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Home , Anna Mae Hays, Carol Mutter, Dorothea Dix, Flight Nurse, Fort McClellan, Jacqueline Cochran

Della H. Raney was born in Suffolk, Virginia, on January 10, 1912. A graduate of the Lincoln Hospital School of in Durham, , Raney was the first African-American nurse commissioned a lieutenant in the Nurse Corps during World II. Her first tour of duty was at , North Carolina. As a lieutenant serving at Tuskegee Army Airfield in Alabama, she was appointed Chief Nurse, Army Nurse Corps in 1942, the first African American to be so appointed. She later served as Chief Nurse at Fort Huachuca, . Raney was promoted to captain in 1945. After the war, she was assigned to head the nursing at the station hospital at Camp Beale, . In 1946, she was Della H. Raney promoted to and served a tour of duty in Japan. Major Raney retired in Photo: Courtesy National Archives, 1978 Still Picture Branch, 208 PU-161K-1, African American List 147 January 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 New Year’s Day. 1992: 1952: COL Irene O. RADM , Galloway appointed inventor of computer Women’s Army Corps language COBOL, who (WAC) Director. coined term “bug,” died.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1957: COL Mary Louise 1971: Robin L. Quigley 1994: Master Sgt Nell 1996: USS Hopper, guided 1973: New 11-week WAC 1965: 4 nurses 1943: 8 African-American Milligan appointed WAC appointed Women Hubbard, first enlisted missile destroyer, Officer/Officer Candidate injured during Viet Cong Women’s Auxiliary Army Director. Accepted for Volunteer to retire from commissioned; named after Course inaugurated, terrorist bombing this Corps (WAAC) officers Emergency Service service after RADM Grace Hopper. graduates then attend male month; first women in received commissions (WAVES) Director; serving 20 consecutive branch officer course. awarded through OCS. promoted to CAPT. years, died. .

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1912: MAJ Della H. Raney, 1959: Mary M. Roberts, 1918: Training begins for 1994: Secretary of Defense 1955: Stimson Library, Fort 1965: First women advisors 1943: Marcelite J. Harris, first African-American RN, writer, historian, women recruited to Army Aspin announces new, less Sam , TX, assigned to Women’s 1st woman aircraft main- nurse commissioned LT, member, Army Nurse Signal Corps. restrictive ground combat dedicated in memory of Armed Forces Corps, tenance officer, 1 of 1st 2 Army Nurse Corps during Corps, WWI, and editor policy regarding women in COL Julia C. Stimson, 5th Vietnam. women “Air Officers WWII, born. emeritus, American Journal combat, rescinding 1988 Superintendent, Army Commanding,” US Air of Nursing, died. “risk rule.” Nurse Corps. Force Academy, born.

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1943: 2Lt Elsie Ott, first Martin Luther King’s 1905: , 1964: Col Barbara J. 1942: 149th WAAC Post 1832: Revolutionary War 1943: Alene B. Duerk nurse to receive Air Medal Birthday (Observed). creator of WAAC, US Bishop became 5th Director, Headquarters Company, heroine Mary Ludwig Hays appointed ENS in Navy for Meritorious Service. 1862: Rose O’Neal Army, born. Women , this first WAAC unit posted McCauley (“Molly Nurse Corps, became Greenhow, Confederate month. overseas, arrived at Allied Pitcher”) died in Carlisle, Navy’s first woman RADM spy, removed from home to Forces Headquarters, PA. in 1972. Old Capital Prison. Algiers.

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1866: Dr. Mary Edwards 1945: Navy dropped color 1943: BG Sherian Grace 1944: Army nurses waded 1960: LTC Edythe Turner 1943: Ruth Cheney Streeter 1991: Melissa Rathburn- Walker receives Medal of bar against African- Cadoria; first African- ashore at Anzio, Italy promoted to temporary became first Director, Nealy, 1st US enlisted Honor for American nurses, this American general officer, beachhead, 5 days after , US Army Reserve, Women Marines, with rank woman POW & 1st US st Service. 31 1973: Col month. US Army, born. troop landings. 1 career Army Reserve of colonel. woman military POW since Jeannette I. Sustad, 1st full- nurse to serve as Colonel. WWII, returned to US. time & 6th Director, Women Marines, retired. was born on November 26, 1832 in Oswego, , and graduated from Syracuse Medical College in 1855. Rejected by the for service as a doctor during the Civil War, she served as a nurse for three years. In 1864, Walker was appointed assistant surgeon under contract to the Army and became the first woman doctor to serve with the Army Medical Corps. Captured by Confederate troops, she was a for four months until her exchange for a Confederate prisoner of war. On January 24, 1866, Mary Edwards Walker became the first woman to receive the Medal of Honor for her outstanding service in the Civil War. Mary Edwards Walker

Photo: Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC -USZ 62 -15558 February 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 1978: Women enlisting 1988: LCDR Evelyn J. 1954: First WAC Officer 1976: First 2 women US 1941: Chief Nurse Marion 1943: War Department set after this date have 6-year Fields took command of Advanced Course opened Academy B. Olds and Nurse Leona goal to graduate 750 pilots reserve obligation. research ship MacArthur; at WAC School, Fort Lee, cadets offered appoint- Jackson, Navy, arrived on from Women’s Flying LCDR Deborah S. Gernes VA. ments. Guam. Training Detachment selected for at-sea (WFTD) courses in 1943. command.

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1944: LTCs Carrie Sheetz 1972: Navy authorized 1948: 1LT Nancy C. Lef- 1967: Secretary of Defense 1946: War Department 1945: African-American 1943: Marine Corps and Marjorie Morrow, pilot program providing tenant, first African- approved increase of WAC announced WAC will be 6888th Central Postal Women’s Reserve Army Nurse Corps, killed scholarships to women who American member, Regular strength by 38 percent to used to make up shortages Directory Battalion, WAC, established. when 95th Evacuation commit to serve 4 years Army Nurse Corps, joined meet Vietnam War needs. of skilled personnel. traveled from Glasgow to Hospital, Anzio Italy, active duty upon Reserve Corps this month. Birmingham. bombed. graduation.

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1777: Ann , also President’s Day (Ob- 1862: Mary Ann “” 1942: 1LT Mary Ann 1943: First class of Army 1988: Secretary of Defense 1997: LtCol known as Nancy Bayley, served). 1994: Lt Jeannie Bickerdyke nursed soldiers Sullivan earned Legion of flight nurses graduated. reaffirmed policy against Martha Rainville elected to dressed in men’s clothing Flynn completed training at of Fort Donelson. Merit for valor behind with command Vermont & enlisted as “Sam Gay” in on F-15E; became first Air German lines in North Service Secretaries/JCS National Guard, first Abraham Hunt’s company. Force woman combat pilot. Africa. during Armed Forces woman and youngest (38) Personnel Council meeting. adjutant general. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1913: Georgia “Tiny” 1997: Maj Gen Marcelite J. 1945: 11 Navy nurses and 3 1992: Bertha Dworsky 1957: Department of 1958: Air Force Lt Col 1991: MAJ Rhonda Broadwick tested new Harris, 1st African-Ameri- civilian nurses interned at Henderson, POW in Nursing established, Walter Susan J. Helms born. Cornum, Army flight parachute called “life boat” can woman general officer; Los Banos liberated. Corregidor during WWII, Reed Army Institute of Helms will be member, 2nd surgeon, on mission over for US Army. 1919: Dr. Director, Maintenance, died. Research, Walter Reed crew, NASA’s Internation- Iraqi territory, shot down; Mary Edwards Walker DCS/Logistics, HQ Army Medical Center, al Space Station, beginning becomes Iraqi POW during died. Air Force, retired. Washington, DC. December 1999. .

