the of maintenance the with involved are areas agricultural the in transformation the for level regional at identified landscape the for objectives quality The ------well known and can be considered “classic” in 2010. in “classic” considered be can and known well now are scale, farm at implemented approaches, tal more environmentally conscious. Theseenvironmen andpractices have objectives evolved to become winegrowing 1990s, the However, since biodiversity. for interest little of therefore is and pesticides of ties quanti large consumes that crop intensive an being of reputation the has winegrowing Currently, mical. agrono and sociological others ecological, them of some questions, many raises union, awinegrowers’ by coordinated and populations” pest on effect gulatory are has biodiversity “increasing that hypothesis the The "biodiversity and landscape" project, based on gement of territorial changes. mana the for atool as bases knowledge of creation the with starting stakeholders, all between peration coo effective more for approach anew experiment to necessary is it why is This general. in methods production of choice farmers’ to the and types crop to regard with “moral of suasion” largely is nature their instance, For limited. is practices agricultural on directly to act tools planning spatial for ability The themselves.mers far the by even understood, scarcely still is assets” “public producing in farmers of role the of reness Awa practice. into translate not does often this recognised, formally is resource akeyeconomic as landscape the of role the Although productivity. get tar mainly other, farmers the on memory, and tage heri to preserve wish who those are there hand one the on interests: diverging represent groups holder stake Local conflicts. and tensions local of subject the often is and “goodterritories many of name” and identity the in akeycomponent is landscape The landscape. the of characteristics the of care takes actively plan structural the Thus, performance. environmental to improve opportunity anew be also can it but standards, definite and precise by to avaluation ted submit is it so risks, bring can avineyard Planting settlements. historical inside trees of care • taking roads ridge the along building • avoid • planting to bushes improve ecological connection; settlements; • landscape: awine of improvement the for standards and Guidelines of establishment the allowed plans structural constructing of work The cou C 4.2.3.1. Bi 4.2.3.1. en sus dive G 4.2.3. hamp preservation of olive belts next to roads and and to roads next belts olive of preservation ha t nt a rs n ry: t ign in PP a it c o ab dive b ing y AOC cu y in h w le e ex i m rs a ed i it amp o ineg w y in dive ltiv o le t r a row rs e ine f t ti - e it o h -pro s y a ing n t e S ab , aumur aumur d li uc nd sh ing ing

------get enough water or nitrogen. Studies were carried carried were Studies nitrogen. or water enough get not did plant the because quality wine the damage can crops Cover planting. cover ground and system) terracing,transverse water (streaming settlement with fought been has It Lavaux. in issue an longer no is Erosion erosion. avoiding while winegrowing for soil of quality the to improve issues planting cover ground to related is first The biodiversity. the of to tenhancement or winegrowing to sustainable either related both here, Two presented GPP are duce their habitat creation strategy. to pro tools, monitoring pest to design project, their to construct winegrowers the helped have teams research Bordeaux and Angers the progressed, has project the As develop. they research of type the and scientists with established has it relationships the for remarkable also is project this Finally, content. its of definition the influenced has aunion by conceived was project the that fact The funding. for requests themselves, and sought completed out partnerships organised they union, their Through themselves. winegrowers the by initiated was it that is project the of originality Another area. appellation wine entire an over implemented and planned to be project tion crea habitat first “agroecological” the being its is “case-study” this of element core The winegrowing. of sustainability the of management the studying when approaches landscape-scale for argument the to weight more adds This biodiversity. to preserving make can the winegrowers contribution understand to vineyard, the within interstices or areas uncropped in interest an taking of importance the confirm sults re Preliminary biodiversity. and habitats natural ving conser and managing and sustainably farming while vineyards to preserving contribute could that actions those to define help may example This interests). social and environmental (economic, sustainability of aspects all with deals and themselves winegrowers the by initiated was it as interest particular of is and throughout the appellation zone biodiversity courage to en aims project creation habitat This ago. years five than more topic this on project amajor launched research teams and other agricultural organisations, with partnership in appellation, origin controlled Saumur-Champigny The approaches. these in rest inte an taking are winegrowers of number a growing Valley, Loire the In biodiversity. farmland common in declines to stop or pests insect vine control to help strengthened be could that benefits two-way the and relationships winegrowing between and biodiversity integrate to better order in developed been ticular par in have framework, farm-scale classical the than wider scale, landscape or aregional at Approaches g w 4.2.3.2. Grou a V nd ra qua ine ted in pro a t lit ura l ura d nd a y uc co ti ab b nd o La in el ve n - V i r p o dive iti l sw a v nting au rs i ss c x it . a y e i r ssu nd tifi e inte ca s o te n ------

tracted by low prices, regardless of quality. of regardless prices, low by tracted at often too are They to evolve. has also consumers the of mentality The impact. its to improve has still label Vinatura The certified. Vinatura is canton the in produced wine the of 3% only hand, other the On certificate. Vitiswiss the obtained had canton the in farms the of 70% than now, more Until profession. the into people young of integration the encourages and defends and promotes Vitiswiss sessions. the branch training on go to have certification this in terested in are that Winemakers etc. nitrogen acaricides, herbicides, insecticides, of use the to reduce tend requirements The wine. the of aspects oenological This certificate. labelenhancesthe winegrowing and grape the has already winemaker the if only tained ob be can label Vinatura The commission). technical by up a (drawn requirements some has certificate Vitiswiss The Vitiplus. called is Lavaux) (therefore Vaudof Canton the for one The group. VitiSwiss the in federated are and territory the cover organisations regional six federated: to be had organisations local all, of First government. federal the by supported been has project the 1993, Since profession. the by initiated and volunteer-based is approach The tion. produc integrated in apioneer is Switzerland etc. duce their use of insecticides, acaricides, herbicides to re encouraged are winegrowers The production. integrated and ecological to represent tend (wine) label Vinatural the and (grapes) certificate Vitiswiss and Vinaturathe label.The certificate the Vitiswiss instruments: two through production wine grated inte and to biodiversity related GPP is second The plants). cover these for method production and sowing (on the winegrowers the by used are species these before undertaken to be have studies further Nevertheless, plant. the of capacity production the and vigour vine’s the ved impro species ressemis” 4“à the Indeed, nitrogen). to regard with grass the and plant the between tion for nitrogen supply(same minimisation of competi alternatives good were plants leguminous of species 2 the hand, other the On needed. quantity the sorb to ab able was plant the to water. Therefore regard with grass the and plant the between competition minimised they because wine the of quality the ning maintai in help could grass ressemis” “à of species 2 the that showed Trifolium repens).The study and semis” leguminous plants (Trifolium subeterraneum res “à of 2species were ones last the and murinum) Hordeum and tectorum (Bromus grass ressemis” “à of 2 species were ones third the and second ly. The natural grows and sown to be need not does which grass, was “Pérennes” one first The observed. and fore being maintained. Five species were cultivated there quality wine with plant, the with compete not do plants cover ground of types what to discover Agriculture), of Office Federal the by supported is (which Agroscope station, research Swiss the by out ------27 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 28 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement fensive and/or religious buildings oftentimes together with fensive and/orreligious buildingsoftentimestogetherwith the settlementdevelopmentof ourculturallandscapes:de- are documentedinthestructure ofsettlements,particularly Building activitiesfordifferent purposesbyourancestors riods, suchaslanduse,religious grounds orbuildingactivities. is documentedbydifferent testimoniesofdifferent timepe- Most culturallandscapeshavealongsettlementhistorythat Heritage cultural landscapes must be understood as The standards setbytheinscription as UNESCOWorld the World Heritageoftomorrow. required. Allthemore becausetodayweare building a lotofcreativity inarchitecture andurbanplanningis accordance with landscape, a special sensitivity and also cultural landscape.To bringtraditionandmodernityin ding culture traditionofthe region andtodevelopthe This means that we are obliged both to respect the buil- ral landscape,especiallyinWorld Heritagesites. toric townscapesaswellthevisualqualityofcultu- in order tomaintainand sustainablydevelopthehis- use requirements becomesmore andmore important, respond appropriately tochangesinlandandbuilding Hence theneedtotackletheseproblems activelyandto sing traditionalsettlementstructures andbuildingculture. to globalisation,culturallandscapesare indangeroflo- lopment and building culture also. That is why today, due disation isincreasing inevery fieldandinsettlementdeve- and more important in a globalising world, where standar This particularidentityestablishingqualitybecomesmore to theuniquenessandidentityofaculturallandscape. strongly characterise the image of a region and contribute developments andchangesovertime.Accordingly, they tude towards lifeandare thusvisiblewitnessesofhistorical cietal values,socialandeconomicalcircumstances, theatti- the zeitgeist(spiritoftime)anhistoricalepochwithitsso- Settlement developmentandarchitecture bothdocument therefore accountsfortheirhighculturalvalue. is astrikingelementofthoseculturallandscapesand ted environment, namely settlement and architecture, ral and natural landscape. Among others the construc- is significantlydefinedbythevisualqualityofcultu- The cognitionofculturallandscapeWorld Heritagesites (Sara Scheer, Filinto Girão) 5.1. risks and 5. and Settlement Settlement archite prob

lems devel opment c

t devel - and ure spatial planners. public bodies, owners, architects, town planners and have tobeworkedoutindividually, inconjunctionwith In everyregion, andforeach project, adaptedsolutions ral landscapesrecognised as World HeritagebyUNESCO. loped overcenturiesisindispensable,especiallyforcultu- distinctive townscapesanduniquebuildingcultures deve- Responsible handlingoftheculturallandscapewithits between landscapeandconstructedenvironment. describe generalrulesonhowtodealwiththerelationship settlement developmentandarchitecture. Rather, they cipally applicablesolutionispresented onthesubjectof It mustbepointedoutthatintheseguidelinesnoprin- (DE) inSeptember2010. chitecture andsettlement” thattookplaceinBoppard especially inthe4thtechnicaltwo-dayseminaron“ar between theViTour Landscapeproject partners,gained the one and ahalf years of good practice exchanges ture inculturallandscapes indetail.Theyare aresult of opportunities ofsettlementdevelopmentandarchitec - The following subchapters deal with the challenges and cultural landscapewillnolongerbelegible. inevitably cometoastandstillandthehistoryof nothing newiscreated, anyfurtherdevelopmentwill and implementationofmodern architecture. Forwhere tations takeplace,toallowsomesettlementexpansion on theotherhand,where newconstructionsandadap- traditions andpreserve themforfuture generations and, maintain theexistingsettlementstructures andbuilding tage site.Itisespeciallyimportant,ontheonehand,to capes” isanexplicitpartofrecognition asaWorld Heri- In particular, thedevelopment of “living cultural lands- preservation anddevelopmentare notcontradictory. guidelines forallourplanningactivities,knowingthat to thehighestdegree in size andposition.Where itwas residential andagriculturalbuildingswere purposeoriented buildings anddwellingswere builtoutsidethevillages.The combined withagriculturaluse. Onsomesites,agricultural surrounded byresidential buildingsthatwere sometimes to grandbuildingsforrepresentative purposes.Theywere market squares andhallsconstitutethecentre, adjacent cult ural opment

land scap es:

