Colorado Bee Guide

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Colorado Bee Guide A COLOR GUIDE TO COLORADO BEES Images by Diane Wilson Sweat Bee (M) (Halictus confusus arapahonum) Applewood Seed Company 5380 Vivian Street, Arvada CO 80002 Ph(303)431-7333 Fax(303)467-7886 © Applewood Seed Company 2017 Colorado Bees Halictidae Family: Sweat Bees 2 Metallic Green Bee (F) Metallic Green Bee (F) Metallic Green Bee (Agapostemon coloradinus (Agapostemon angelicus or texanus) (Agapostemon sp.) or virescens) Green Sweat Bee Green Sweat Bee Green Sweat Bee (Augochlorini tribe) (Augochlorella sp.) (Augochlorini tribe) Sweat Bee Sweat Bee (M) Sweat Bee (F) (Halictus sp.) (Halictus confusus arapahonum) (Halictus ligatus) Sweat Bee (M) (Halictus rubicundus) Sweat Bee (Lasioglossum sp.) Cuckoo Bee (Sphecodes sp.) © Applewood Seed Company 2017 Colorado Bees Halictidae Family: Sweat Bees 3 Sweat Bee (M) Sweat Bee Sweat Bee (Lasioglossum sp.) (Lasioglossum semicaeruleum) (Lasioglossum sp.) Colletidae Family: Plasterer and Masked Bees —> Cellophane Bee (Colletes sp.) Masked Bee (Hylaeus sp.) Colorado Bees - Megachilidae Family: Leaf-Cutter, Mason Bees and Allies Wool Carder Bee Wool Carder Bee Resin Bee (Anthidium manicatum) (Anthidium oblongatum) (Anthidiellum sp.) Leaf Cutter Bee (M) Leaf Cutter Bee (F) Leaf Cutter Bee (M) (Megachile sg Chelostomoides) (Megachile parallela) (Megachile sp.) © Applewood Seed Company 2017 Colorado Bees - Megachilidae Family: Leafcutter, Mason Bees and Allies 4 Leaf Cutter Bee (F) Leaf Cutter Bee (F) Leaf Cutter Bee (F) (Megachile montivaga) (Megachile sp.) (Megachile perihirta) Leaf Cutter Bee (F) Leaf Cutter Bee (M) Leaf Cutter Bee (F) (Megachile sg Xanthosarus) (Megachile sg Xanthosarus) (Lithurgus apicalis) Cuckoo Bee (Coelioxys sp.) Mason Bee Resin Bee (Dianthidium sp.) (Hoplitis fulgida) Mason Bee (Hoplitis sp.) Mason Bee (Osmia sp.) Cuckoo Bee (Stelis sp.) © Applewood Seed Company 2017 Colorado Bees Apidae Family: Honey, Bumble, Cuckoo, 5 Digger and Carpenter Bees Honey Bee Honey Bee Small Carpenter Bee (Apis mellifera) (Apis mellifera) (Ceratina sp.) Small Carpenter Bee Long-Horned Bee (F) Long-Horned Bee (M) (Ceratina sp. (Melissodes sp.) (Melissodes sp.) Long-Horned Bee (F) Long-Horned Bee (M) Black Long-Horned Bee (M) (Svastra sp.) (Svastra sp.) (Melissodes bimaculata) Squash Bee Squash Bee Globemallow Bee (Peponapis pruinosa) (Peponapis sp.) (Diadasia sp.) © Applewood Seed Company 2017 Colorado Bees Apidae Family: Honey, Bumble, Cuckoo, 6 Digger and Carpenter Bees Cuckoo Bee Cuckoo Bee Cuckoo Bee (Nomada sp.) (Nomada sp.) (Holcopasites calliopsidis) Cuckoo Bee Cuckoo Bee Cuckoo Bee (Xeromelecta interrupta) (Triepeolus sp.) (Triepeolus sp.) Digger Bee Digger Bee Digger Bee (Anthophorini) (Anthophorini) (Anthophorini) Digger Bee Digger Bee Cactus Bee (Anthophorini) (Anthophorini) (Diadasia sp.) © Applewood Seed Company 2017 Colorado Bees Apidae Family: Honey, Bumble, Cuckoo, 7 Digger and Carpenter Bees Bumble Bee