28 1901: 202 of 220 contract nurses on active duty inducted into Nurse Corps (women). Kady Brownell was born in a British Army camp. She served in the Union Army beside her husband, Robert S. Brownell, who was an orderly sergeant with the First Rhode Island Regiment. Kady served as color-bearer when she was attached to a company of sharpshooters at First Bull Run in July 1861. Later, she and her husband jointly reenlisted in the Fifth Rhode Island Regiment, where she served as a nurse and Daughter of the Regiment. At the Battle of New Berne, Kady identified the Fifth Rhode Island Infantry Regiment as Unionists, and is credited with saving scores of her fellow soldiers’ lives. Kady Brownell

Photo: Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-110631 March 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 1991: Army MAJ Marie T. 1973: Women began pilot 1777: Captain Abraham 1977: Janna Lambine, 1 of 1998: Air Force Lt Col 1991: PVT Adrienne Rossi, flying CH-47D training for US Navy. Hunt learned Corporal first women admitted to US Eileen Marie Collins named Mitchell killed in SCUD Chinook Cargo Helicopter “Sam Gay” (Ann Bailey) is Coast Guard OCS, received first woman space shuttle attack, Operation Desert in Operation Desert Storm, a woman. wings and began flying commander. Storm; buried with full killed in crash in bad helicopters; first woman military honors, Riverside weather. coast guard pilot. National Cemetery.

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1994: Navy issued first International Women’s 1976: 119 women accepted 1945: Navy and civilian 1805: Deborah Samson 1991: Army MAJ Marie T. 1991: Specialist Melissa orders to women assigned Day. 1945: Phyllis Daley for admission to US nurses interned at Los (Sampson), as Robert Rossi, only woman pilot Rathburn-Nealy & MAJ aboard combat ship, aircraft became 1st African- as Class Banos flown back to United Shurtliffe (Shirtliffe, killed in Gulf War, interred Rhonda Cornum, Army, carrier USS Eisenhower. American ENS, Navy of 1980. States; awarded Bronze Shurtleff) in Continental at Arlington National received Purple Heart, Nurse Corps. 1979: WASP Star. Army, on list of military Cemetery. POW Medal, & National as active . pensioners, US Defense Service Medals. Government. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1862: Kady Brownell saved 1901: Dita H. Kinney 1995: DC Commission of 1993: , actress, 1967: Sgt. Barbara J. 1917: Navy Department 1998: Leslie F. Kenne, scores of fellow Union officially appointed first Fine Arts granted approval and 1 of 50 original mem- Dulinsky, first woman authorized enrollment of Director, Joint Strike soldiers’ lives at Battle of Superintendent, Army for Women in Military bers, Defense Advisory Marine ordered to combat women in Naval Reserve Fighter Program, promoted New Berne. Nurse Corps. Service for America Committee on Women in zone, arrived in Vietnam. with ratings of , to Maj Gen. (WIMSA) memorial design. the Services (DACOWITS), radio electrician, or other died. essential ratings.

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1918: During air raid, Army 1996: SGT Heather 1923: Annie W. Goodrich, 1997: President Clinton 1944: Last 2 (of 13) Army 1930: Supreme Court 1964: Army nurses began Nurse Isabelle Stambaugh Johnson became first first Dean, Army School of nominated MG Claudia J. flight nurses on November Justice Sandra Day participating in relief seriously wounded; later woman to stand watch at Nursing, awarded Kennedy, DCS/Intelligence, 1943 evacuation flight from O’Connor, DACOWITS operations to aid victims of received Distinguished Tomb of the Unknowns, Distinguished Service Army’s first woman 3-star Sicily to Bari, with member, 1974 -76, born. violent earthquake in Service Cross. Arlington National Medal. general. emergency landing in . Cemetery. Albania, escaped.

28 29 30 31 1962: Troy Devine, first 1973: Last of more than 1968: Sgt. Maj. Yzetta Erev Pesah, first seder. woman Captain in Air 5,000 nurses left Republic Nelson became first 1912: Jane A. Delano, 2nd Force U-2 program, born. of Vietnam—2 months after woman promoted to Superintendent, Army ceasefire. Command Sgt. Maj. Nurse Corps, became Chairman, Nursing Service. Oveta Culp Hobby was born on January 19, 1905. A parliamentarian for the Texas House of Representatives, executive vice president of the Houston Post, and civic leader, she became the head of the Women’s Interest Section of the War Department in 1941. The following year, she was tapped by General George Marshall to create the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). As its first director, and later director of the Women’s Army Corps (WAC), Hobby set out to recruit, train, and equip the corps from scratch. She set a standard of service for the corps, calling such service “a serious job for serious women.” A major at the start of the WAAC, by the end of II she had been promoted to the rank of colonel and had received the Army’s Distinguished Service Cross. She was the first woman to receive this medal, the highest noncombat award given by the Army. Hobby Oveta Culp Hobby became the first Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare when that cabinet post was created Photo: Courtesy National Archives, Still Pictures Branch, SC- 208544 under President Eisenhower. She died on August 16, 1995. April 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 1991: 1LT Susan E. 1980: Secretary of Defense 1992: First 5 coed recruit Meckfessel became first US announced WAAC service companies from Orlando, Military Academy graduate considered active military FL, Naval Training Center appointed into Army Nurse service for all laws graduated. Corps. administered by Administration.

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Easter. 1975: Capt. Mary 1991: Petty Officer Shirley 1917: US entered WWI. By 1777: Pay of “Army” nurse 1971: Susanne M. Ocobok 1942: Army nurses on 1987: NY State Legisla- Klinker killed in Operation Marie Cross, who served in this date, 200 women had raised to $8 per month and became first woman Bataan retreat with other ture adopted resolution Babylift; posthumously Operation Desert enlisted as Navy yeomen; 1 ration per day; industrial civil engineer in US forces to Corregidor, designating week of June 1, awarded Airman’s Medal Storm/Desert Shield, died. 403 Army nurses on active received $15 per month and Air Force, Kelley AFB, later imprisoned; 21 other 1987, Women Veterans for Heroism & Meritorious duty, including 170 reserve daily ration. TX. nurses escaped to Australia Benefits Awareness Week. Service Medal. nurses. with GEN MacArthur.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1968: Army nurses 1861: Sarah Emma 1876: Office of Commis- 1973: US Supreme Court 1919: Jane A. Delano, 1979: Beverly Kelley 1975: Army nurses began assigned to 312th Edmonds enlisted in Union sioner of Claims received ruled it unconstitutional for Director, Army Nurse became first woman participation in “Operation Evacuation Hosp., Wins- Army. Serving as a nurse, testimonial letter that Sarah Armed Services to require Corps, died in Army Commander, US Coast New Life/New Arrivals” to ton-Salem, NC, ordered to then recruited as a spy, Thompson spied for Union women provide proof that hospital in . Guard ship. evacuate and care for active duty; deployed to Edmonds disguised self as Army. claims of dependents are Indochinese refugees. Vietnam, September 25. Franklin Thompson, valid. African-American male. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1970: Army 1LT Krista 1864: Phoebe Yates 1994: Maj Jackie Parker, 1992: Navy 1998: DACOWITS Spring 1995: Geraldine Pratt May, 1943: First WASP pilot Bonino born; in 1995, only Pember, Chief Matron, first woman combat pilot, Constructionman Carol D. Conference began (ended first Women in the Air course graduated, Ellington woman pilot stationed in Chimborazo Hospital, Air National Guard, Keehner became Navy’s April 26). Force (WAF) Director, Field, TX: Dorothy Yang Buedingen, ; Richmond, VA, largest graduated from training in first woman Seabee Master turned 100 this month. became first woman to piloted OH-58D Kiowa military hospital in world at F-16C Fighting Falcon. Chief. receive diploma and wings. helicopter. that time.