- ral landscapes and make efforts to push the positive ones. ral landscapesandmakeefforts topushthepositiveones. also takeintoconsiderationtheongoingchangeofcultu- Respectful and sensitive spatial and urban planning must damaging thevaluablecapitalofourlandscapescenery. respond toitadequately. Butitisnotjustaquestionof development suchasabandonmentorurbansprawlto tioned inorder toprevent variousaberrationsinsettlement vivid culturallandscapes.Butallchangesshouldbeques- are notunwelcome,becausechangeisacharacteristicof within World Heritagesites.Thisdoesnotmeanchanges ry, respectful spatialplanningisnecessary, mostespecially in compatibilitywiththeprotection ofthelandscapescene- arrangements ofeveryculturallandscape,todevelopthem In order toretain thesetraditionalsettlementstructures and culture (seechapter5.2). cultural landscapeitself,withitsspecifictraditioninbuilding The designingofthesebuildingactivitiesdependsonthe these socalledoldquartersofthesettlementwhenneeded. possible, newresidential zoneswere builtatthefringe of well as the main features of the building should remain visible. well asthemainfeatures ofthebuildingshouldremain visible. vable. But,atleastthecharacteristics oftheformerfunction,as nerational houses,clubhousesetc.) andviceversaisconcei- communally usedbuildings(village hall,museum,multige- dings intoprivatebuildings(housing, privatebusinessetc.)or buildings iswide.Theconversionofformeragriculturalbuil- The setofoptionsforconversionnowvoidandfunctionless should beadequatelyframedbyacreative planningprocess. of public spaces or different planning tools. These measures financial incentives, the reorganisation ormere restoration centres may be the conversion of buildings, technical and Measures to strengthen and enhance town and village development shouldbefocusedoninternaldevelopment. cape consumptionbynewconstructionareas, settlement should beavoided. To prevent increasing landand lands- the village centres, an expansion of development areas To strengthen thedwindlingsettlementsandinparticular tutions orrecreational facilities. tances topointsofreference, suchasjobs,culturalinsti- and the surrounding area and the potentially long dis- rural areas withalackofinfrastructure inthesettlement This isaggravatedbothbythelocationofbuildingsin possible investorsfrom buying oldhouses. lack of imaginationabout the rebuilding qualities deter condition ofthebuilding.Feared renovation costsanda today's usesandhouseholdsizes.Anotherpointisthe ding, whichdoesnotmeetthechangingdemandsof oftentimes thepresent size andallocationofthebuil- Reasons forthisabandonmentofhistoriccentres are particularly affected byabandonment. image-defining buildings and places are located, are settlements. Theoldquartersofsettlements,where the ment inruralareas. This leads todepopulationofthe to thedecrease inpopulation andthelackofemploy- have tofacetheoverallproblem ofabandonmentdue In manycases,settlementsinruralculturallandscapes 5.1.1. Abando nment o f his t ori c c entres Picture 30-Residentialbuilding ofFamilyMüllerinOberwesel(DE)before renovation Picture 32-MartinGropius BuildinginKoblenzbefore conversion.Initiallybuiltas Picture 31-ResidentialbuildingofFamilyMüllerinOberwesel(DE)afterrenovation military hospitalitcloseddownin1988 Now 18modernloftsoffer modernlivinginold walls Picture 33-Samebuildingafterconversion. 29 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 30

ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement poration ofthethoughts,needsandwishescitizens. workshops withcivicparticipationtoguaranteetheincor planning. Thesetoolsshouldbeprepared inplanning petitions orpreparation ofgeneralprinciplesforspatial ment developmentandbuildingculture, architect’s com- Tools forresponsible planningcanbeguidelinestosettle- guidelines orotherexistingtoolsforresponsible planning. financial incentivesshouldbeboundtoculturalbuilding and renovate old buildings in the centre ofvillages. These ment fundsholdmore appealforpotentialinvestorstobuy Financial incentivessuchascheapcredit orruraldevelop- ties etc.)orgoodpublictransportationcould suffice. tures (shoppingfacilities,kindergartens, leisure facili- public spaces and buildings,theretention of infrastruc- in theirparents’ homes.Aswellasurbanrenovation of encourage peopletostayintheirhometownoreven conversion, publicincentivemeasures couldhelpto To avoidtheabandonmentofvillagesandneed used forsecondhomes,likeinCinqueTerre (IT),butin even agriculturalbuildingsare convertedintobuildings recreational valueofruralculturallandscapes.There, rural areas. Thisisthecase where peopleseekthe But urbanpressure canalsotakeplaceincompletely land andimmediateproximity tourbaninfrastructures. less compactedenvironment orbusinessesneeding tive forpeoplewantingtohaveanurbanlifestyleina are bigcitiesnearby. Thesesuburbanareas are attrac- cultural landscapesthisismostlythecasewhere there due topopulationgrowth oreconomicdevelopment.In A reason forsettlement expansionisurbanpressure ted bysenselessincreasing landconsumption. (uncontrolled) developments attheirfringes,aggrava- settlements (seeabove)andatthesametimetosome Finally, this can leadto the extinctionof the heartof commercial orindustrialareas are allocatedattheiredges. lation andabandonment;ontheotherhand,newresidential, centres, inculturallandscapes frequently suffer from depopu- On theonehand,traditionalsettlements,andespecially considered, especiallywithinaWorld Heritagesite.Ona nal buildingculture, there isamultitudeofaspectstobe To avoida lossofregional identitydue toalossofregio- ning structures thatdistinguishitfrom otherregions. Building culture contributestoeachregion’s identity, defi- culture isanimportantcomponentofaculturallandscape. Architecture isaculturalperformance.Therefore, building urban 5.1.2. versus 5.2. risks and Archite Settlement pressure devel prob op c ing , urban t

expa n ure lems areas and s sprawl i o n : cult

ural - tectural components and decorative elements. tectural componentsanddecorative elements. are importantissuestobearinmind,concerningitsarchi- of a settlement. On a smaller scale, the building itself, there lages oreventheconstruction of newhousesatthefringe existing constructionsintheolder partsoftownsandvil- of oldbuildingsortheconstructionnewadditionsto larger scale,concerningtherefurbishment andrestoration of Wachau insettlementdevelopment). installing furtherplanningtools(seethegoodpractices process, possibilitiesaswelllimitsare elaborated for landscape isrecommended. Thankstothepreceding on thecompatibilityofsettlementexpansionwith Before allowing settlement expansion, general research will beandalsoregulate thenewbuildingparameters. and atbestdefinewhere andhowbigtheextensionareas impact of settlement expansion on the landscape scenery followed. Thosetoolsshouldtrytominimisethenegative and landuseplansoftenexist,are appliedandare being Where settlementexpansionisundercontrol, zoning plans consumption andnottodisturbthelandscapescenery. tions forsettlementexpansioninorder toavoidlandscape cially thoserecognised byUNESCO,shouldhaveregula- should beavoidedatallcosts.Culturallandscapes,espe- led. Uncontrolled settlementexpansion,theurbansprawl, Settlement expansion itselfcan be controlled or uncontrol- segregation, wayoflifeandculturalchanges). also occur(socio-economicrestructuring ofinhabitants, surrounding vineyards. Insuchcasesgentrification can purposes is combined with the obligation to care for the that verycasetheuseofruralbuildingsforresidential settlement expansions. palities andotherpublicbodies,drew upaguidelinefor cape scenery, Wachau (AU),togetherwiththemunici- For harmonisingsettlementdevelopmentwithlands- architect’s competition. ganisation ofpublicspacesfortheCitySt.Goarviaan The UpperMiddleRhineValley (DE)dealtwiththereor for real estatetransactions (I). Geographical InformationSystem(FR)andregulations laws (CH),introduction of landuseplansbasedonthe of themhandlethisproblem indifferent ways:restrictive sprawl andhighpricesforlandreal estate.Thethree the problem ofurbanpressure thatmayleadtourban Lavaux (CH),Val deLoire (FR)andCinqueTerre (IT) face ment of characteristic Tuscan landscapes and settlements. tries tocombinepreservation, maintenanceanddevelop- Montalcino (IT)hasacommonbuildingregulation that 5.1.3. Ideas o

land scap f proje es: c t par tners - should berespected. case anyway, thebuildingtradition(height,colour, etc.) also inshape,materialandpartlycolour. Inthelatter tectural languagecanbeused,findingitsexpressions or, ontheother hand,acompletelycontemporaryarchi- area withregard tothecolours,materialsandshape on theonehand,beorientedtowards thesurrounding gly. Thearchitectural designofnewconstructionscan, with theexistingbuildingsituationandreact accordin- vertheless, newconstructionsoradditionsshoulddeal principles, andnotdenytheirperiodofexistence.Ne- Modern buildingsshouldreflect contemporarydesign is directly visible. a result ofthisthehistory ofthebuildingorsettlement by side,inside,whenitisvaluable,aswelloutside.As or additionsshouldstandequallyandrespectfully side tures or even imitating them. Old and new constructions not betoodominantby“overmodelling”theoldstruc- This meansthatnewconstructionsor additions should should betorespect theworkofpastgenerations. vation andadditionworkonexistingconstructions ter architecture. Themaximforrehabilitation, reno- is thatmodernadditionsdonotclaimtobethebet- pre-existing, centuries old designs. The decisive factor Today's architecture isnecessarilyincontrasttothe New andoldarchitecture neednotbecontradictory. culture. building regional of matter the in problems frequent most the resolving for important are aspects following The settlement. and nature with harmony into components and rials mate colour, building shape, the to bring be must planning spatial responsible of achievement The or building co 5.2.1. Integ Picture 34-newbuildinginKoblenz(DE)modern architecture integratedinlandscape n s truc ti ra o s ti n truc o s n int o t f o o s ures

ne ld w w s ettlement s s - since theyare inharmonywiththesurroundings. or nearby, are more suitable to traditional architecture, ments, especiallywhenthey comefrom theverysite fulness. Generallyspeaking, natural materialsandpig- This isthedifference betweentawdrinessandcolour to usecoloursofsimilarbrightnessbutdifferent shades. is necessarytorespect theenvironmental coloursand avoid visualpollutionandconcurrently allowcolours,it disturb theharmonyofensemblesandtownscapes.To through coloursnotadaptedtothesurrounding areas differentiationsintrusiveness ofasinglebuilding.Wilful of thewholesettlementmusttakeprecedence overthe centuate singleelements.Ingeneral,thesensoryquality can formexcitingcontrastswithinthelandscapeandac- have tobeinvisibleinthelandscape.Thismeansthey cape elements.Thisdoesnotmeanthatsettlements equally colourfulelementscreate harmonywithlands- the landscape. Structures of similar, equally sized and scheme ofsettlementscorresponds tothematerialityof nious culturallandscape,itisnecessarythatthecolour sensations tooureyes.Inorder toachieveaharmo- The landscapealready provides awealthofcolour therefore thebuildingslookoldquitequickly. a graceful aging process, which makes the materials and fits inwiththelandscapesceneryandtheydonotallow those withenrichedcoloursshouldbeavoided.Neither Conversely, materials imitating natural materials and ting exceptionallivelinessinbuildingsandsettlements. surfaces and their natural aging process. This is genera- variety in the colour of thematerials, due to their irregular is anextreme diversityofpossibilities, duetothenatural thistightmanoeuvringmargin therelandscape. Within mony, which alsomeansthatthesettlementfitsinto unity inthetownscapethankstoitsnaturalcolour-har forms, coloursandstructures. Thisguaranteesacertain landscape: stoneandwoodinitstypicallandscape ral landscapesoriginatemostlyfrom thesurrounding The buildingmaterialsinthehistoricbuildingscultu- o 5.2.2. D Picture 35-Integrationof modernadditionsintraditionalbuildingstockFulda(DE) f co ns ifferent t ructi o

fea s ns t ures - - 31 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 32 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement administration (federalstates) mayonlycontrol thisifthe right oftheAustrianmunicipalities. Theupperlevelsof Zoning planningis,byconstitutional law, anexclusive streets the and settlements the structure They visibility. and size to their thanks settlement whole the of as well as buildings of elements conspicuous very are Roofs visible. remain should least at structure the needed, longer no are windows and doors Wherever house. old the of elements style the with conflict or compete to not as so used be should colours and shapes plain replaced, to be have they Wherever retained. be should windows and doors old possible, Wherever istence. ex of time and function the on depending shutters) rolling bars, glazing, as such elements companying ac and colour shape, position, (material, appearance in differ Openings building. whole the for value ual vis ahigh have therefore and afaçade of elements structuring are These windows. and doors as Such whole. the of harmony visual to the contribute which ones, bigger and smaller elements, other of alot are colour. There and material building structure, its by only determined not is ings surround its and a building of impression overall The g w R 5.3.1. t 5.3. Goo Land o bu u Picture 36-unadaptedcolours disturbtheharmonyofstreet nearKoblenz(DE) oa it le h l l Picture 37-Intermsofcolour lessisoftentimesmore (computeranimation) W s f s wh l ilding a achau ( achau scap or ma or nd a en d po scap e int a ll A par zo in nd e pro ): ): li ow a compa ining cy prac tner regi a ing te p ning c ti lte o n ra ti

