Die Evolution Der Ältesten Ammonoidea (Lieferung I) Von H

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Die Evolution Der Ältesten Ammonoidea (Lieferung I) Von H N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 120 2 107—212 Stuttgart, August 1964 Die Evolution der ältesten Ammonoidea (Lieferung I) Von H. K. Erben, Bonn Mit Tafel 7—10 sowie 15 Abbildungen und 1 Tabelle im Text und auf 8 Beilagen Inhaltsverzeichnis Lieferung I Seite Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................108 Vorwort und D a n k ............................................................................................................109 I. Die Herkunft der ältesten Ammonoidea............................................................ 111 la. Diskussion einiger unzutreffender V orstellungen........................................ 114 Ial) Ventraler Siphonallobus und ventromarginaler S ip h o ................115 Ia2) Ventralsinus des M ündungsrandes...................................................116 Ia3) Protoconch der eingerollten N autiloideen.......................................116 Ia4) Protoconch der primitiven Goniatiten................................................ 117 Ia5) Protoconch der „asellati spiruliformes“ ............................................ 117 Ia6) Einrollungs- und Ausrollungstendenz der Ectocochleaten . 119 Ia7) Die Altersfolge................................................................................... 120 lb. Diskussion der Ableitung von eingerollten Nautiloideen........................120 lc. Die Ableitung von den Bactritidae.................................................................122 Icl) Zeugnis durch Homologien im B auplan...........................................122 Ic2) Zeugnis aus der Ontogenie.................................................................... 123 Ic3) Zeugnis durch vermittelnde Zwischenformen.................................... 123 Ic4) Zeugnis durch eine progressive R eih e................................................ 124 Ic5) Zeugnis durch Iterationen und regressive T endenzen.....................124 Ic6) Stratigraphische K ontrolle....................................................................125 II. Die Evolution der primitiven Ammonoidea..........................................................126 Ila. Die Hauptreihe....................................................................................................127 II b. Die Seitenzweige............................................................................................... 137 IIbl) Der Pseudobac/ri/es-'Z'&eig....................................................................138 IIb2) Der Kokenia-Zwexg ............................................................................139 IIb3) .Der Cyrfobacfrites-Zv/eig....................................................................139 IIb4) Der Anetoceras-Z w e i g ........................................................................141 II b 5) Der Mimosphinctes-Z w e ig ....................................................................143 IIb6) Der Talenticeras-Zv?e\g........................................................................145 IIb7) Der Teicberticeras-Z w e i g .................................................................... 146 Ilb 8) Der Convoluticeras-Zv/zig....................................................................148 IIb9) Der Gyroceraiiies-Zwtig........................................................................151 IlblO) Der Mimagonia/ites-Zvseig....................................................................155 II b 11) Der Palaeogoniatites-Z'wexg............................................................156 IIbl2) Der Agoniatites-Paraphyllites-Z w eig....................................................157 IIbl3) Der Parentites-Augurites-’Zswzig ........................................................157 II c. Zusammenfassende Sicht ................................................................................ 159 N. Jahrbuch f. Geologie u. Paläontologie.mss Abhandlungen. Bd. 120. 7** 108 H. K. Erben Seite III. Zur Frage des Vorkommens freier Larvalstadien bei cctocochlcaten Cephalo- p o d e n ..................................................................................................................161 lila. Frühontogcnctische Entwicklung der Ammonoidca............................. 161 III b. Frühontogenetische Entwicklung der Bactritina.....................................170 lllc. Frühontogenetische Entwicklung der Nautiloidea.................................173 llld. Zusammenfassende Übersicht.................................................................... 178 llle. Frühontogenetische Entwicklung der Hauptreihe.................................180 IV. Die Entwicklung der Anwachsstrcifcn bei den fortgeschrittenen Goniatitcn 187 V. Zur taxionomischen Gliederung der ältesten und älteren Ammonoidca . 