25 26 27 28 29 30 1973: Army approved 1957: Naomi M. 1867: Sara Emma 1993: Secretary of Defense 1827: Deborah Samson 1972: Sgt Maj June V. helicopter and fixed-wing McCracken became first Edmonds, Union spy, memo ordered Armed died. 1956: 3 Army nurses, Andler led Women flight training for WAC woman US Air Force married Linus Seelye Forces train and assign first to arrive in Vietnam, Marines, replacing Sgt Maj officers. Academy officer; assigned (Seeley). women on combat aircraft placed on TDY with US Mabel A.R. Otten. as Assistant Director, Cadet and most combat ships, but MAAG, Saigon. Records. not ground combat positions. Belle Boyd was a female spy for the Confederacy. Born on May 9, 1844, she circulated among Union officials and soldiers, gathering information and carrying important letters and papers to Confederate leaders. Sometimes she delivered information herself--dodging guards and bullets; other times she had men pass the information farther behind Union lines. Boyd braved gunfire to enter a battle zone on May 23, 1862, providing General Stonewall Jackson with intelligence about the number of Union troops expected to attack his soldiers. As a result of this information, Jackson strengthened his forces and won the battle. Although she was able to escape capture several times, Boyd was finally caught and tried as a spy. She served 17 months in prison between 1862 and 1863, gaining freedom in an exchange for a Northern prisoner. After the war, Boyd toured the and England, lecturing about Isabelle “Belle” Boyd her war experiences. When she died in 1900, the women's auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Confederacy paid for her burial. In 1919, Photo: Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-BH82-4864A a Confederate paid for a new granite tombstone to mark her gravesite. May 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 1950: First direct Army commissions offered to women college graduates.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1981: Elizabeth Anne 1982: Army announced 1898: Joy Bright Hancock, 1967: LTC Patricia T. 1942: 66 Army nurses 1947: CPT Mary A. 1991: US House Armed Rowe became first woman return to separate basic once highest-ranking Murphy, Army Nurse became Japanese POWs in Hallaren appointed WAC Services Committee voted graduate, US Naval training for men and woman line officer in Corps, 1st nurse to receive ; 55 nurses & Director. to allow women to serve in Academy, this month. women. Navy, born. Pace Award recognizing Medical Specialist Corps combat military aircraft. outstanding contribution to personnel taken prisoner; Army during calendar year. interned at Santo Tomas in Manila. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1844: Confederate spy 1813: Mary Allen and May 1978: First woman Marine 1944: First major WAC 1908: US Navy Nurse 1973: US Supreme Court Armed Forces Day. 1942: Belle Boyd born. Marshall employed as Corps general, Margaret A. contingent arrived in Corps established. ruled women must be PL 77-554 establishing military nurses aboard the Brewer, appointed. Australia; more than 5,000 treated equally with men in WAAC (WAC) signed. United States. women served in Pacific all matters of dependency 1975: DOD ruled involun- . and entitlements; DOD tary separation of women authorized back pay. for pregnancy and parenthood not “viable.” 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1942: Oveta Culp Hobby 1978: First women—1 1953: 1863: Jennie Hodgers, dis- 1917: Army nurses Edith 1979: Antonia H.Chayes, 1943: First African- sworn in as first WAAC representative from each of became first woman to pilot guised as PVT Albert D.J. Ayers and Helen Burnet Assistant Secretary of the American WAC unit Director. the 5 services—debuted as aircraft supersonically. Cashier, Company G, 95th Wood accidentally killed in Air Force and then highest assigned to 5th Service members of White House Volunteer Infantry gun misfire on USS ranking woman in Pentagon Command arrived at Camp Honor Guard. Regiment, participated in Mongolia en route to granted first official Air Atterbury, IN. attack against Confederates. France. Force WASP discharges.

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1862: Confederate spy 1974: US Congress reduces 1973: Women ‘s 1975: US House of 1993: Air Force reported all 1941: Congresswoman 1997: Capt Amy Lynn Belle Boyd delivered infor- minimum age for enlisted participation in Army Representatives voted to aircraft assignments open to Svoboda, first woman pilot mation to GEN Jackson. women to that for men, ROTC programs at all admit women to service women. introduced HR 4906, bill to fatality in Air Force, died st 30 1862: “Mother” effective April 1, 1976. colleges authorized. academies. establish WAAC. 1980: 1 after A-10 Thunderbolt Bickerdyke, in charge of 31 Memorial Day. women graduated from crashed during training Main Hospital, Corinth. Army, Navy, Air Force mission. academies. Clara Louise Maass was born on June 28, 1876, and graduated from Newark German Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1895. She worked as an Army contract nurse in Florida, , and the Philippines during the Spanish- American War. In the fall of 1898, she was sent to the field hospital of the Seventh US Army Corps in Jacksonville, Florida. She next went to Savannah, Georgia, and Santiago de Cuba. Released from her Army contract on February 5, 1899, she volunteered to be placed on a bound for Manila, the Philippines, where she spent seven months. She next went to Cuba, where she volunteered to be a subject in research on modes of transmission of yellow fever while employed at Las Animas Hospital in Havana. Bitten by a Stegomyia mosquito in an immunization experiment, Maass contracted yellow fever and died on August 24, 1901. The Newark German Hospital (renamed the Lutheran Memorial Hospital) later became the Clara Louise Maass Clara Maass Memorial Hospital in 1952. The US Postal Service honored Clara Maass with a Print: Courtesy United States Postal Service ã. Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved. commemorative stamp in 1976. June 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 4 5 1964: SGT Patsy J. Wright 1948: US Congress 1997: B. Sue Dueitt 1862: Rose O’Neal Green- 1943: 11 African-American became first enlisted passesed PL 625— promoted to BG, first how hailed for service as WAC officers woman assigned to Army Women’s Armed Services woman promoted to general Confederate spy. 1920: commissioned; graduated attaché system (Athens). Act, establishing permanent officer billet as line officer Army Reorganization Act from 31st OCS class. place for women in Army, in Army Reserve. authorized relative rank for Navy, Air Force, and Army nurses. Marine Corps. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1868: Cathay Williams 1942: Dr. Elizabeth Rey- 1990: CDR Rosemary 1994: Navy’s annual 1861: 1970: COLs Elizabeth P. 1948: President Truman (William Cathey), with nard, Special Assistant to Mariner became first Navy aviation command appointed Superintendent Hoisington, WAC Director, signed Women’s Armed Company A, 38th Infantry, Chief, Bureau of Naval woman to command fleet screening board reports; 5 of Women Nurses for and Anna Mae Hays, Chief, Services Integration Act; marched to Fort Bayard, Personnel, asked Smith jet aircraft squadron. of 17 women eligible Union Army, first formal Army Nurse Corps, became admitted women into NM. College president to avail selected, highest number military position for a first women promoted to regular and reserve forces facilities to Navy to train ever for Navy. woman in US. rank of BG. of Army, Navy, Marine women. Corps, & Air Force. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1980: “Hello ” (tele- Flag Day. 1945: COL 1955: Lt Col Ruby G. 1948: Geraldine Pratt May 1993: Lt Col Patricia 1991: US Senate Armed 1947: COL Florence A. phone operator) Cordelia Florence A. Blanchfield, Bradley awarded Florence appointed first Director, Fornes became first woman Services Subcommittee on Blanchfield, Chief, Army Dupois Davis presented Chief, Army Nurse Corps, Nightingale Medal for out- WAF. to command operation Manpower and Personnel Nurse Corps, became 1st WWI Victory Medal and awarded Distinguished Ser- standing service while a combat squadron upon held hearing to discuss woman with permanent Army of Occupation vice Medal for leadership Japanese POW in WWII taking over 740th Missile lifting combat restrictions commission in Regular Ribbon. of Corps during WWII. and for service in Korea. Squadron, Minot AFB, ND. for women in the military. Army.