l ti a ti c n b o o e s ilit n s f n s s s y y rom V - - - - size and position. position. and size colour, shape, form, material, in identity regional the reflect all should They plants. and courts yards, fences, stairs, and paths garages, terraces, with surroundings, their is buildings of element design important Another buildings. historic outside and streets the from hidden relatively areas on used be mainly should panels solar general roof. In the of structure the on based arranged be should panels possible not is this Wherever aunit. as surface roof the of effect the to obtain order in superstructures of top on or surface entire the over arranged be should panels possible, Wherever roofs. the of character structuring the turb to dis not order in roof the of shape and symmetry the to carefully respond should characteristics, material different their with panels, energy solar as such roofing, in developments New material. used traditionally the of colour the adopt least at should roofing for materials New environment. surrounding the from material ural nat with covered traditionally are Roofs consideration. into characteristics specific these take should tensions ex or conversions space Roof facade. fifth the speak, to so are, They epochs. historical and characteristics to regional according superstructures, other and nies balco or terraces dormers, by structured themselves are and alignment and shape their with houses of imposed rulesacceptedbyall communitiesthatsupport Heritage region. Theresult ofthisdiscussionwasself- discussed by all municipalities in the Wachau World deral stategoalsforlandscape protection wasjointly bringing zoningplanninginto alignmentwiththefe- bad planningquality, thequestionofhowtodealwith rectives on how to plan the land. Following a case of and objectives,buttheyare notallowedtogivedi- plans are inalignmentwithfederalstateprogrammes Upper Middle Rhine Valley). Rhine Middle Upper (the villages of centre the within structures existing of transformation excellent for Valley) and Douro (the account into values heritage taking architecture, porary contem for prizes architectural established have (DE) Valley Rhine Middle Upper the and Valley (P) Douro The buildings. rural for cially espe topic this with dealt (IT) Val in d'Orcia Montalcino and Terre (IT) Cinque interventions. architectural for plans or guidelines as such tools prepared have (DE) Valley Rhine Middle Upper the and (CH) (FR), Lavaux Loire Val (AU), de See Fertö-Neusiedler landscapes, cultural Heritage World in challenges To these handle 5.2.3. I i Tour de as f as rom proj e c t par tne rs ------outside, asageneraltool. inside theWorld Heritagearea aswellafewtimes and hadbeenusedapproximately seven times by 2010 checklist hasbeeninusebytheauthoritiessince2005 study produced throughout thediscussionprocess. This developed isachecklistbasedonthefindingsof World Heritagecommunityzoningplans.Themaintool or objectingtosettlementarea amendmentsinall13 transparent andcomparablearguments forallowing the controlling officers atfederal statelevelinfinding knows how to care for its heritage values. heritage its for to care how knows that landscape a cultural and region atourist as Douro Alto the architecture, qualified through to promote, is aim the Finally, buildings. and façades degraded their to renovate owners private encouraging spaces, public of renewal construction, of forms traditional of covery re the materials, modern of integration good values, languages architectural regardingtemporary heritage con to improve as well as list) Heritage World UNESCO the in inscribed was Douro the (when 2001 since done work architecture to distinguish are prize the of tives objec The landscape. cultural Douro the in excellence of components important most the of one architecture to make as so region, Douro Alto the of panorama tive construc the to improving contributing effectively built, examples outstanding to recognise aims and Region, the in built recently architecture, contemporary is ject sub Its years. two every awarded to be is and Region, Wine Demarcated Douro the of years 250 of celebration the during 2006, in established was Prize Architecture Douro The reuse. of forms imaginative them give and them to renovate as well as buildings, old many for roles new to find important very is it places, many In Douro arch Douro 5.3.2. Douro Va Picture 39-typicaldirections ofsettlementexpansioninWachau (AU) Picture 38-drawingscheme ofshapetypicalWachau village(AU) ite lle c t ura y (P ): l pr i z e - - - - - • work in teams. multidisciplinary area; the inside • work them. of use good • future. the of heritage the to build times, present in even aspiring, mately • means of intervention. to for more orientate practices accurate architectural • to necessary is It recommendations: general Some contest. this in prizes won ready has architecture al Some contemporary quality take advantage of all previous experiences and make make and experiences previous all of advantage take adopt appropriate ways of understanding heritage heritage understanding of ways appropriate adopt build with the highest possible quality, thus legiti thus quality, possible highest the with build Picture 40-naturalmaterianandmodernshapeare inharmonywithlandscape. Picture 41-modernstylechapelinDouro Valley (PT) Quinta doVallado inDouro Valley (PT) - - 33 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 34 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement Picture 42-AdditionalbuildingofformerslatemineinKaub(DE) Picture 43-Combinationofoldandnewconstructions inBacharach(DE) ers’ guild and is accompanied by a façade competition. afaçade by accompanied is and guild ers’ paint the and industry colour the by supported is guide This site. Heritage Valley World Rhine Middle Upper the in colours façade of subject the on published was guide 2011, of the of beginning At the acontinuation architects. of chamber the and authority buildings Union, of and the monuments conservation historic Rhine Middle ValleyBuilding, Upper the Administration and Finance of Ministry the are partners project The context. ahistorical in architecture modern in interest arouse will extensions and buildings new of examples tice prac Best gardens. and roofs materials, elements, façade In addition, are proportions, concrete discussed: subjects Valley. Rhine Middle the in constructions regional-typical of awareness greater to promote shown are examples tive nega as well as positive, photos, numerous of means By sites”. heritage world on “adapted building ject, sub the on craftsmen and architects also and owners property inhabitants, to inform is pamphlet prehensive com 80-page the of ”. purpose Guidelines The Culture "Building the Building Initiative ” Culture published Heritage Valley World Rhine Middle “Upper the 2009, In management by park administration. by park management initiatives related other and Landscape of University the by given workshops and courses the in participants the providing the park with accommodation facilities for at as well as guidelines the of applicability and validity the testing at aimed developed, been has Riomaggiore above mid-hills the in settlement arural of bilitation reha integrated the for project apilot guidelines, the of preparation the with Coupled regulations. park the of part become will they that expected is it and 2006 of end the at published were guidelines The needs. tions for appropriate repair and adaptation to modern solu technical proposes park, the of heritage built rural the on research preliminary on based guide, The self. promotedthe activities by the park administration it of framework the of part is project this and donment, man’s by aban mainly compromised been has balance safeguarding the terraced landscape, whose fragile at aimed primarily apolicy pursuing is administration park The skills. building of loss the and purposes sure the into transformation activities, second homes for lei agricultural of i.e. abandonment the factors, to various due Park, Terre National Cinque the in threatened most the of one is heritage of form This Park. Terre National Cinque the in buildings rural the of rehabilitation the for aguide of preparation the describes practice good This a sou t Gu rura 5.3.3. Th 5.3.4. Cin h Façand e rura ideline r nd l bu e U e qu ilding l bu hab C de s f pp e T or B or e ilt h ilit o e R r Middle rr l s a ours a u e e ti s nd C ilding : C r o it o n a a n t t ge ruc s r nd h e Vaine r u v g hrou t lt a ur e ti us ur o e lle e o s n o e h h f y: f

------

(Jeanne Corthay, Emmanuel Estoppey) because of the difficulty of moving through the vines. the through moving of difficulty the of because especially tiring, and restrictive still is vineyards in work less, neverthe mechanisation; to allow particular in re-terraced, been have slopes the region, Douro the In abandonment. of situation increasing an provoke to now, and times previous from accessibility, of lack the to linked closely are ficulties - dif These terraces. the and activity the abandoned already had winegrowers the of majority the when introduced were monorails all, the of most and, enough widespread not is system the as terraces the on working in difficulties faces still site, the of parts some in system of type same the uses which Terre, However, Cinque abandonment. from suffered have could that places in to farm to continue opportunity the ing giv plots, remote most and highest the reach can system funicular amonorail while plots, the of to most access easy to provide vines the through paths of anetwork creating by accessible more vineyards the making infrastructures, the improved instance, for vineyard, Lavaux The profession. the of standards to the according production to adjust and technology new to use winegrowers enable should sibility acces and mobility possible, as profitable as activity the to keep order In amonoculture). not are vineyards where areas, agricultural to other (and to vineyards accessibility cal practi means and efficiency for acondition is here Mobility and tourists. inhabitants tural and winegrowing activities, agricul concern issues mobility regions, these In activity. human on depend directly that landscapes cultural are ViTourprogram the in involved sites all differences, geomorphic their Despite cited. be can mobility of cases al sever areas, winegrowing Heritage World in to accessibility linked problems and to mobility regard With development. economic balanced to ensure banks two the between tion aconnec at look must rivers or to streams related sites The land. flat and alake of consists landscape the where See, Neusiedler in those like at looked be cannot Valin d'Orcia facilities Transport accessibility. and mobility to site related key factors are morphology land and Geography opment. devel stimulating in help and prosperity, economy, healthy are andMobility accessibility essential conditions for a 6.1.1. Wineg 6.1. I 6.1. 6. and A nt cc ro mob row ducti ess acing o n tivitie ilit ib ilit s y y y ------should be taken into account. site the outside access of means different the First, facilities. ous transport vari the between cohesion relevant to obtain order in situ, in mobility of issues with conjunction in outwards, and inwards reflection, be must there Therefore, tors. visi of number the in increase alarge with confronted often are and interest undeniable aroused have sites Heritage World the tourism, of development the With constraints. social and economic and objectives the meeting while impact, environmental the to reduce aims it since ity, mobil sustainable of part considered be can old), the and young (the drive can’t or transport own their have don’t who those especially people, to the help great of is which concept, This inhabitants. the for mainly mobility, sustainable to improve system call on a bus developed they See: Neusiedler with cited be also can example Another inscription. the of values the specting re and landscape the into inserted cleverly also but use, social its in possible as efficient as abridge to plan order in organisation UNESCO the and population the stakeholders, the among done been has work Major exemplary. therefore Valley is Rhine Middle Upper The to prosper. order in mobile to be needs Society infrastructures. its of and landscape the of velopment de the in role important an plays inhabitants) more nor less (neither population current the Maintaining life. of quality of or economy of amatter either also is It activities. daily their during easily move can dents resi local that crucial is It moving. and travelling of needs the to meet is mobility of objective primary The situ. Both views require different approaches. different require views Both situ. in circulation and site to the access tourism: regarding considered to be have mobility of kinds Two different 6.1.3.1. A 6.1.2. I 6.1.3.Tour it nhab cc e ss t ss i sm o t a nt h e s s ite ------35 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 36 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement cult to access, the island of Pico can be mentioned. mentioned. be can Pico of island the to access, cult diffi most sites the Among not. or easy is site the to access whether is to consider factor Another site. the of image tourist the of basis the on prepared been have signs These Lavaux. of land the in arrival to announce highways national on put were signs since interesting also is example Swiss the communications, external of case the In “gentle mobility”. to use means, and fees special by prompted, then is visitor The train. by and foot on discovered be should site the that ing advertis its in Terre suggests Cinque airport. to the and from transport public to facilitate order in mented imple been has asurvey example, for ValIn d’Orcia, Wachau Valley Loire Tokaj Pico See Neusiedler Terceira, Montalcino Valley Rhine Middle Upper Lavaux Douro Terre Cinque km) (80 Vienna km) (220 Orly Paris km) (100 Nantes Tours (115Debrecen km) (125 km) Kosice km) (250 Budapest 10 km km 30 km) (240 Rome (120 km) Florence km) (200 Pisa km) (80 Frankfurt km) (60 Hahn (60km) Geneva km) (100 Porto 100km than more bit a Genoa, and Pisa Airport Picture 44-Signonthemotorway, Lavaux(CH)