California Bumble Bee Bumble Bee (Bombus appositus) (Bombus californicus) (Bombus centralis) Golden Northern Bumble Bee Southern Plains Bumble Bee Brown Belted Bumble Bee (Bombus fervidus) (Bombus fraternus) (Bombus griseocollis) Cuckoo Bumble Bee Black & Gold Bumble Bee Hunt’s Bumble Bee (Bombus insularis) (Bombus nevadensis) (Bombus huntii) Western Bumble Bee American Bumble Bee Mountain Bumble Bee (Bombus occidentalis) (Bombus pensylvanicus) (Bombus sylvicola) © Applewood Seed Company 2017 Colorado Bees Andrenidae Family: Mining Bees 8 Black Mining Bee Mining Bee with red abdomen Mining Bee with red abdomen (Andrena sp. ) (Andrena sp.) (Andrena sp. ) Mining Bee (M) Mining Bee (F) Mining Bee (Andrena sg Callandrena) (Andrena helianthi) (Andrena sg Cnemidandrena) Mining Bee (F) Mining Bee Mining Bee (Andrena sp.) (Andrena sp.) (Andrena prunorum) Mining Bee Mining Bee Mining Bee (Pseudopanurgus sp.) (Perdita sp. ) (Perdita sp.) © Applewood Seed Company 2017 .
Recommended publications
  • Bumble Bees of the Western United States” by Jonathan Koch, James Strange, and Paul Williams (2012)
    Adapted from the “Bumble Bees of the Western United States” by Jonathan Koch, James Strange, and Paul Williams (2012). Bumble bees are one of Wyoming’s most important and mild-mannered pollinators. There are more than 20 species in Wyoming, which you can often tell apart by the color patterns on their bodies. This guide shows color patterns for queen bees only, and some species can have multiple queen Bumble patterns! of Bees Areas in yellow indicate where each species Wyoming is found in Wyoming wyomingbiodiversity.org Black Tail Bumble Bee How can you tell Bombus melanopygus it's a bumble bee? Common Bumble bees are the largest bodied bees in Wyoming. Queens can be up to two inches long, but most queens and workers are somewhat smaller than that. They're very hairy all over their bodies, and carry pollen in “baskets” on their hind legs. Did you find a bumble bee? Submit your observation to the Xerces Society of Invertebrate Conservation's website: BumbleBeeWatch.org You can be a member of the citizen science community! Brown-Belted Bumble Bee California Bumble Bee Bombus griseocollis Bombus californicus Common Uncommon Central Bumble Bee Cuckoo Bumble Bee Bombus centralis Bombus insularis Common Common Fernald Cuckoo Bumble Bee Forest Bumble Bee Bombus fernaldae Bombus sylvicola Uncommon Uncommon Frigid Bumble Bee Fuzzy-Horned Bumble Bee Bombus frigidus Bombus mixtus Rare Common Half-Black Bumble Bee High Country Bumble Bee Bombus vagans Bombus balteatus Common Common Hunt’s Bumble Bee Morrison Bumble Bee Bombus huntii Bombus morrisoni Common Common Nevada Bumble Bee Red-Belted Bumble Bee Bombus nevadensis Bombus rufocinctus Common Common Suckley Cuckoo Bumble Bee Bombus suckleyi Red-Belted Bumble Bee, continued Uncommon Two-Form Bumble Bee Western Bumble Bee Bombus bifarius Bombus occidentalis Common Rare throughout much of its range, but common in Wyoming.