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1899: First Army regula- 1982: In this month in the 1944: US House of 1921: Maj Gen Jeanne M. 1965: WAC Student Offi- 1950: began; 1978: 8 women cadets tions governing Nurse Navy, 193 women officers Representatives rejected Holm born. cer Program founded. 1972: CPT Viola B. McConnell graduated, 1st US Merchant Corps published as circular on board 30 ships, 2,185 legislation that would have Army announced expansion only Army nurse on duty at Marine Academy class. approved by Secretary of enlisted women on board militarized the WASP. of WAC strength to 23,800 start of hostilities. 1996: US Supreme Court War and issued from 37 ships. to help fill vacancies with ruled Virginia Military Surgeon General’s office. end of draft, June 1973. Institute couldn’t exclude women. 27 28 29 30 . 1950: 13 platoons of 1876: Clara Louise Maass, 1951: DOD Directive 1974: Mildred C. Kelly be- Marine Corps Women’s Army contract nurse, born. 750.04-1 (renumbered came 1st African-Ameri- Reserves mobilized for 1943: US Coast Guard 1125.1) established can WAC Command SGT “involuntary service” for Academy opened doors to definitive policy on use of MAJ 1975: Secretary of Korean War, this month. women; 50 SPARS officer registered nurses in the Defense ended involuntary candidates reported. armed services. discharge of pregnant women, . Jeanne M. Holm was born on June 23, 1921, in Portland, Oregon. She enlisted in the Army as a truck driver in July 1942, and was commissioned from the Officers Candidate School at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, in January 1943 as a “ third officer.” Holm left the service in 1946, and was recalled to duty in October 1948 at Fort Lee, Virginia WAC Training Center as a company commander. Transferred to the Air Force in 1949, she was the first woman to attend the Air Command and Staff School at , Alabama. Holm was Director of the Secretary of the Air Force Personnel Council from November 1965 to February 1973. A WAF Director, she was one of the first women promoted to colonel. Holm was promoted to brigadier general in 1971 and became the first woman major general in 1973. Her awards include the Distinguished Service Medal with , the , and the National Defense Service Medal with Bronze Star. She Jeanne M. Holm retired from the Air Force in 1975, after 38 years of service. At the time of her retirement, Photo: Courtesy national Archives, Still Picture Branch, RG342FHNASM4A Box 2162 09040 121741 AC she was the highest ranking woman to serve in the US Armed Forces. July 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 1943: President Roosevelt 1862: This month, Clara 1990: Women Marines signed PL 78-110, Barton received permission Association national converting WAAC to to travel behind battlelines convention in Denver WAC. 1949: Air Force and deliver aid to soldiers celebrated 30th anniversary Nurse Corps established. on both sides of Civil War. of Women Marines.

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Independence Day. 1994: 1943: Oveta Culp Hobby 1779: Margaret Corbin, 1976: First class of women 1974: Reverend Alice M. 1918: Nurse Corps 1942: First enlistments for Maj Gen be- appointed WAC Director; “Captain Molly,” fought admitted to US Military Henderson commissioned (women) redesignated WAAC. 1943: 1st full- came then highest-ranking commissioned COL in US beside husband with Academy enrolled. captain in Army Chaplains Army Nurse Corps by blooded Native American woman in US military; Army. Continental Army; took Corps; first African- Army Reorganization Act Women’s Marine Corps re- received 2-star rank from over his cannon when he American woman so com- of 1918. cruit, PVT Minnie Spotted- Marine Corps. was wounded. missioned since Civil War. Wolf, enlisted this month.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1961: Army nurses assisted 1988: Secretary of Defense 1898: Namahyoke Curtis, 1944: WAC contingent 1964: Margaret E. Bailey 1971: Jeanne M. Holm 1861: Rose O’Neal Green- in relief operations approved opening Navy’s Army contract immune arrived in Normandy. became first African-Am- became first woman Air how, “dangerous, skillful following crash of United Underwater Construction nurse, asked to recruit erican nurse promoted to Force general. spy” for Confederacy, Airlines Flight 759 near Teams & fleet oiler, am- nurses allegedly immune to LT COL, Army Nurse received communication on Denver, CO. munition ships, and combat typhoid and yellow fever. Corps; later became first location of “Grand Army of stores ships to women. African-American COL. the Potomac.”