km) (20 St-Pölten (130 km) Paris km) (250 Budapest None km) (50 Vienna km) (40 Siena km) (60 Mainz km) (30 Koblenz (10km) Lausanne km) (100 Porto km) (100 Genoa Spezia La station train International - - - tors each year. each tors visi 2 million over are there as a success is proposal This train. by and foot on area the to explore able advis is it since assets, into accessibility concerning constraints its transforms and concept this uses also Terre Cinque network. entire the on travelling allows that ticket to asingle thanks cycling, and portation trans public by explored be site the that proposed is it Wachau, the In food. and wine through it perience to ex also but landscape, the to discover excursions offer bus a gastronomic and Tokaj, bus In tive. a wine perspec very this from of thought be must such, as Mobility, and discovering. understanding seeing, ues. Therefore, visitors could become "visit-actors", val their of transmission to the attention particular pay should sites The surroundings. their within ences experi direct enjoy can visitors that away such in done be also should it but landscape the of covery adis be only not will site Heritage to aWorld A visit the widest possible access through airlines. through access possible widest the to ensure partners other and government the with to work able be should area the Furthermore, gion. re the to reach how about information clear provide develop must good communicationscessibility to ac poor with Sites trip. a boat make also sometimes and flights different several take often must visitors since there, to get efforts logistical requires it fact, In 6.1.3.2. Touris site) the 2 (along it) along one and site the across 4 (3 away km 30 is nearest The None 1 (10 km) --- site) the 1 (along 1 (2km) 1 away) km 20 2 (about Motorway t mob +others Danube the 2 along +5 site the 2 in 1 2 2 bank each 1 on 1 site) the 2 (along sites the 3 in sites the 2 in highways National ilit y in s Chart ofdistancesandaccessbility it u Dürnstein and Melk Krems, ------Miguel, São ------Mainz Koblenz Lausanne Porto Genoa Spezia La sea) lake, (River, access Water Faial ------6.2. problems are:problems main the perspective, this From capacity. carrying its and site, the of quality the with line in developed be can it that so mobility this controlling by also but infrastructures settling by only not accessibility of improvement the and mobility of development the er to consid crucial is it why is This environment. the on impact direct and asubstantial have and work heavy require infrastructures rail and road new The ability. sustain and integration of concept any from away moves system mobility the that indicate portation trans European of development the in trends Current All these complications in mobility and accessibility accessibility and mobility in complications these All plane. and boat by shipped is wine The ocean. the of middle the in is site the since matter, adifficult is exportation Island, Pico on process, export the in and production) of place and vine between (route process production the in both crucial is mobility Though, overcrowded. be often may roads these season, vest har the during visitors of amount to the due Besides, much. too landscape the modify not should built be could that roads However, the production. of place the and vineyards the between machines their with easily to move able be must tenants the conditions, good in to work order In everywhere. observed is issue the complicated, more is vineyard asteep side in trails of development the Although problematic. be also can vineyards to the tractors and devices More generally, of agricultural the transportation ally through tunnels. dressed, tradition plants, the under to crawl have they where “currais“, Terre, the Cinque in or to maintain have they Pico, where in as well as effort, additional quires re and down slowed is work their that slopes steep such face Valley must Rhine Middle Upper the in ers handicap fora direct exploitation. Some winemak is value, universal outstanding their of cause the was which peculiarity, their vineyards, particular these For land. steep on work to tiring and difficult more much isit fact, In flat. or steep is ground the if changes ly fundamental vineyards the in out carried work The ocean. the and avolcano between grow yards vine the in Pico, like when, or flat, or steep are plots winegrowing the whether differently, treated are ity mobil and Accessibility vineyards. the in mobility on depends often also latter the Maintaining site. the of maintenance the in part takes which business, wine the safeguard and to preserve desire astrong shows ViTourregion each activities, winegrowing their for not necessarily been inscribed on the UNESCO list have sites winegrowing Heritage World all Although devel I 6.2.1. Risks nf opm ras o ent t ruc f w t ur ineg e s f row or t or h ing e ------nowadays). nowadays). 1970s to 100 the in 1200 (from vineyards of hectares of number the in decrease the on impact an had also ity accessibil reduced However, the winegrowing. than profitable more sectors economic of growth the and costs production high to the linked closely is ample, Terre, ex for Cinque in plots of abandonment The wine. the of price the affect that costs extraordinary from Picomechanisation. also generates Exporting to facilitate order in mainly cost, ahigh at walls, stone Valley, dry Douro built the in estate an Carvalhas, das Quinta vineyards, to the vehicles of transportation the Regarding a cost. have infrastructures these all Terre, but Cinque or Lavaux in as system, a monorail to install choose or Germany, in as device, alifting buy may producer the Moreover, profitability. in decrease a cause often accessibility, lacking areas in and, costs related to generate substantial winemaking activities of communication can have a direct impact on all the the all on impact adirect have can communication of lack This complicated. and limited is riverbanks two the between connection the Therefore, km. 100 than more by separated are which Mainz, and Koblenz between bridge no is there But motorway. one and highways federal two has it as for provided well is site the Germany, In aregion. of stability economic the on impacts have can and inhabitants the of life of quality the with linked strongly are infrastructures and Roads volume. traffic to the suitable not is infrastructure the if problematic be also can traffic road addition, In economy. local the for problems causes therefore that accessibility of to alack due decreasing is population the because or,contrary, the on important, is too cars of flow the because Either programme. ViTourLandscape the in included sites the all for challenge big is a traffic Road 6.2.2. R 6.2.2. a Picture 45-Thestyleofthe Douro vineyards, withtarmacwallsandroads, Douro (PT) inf nd oa ras d t t ra ruc ffi t c ur e s - - 37 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 38 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement including the surrounding area outside the site. the outside area surrounding the including reflection, global through found be may solution The vineyards. the through travelling cars of amount sive exces to an related threat a real is there Lavaux, In Loire. Val de the of areas wines the discover to implemented been have circuit main to the linked sections Some success. increasing an is regions Loire la de Pays and Centre the by supported initiative ism àvélo“, “Loire The atour landscape. outstanding the appreciate and to discover viewpoints panoramic are levees anciet The circuits): pedestrian horse, (bicycle, trails tourist dedicated into levees the on built river the along roads national former the to turn Loire: de Val the in proposed been has solution alternative An thinking. global some to be has there contradiction, this to solve order In visitors. of number the of reduction any without site, the within vehicles of number the to reduce rather but parks, car or roads of number the to increase not is therefore challenge One landscape. the and infrastructures the with fit always not does it because particularly controlled, and channelled be must and increasing often is vehicles of flow the tourism, of case the In nearby. motorway no is there when ample ex for problematic, is accessibility where site, the of areas remote the in decreasing is but Pölten, St. and Vienna near areas in increasing now is residents of number the the Wachau, In difficult. was valley to the access because especially 1950s, the in exodus a rural from suffered Val d'Orcia centres. economic regional landscape to be protected. the of values the with confronted be naturally must development This available. be should infrastructures suitable and determined precisely be should habitants in the of needs actual The inhabitants: the of Needs landscape? the on impact visual bad potentially any there Is these? with conflict of arisk there Is nearby? exist activities of kind What fauna? and flora vegetation, of kind What Flat? steep? it Is action: for aneed is there where environment the Environment: developing public transportation infrastructures, such as: while considered to be have elements various that agreed They to landscape. paid attention particular with impact, tive nega their to diminish order in infrastructures of integration correct the for adopted be could that reflection of cess pro the discussed ViTourpartners the seminar, the During asite. of management the in importance their again once proving meetings, ViTourLandscape other during experiences. However, these were issues also discussed their to share partners ViTourLandscape the allowed accessibility and mobility of topic the on A seminar 6.3.d Goo Special attention should be paid to paid be should attention Special

P cyoli Prac ce ti s ------flow. the disturb and slowly move only can which machines, other and tractors for used be also can road same the way. addition, In same the travel not do who tourists, the of those with of needs mobility their and people of interests the to combine crucial is It users. different the between interest of conflicts real cause can they fact, In ered. consid be also must traffic to mixed linked issues The sands of people per hour to move on too narrow apath. narrow too on to move hour per people of sands thou for unpleasant becomes quickly it contrary, the On people. afew by used only is it ,if necessary be not may road wide example,a For consideration. into taken be also must route the of use The motorbikes. and lorries cars, bikes, electric scooters, bicycles, destrians, pe by used is route same the if problems be indeed can There users. of variety the of basis the on oped traffic: Mixed development. the of beginning the from account into taken was issue this if especially mented, imple and found be can solutions simple time, the of Most mobility. reduced with disabled the for ered Reduced mobility: for visitors. transportation of capacity the to increase just houses near railway a noisy to build instance, for inappropriate, be would It resolve. to difficult are that conflicts cause could it otherwise inhabitants; the of life the with cordance ac in done be should infrastructures of development of spots: tourist the and inhabitants the of tranquillity the Preserving met that the car could potentially be abandoned. be potentially could car the that met are criteria these all if only is It travel. easy and quick for allow should frequency The distributed. rectly cor points strategic to different access easy ensure to able be should transport public of system the that show examples two These unattractive. it makes tion coordina and information of lack the but transport, public some is there See, Neusiedler In Montalcino. of village the 12 from km about Buonconvento, is tion sta train nearest The cars. use often very they and century, the of beginning the since increasing been has region the in tourists of number The erating. op longer no is railway the acar, because without region the of villages five the to reach impossible almost is it example, for Val In d'Orcia, encouraged. is cars of use the therefore and areas rural remote in complicated often is access transportation Public 6.2.3. P a ractt ub tivene li The infrastructures should be devel be should infrastructures The c t ra Infrastructures should Infrastructures be consid ss The relationship between the the between relationship The n spor t a it nd s ------weekend, but financial subsidies are required. are subsidies financial but weekend, the for and service anight to create is municipality the of aim current The disabled. and elderly young, the of mobility the increases and community local the within accepted well is It traffic. to reduce helps system This day. per 120 people reach can passengers of volume the and operating are buses Three particulates. for ter afil with equipped are and biodiesel use buses The Here is a selection. aselection. is Here partners. our by presented been have accessibility and mobility of subject the with coping practices Good France. in Sites” “Grand and cities heritage in done been have experiments such Many tolls. specific by even or signposting, by or uses, native alter for roads or tracks, dedicated reserving by either inhabitants, the of those from routes visitors’ the rate circuits: tourism Dedicated equipment. and infrastructures of ity qual the or visit of time the space, available the adapt to or visitors of behaviour the on either to act help can It site. heritage every of capacity carrying the mine to deter possible be should It site: the of Capacity management. site the by consideration into taken be must that reflection the of aspect mental afunda is It time. right the at place right to the directly users different the channel properly can and flow fic - traf on influence adirect have can implemented and Signposts: Underground? the landscape? by Surrounded vegetation? Planted? into infrastructures these to integrate way best the is site? What the outside or Inside residents? and tors visi between separated or parks car Mixed transport? public with them connect and vehicles all to gather der or in one, just or parks car for places different several to develop better it Is considered. be must landscape Car parks: speed. higher at a travel that cars with conflict into come may machines other or way. tractors Similarly, the to find trying is or scenery the about curious is who itor vis occasional the as speed same the at go or way same the take not does to work to go is aim whose habitant rate: Flow are cheap ( cheap are floor.Tickets low to their thanks accessible, easily are buses The driver. the with route the discuss sengers pas the and service on-call to door" a"door provide buses The Mörbisch. and Breitenbrunn Purbach, site: the in municipalities three by up set was frastructure in new This operational. became system taxi-bus the 2006, April In management. traffic careful requires fore there and area sensitive environmentally an is there lake The inconvenient. is it because aproblem often is transport Public border. Hungarian the near Austria, of east the in located is region See Neusiedler The 6.3.1. B us o us the users have to be differentiated: an in an differentiated: to be have users the A network of signposts that is well planned planned well is that signposts of Anetwork The impact car parks may have on the the on have may parks car impact The € 1.5 one way) and the system is simple. simple. is system the and 1.5 way) one n ca ll It could be useful to sepa useful be could It ------lishment of a syndicate involving all owners of a given agiven of owners all involving asyndicate of lishment estab the requires engineering, to rural linked work the with combined operation, This activity. the cilitate to fa order owner, in same to the belonging plots the merging by land the of fragmentation the to reduce aims plots the of reorganisation The area. the of tation exploi the to facilitate is paths these of purpose The plots. the • Redesigning • etc.) water, drainage, • work: of types main three support paths The vineyard. the in mobility to optimise helped also which plots, the of reorganisation to amajor led This tools. production modern with easily more plots the to reach growers wine the allows but traffic to ordinary closed is roads of network This vineyards. to the accessibility improve to order in 1950s the in designed already was process improvement aland in created paths new of A network 6.3.2. Impro La Work on soil protection and consolidation of the rocks Rural engineering (roadworks for collecting surface surface collecting for (roadworks engineering Rural v Picture 47-Theroads, facilitatingtheactivityofwinegrowers, Lavaux(CH) au x vine ve yar m o ent d s a Picture 46-Busoncall,Neusiedler See(AT) mo nd f pa t t in hs n ora il h s e - - - - 39 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 40

ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement maximum cost is 16.50 Swiss francs per m². per francs Swiss 16.50 is cost maximum m². The per 7.50 francs reaches Swiss owners for cost average The established. was hectares 52 for francs 15 Swiss than million more of estimate an Riex, in ple, exam For subsidies. without out to carry impossible and expensive nevertheless is process This furrowed. being without water collect can surfaces Hard land. the of shape the adopt rather but flat never are They water. surface to collecting to contribute and plots to the access -to ensure function adual have Paths walls. stone the inside and on again to live fauna and cement. little Thisvery improvement allows flora with stabilised are stones The built. are walls stone Nowadays, fauna. and flora on impact anegative had However, they reasons. financial for built were walls concrete 1960s, early the In paths. the along walls the is approach this illustrate can that examples the of One account. into criteria environmental to take and carefully out carried to be has it case, any In authority. apublic by imposed compulsory, or owners, the by decided voluntary, be may that like Aprocess area. to promote local products. and services public through developed to be mobility the to help territory, the of recuperation for used is card this from revenue The path. coastal paying the to access giving and site the in transportation public for ticket service asingle is which created, been has card” a“Cinqueterre while, area, the in around move to inhabitants and visitors to allow created been has buses of Anetwork points. information tourist into transformed been has stations the in buildings the of etc). Apart service (ticketing park the within ing act cooperatives the by run and Park National the to rented were they agreement, to an Thanks lages. vil the in existing stations train five the closed had service railway national the meantime, the In hills. the of part upper the in especially pathways, hiking of network the to reinforce and zones, coastal the on pressure to reduce mobility, collective to increase motorcars, private of use the to reduce was policies the of aim The countryside. the and villages the of rity cooperativesservice struggled to the preserve integ tourism the and company, railway the Park, National Terre Cinque the Therefore vehicles. private of use the from risks the and visitors of number large the by threatened was site the and greatly increase ists tour of number the made (1999) Park a National as recognition its (1997) and Heritage World of part as Terre Cinque of inscription The Riomaggiore. Spezia, La from coming village first the reached 1964, it Terre. In Cinque of top the along built was a road 1960s, the In harbours. real without sea, by or paths foot by only accessible were villages the because centuries, for isolated Terre been had Cinque The sys 6.3.3. A te m cc rura in e ss i b ilit l a y a nd t nd t our ra i sm ar sm n spor e t as

------to use the existing infrastructures. order in suburbs) the also but area protected the only (not consideration into taken was region whole The infrastructures. park car their and visitors to welcome capacity their Site, Heritage World the in role their as such criteria relevant to according defined were points regional Five afterwards. transport public to use them to encourage and park car to aspecial way the ists motor to show intended is project The considered. to be had roads and places some of capacity reduced The site. the inside traffic the distribute and channel to better order in parks, car the and network transport current the using system a signposting up set Lavaux 6.3.4. Sign t ra ffi c ma Picture 48-TheCinqueTerre card andthetrain,CinqueTerre (IT) pos n a f ting gement or sus or t a in ab le

- (Myriam Laidet)(Myriam asking to be recognised by UNESCO. by recognised to be asking by them to protect need the and disappearing scapes land heritage these of dangers the about inhabitants of awareness dawning the sites: the to all common is that observation an with begins reflection This Europe. in regarded is landscape the way the on influence found apro had have they and Renaissance, the exemplify to come have landscape this celebrated that School Sienese the of paintings The nature). with harmony and well-being, city, the for (prosperity government Good of those and poverty) and violence, pillaging, (famine, government Bad of effects the illustrates allegory The systems. agrarian innovative with alandscape of ties quali aesthetic the –allies territory City-State’s the into integrated was it when 14th 15th centuries the and during redeveloped and –redrawn Siena of hinterland agricultural This respect. this in testimonial ceptional ex an provides 2004, in List Heritage World the on inscribed was which Val d’Orcia, The landscape? tural cul avineyard for governance appropriate the is What 7.1. in Vit C 7. Go order Picture 49-TheAllegoryofGoodandBadGovernment–Scenesfrom thefrescos byAmbrogio Lorenzetti between1337and1340atthePalazzoPublicoinSiena,Italy ult One our Guidelines - obs vern t ural o pro er v a ti te o c an n Land t : o the verl c mob e y------fra and ilisa scap work of Vitour sites can provide a number of answers. of anumber provide can sites Vitour of work net the practices, best of pooling a and reflection of years two upon? Following called be can tools and tions institu Which today? landscape cultural avineyard of governance good the to guarantee mean it does What List. Heritage World to the addition their justify that qualities heritage the respecting simultaneously while to thrive continue they ensuring and progress evolving their for aframework providing of one but museums,” “open-air into them transforming and areas fossilised managing of one not is issue memory”. The mankind’s hu for a “loss as perceived be would alteration whose landscape, cultural their of sustainability long-term the guaranteeing of that community: international the to relation in commitment same this share all network Vitour the of sites later, UNESCO the centuries Several ful landscape identityand the fact that this identity is is identity this that fact the identityand landscape ful power their have sites project Landscape Vitour The o 7.1.1. La ve gile r ti ti o nd m

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, - - - - - European UNESCO sites are being launched in 2013. in launched being are sites UNESCO European of assessments management because apriority came be plan management the of 2012. of issue end The the before effect into come will it inscription; UNESCO the in involved 197 the in municipalities validated ing be currently is Plan Management Loire Val de The (Germany). Valley site Rhine Middle Upper the and (Portugal), Azores the in site Island Pico the (Austria), Fertö/Neusiedlersee of site lakeshore der transbor the (Switzerland), Terraces Vineyard Lavaux Plan: the Management approved an have sites Vitour 10 To the 4of only date, Committee. Heritage World UNESCO’s by as well as authorities, public national and regional local, competent the by approved be must Plan Management UNESCO the reason the is This management. to territorial regard with Authorities Local the with responsibility this shares it although UNESCO of eyes the in responsible is country, the on depending centralised or federal either State, The and monitoring mechanisms. • implementation• An action plan; project; • involved; players the as well as tools planning • OUV; its to impact likely threats and risks • The (OUV); value universal outstanding its plaining • includes: that plan amanagement and value” universal outstanding of a“statement to produce mandatory become has it and 2005, since reinforced been also have provisions The assessment. an to make asked is sites) mixed or natural for IUCN and/or ICOMOS and delisting, towards step first the is danger”, in which “heritage of list the on inscribed be may site the serious, is risk the that find they if and areport, to make State the ask first they visitors), (NGO, individual, means other any by or State, the by either site, the of value the endanger to seems which out carried been has that thing some or aproject of informed is UNESCO Whenever monitoring”. “active called is process this solution: good a to find order in authorities) local the these landscapes, agronomic approaches, etc.); approaches, agronomic landscapes, these of establishment the of history (the initiatives research through Value Universal Outstanding this constitute • assumes: which Property, the of values tural cul the of inhabitants, the by as well as stakeholders, A. mind: in borne be should ples Management Plan, UNESCO two management princi- the of characteristics legal to the addition In 7.2.2. inte Two The local and national forecasting, decision-making, The description of the Property and a statement ex astatement and Property the of description The A Property protection and sustainable development development sustainable and protection A Property gaining greater knowledge about the elements that that elements the about knowledge greater gaining The status of the Property’s protection and local local and protection Property’s the of status The The appropriation, by all the private and public public and private the all by appropriation, The r venti o n pr in c i p le s

------Picture 54-UpperMiddleRhineValley (GE)Inscribedin2002 Picture 53–Fertö–NeusiedlerSee(AT) inscribedin2001 Picture 51-TheLavauxterraces (SW)Inscribedin2007 Picture 52-PicoIsland(PT)Inscribedin2004 43 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 44 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement the outcomes of the actions implemented. implemented. actions the of outcomes the verifying and monitoring of role to UNESCO, the spect re with accepted responsibility public the of behalf on exercise, who representatives Government being of to that one acomplementary is manager site as role menting UNESCO inscription recommendations. This imple of as well as events, and coordination on-site organising of charge in and site to the dedicated is that structure engineering all, aproject above require, principles management landscape cultural two These governance. of forms new to test projects • Pilot authorities. ment the economic and decision-makers territorial manage • of: implementation the assumes OUV the with compatibility project of evaluation The tations. expec contemporary of light the in as well as heritage and landscape cultural the of standpoint the from practices, agricultural in adaptations any with along projects, planning landscape and architectural new any integrating of question the handling of amatter is This Value: Universal site’s Outstanding the of light B. days). heritage world of guidebooks) and(production events (exhibitions, editorial kits), (teaching educational once at is that cy poli a multifaceted from alike, arising publics young • ‘production facility’ that grapevines represent, of of represent, grapevines that facility’ ‘production the of sustainability the ensuring simultaneously of aquestion is It fundamental. also is landscapes B. landscape. that of fruits the ing sell when advantage avital become has public a broad for landscape avineyard of complexities the Clarifying of consumption.the types standardisation of certain tosponse the internationalisation of and to production re as a serves singularities these of reaffirmation The generations. of course the over reinterpretation its and place the of loci genius the of spirit to the as well as history, to a and location geographic to a specific are they because relocated be cannot all, that above and, unique original, are that civilisations wine old centuries A. areas: these of progress evolutionary the over control the and values cultural the appropriating to regard with particular, in and, territories growing wine these of future the for planning when argument a key economic become has account into taken ing be is management asite’s landscape that fact The f v 7.2.3. u an advisory board composed of experts working with with working experts of composed board advisory an mediation among all inhabitants,visitors publics, and a Regulation of the evolution of this landscape in the the in landscape this of evolution the of Regulation Control over the evolutionary progress of these these of progress evolutionary the over Control These vineyard landscapes are the expression of of expression the are landscapes vineyard These t l u ur e – a cu A e o n a f w lt ura dv ineg a l nt row l a a nd f ge ing scap or t or e h ’s a ’s e dded ------winegrowing in industry the New World. the from competition fierce by confronted creasingly in is that sector winegrowing aEuropean to defend account have all become economic arguments used into terroirs the of qualities landscape the taking and buildings, of quality architectural the land, of agement man ecological The production. quality of guarantee the as practices cultivation environmentally-friendly agricultural abandonment and, above all, promoting from ‘scattering’, or sprawl urban from it safeguarding European Landscape Convention.European Landscape the by recommended being now ones same the are Renaissance, the during tested and tried were which principles, These landscapes. to aesthetic leads tably inevi management this of quality The project. cultural sustainable same the behind standing territory, given any in decision-makers and inhabitants the including everyone, of support the without achieved be not can landscape acultural of management proper The inhabitants. the by defended goals all aterritory, of values landscape and environmental cultural, the safeguarding of tives objec the –with producers) and (merchants particular in winegrowers of those –and interests commercial ple cou that guidelines overall provides Plan Management The stakeholders. and inhabitants the of involvement the as well as decision-makers, private and public the all among networking requires landscapes, cultural account into taking by conferred value, added This culture, heritageriverfronts andlarge vineyards areas overthehillsofriver Picture 56-theVal deLoire culturallandscape:afusionbetweennature and Picture 55-LaCouleede Serrant: oneofthefamous expressions ofthecultural landscapeofVal deLoire ------• types: main two into divided be can that dispositions management dedicated have sites Vitour the All sector. winegrowing the in stakes economic the of diversity the as well as in Europe, diversity institutional considerable the flect re sites the at implemented governance of forms The use and of vineyards. of and use land of abandonment the to counter resources tural agricul alternative for to search be will sites other the for key issue the whereas conservation, landscape age herit of requirements the versus sector winegrowing the of profitability the from arising conflicts to settle have will management landscape instance, first the In Terre Park). Cinque Island, (Pico value economic minant a deter than value heritage emblematic a greater has production wine where sites as priorities same the have Tokaj, not do Douro, Loire) Val de Upper Montalcino, d’Orcia- (Val regions production wine major the Finally, site. Douro Alto the at ha 24,600 the managing from different very inevitably is Archipelago) (Azores site Island Pico the at ha 987 the managing intervention: of scale actual the by prompted also is acompromise Such approaches. two these tween be acompromise is that answer an offers site Each project? territorial along-term for guidelines menting imple of all, one above it, is or volition their express decision-makers when and as built primarily proach ap an alandscape for management appropriate the Is term. long and dium me the over strategy development acollective carries it because coercive more is State’s role the where tion disposi institutional an of case the in consulted only are they whereas committees, steering of members as capacity decision-making their in management scape land in involved directly are latter these disposition, community aLocal of case the In sectors. tourism and winegrowing the in professionals of those especially way, and same the in stakeholders economic of ests inter the account into take all not do they but roles, expertise and structuring project raising, awareness coordination, play awhole as structures these All members. the of contributions own the by financed initiatives are launched dispositions under these largely The Hungary). and Austria, (Germany, authorities public regional of support the from benefit who groups interest • policies. territorial and national of public, framework the within financed are actions their and ate oper systems these way The country. each to specific is centralised and decentralised government authorities the between balance the where Portugal) Switzerland, Italy, (France, Authority Public regional and/or tional 7.3.1. o Forms 7.3. Go a “local disposition community” the “institutional” disposition vern f g an o c ve e r and n , taken on by the na the by on , taken a , taken on by special special by on , taken n c man e a ment ge ------that determines the economic future of such territories. territories. such of future economic the determines that thread unifying the becomes it so heritage landscape the account into to take need the observation: one on agree cultures, administrative and institutional the in and production wine in involved stakes economic the on depending differ which governance, of forms These pri a constantsearch forequilibriumbetweenpreserving aheritagelandscape orities Picture 58-Landscapearchitecture intheAltoDouro: Picture 57-Landscapearchitecture intheAltoDouro: f or Vit optimising wineproduction our s s ites 45 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 46 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement Picture 60-Aheritagelandscaperestoration project thatisunderway Picture 59-Renewedcultivation oftheabandonedvineyards atKaub along thelakeshores ofFertöNeusiedlersee(Austria) Picture 61-Thereintroduction ofwildhorses in theUpperMiddleRhineValley (Fortified castleofGutenfels) project provides the following answers: following the provides project Landscape Vitour the of part as up drawn practices good of compilation the of analysis The landscape? to the value add that practices good the are What emptions, public landholding). landholding). public emptions, pre- (observatory, policy land apublic of framework the These agricultural transformations often occur within areas. these of biodiversity the enrich, not if conserve, to measures agro-environmental by accompanied are aromatic (Cinque herbs Terre). transformations These or Valley, Rhine Fertö-Neusiedlersee) Middle (Upper cultivation cherry reintroducing by landscape the tain main to cultivation diversified of establishment the or Fertö-Neusiedlersee) in and Loire Val de the in grazing cattle of development the and fields alluvial the of ration resto (the agricultural broadly, more Valley) and, Rhine Middle Upper the in terraces vineyard the of restoration (the work restoration landscape vineyard major We note 7.3.2.1. tha universal v 7.3.2. Th a l t u resp Ag e t ri e g o t e cult