191 Schriftenverzeichnis........................................................................................... 204 Lieferung II VI. Deskriptiver Teil A netoceras (Erbenoceras) sp. A Anetoceras (Erbenoceras) sp. B Anetoceras (Erbenoceras) sp. C Anetoceras (Erbenoceras) sp. D Teickerticeras desideratum (T e i c h e r t ) Teicherticeras „solitarium (B a r r a n d e )“ Teickerticeras (?) n. sp. B Convoluticeras coskuni n. sp. Convoluticeras buluti n. sp. Convoluticeras discordans n. sp. Mimosphinctes sp. A Talenticeras talenti n. g. et sp. A b stract: The theories of the origin of coiled ammonoids are discussed by ex- amining former Statements in favour or against a derivation from coiled nautiloids (S p a t h ) or from bactritids (S c h i n d e w o l f ) , respectivcly. Results of additional studies ndicate an ancestorship of the Bactritidae. Evidence is represented by homologies of morphological elements of the shell, by the similarity of the early ontogentical develop­ ment, by a progressive evolutionary succession of specics and gencra connecting primitive goniatites with the Bactritidae, and by iterative as well as regressive tendencies indicating relationship. The evolution of early Ammonoidea (including the Bactritidae) is studied. The main evolutionary succession leading from bactritids to coiled ammonoids sccms to be: B actrites — Lobobactrites — early Cyrtobactrites — Anetoceras hunsrueckianum — A. aff. hunsrueckianum — A . ( Erbenoceras) sp. A. — Teicherticeras (?) n. sp. B — (?early Convolu­ ticeras) — ^orgensis-gtoup of Mimagoniatites — obesus-gtoup of Mimagoniatites — A narcestes — Anarcestidae without umbilical opening — other groups of Ammonoidea. In this succession some of the most outstanding features are a.o. the increase in involubility of the shell, in complexity of the suturc, and in complication ofthe growth lines. Almost from each of the a.-m. members originate separate branchs in which identi- cal evolutionary trends may become manifested independently from the main succession. In late phylogenctic stages of some of these separate branches has been observed a regressive tendency to secondary uncoiling, to a secondary simplification of the growth lines, etc. Further studies were made on the problem of tetrabranchiate cephalopode onto- genics. Morphological changes in early ontogenetic stages of nautiloids, bactritids and coiled ammonoids are interpreted as related to changes in the morphology of soft parts as well as to changes in life habits and environment. Under these circumstances the assumption is justified that in the early ontogeny of coiled ammonoids and extremely Die Evolution der ältesten Ammonoidea (I) 109 advanced Bactritidae a free larval stage was developcd. In primitive goniatites, generally in bactritids, and in some related orthoconic nautiloids morphological evidence indicating the same, is less pronounced but in many cases still noticcable. In other nautiloids thc assumption is justified, that they had no free larval stages but that young individuals upon leaving thc egg were rather similar to animals of adult stages. In the last chapter new species and a new genus of primitive ammonoids are des- cribed. Vorwort und Dank Im Rahmen von Untersuchungen, die sich mit den innerhalb der primi­ tiven Ammonoidea bestehenden phvlologenetischen Zusammenhängen befassen, habe ich mich kürzlich (1962) mit der stammesgeschichtlichen Bedeutung des Anetoceras-Z.weiges näher beschäftigt. Die hier vorgelegte Arbeit setzt sich nun mit den weiteren Vertretern der Mimosphinctidae, i den Mimoceratidae und einigen Agoniatitidae, aber auch mit den Bactritidae auseinander, und bemüht sich somit um einen Gesamt-Überblick über die Evolution der ursprünglichsten Ammonoideen. Wie jede Rekonstruktion phylogenetischer Zusammenhänge ist auch das Ergebnis dieser Studie letzten Endes und zu einem großen Teil hypothetisch. Vielleicht ist daher mit der Kritik solcher Fachkollegen zu rechnen, die paläontologische For­ schung auf die Analyse und Deskription beschränkt sehen möchten und die als Agnostiker einen Verzicht auf das Fahnden nach den Zusammen­ hängen befürworten. Ihnen sei entgegengehalten, daß diesem Versuch einer Synthese jahrelange Untersuchungen analytischer Art vorausgegangen sind und daß sich jede der hier vorgebrachten phylogenetischen Deutungen streng an den morphologischen Befund hält. Daß die Gefahr eines Irrtums bei einer Studie dieser Art weitaus größer ist als bei einer Veröffentlichung, die sich mit den Ergebnissen morphologischer Routine-Untersuchungen begnügt, liegt wohl auf der Hand. Aber schließlich kann Irrtümer nur derjenige vermeiden, der alles offenläßt und nichts aussagt. Willkommener wird jedenfalls die fruchtbare Kritik derjeniger sein, die aufgrund weiterer
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