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1887: Dorothea Dix died. 1848: US Congress granted 1942: First WAAC 1861: Kady Brownell 1998: Mary-Agnes Brown 1993: 2Lt Sarah Deal 1994: Secretary of Defense 1980: 3rd US Circuit Court Elizabeth Newcume bounty Training Center opened at carried flag of 1st Rhode Is- Groover, Veterans became first woman Marine issued new policy preclud- of Appeals ruled in land warrant and pay for Fort Des Moines, IA. 440 land Infantry at 1st Battle of Administration lawyer who selected for Naval aviation ing women from serving in Goldberg v. Rostker draft military service. Newcume women in 6-week OCS; Manassas; tried to rally headed WAC in South training. ground units engaging or registration excluding served—until discharge— 125 enlisted women in 4- troops as they retreat. Pacific during WWII, died. subject to attack from the women unconstitutional. when discovered a woman. week basic training course. enemy, effective October 1, 1994. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1996: Marines Corps 1942: CAPT Joy Bright 1996: DACOWITS Over- 1944: Secretary of Navy 1994: Department of 1942: President Roosevelt 1909: Dita H. Kinney, 1st Lt Gen Carol A. Mutter Hancock appointed seas Installation Visits Forrestal recommended to Defense rescinded “risk signed PL 77-689 allowing Superintendent, Army became 1st woman 3-star Director, Women’s Naval (Italy, Jordan, Hungary, President Roosevelt that rule,” opening 32,7000 jobs Navy to accept officer and Nurse Corps, resigned, general in its history. Reserve. Germany, and United King- Navy admit and treat in active Army, Army enlisted appointments in 1991: US Senate voted to dom) end (began July 12). African-American women Reserve, and National WAVES. allow women to fly combat same as caucasian women. Guard; effective October 1. missions. Anna M. Rosenberg, former regional director, Social Security Board, Region II (New York) and owner of a public relations agency, was appointed Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Personnel in 1950. A recognized labor relations expert, she was responsible for coordinating all defense policies on military manpower and civilian personnel. An advocate of universal military training, Ms. Rosenberg sought to improve the conditions of service life. She also was a proponent of integration, stressing that integration was necessary for effective use of black manpower. At her recommendation, and with the approval of Secretary of Defense George Marshall, the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS) was formed in August 1951. DACOWITS was made up of 50 prominent women from the wartime women’s corps, academia, business, the arts, politics, and the legal profession. The committee's mandate--given declining enlistments--was to lead a unified recruiting drive to increase the number of women in the Anna M. Rosenberg Services, to interpret to the public the role of women in the Services, and to promote acceptance of military Photo: Coutesy National Archives, Still Picture Branch, service as a prestigious career. DACOWITS also 208pu176R-1 sought to reassure parents that young women in the military were properly supervised. DACOWITS continues to exist today. August 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1956: 1st foreign women 1990: United Nations forces 1942: Mildred H. McAffee 1972: WAC Training 1943: Women’s Auxiliary 1862: Jennie Hodgers, alias 1959: US Congress officers (6 from Burma) began to form for “Opera- became first woman officer Center activates 2 Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) Albert Cashier, enlisted in authorized PL 86-142, entered WAC Officer Basic tions Desert Shield/Desert sworn into Naval Reserve. additional training and WFTD merged to form IL regiment; later military credit for WAAC Class. 1973: Discharge-on- Storm”; 26,000 Army battalions. WASP. 1985: BG Wilma L. participated in in MI, service for women who marriage rule for enlisted women will participate, 13 Vaught, Commander, US TN, and AL. In 1911, still served after September 30, women and officers ended. will die and 2 became Military Entrance Process- in dis-guise, admitted to 1943. POWs. ing Command, retired. veterans’ hospital. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1942: First official WAAC 1989: Kristen Baker 1861: Rose O’Neal 1951: DACOWITS 1918: Secretary of Navy 1918: Opha Mae Johnson 1945: By end of WWII, parade and review, Fort Des became first woman brigade Greenhow sent another established to interpret to Daniels approved became first woman more than 400,000 women Moines, IA. commander and first report on troops movements public role of women in ser- acceptance of women in US member, US Marine Corps had served in military units, captain, Corps of Cadets, and other intelligence to vices and to promote ac- Navy and Marine Corps. Reserve; hired as clerk in working in most military US Military Academy. GEN Beauregard. ceptance of military service Washington, DC head- occupation specialities. as career for women. quarters. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1942: WFTD received 1995: Oveta Culp Hobby, 1917: Army nurses Beatrice 1908: Esther Voorhees 1812: Lucy Brewer served 1945: In this month, 2 ½ 1950: Army began official approval from War WAC Director during M. MacDonald & Helen G. Hasson became first under alias of Nicholas years after founding, voluntary recall of WAC Department. WWII, died. McClelland on duty during Superintendent, US Navy Baker on USS Constitution, Marine Corps Women’s enlisted reservists and attack on British casualty Nurse Corps. fights in battle with HMS Reserve had 17,640 women company-grade WAC clearing station in ; Guerrierre; served 3 years and 820 officers on duty. Organized Reserve Corps later received Distinguished in US Navy. officers. Service Crosses. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1998: Carol C. Elliott pro- 1944: , 1st 1954: US Congress author- 1942: 5 Navy nurses on 1959: Kathryn P. (Kay) 1916: Actress/comedienne 1942: 120 women officers, moted to BrigGen this woman & 1st US ized PL 650, limited VA Guam taken prisoner by Hire, CMDR, USNR, and Martha “Colonel Maggie of commissioned directly as month; Vice Director for Surgeon General (1990-93), benefits for WAAC per- Japanese repatriated to NASA astronaut, born. First the Boondocks” Raye, ENS or LTJG, reported to Intelligence, J2, Joint Staff, with rank of 3-star VADM, sonnel disabled in line of diplomatic corps in woman aviator to serve born. “USS Northampton”— since October 1997. born. 1976: 10 WACS duty. 1973: Army author- Mozambique. with combat squadron. Smith College. assigned to US Military ized WAC enlistees to enter Academy staff & faculty. parachute rigger training. 29 30 31 1942: First WAAC OCS 1862: Sarah Emma 1944: WAC advance party class graduated 434 women Edmonds, Union spy, arrived in Paris. as 3rd Officers (equivalent gathered information on to 2Lt). activities of Confederate forces. Ruth Cheney Streeter was born on October 2, 1895, in Brookline, . With the onset of World War II, Streeter became chairperson of the Fort Dix, Citizen’s Committee for the Army and Navy. She next became involved in aviation, earning both a private and a commercial pilot’s license. Streeter served on the Civil Air Patrol, the North Jersey squadron of the New Jersey Civil Air Defense Services, and the New Jersey Defense Council’s Committee on Aviation. She was also made an honorary pilot of the 126th Squadron of the Army Air Force. Streeter was the first director of the Marine Corps Women’s Reserve, serving from February 13, 1943 to December 7, 1945. The first woman to hold the rank of major in the Marine Corps (commissioned, January 29, 1943), she was promoted to lieutenant colonel on November Ruth Cheney Streeter 22, 1943, and to colonel on February 1, 1944. She was awarded the Legion of Merit for Photo: Coutesy National Archives, Still Picture wartime service (WWI), the American Branch, 127-GR10460 Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal. September 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 4 1943: WAAC incorporated 1994: Mildred H. 1943: First class WAAC 1917: Army Nurse Eva Jean into Army. 1979: Hazel W. McAffee, former noncommissioned officers Parmalee, wounded in air Johnson became 1st Afri- Commander, WAVES, graduated from WAAC raid at base hospital in can-American woman gen- died. Training Center, Fort Des France, continued to serve; eral officer upon assuming Moines, IA. later received Distinguished post of Chief, Army Nurse Service Cross. Corps; retired as BG. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1898: Sarah Emma Labor Day (Observed). 1977: 1,500 US Armed 1939: US declared state of 1861: Sally Tompkins 1942: Nancy Harkness Rosh Hashanah. 1952: Edmonds died; auto- 1871: Anne Warner Bailey, Forces women participated limited emergency in opened Robertson Love organized 25 women White House ceremonies biography is Nurse and Spy “heroine of Groton,” hiked in NATO wargames in response to war in Europe; Hospital, Richmond, VA. pilots into WAFS. commemorated first day in the Union Army. 3 miles to Fort Grizzwald to Germany for first time, this Army Nurse Corps with Jefferson Davis commis- issue of US Postal Service search for uncle at Battle month. 625 nurses, Navy Nurse sioned her as captain — stamp honoring women in of Groton Heights. Corps with 430 nurses. only commissioned woman the Services. in Confederate Army. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1979: Megan C. Jans 1957: Maj Kathleen W. 1942: General Henry “Hap” 1942: War Department 1987: Secretary of Defense 1991: RADM Mariann 1951: First meeting of became pilot in command Philipps assigned Consul- Arnold, Commanding announced formation of established DOD Task Stratton became Director, DACOWITS held. for Army’s first all-women tant, Nursing Audio-Visual General, Army Air Forces, WFTD headed by aviator Force on Women in the Navy Nurse Corps and flight crew, Huey helicopter Education, Medical Illustra- approved program, Army Jacqueline Cochran. Military. Assistant Chief of supporting NATO exercise tion Service, Armed Forces Air Force WFTD, to train Personnel Management in Reforger. Institute of Pathology, women to serve as ferrying Navy Medicine, this month. Washington, DC. pilots. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1950: 11 Navy nurses en Yom Kippur. 1977: Select 1972: WAC Detachment in 1914: Dora E. Thompson 1977: USCGS Morganthau 1989: Dedication of 1996: 3-day (September 25- route to assignment at US US House Subcommittee on Vietnam closed. appointed Superintendent, became first cutter to oper- Women Veterans 27) National Summit on Naval Hospital, Yokosuka, Veteran Affairs heard testi- Army Nurse Corps, first ate with women assigned as Monument, Veterans Women Veterans' Issues Japan, died in plane crash mony on Bill 3277, recog- Regular Army nurse to hold permanent crew; USCGC Memorial Plaza, Rockaway held, White House upon takeoff from nizing WASP service as post. Gallantin assigned mixed Beach, Queens, NY. Conference Center. Kwajellein Island. active duty in armed forces, crew. entitling veterans’ benefits. 27 28 29 30 1948: New Regular Army 1977: Last WAC officers 1985: US House of Repre- 1947: WAC reenlistment enlistments accepted for Orientation Course sentatives approved HR program ended. 