v c Picture 62-Theprotection of biodiversitythrough the Vitiswiss al t oo h and Vinatura certifications awardedand Vinatura in Lavaux (Switzerland)

the ue e l ural d prac o out a f nd

the tran s t scap anding s ti ite s f c orma e e s t

ha ti o t a n s dd - - its transmission to the coming generations. generations. coming to the transmission its and maintenance its in players main the and landscape the of ‘end-users’ the are they because habitants, • landscape. heritage the compose that elements structuring the into them to integrate jects pro new for conditions compatibility the defines that • community, and to a common establish public culture. entire to the individual the from quality heritage its and site’s landscape the for accounts what of standing under the to extend decision-makers and inhabitants • inscription. UNESCO the by ognised rec landscape the of representations the shaped that andgeomorphological anthropological characteristics the of particular in and landscape, the of ements etc.). museums, abbeys, (châteaux, properties cultural of managers the and winegrowing tourism, in professionals of efforts networking the and taurants, res and accommodation of quality the know-how), and heritage, constructed the landscapes, (vineyard heritage winegrowing the of exploration the link that projects offer: tourism the of renewal the in apart plays involvement local This to visitors. respect with territory their of ambassadors the become have who habitants, in the involving strategies signposting dedicated the and tools mediation the of areinforcement We note • points: following four the cumulatively, account, into takes it condition on quality landscape’s the of sustainability the sure en only can initiative an such that We feel landscape. cultural ommendations concerning the governance of a vineyard rec of anumber with concludes sites project Landscape Vitour the at underway initiative the of summary This Europe. of parts other in usual less is it but rule, common the is referendum of way by democracy local project, every for Switzerland, In choices. planning local in consulted are who habitants in the of participation the on placed often is Emphasis Terre). Valley, Cinque (Rhine Val d’Orcia, guidebooks scape land and architectural as Valley),well as Rhine Middle Upper Loire, Val de (Wachau, belvederes adjacent and banks river proaches (planning competitions for public riparian areas, ap project on as well as policies regulatory and incentives public on lies it sites; the to all common orientation second the is quality landscape and architectural in Improvement 7.3.2.3. 7.3.2.2. and 7.4. man A sustainable development strategy for the territory territory the for strategy development A sustainable The implementation of projects that involve the in the involve that projects of implementation The The appropriation of these characteristics by the the by characteristics these of appropriation The Knowledge and protection of the structuring el structuring the of protection and Knowledge

land Re Media Reg a ment ge commend scap ula ti ting o e n

ev with a archite o l uti o f o a t ourism n a ti c s

t o vine ural n v s

oca f yard or ti o n go

cult ------vern heritage landscapes. heritage our of legacy old centuries this to safeguard order in national vineyards that share the same preoccupations inter and national the rallying gradually is It 2003. in implemented was Fontevraud”, which de ternationale in “Charte the in out set those are landscapes these of aesthetics The areas. these of future the to shape ject pro cultural acollective of name the in territory, entire to the application their generalising by principles these consolidate will Plan Management site’s UNESCO The Zones). Agricultural with oenotourism and protective initiatives (Protected along workshops), and seminars, (colloquia, initiatives pooling knowledge and wines) prized highly most the and landscapes heritage the between thereof, alack or (correlations, research to undertake Interloire, Loire: de vins des Interprofession the with Loire, Val de Mission the manager, site the associating apartnership of work frame the within comes landscapes vineyard historical of ha 6,000 the of management Loire, Val de the In aesthetics. landscape’s the of values common the underlying solidarity the emphasises that disposition led byaction an institutional or European Community public from come only can governance of form This ural an c

land e ad ap scap and canbeusedallyearround visitors. Certaincircuits are signposted over 5,000people,bothinhabitantsand coordinated bythevintners andwelcome landscapes. Theroutes are definedand weekend eachyeartoexplore vineyard des vinsdeLoire hasbeen organising a Picture 63-Asof2005,the Interprofession ted e

t . o the

Picture 64 - - - - 47 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 48 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement cial farmersandwho,regardless ofalleconomicmo- tances, maybeincontrastwith thoseofthecommer to theinhabitantswhoseinterests, insomecircums- should involveandlistento local expertiseaswell cial farmsandthecontribution ofexperts.Thisarena that shouldbenefitfrom theparticipationofcommer Therefore, it is necessary to create an arena of debate control costsandtoimprove thequalityofproduction. territory withpracticalactsoftenoutoftheneedto participation offarmerswhoconstantlytransformthe ful programme guideline should require the active preserve thelandscapetoalimitedextent.Asuccess- the regulations andthearrangementofcultivationto manifest thattheterritorialauthoritiescanonlyaffect resorting totherigourofrulesandregulations. Itis influence andgeneratelong-soughtactionswithout a prescriptive role, typicalofamoralsuasion,tryingto of therurallandscapehasanargumentative ratherthan The mainfeature ofthe instruments formanagement cultural, aswelleconomicandfunctional.Acareful ecosystemic, identity-making, affective, symbolic and meaning oftheword, acknowledging itsvaluesas on thethemesrelated to thelandscape,inwidest First of all, it is necessary to improve general sensitivity aim, ithastobeeasilytransmitted. of confrontation andagreement; inorder toachievethis knowledge must play an important role as an instrument tion both of the players involved and of the inhabitants, In a new modelofgovernance that implies the contribu- of production andthetransmissionofknowledge. players involvedanditisdirectly related totheprocess derived from thepluralityandfragmentationof landscape policiesisthechallengetocomplexity The centralthemeforthedefinitionofterritorialand and enhancement. ensure the effectiveness of actions for its preservation work on.Onlydetailedknowledgeoftheterritorycan suit ofandagoodknowledgethecircumstances to plies astrictcorrelation betweentheobjectivesofpur ment ofvineyard landscapesintheUNESCOsitesim- An effective policyforthepreservation andenhance - (Roberto Vezzosi) 8.1. The 8.2. The achieved par 8. ti CON c ipa

R definiti o ti

throu le o CL o n f o

o Kn f g USION n all h co owledge o f

the

territ n sult subje S a orial - - - ti - requires collaborative relationships among territorial Finally, goodmanagement-aswellin-depth knowledge his/her ownexperienceandneeds. process shoulddrawfrom thisrepertoire according to rules andprescriptions. Eachplayerinterested inthe repertoire ofgoodcompanypracticeinsteadcreating gement are setout, it is advisable to gather a shared Once shared goalsandstrategiesforlandscapemana- possible. ticipatory process, yetopenandextendedasmuch main interested parties,alongwithamore formalpar landscape should bediscussedindepthamong the The contentofallpoliciesandstrategiesrelated tothe tion) ononeside,leisure ontheother. management –identity(functionaltosocialorganisa- their pointsofviewmaycreate disputesaboutterritorial der andOutsider, shouldberecalled; thedifference in At thispointthetwoplayerspreviously mentioned,Insi- tives, valuelandscapeastheenvironment oftheirlife. territorial transformationsandthecontrol ofitseffects. trument of primary importance for the management of updating andaregulated return ofdata;thusitisanins- tive systemforthiskindofanalysis,allowingconstant GIS (GeographicInformationSystem)isthemosteffec - effects causedbythetransformation oftheterritory. The administrative management,andalsothesimulationof ritorial data–thatenableintegrationoftechnicaland of newinstruments–likethespatialanalysister and updatable;itshouldfindanewimpulseintheuse ryone. Besidessharing,knowledgemustbeupdated who shouldlearnhowtolistenandthentalkeve- to beperformedbothbyplannersandadministrators for analysisandmanagement,decisionplanning, The complexityofruralphenomenacallsfornewtalents knowledge basedontheirsensitivityandcompetence. and localplayerscancontributetoashared creation of tive methodsandinstrumentsthrough whichinhabitants outstanding value.Thereal challengeistosetupinnova- elements ofalandscapeacknowledgedasbeing occurs bringsoutthenallthefeatures thatformthefrail analysis oftheconditions in which agricultural activity c o t n s po s and inv li o c