1951: COL WAC for first time. graduated, Fort McClellan, 1378 for Women in Mili- Mary G. Phillips retired; 1st AL. tary Service for America Chief, Army Nurse Corps to Memorial Foundation to complete statutory 4-year establish memorial on appointment as Chief of Federal land in DC. Corps. Mary Hays McCauley, “Molly Pitcher,” was Mary Hays McCauley born on October 13, 1754 near Trenton, New Jersey. She fought beside her husband, John “Molly Pitcher” Casper Hays, who served with the First and Seventh Regiments of the Continental Army against the British Redcoats. She earned her nickname, “Molly Pitcher,” because she brought water to soldiers exhausted by battle and heat. On June 28, 1778, during the Battle of Monmouth, when her husband collapsed from the heat, Molly replaced him at his cannon and fought in his place for the rest of the battle. Molly also swabbed cannon bores and loaded shot. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania passed “An act for the relief of Molly M’Kolly” in 1822, honoring her services and providing her an annuity and cash grant of 40 dollars--a lifetime soldier's half-pay pension--and one suit of clothes or the equivalent in cash. Monuments were erected at her gravesite in 1876 and 1916. Print: Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Her likeness also appears on the monument Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-665 commemorating the Battle of Monmouth. October 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 1976: WAC OCS deactivat- 1917: GEN Pershing re- ed; women to attend Army quested Army Nurse Corps OCS at Fort Benning, GA. supervise nursing activities, 1979: Army ordered same American Expeditionary enlistment qualifications Force; Bessie S. Bell, Chief for men and women. Nurse, Walter Reed Army Hospital, reported Nov. 13. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1977: First combined male 1987: Allendale County, 1948: First WAC OCS 1997: NASA mission STS- 1975: President Ford signed 1951: Associate WAC 1973: Army authorized and female Army Signal SC monument dedicated to class since end of WWII. 86 Atlantis ended, NASA PL 94-106 allowing Company Grade Officers expansion of WAC from Corps training began, Fort residents who died in con- astronaut Wendy B. admission of women to Course initiated to obtain 23,800 to 50,400 by 1979. Gordon, GA. flicts from WWI –Vietnam. Lawrence, CMDR, US service academies. more officers for Korean 2LT Elizabeth Ann Jones, Navy, aboard. War. Army Nurse Corps, died in Saigon, 1996, inscribed. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1998: “Gathering of Columbus Day 1818: Elizabeth Van Lew, 1754: Revolutionary War 1868: “William Cathey” 1948: First 8 women 1946: 8000th WAC Eagles,” October 9-10, (Observed). Union spy, later appointed heroine “Molly Pitcher” (Cathay Williams), probab- officers on active duty Detachment arrived to 1998, US Air Force postmaster of Richmond, born in Trenton, NJ. ly 1st African-American sworn in as commissioned serve in Occupied Japan. Museum, honored WASP VA by President Grant, woman in US Regular officers in regular Navy. pilot of more than 23 born. Army, discharged with aircraft, LtCol (Ret.) Dora certificate of disability; Doroughty Strother. served since Nov. 15, 1866. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1862: Sarah Rosetta Wake- 1997: Women in Military 1774: After death of 1944: SPARS opened to 1861: Loretta Janeta 1987: Tree planted on 1973: BG Lillian Dunlap man, alias PVT Lyons Service for America husband, Richard Trotter, African-American women. Velaquez, posing as Harry State Univ. grounds site of became 1st Army woman Wakeman, enrolled in 153rd memorial dedicated. in battle, Anne Trotter 1978: President Carter Buford, claimed she was VA Out-Patient Clinic hon- serving as President of Regiment, NY State Bailey dressed like man; signed bill abolishing appointed temporary com- oring Sallie Farmer, former officer promotion board. Volunteers. joined Army. 1944: Ban on WAC. mander of a company Army nurse & only surviv- 1983: More than 100 African-American women during Battle of Ball’s ing WWII-era woman women participated in in WAVES abolished. Bluff. POW residing in Ohio. “Operation Urgent Fury.” 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1961: Susan Leigh Still, 1994: LT Kara S. Hult- 1998: Mary J. Wamsley 1943: First Women 1987: RADM Mary A. 1997: DACOWITS Fall 1984: US Congress granted LCDR, US Navy & NASA green, 1st woman to qualify appointed by Secretary of Marines reported for duty Fields became Director, Conference began (ended Federal Charter to WAC in combat-ready F-14 Tom- Defense Cohen to succeed on West Coast—at Camp Navy Nurse Corps and November 2). Veterans Association under astronaut, born. 31 1966: rd WAC detachment cat, graduating 3 in pilot Elizabeth T. Bilby as Chair, Pendleton, Santa Barbara, Deputy Commander, Federal Law 98-584. established for duty in class, died--engine DACOWITS, for calendar and El Centro, CA, this Personnel Management, Vietnam. malfunctions approaching year 1999. month. Naval Medical Command, deck, USS Abraham this month. Lincoln. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Eileen Marie Collins, born November 19, 1956, is the first woman selected to command a US space shuttle. Collins was attending the US Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base when she was selected for the NASA program in January 1990. She became an astronaut in July 1991. Collins has been a T-38 and T-41 instructor pilot, a C-141 aircraft commander and instructor pilot, and an assistant professor in mathematics at the US Air Force Academy. She has logged more than 5,000 hours in 30 different types of aircraft. As of September 1998, her NASA experience included more than 419 hours in space. She has been a member of the astronaut support team responsible for orbiter prelaunch checkout, final launch configuration, crew ingress/egress, and landing/recovery, worked in Mission Control as a spacecraft communicator, and also been a pilot on the STS-63 and STS-84. Collins piloted the STS-63 Discovery in February 1995 and the STS-84 in May 1997; those missions Eileen Marie Collins rendezvoused with the Russian space station Mir. In January 1999, Collins will command the Photo: Courtesy National Aeronautics and Space Columbia’s crew on a five-day mission to deploy an Administration x-ray telescope to study phenomena such as black holes and quasars. November 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 1978: Men & women began 1921: Ludmilla “Lou” 1948: Col Katherine A. 1965: Georgette (Dickey) 1988: 1st meeting, Minority 1986: Women in Military Army joint basic training. 8 Ferenz , Army Nurse Corps Towle, 2nd Director, Wo- Meyer Chappelle, photo- Officers Association, organ- Service for America women ensigns report to flight nurse during WWII, men’s Reserve, took Regu- journalist & war corres- ization dedicated to improv- memorial authorized. duty aboard ships. 1978: born. lar commission as perma- pondent, killed by land ing minority & female offi- BG Mary E. Clarke nent Lt Col; appointed 1st mine while accompanying cer recruiting, assignments, promoted to MG, 1st Army Director, Women Marines, Marines near Chulai, & promotion opportunities, woman to achieve this rank. temporary rank of Col. Vietnam. all services, Savannah, GA. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1942: Commandant of 1967: US Congress passed 1995: Cheryl Stearns, first 1943: “Molly Marine,” 1st Veterans Day. 1993: 1993: Workshop on wo- 1918: 18 African-American Marine Corps approved PL 90-130—equal promo- woman member, US statue of woman in uni- Vietnam Women’s men, technology & military nurses assigned to duty in inclusion of women in tion & retirement rules, men Army’s Golden Knights formed service, US Armed Memorial unveiled, institution, Cornell Univ.; Army Nurse Corps Marine Corps Reserve; & women officers; women parachute team, broke 3 Forces unveiled, New Washington, DC. attended by military offi- following influenza known as Marines. allowed promotion above 0- world records; completes Orleans, LA. Monument cers, academics, and epidemic. 5 & 24 hours of continuous dedicated to US Marine military researchers from membership. skydiving. Corps Women’s Reserve. OSD. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1988: Army announced 1988: President Reagan 1776: Margaret Corbin took 1945: 60th and last WAC 1943: WAC members 1956: Lt Col Eileen Marie 1970: Navy Nurse Corps women eligible to fill signed S20042, legislation husband’s gun after he was OCS class graduated, Fort became eligible for GI Collins, US Air Force and granted authority to place additional 3,128 jobs in authorizing memorial on killed in battle near Fort Des Moines, IA. insurance, this month. NASA astronaut, born. commemorative bronze active forces, 6,274 jobs in Federal lands to military Washington, NY. 1983: plaque on Nurses National Guard and 1,736 women who served during “Women in Military” Monument, Arlington jobs in Reserves. Vietnam War. corridor in Pentagon National Cemetery. dedicated. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1943: LTs Lillian J. Tacina 1994: Company at Fort 1942: PL 773 established 1946: 8225th WAC Thanksgiving. 1832: Dr. Mary Edwards 1991: COL Nancy R. & Eugenia H. Rutkowski Leonard Wood, MO, be- US Coast Guard Women’s Battalion arrived for service Walker born. Adams promoted to BG; among 13 nurses, 17 men, came 1st group to complete Reserve (SPARS). 1977: with Far East Command in sworn in as 19th Chief, Army Air Force, shot down coed basic training under PL 95-202 passed; gives Tokyo. Army Nurse Corps. in German-occupied Alban- renewed policy of gender- WASP veteran status. ia; escaped after 850-mile integrated basic training for walk to Adriatic, this mo. many noncombat jobs. 28 29 30 1989: President Bush 1977: Evelyn P. Foote 1943: 12th OCS class, signed Joint Resolution of became Commander, 2nd WAAC Training Center, Congress authorizing Basic Training Battalion, Fort Des Moines, IA began; Vietnam Women’s Fort McClellan, AL, this first desegregated class. Memorial Project. month. Grace Hopper was born on December 9, 1906. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College in 1928 and received a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University in 1934. Hopper joined the Naval Reserve during World War II and was commissioned as lieutenant, junior grade. Assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University, she worked as a programmer on the Mark I, the first information-processing digital computer. Discharged from active duty in 1946, she continued working for the Navy as a reservist until her retirement as a captain in 1966. Hopper was recalled to active duty in 1967 and tasked with standardizing the Navy’s computer programming languages. She was promoted to commodore (rear admiral) in 1983. When she retired from the Navy at the age of 80 in 1986, she was the oldest officer on active duty. Grace Hopper died on January 1, 1992. On January 6, 1996, the Navy christened the guided missile Grace Murray Hopper destroyer, the USS Hopper, at the Bath Iron Works. The christening marked only the second Photo: Courtesy Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs time in the Navy’s history that a warship had been Division, LC-USZ62-111439 named for a woman from the Navy’s own ranks. December 1999

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 4 1991: BG Nancy R. 1942: First 2 African- Hanukkah begins. 1948: 1968: COL Maxene B. Adams appointed Chief, American WAAC COL Mary A. Hallaren Michl became first WAC Army Nurse Corps. companies completed basic reappointed WAC Director. Center and WAC School training; arrived at Fort 1973: 14 USC 762 passed, Commander/Commandant Huachuca, AZ to red-carpet Women’s Reserve no to hold rank of full colonel. reception by all African- longer separate branch of American 92nd Division. the Coast Guard Reserve. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1991: President Bush 1945: Ruth Cheney Streeter 1973: Congress passed 1941: 11 Navy nurses on 1906: RADM Grace 1941: 5 Navy nurses on 1990: Sgt Marie Elliott, signed repeal of 10 USC resigned commission as legislation allowing women duty in Philippines Hopper born. Guam became Japanese member of National Guard 8549 (Air Combat Director, Marine Corps to serve in active Coast evacuated patients in POWs; repatriated on unit called to active duty, Exclusion Law). Women’s Reserve. Guard. Canacao Hospital to safe August 25, 1942. arrived in Saudi Arabia to area under-neath hospital’s participate in Gulf War. reinforced concrete floor.

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1980: Defense Officer 1862: Sarah Emma 1950: Anna M. Rosenberg 1945: First WAC training 1995: USS Benfold 1760: Deborah Samson 1948: 199 WAC officers— Personnel Management Act Edmonds served as aide to confirmed as Assistant center, Fort Des Moines, delivered earlier this month, born. first such increment since enacted; women in all COL Orlando Poe at Secretary of Defense for IA, closed. 1972: Last first Navy ship built from women’s integration into service branches on same Fredericksburg, VA. Manpower and Personnel. WAC Basic Officer Course keel up with habitability regular Services--appointed promotion lists as men. and OCS classes graduated. modification needed for full to Regular Army. integration of women crew.