lved the ies should ac tive

b e

- - the landscapeinvolvingyoungandinnovativeenterprises. players whopayattentiontothequalityofterritoryand agricultural production chain, graftingonnewexpertiseand in the fieldbut cancontribute toincreasing thelinksin and marketthemataretail level; andthosewhodonotwork the sectorandare abouttooffer somehighqualityproducts stimulating two kinds of players: those who already work in In view of the above, there is a strong interest in substantially the territorytoattractnewinvestments. duced by the success of wine and increase the quality of strengthen theroots oftheeconomicdevelopment pro- any enterpriseatitsservice,evenifassociated–can The smallandmediumagriculturalenterprise-or nomic developmentaswellsocialandculturalgrowth. local level can beannouncedas a measure toachieveeco- environments. Yet thechoiceofspreading theexpertiseata not impossible,tosetoutincentivesvalidforsuchdifferent among VITOUR partner territories make it more difficult, if It is manifest that the profound socio-economic differences the various levels of territorial management; the aim is It isstrongly advisabletoformulatecoherent policies at authorities andthedistributionofassociatedexpertise. defence of the landscape qualities of excellence; instead defence ofthelandscapequalities ofexcellence;instead They shouldnotconfinetheir responsibility tothemere ment ofthelandscaperesources andtheirmaintenance. and, mostofall,inimplementing andthedailymanage- planning andinvestmentbutalso inthequalityofplanning tants shouldbegivenresponsibility formakingchoices ronment. Localauthorities,enterprises,farmersandinhabi- possible tosetcommongoalsfortherenewal oftheenvi- Should life and production become integrated, then it is risks andpollution. of theforests andfaunaprotection from hydrological winegrowing arole tocomplementthemanagementboth act within a general policy of the territory that ascribes to man-society-environment relationship and,mostofall,to to interveneavoidfurtherimbalancesinthecomplex deed. Particularlyintheanthropic territories,itisnecessary growing andtheprotection oftheterritoryare manifestin- and effective answers.The connectionsbetweenwine enterprises face complex scenarios which require lasting of biodiversity and ecologic connectivity, then agricultural more perceptive todiffused improvement intheconditions extends beyondamere delimitation ofnaturalareas andis Assuming acomplexnotionofenvironmental qualitythat 8.4. 8.3. H o and f

the H

deep-roo ow t ow

enviro t ane o give o imp ted nment lement

entreprene w i po mpu li c l ies s e t urial environmental sustainability. according totheintended direction oflandscapeand able tointercept newforms ofinvestment and financing establishing clubs,cooperatives,unionsorassociations concept. Thisnewapproach canalsobeachievedby new productions totheterritory according totheterroir and producing profession andiscapableofbinding introduces anewwayoflookingatthewinegrowing of thetwopreviously mentionedentrepreneurial figures titive agriculturalandhighqualityproduction. Therise production chain encourages the assertion of compe- belong to.Moreover, theincrease ofenterprisesinthe places andbindenterprisesclosertotheterritorythey handicrafts) extendtheproduction basisofthedifferent tise, environmental services,trainingcoursecentres, linked activities consisting of advanced services (exper and foodwineactivitiesingeneral)aswellother fruit and vegetable production, yield from the woods Typical complementaryproductions (livestockfarming, incentive actions. relation to the landscape transformations even through to adaptthebehaviour of the mostactive subjects in of agriculturalareas ofhighnaturalvalueandrepresent or isolatedtrees); often,theycomeundertheEUdefinition mosaics anddiffuse elementsofbiodiversity(hedges,rows by thepresence ofcomplexagriculturalandagro-forest The areas more suitable forwinegrowing are oftenaffected reduction ofinter-cultivation vegetation. the increase indimensionoftheareas undervinesandthe activities tendtoreduce ecologicalconnectivitythrough The recent transformationsinwinegrowing production fer irreversible damage. sterile) theagronomic-environmental structures couldsuf- a haltbefore reaching thenon-tillablebeds(i.e.rocky or farmland isparticularlycritical;iferosion isnotbrought to and theproblem offertilesubstancesbeingwashedoff hill for example,iscertainlypartoffarmers’practicalculture with farmers’actualinterests. Theawareness oferosive risks, vation ofthevaluesUNESCOHeritage,italsocoincides of agriculturallandalignitselfwiththeaimsforpreser Not onlydoesthereintroduction oftherulesustainability ment. rioration and social, biological and landscape impoverish- redress precise fieldsandelementswith features of dete- they shouldmobiliseinvestmentsandideastoretrain and f o t or h ac the e l tivit oca man y l inn a ment ge o v a tive

- - 49 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 50

ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement not only must the economic factor of agricultural property not onlymusttheeconomicfactorofagriculturalproperty By applyingthisconceptofsustainabilitytowinegrowing, integrates boththenegativeandpositiveexternalities. tifies atransversalandofteninterdisciplinary approach that The environmental analysis,atthebasisofsustainability, jus- ment policyofthesector. be considered initselftobeameasure forthedevelop - duction ofhealthy, safe,localandhighqualityproducts can environmental resources (water, soils,ecosystem),thepro- landscape andthepreservation ofthequalitybasic When using techniques compatible with the historical and toconsumerhealth. ject toincreasing restrictions connectedtotheenvironment tural land–likewisewasteandeffluentdisposal-are sub- for theprotection ofplantsandthemanagementagricul- on a local and territorial scale. The use of certain products to consumer health and impacts on the environment, both growing and production should consider all aspects related the qualityofproduct andproductivity ingeneral, wine- habitats. Moreover, apartfrom theobligationsrelated to fer areas incomparisonwithnaturalareas andsubsidiary the keyelementsinregional ecologicalsystemasbuf- • In anycase,itisessentialto: tem networksofthevariousplayers workingintheterritory. tings, strictlylinkedwiththeproduction ofwineandthesys- ter is connected to different elements offering food and tas- signs thatenablepeopletoreach theirdestination.Thelat- tended bothasproviding atransportationsystemandroad and the presence of accommodation facilities;the first isin- Among thesefactors,themostimportantare accessibility offer aseriesofservicesdefinedasinstrumentalfactors. order tobenefitfrom theseattractionsitisnecessaryto sources canattracttouristsbuttheyare notadequate;in of activitiesandservices.Environmental andculturalre- mic motivewhileinothersitisdifficulttocreate anetwork there are stillsomeareas where tourismisthe mainecono- nutrition, ruralhospitality, localproducts andhandicrafts, chain thatconnectswinegrowing, culture, environment, economic, social,infrastructural,etc.).Ontheproduction or at risk on account of certain strains (environmental, resources thatare eitherunderestimated (opportunities) in different ruralcontexts,orrathertheexistenceoffrail It is a matter of verifyingtheopportunitiesandfrailties thoroughly ineverysingle context. topic ofrisksandproblems thatshouldbedealtwith The subjectofmultifunctionalitycertainlycrosses the among VITOURpartners. growing itselffrom thedifferent economicforce ithas consider theprofound differences thatdistinguishwine- to the multifunctionalityofwinegrowing, weshouldalso Even when evaluating the potential that can be assigned 8.5. a Promote coordination amongthevariousplayers: g ri H cult ow t ure o interpret

different

the multifun

land plement environmental restrictions. connected toculturalambitionsthatincreasingly com- increasingly necessaryconsideringthatwineisclosely tainable winegrowing andproduction, thelatterbeing contribute, inthefuture, tothedevelopmentofsus- the sectorshouldbeconsidered aselementsthatwill biological phenomenaandtheprofessionalisation of Even inthiscase,progressive understandingofcomplex strategies forprevention, protection andcooperation. landscape policyisnotableforawiselyweightedmixture of winegrowing enterprises.Inthefinalanalysis,asuccessful of technicalandoenologicaldevelopmentsinhigh-quality social issue–isprogressively integratedintothemajority tection oftheenvironment -atechnical,regulatory and in lessremunerative contexts-coulddisappear. Thepro- hout whichcertainwinegrowing sectors-thoseoperating tion ofEuropean, nationalandregional publicfunds wit- flows, etc.).Suchconsiderationsshouldsupportthecrea- finally, thenegativeconsequences(waterpollutionand fighting andhydrogeological risks,territoriallayout)and, (externalities) connected to indirect factors (tourism, fire be considered butalsoalltheinducedfinancialaspects participation offarmers,themain playeronthelandscape. of infrastructures thatguaranteecontinuityandtheactive management are connectedtothecreation orpresence and territory. Inanycase,environmental maintenanceand ideas toestablishapositiverelationship betweenecology This newrole canbethestartingpointformore interesting gning amulticulturalrole towinegrowing andproduction. constituent oftheculturalheritagethatcontributestoassi- and protection ofwinegrowing landscapes,anessential to considerenvironmental maintenance,themanagement Finally, asstatedintheprevious paragraph,itisimportant preservation of the environmental and landscape resources. the developmentdemandsofaccesssystemand the same time, is capable of maintaining a balance between to guaranteethehealthandsafetyofresidents and,at • formation services,networksingeneral); waste disposal,road systems andlocaltransportation,in- • vantage; and socialvitalityintheterritory, insteadofbeingatadisad- the servicesoffered tothetouristsandgreater economic in contextsoflowsettlementdensity, shouldbenefitfrom • between privateenterprises; scale bothforpromotion and trainingandforcooperation authority hasarelevant role ascoordinator onanadequate integration withothersectors;onthispointtheterritorial tion areas isacomplexfactor anditshouldincludeclose tourism product inUNESCO winegrowing andproduc- Promote theparticipation oftheresidents who,especially scap Define a mobility set-up that deals with travel needs and Define amobilityset-upthatdealswithtravelneedsand Organise some basic services (e.g. the management of Organise somebasicservices (e.g.themanagementof c es. ti o n al ro le o f