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1997: RADM Marsha 1989: More than 600 Army 1952: Pamela Davis 1944: Harriet Ida Pickens 1941: Army nurses ordered 1975: Army authorized Christmas Day. Johnson Evans, first woman women participated in “Op- Dorman, first woman US and Frances E. Wills, first 2 to evacuate Manila. admission of women to Superintendent, Naval eration Just Cause” result- Navy chaplain to serve with African-American WAVES Army OCS training, Fort Postgraduate School, ing in arrest of Panama’s Marines, born. officers, commissioned. Benning, GA. relinquished command. Manuel Noriega. Military 1967: First 2 WAC officers Police CAPT Linda Bray & selected for Army War her unit involved in combat. College. 27 28 29 30 31 1991: Presidential 1990: LCDR Darlene M. 1958: LTC Nancy Jane 1977: Army Combat 1976: WAC Center and Commission on Assignment Iskra, Navy, installed as Currie, Army, born. Currie Exclusion Policy kept School, Fort McClellan, of Women in the Armed Commander, USS is scheduled for December women out of specialties or AL, closed after 22 years. Forces established as part of Opportune, a salvage 1998 space shuttle, 1st units that involve direct FY92 Authorization Bill, vessel. mission to carry hardware combat. 10 USC 6015, this month. into space for assembling International Space Station. This calendar celebrates and commemorates the achievements Beginning in the 1970s, when women became eligible to and activities of American women in the armed forces between attend the Service academies, their accomplishments 1760 and 1998. Notable achievements or milestones are became more diverse. Many of the women in this reported, typically in relation to a person's date of birth or death, calendar are celebrated as firsts. For example, the first the date of her particular achievement, or an influential event in woman to graduate first in her class from the Naval the lives of military women. The calendar aims to show the Academy, the first woman combat pilot, the first woman diversity, breadth, and depth of women's experience in the to head a state-level National Guard unit, the first woman United States military. Achievements of women in all branches brigade commander, and so on. The calendar also honors of the Services are depicted, and both individual and women whose breakthroughs were accomplished service-wide milestones are noted. The calendar also includes alongside their military service and also identifies military Federal and other holidays. Olympians, astronauts, and government officials. The calendar attempts to be representative of women in all As of September 1, 1998, the total resident walks of military life, but is not exhaustive. It commemorates population of the United States was approximately 270,498,000, of which there were approximately women who served beside their husbands during the 137,992,000 women, or 51 percent. That same month, Revolutionary and Civil and those who were disguised as there were 195,655 women in the United States military male soldiers. The calendar also notes women who served as active duty forces, representing approximately 14 percent spies during the Revolutionary War and the Civil War—in the of the military. Of this total, approximately 44.6 percent latter conflict both Confederate and Union spies are reported. were minorities. There were 71,213 women in the Army, During the Spanish American War, and II, the 49,150 women in the Navy, 9,779 women in the Marines, Korean War, and the Vietnam War, women served and 65,513 . The Army has the predominately in the various nursing corps, and in other highest percentage of African-American and other noncombat positions. Beginning in World War II, however, minority women; they constitute almost 43 percent and with the formation of the auxiliary women's services (WAAC, almost 7 percent, respectively, of Army women. The WAC, WAF, WFTD, WASP, WAVES, and SPARS), women Marines have the highest percentage of Hispanic also began to serve the military in other capacities. members; approximately 13 percent of Marine women are Hispanic. Not everything mentioned in the listing of day-by-day events represents something Bibliography positive. Women have been injured and killed in the line of duty and also captured as The following works were used in conjunction with numerous other general reference prisoners of war. However, although women have had difficulties in advancing within resources in the Main Reading Room Reference Collection of the Library of Congress in the armed forces, this calendar attempts to highlight their accomplishments. compiling the entries for this calendar. One of the most comprehensive and scholarly sources consulted was Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women and the Military and The calendar was compiled for the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Minerva's Bulletin Board. Institute under an Interagency Agreement with the Library of Congress. Andrea M. Savada Bellafaire, Judith A. The Women's Army Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Federal Research Division Service. U.S. Army Center of . Washington, DC: 1993. Library of Congress Breuer, William B. War and American Women: Heroism, Deeds, and Controversy. Washington, DC 20540-4840 Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1997. December 1, 1998 Burgess, Lauren Cook, ed. An Uncommon Soldier: The Civil War Letters of Sarah Rosetta Wakeman, alias Private Lyons Wakeman, 153rd Regiment, New York State DEOMI Project Manager: Jerry C. Scarpate, Directorate of Research Volunteers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Calendar Layout: SGT Nancy Jane Portz, U.S. Army Burrelli, David F. Women in the Armed Forces. CRS Issue Brief IB92008. Washington, DC: Library of Congress. Updated September 29, 1998. COVER ART for the calendar was reproduced from the 32¢ stamp issued by the United Carnegie, Mary Elizabeth. The Path We Tread: Blacks in Nursing Worldwide, 1854-1994. States Postal Service in 1997 to commemorate Women in Military Service. "Stamp 3d. ed. No. 14-2678. New York: National League for Nursing Press, 1995. Design © 1997 U.S. Postal Service. Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved." Carruth, Gorton, ed. The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates. 10th ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. Numerous sources were used to compile this calendar. Books, serial Claghorn, Charles E. Women Patriots of the : A Biographical publications, monographs, websites, and even e-mail were used to gather information. Dictionary. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1991. Those who wish to learn more about women in the military should consult the bibliography, which selectively includes some of the sources consulted. Collins, Winifred Quick, and Herbert M. Levine. More Than a Uniform: A Navy Woman in a Navy Man's World. Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1997.

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and should not be Dever, John P., and Maria C. Dever. Women and the Military: Over 100 Notable Contributors, Historic to Contemporary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & construed to represent the official position of DEOMI, the Military Services, or the Company, 1995. Department of Defense. Ebbert, Jean, and Marie-Beth Hall. Crossed Currents: Navy Women from WWI to Tailhook. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1993. Local reproduction is authorized and encouraged. Feller, Carolyn M., and Constance J. Moore. Highlights in the History of the Army Nurse Corps. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Washington, DC: 1995. Gavin, Lettie. American . Niwot, Colorado: University of Sherrow, Victoria. Women and the Military: An Encyclopedia. Denver: ABC-CLIO, Colorado Press, 1997. 1996.

Heiman, Gover Jr., and Virginia Heiman Myers. Careers for Women in Uniform. Smith, Karen Manners. New Paths to Power, American Women, 1890-1920. New York: : J.B. Lippincott, 1971. Oxford University Press, 1994.

Holm, Jeanne. Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution. Novato, California: Sterner, Doris M. In and Out of Harm's Way: A History of the Navy Nurse Corps. Seattle: Presidio Press, 1982. Peanut Butter, 1996. Janney, Rebbeca Price. Great Women in American History. Camp Hill, Pennsylvania: Horizon Books, 1996. Stiehm, Judith Hicks, ed. It's Our Military Too! Women and the U.S. Military. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996. Johnson, Jesse J., ed. Black Women in the Armed Forces, 1942-1974 (A Pictorial History). Hampton, Virginia: Hampton Institute, 1974. Stremlow, Mary V. Free a Marine to Fight: Women Marines in World War II. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Marine Corps Historical Center. Washington, DC: Kirstin, Olsen. Chronology of Women's History. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood 1994. Press, 1994. Tomblin, Barbara B. "Beyond Paradise: The US Navy Nurse Corps in the Pacific in MacGregor, Morris J., Jr. Integration of the Armed Forces. Defense Studies Series. WWII," Pt. 1. Minerva: Quarterly Report, XI, No. 1, Spring 1993, 33-53. . Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1981. United States. Department of Transportation. United States Coast Guard. Women in the Markle, Donald E. Spies and Spymasters of The Civil War. New York: Hippocrene Coast Guard Study. Commandant Publication 5312.17. Washington, DC, 1990. Books, 1994. United States. Department of Veterans Affairs. National Summit on Women Veterans' McCullough, Joan. First of All: Significant "Firsts" by American Women. New York: Issues, Proceedings: September 25–27, 1996. Washington, DC, 1997. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. Weatherford, Doris. Milestones: A Chronology of American Women's History. New Meid, Pat. Marine Corps Women's Reserve in World War II. Washington, DC: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1968. York: Facts on File, 1997.

Merryman, Molly. Clipped Wings: The Rise and Fall of the Women Airforce Service Williams, Vera S. WACs: Women's Army Corps. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks Pilots (WASPs) of World War II. New York: New York University Press, 1997. International, 1997. Moore, Brenda L. To Serve My Country, To Serve My Race: The Story of the Only African American WACS Stationed Overseas During World War II. New York: New Zeinert, Karen. Those Courageous Women of the Civil War. Brookfield, Connecticut: York University Press, 1996. Millbrook Press, 1998.

Morden, Bettie J. The Women's Army Corps, 1945-1978. Washington, D.C.: Center for Zilboorg, Caroline, ed. Women's Firsts. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Military History, 1990.

Putney, Marcha S. When the Nation Was in Need: Blacks in the Women's Army Corps During World War II. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

Shaefer, Silvia Anne. Women in America's Wars. Springfield, New Jersey: Enslow, 1996. Homepages

The World Wide Web contains a wide variety of resources on women in the military, as well as general information sources. It is also useful to check each Service's homepage for links to various useful sites. The numerous webpages on the Civil War provide information on women in that war. Some of the most useful websites in compiling this calendar were…

http://twu.edu/library [for information on the WASP]

http://userpages.aug.com/captbarb/

http://wasp-wwii.org/wasp/

http://www.af.mil/news/biographies

http://www.army.mil/

http://www.gendergap.com/military

http://www.history.navy.mil

http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/

http://www.militarywoman.org/

http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/people/women/winhist.htm

http://www.undelete.org/

http://www.uscg.mil/

http://www.wimsa.org/ Since its inception in 1971, the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute at Patrick Air Force Base has been a leader in human relations training and equal opportunity research. To date over 12,000 equal opportunity advisors have been trained and numerous research projects have been conducted.

Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute 1999