vraud, 2,3,et4Juillet2003,InterLoire, PôleTechnique, 2003 sation, Colloqueinternational, AbbayeRoyaledeFonte- Paysages devignes et de vins. Patrimoine-Enjeu-valori - tage Paper13,Paris:Unesco,World HeritageCentre, 2004 ging aSustainableFuture forWorld Heritage»,World Heri- rol (editedby),« Linking Universal and Local Values: Mana- MERODE Eléonore De,SMEETSRieksandWESTRICKCa- Les paysagesculturels viticoles,ICOMOS,2004 Properties »,MonumentsandSites,n°XVI,2008(ICOMOS). Outstanding UniversalValue ofCulturalWorld Heritage JOKILEHTO Jukka et al., « What is OUV ? Defining the de Rennes,2005,618p. Enjeux, approches, vécu, Rennes :Presses Universitaires GRAVARI-BARBAS Marie(dir.), Habiterle patrimoine: Centre, 2003. World HeritagePapers7, Paris:Unesco,World Heritage «Cultural Landscapes:thechallengesofConservation», ambiente, territorio,Torino :UtetLibreria, 1997. GAMBINO Roberto, Conservare innovare. Paesaggio, du PatrimoineEthnologique,1997,111p.+annexes. Tokaj (Hongrie),Strates/Ministère delaCulture-Mission du patrimoinedanslesvignoblesdeChampagneet lyse comparative de la construction sociale et territoriale BROCHOT Aline,CROSZsuzsa,LUGINBUHLYves, Ana- Paris :Fayard, 2003,p.243-252. du XXèmesiècle,ActesdesEntretiens dupatrimoine, gence etévolutiondelanotionpatrimoineaucours des apparences »,dansLe regard del’Histoire, Emer Réflexion surl’histoire récente d’unepatrimonialisation BRIFFAUD Serge, «Lepaysagecomme patrimoine. développement durableetdelamer, pp.151-157 de l’Ecologie,Ministère de l'Ecologie,del'Energie, du un site est-il grand?,Paris: ICOMOS France- Ministère Valeurs universelles, valeurs locales: pour qui, pourquoi BIAGIOLI, Giuliana Le Parc national de Cinque terre, in tica culturale»,a.IV, n,3,2008,pp.28-33. valore simbolico,in«Siti. Trimestrale diattualitàepoli- nella WHLinterminediaumentodelturismoeplus- lità equotidianità.Glieffetti economicidell’iscrizione BIAGIOLI, Giuliana,IpaesaggiUNESCOtraecceziona- 1, 2000,p.61-85. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 49, n° BLAKE Janet,«OndefiningtheCulturalHeritage»,The 2003 (Cahiern°2). (Association desanciensfonctionnaires del’Unesco), trimoine mondial»,LesCahiersd’Histoire, Paris:AAFU BATISSE, Michel,etBOLLA,Gérard, L’invention du«pa- Paris :Quæ,2008 (sous ladir. de),Paysages:delaconnaissanceàl’action, BERLAN-DARQUÉ M.,LUGINBÜHLY., TERRASSOND. Le patrimoinemondial,Paris:P.U.F., 1998. AUDRERIE Dominique,SOUCHIERRaphaël,VILARLuc, P B ref IB ac e and LI Intro OG d uc ti o RAPHY n - terbe Oberes Mittelrheintal.Koblenz(D) und Anregungen fürdasfarblicheGestaltenimWel- tal (Hrsg.) (ohne Jahr): Leitfaden Farbkultur. Analysen Initiative BaukulturfürdasWelterbe Oberes Mittelrhein- telrheintal. Koblenz(D) undIdeenfürdasBauen imWelterbe OberesTipps Mit- tal (Hrsg.)(ohneJahr):LeitfadenBaukultur. Anregungen, Initiative BaukulturfürdasWelterbe Oberes Mittelrhein- Bologna. Tosco C.(2007),"Ilpaesaggiocome storia", Mulino, Secchi B.(1988),"Siena",Casabella545. Laterza, Roma-Bari. Sereni E.,(1961),"Storiadelpaesaggioagrarioitaliano", a curadi,"LacartadelChianti",Passigli,Firenze. Lucchesi F. (2010),"Ilquadro conoscitivo",inF. Lucchesi ritorio", Firenze University Press, Firenze. Carta M.(2011),"Larapresentazione nelprogetto diter di, "LacartadelChianti",Passigli,Firenze. Baldeschi P. (2010),"Introduzione", inF. Lucchesiacura colline, Marsilio,Venezia. regioni collinari"inGreppi C.,acuradi,Ipaesaggidelle Azzari M., Rombai L. (1991), "I quadri paesaggistici delle rio, FrancoAngeli,MilanoISBN9788856825008 Todaro V. (2010),Retiecologichee governo delterrito- Urbanistica Informazionin°200marzo-aprile,pp.29-31 monio agricoloetrasformazionedegliagroecosistemi” in Marchese F., Marchese S.(2005),“Valorizzazione delpatri- Company, Inc. Garden City, NewYork McHarg I.(1969),Design withnature, Doubleplay& zio Editore, PadovaISBN 978-88-7413-152-5 McHarg I.(2007), Progettare conlanatura, Franco Muz- ISBN 978-88-6055-1 identitarie perilprogetto diterritorio,Firenze, Alinea Magnaghi A.(acuradi,2007)Scenaristrategici.Visioni in Italia,CittàStudiEdizioni,Torino ISBN8825101104 Ingegnoli V., PignattiS.(1996),L’ecologia delpaesaggio Marsilio, Venezia ISBN8831779818 tra itempidellatradizioneeconoscenza, Besio M.(2002),Ilvinodelmare; ilpianodelpaesaggio vember 2002.,UNESCOWorld HeritageCentre, Paris 2003 Island ofSanGiorgio Maggiore, Venice, Italy,14–16 No- sary oftheWorld HeritageConvention,CiniFoundation, the ItalianGovernmentonoccasionof30thanniver Bureau forScienceinEurope (ROSTE)withthesupport of nized by UNESCO'sWorld HeritageCentre and Regional Common ResponsibilityAnInternationalCongress orga- fr/resultats_projets. World Heritage2002.Shared Legacy, ropéens duPatrimoineMondial,https://pdd.cemagref. quotidien. Uneanalysecomparativedesitesviticoleseu- BRIFFAUD, Serge, Paysagesd'exception,paysagesau archite C and or C C hap hap hap g pro a 0 " 05 ter ter 04 The ter 03 "Eco ni sa c d t uc on ti ure tivit Settlement of " a l y: space g ogi rarian it s charac cal , prod sys

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ult do Nor a Na a urális E t ur te e za, za, g yesülete S . A . J the century. XXth to XVIIIth the from Europe continental in landscapes historical and societies rural with dealing projects many in participated has and promoted She approach. nary sources, on with non-edit aparticularly multi-discipli based been have researches Her history. social history, demographic landscapes, cultural the of history ture, agricul of history interest: of fields Main Economics. of School London Pisa; of Superiore Normale Scuola curriculum: Academic Territory. and Environment on Research of Leonardo-Institute the of President Pisa. of University History, Economic of Professor Giuliana Biagioli landscapes. cultural UNESCO for focus aspecial with regarding management landscape and representation, and nationalan projects and international researches europe in engaged was He University. Pisa of Institute IRTA with Leonardo and Genoa of Architecture of faculty the Terre, with Cinque of Park National the and environment management; he cooperates with planning with deals activities research and sionals profes his in Sciences, Environmental in graduated M Francesco Team. Mission Douro the on is 2008 Since heritage. cultural with as well as management territorial with related functions oped devel having (CCDR-N), Commission Development and Coordination Regional Portugal of North the for 1996 since working Is (2007). SAUP the by Heritage Architectonic on Intervention for Methodologies in Master 1986/88. in Foundation Gulbenkian of ship (1995), SAUP ascholar Porto, had of University of Architecture of School the by graduated Architect Filinto Girão Sites. Heritage World Swiss UNESCO the of Association the for Committee the of member and 2007 since Site Heritage World Lavaux, of Manager Site Estoppey Emmanuel European Commission in Romania and Bulgaria. the of appointment by and Republic, Jur, Slovak Svaty in AINova at Germany, Cottbus, in University Technical Brandenburg at management regional on 2010. Lecturing since consultancy Own 2002. since Wachau landscape cultural Heritage World of manager Site Sweden. Alnarp, in University Agricultural Swedish and Austria, Vienna, University Technical at architecture landscape and ning plan spatial of Studies Austria. 1972Born Vienna, in M Project. Landscape ViTour the in implicated strongly was and Lavaux of Site Heritage World the for 2years for working been has She Biographical notesontheauthors eanne C eanne ichael S ichael orthay chimek archese ------S Barcelona) with strong de-industrialization. Bradford, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Manchester, Leeds, (Birmingham, cases European some of methods and plans policies, of evaluation and study the for Regeneration), Urban Through PICTURE (Promoting Clusters Innovative Programme (InterregCommunity IIIC) and subproject District the Prato, of City Manager Project the of behalf on 2006/07 in planner expert an as involved also was IVC, - Interreg Landscape VITOUR project European the of part as Montalcino of Municipality the for consultant management and of transformation rural areas. Expert the of aspects different explored has to viticulture, suited particularly and value landscape great of context the in out carried experiments the During Mugello. in Vicchio (MO), Ponte Buggianese and Monsummano Terme and Asciano, Vernio, Montalcino, Siena Torrita, Nonantola Montepulciano, a Caiano, Poggio - including regulations zoning and plans structural important of study the nated coordi (2003), Prato of Province PTC the of the of team project the of part been having After government. public the for consulting and planning he’is years many for and (INU Planning Urban of Institute National the of member active an is 2002, planner,since urban and Architect R landscapes, including cultural vineyards landscapes. cultural river of management the about nerships part research international developing is She 2005. in Vineyards Heritage World of Network European the launched She site. UNESCO Loire Val de the for Plan Management the coordinating and up drawing to herself to devoting prior (Vietnam) Huê of Capital Imperial the for Plan Management UNESCO the of tion planner,landscape she coordinated the implementa Patrimoine mondial” and urban Geographer until 2002. Loire- Val de “Mission of manager project Sustainable M ONF.of council d’Exception”, ascientific “Forêts of President and 2005, since France, ICOMOS of President (1987-1991). Marbuzet and Villages Petit Vice- d’Estournel, Cos châteaux: Bordeaux of PR Director the been also has She subject. the on reports many of author the and ment, environ and landscape heritage, of charge in 1995-2005) Environment). General of Inspector Equipment (CGPC and Urbanism Transport, (Culture, Ministries various in servant civil ahigh been has She Bordeaux). of Oenology of Institute National -ENA, Paris in Administration of NationalLanguages (Russian), Institute National school Oriental MA, Russian and (English 1939 in Paris. in Born M Valley. Rhine Middle Upper Union Administration the 2010 for since working is and Mainz of University at Geography Valley, Rhine studied Middle Upper 1985 the in Born ara S ara Vezzosi oberto yriam Laidet ichèle P ichèle cheer rats - - - - 53 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement 54 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement Credits agement team so generously! man project the and partners its project, Landscape ViTour the supported that Bhardwaj, Mr.and Mahesh Zielniewski Kelly Mrs. officers project our particular in and Secretariat, Technical Joint the and (F), de-Calais Nord-Pas- Region Authority, Managing IVC INTERREG the much very to thank want we way same the In 2007-2008! in project the of planning and ideation the since work common our of success to the contributed all which involved, experts and consultants to all as well as organisations, partner 12 all of collaborators and executives to all thanks Many 2012 Oct./Nov. Italy, in Printed (P) &Cª, Porto Lda., Spratley Graça Translations: (CH) Montet Colin M. Formid'graphic, (P) Porto Ribeiro, –Tiago Expactive Design: Graphic (webmaster), Michael Wagner (web-editor). Paolillo (Communication Daniele Supervisor), Moggia Silvia Manager), Project (Junior Marchese Francesco Manager), Financial (Senior Foschini Marco Manager), Project (Senior Moritz team), Stefan (Expert Bender &Joachim Prats team), Michéle Expert of leader and Manager (Knowledge Terre), Biagioli Cinque Giuliana Park National of (Director Scarpellini Terre), Patrizio Cinque Park National of (President Alessandro Vittorio P ViTour Landscape Moritz Stefan Devesa, Vitor Girão, Filinto edition: the of coordination Technical Bender Joachim and Prats Michèle Biagioli, Giuliana Edited by:

roject M roject anagement: - Vinea Wachau, Myriam Laidet, Interloire Laidet, Myriam Wachau, Vinea Loire, Val de /Mission Massillon Laurent ,DLR, Rhein Romantischer Colombo/diapo.ch, Pico, Régis Foto Neusiedlersee-Seewinkel, Giefing, Nationalpark Richard Siena of Municipality Copyright Italy. Siena, in Publico Palazzo the 1337 at 1340 and between Lorenzetti Ambrogio by frescos the from –Scenes Government Bad of and Good of 07: Allegory The Chapter National Park, Francesco Marchese 06:Chapter Rothkegel /CCDR-N, Mission /Douro Girão Filinto Campos, de Vieira Francisco Architect stadtland, Büro Jordan, Michael Raab, Torsten Lohmann, Guido and Götz Johannes Architects 05:Chapter Terre Cinque delle Parco Messina, Lucrezia 04:Chapter Marciasini, Francesco Marchese Davide Park, Terre National Cinque 03: Chapter Lun Anna-Marie Oliveira, Fernando Blaha, Petr Kargl, Günter Loire, Val de Mission by Tours” de provided Beaux-arts des Musée Lussault, and Amboise between Loire “The Houel Jean-Pierre landschaftsarchitekten/PGM-Architekten.Innenarchitekten, 02:Chapter Bindi Terre, Massimo Cinque Nazionale AG, Parco Tourist Rüdesheim Siffert, Hans-Peter Merz, Thomas Weissenkirchen, Gamerith, Romantischer Rhein, vision-air.ch, Giefing, Richard montreuxriviera.com, Colombo/diapo.ch, Régis Liguria, Legambiente Loire, Val de Mission Massillon, Tóth,A. Laurent József Staub, Sébastien Sonderegger, Christoph Covers, conclusions: and preface, introduction P hoto credits: Christoph Sonderegger, Christoph Cinque Terre Hubertus Jäckel, Architects Heidger, Heidger, Architects Jäckel, Hubertus Massimo Bindi, Francesco Ripaccioli, Ripaccioli, Francesco Bindi, Massimo Michael Schimek, Bierbaum.Aichele. Schimek, Michael

55 ViTour Landscape - European Guidelines for wine cultural landscape preservation and enhancement www.vitour.org