    [Show full text]
  • Wisconsin Bee Identification Guide
    WisconsinWisconsin BeeBee IdentificationIdentification GuideGuide Developed by Patrick Liesch, Christy Stewart, and Christine Wen Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) The honey bee is perhaps our best-known pollinator. Honey bees are not native to North America and were brought over with early settlers. Honey bees are mid-sized bees (~ ½ inch long) and have brownish bodies with bands of pale hairs on the abdomen. Honey bees are unique with their social behavior, living together year-round as a colony consisting of thousands of individuals. Honey bees forage on a wide variety of plants and their colonies can be useful in agricultural settings for their pollination services. Honey bees are our only bee that produces honey, which they use as a food source for the colony during the winter months. In many cases, the honey bees you encounter may be from a local beekeeper’s hive. Occasionally, wild honey bee colonies can become established in cavities in hollow trees and similar settings. Photo by Christy Stewart Bumble bees (Bombus sp.) Bumble bees are some of our most recognizable bees. They are amongst our largest bees and can be close to 1 inch long, although many species are between ½ inch and ¾ inch long. There are ~20 species of bumble bees in Wisconsin and most have a robust, fuzzy appearance. Bumble bees tend to be very hairy and have black bodies with patches of yellow or orange depending on the species. Bumble bees are a type of social bee Bombus rufocinctus and live in small colonies consisting of dozens to a few hundred workers. Photo by Christy Stewart Their nests tend to be constructed in preexisting underground cavities, such as former chipmunk or rabbit burrows.
    [Show full text]
  • Bees in the Genus Rhodanthidium. a Review and Identification
    The genus Rhodanthidium is small group of pollinator bees which are found from the Moroccan Atlantic coast to the high mountainous areas of Central Asia. They include both small inconspicuous species, large species with an appearance much like a hornet, and vivid species with rich red colouration. Some of them use empty snail shells for nesting with a fascinating mating and nesting behaviour. This publication gives for the first time a complete Rhodanthidium overview of the genus, with an identification key, the first in the English language. All species are fully illustrated in both sexes with 178 photographs and 60 line drawings. Information is given on flowers visited, taxonomy, and seasonal occurrence; distribution maps are including for all species. This publication summarises our knowledge of this group of bees and aims at stimulating further Supplement 24, 132 Seiten ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 30. April 2019 research. Kasparek, Bees in the Genus Max Kasparek Bees in the Genus Rhodanthidium A Review and Identification Guide Entomofauna, Supplementum 24 ISSN 0250­4413 © Maximilian Schwarz, Ansfelden, 2019 Edited and Published by Prof. Maximilian Schwarz Konsulent für Wissenschaft der Oberösterreichischen Landesregierung Eibenweg 6 4052 Ansfelden, Austria E­Mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Fritz Gusenleitner, Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz Karin Traxler, Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz Printed by Plöchl Druck GmbH, 4240 Freistadt, Austria with 100 % renewable energy Cover Picture Rhodanthidium aculeatum, female from Konya province, Turkey Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz (Austria) Author’s Address Dr. Max Kasparek Mönchhofstr. 16 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Email: Kasparek@t­online.de Supplement 24, 132 Seiten ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 30.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Mortality and Sex Ratio in the Alfalfa
    Seasonal and spatial patterns of mortality and sex ratio in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (F.) by Ruth Pettinga ONeil A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology Montana State University © Copyright by Ruth Pettinga ONeil (2004) Abstract: Nests from five seed alfalfa sites of the alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata (F.) were monitored over the duration of the nesting season in 2000 and 2001, from early July through late August. Cells containing progeny of known age and known position within the nest were subsequently analyzed for five commonly encountered categories of pre-diapause mortality in this species. Chalkbrood and pollen ball had the strongest seasonal relationships of mortality factors studied. Chalkbrood incidence was highest in early-produced cells. Pollen ball was higher in late-season cells. Chalkbrood, parasitism by the chalcid Pteromalus venustus, and death of older larvae and prepupae , due to unknown source(s) exhibited the strongest cell-position relationships. Both chalkbrood and parasitoid incidence were highest in the inner portions of nests. The “unknown” category of mortality was highest in outer portions of nests. Sex ratio was determined for a subset of progeny reared to adulthood. The ratio of females to males is highest in cells in inner nest positions. Sex ratio is female-biased very early in the nesting season, when all cells being provisioned are the inner cells of nests, due to the strong positional effect on sex ratio. SEASONAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF MORTALITY AND SEX RATIO IN THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTING BEE, Megachile rotundata (F.) by .
    [Show full text]
  • Growing a Wild NYC: a K-5 Urban Pollinator Curriculum Was Made Possible Through the Generous Support of Our Funders
    A K-5 URBAN POLLINATOR CURRICULUM Growing a Wild NYC LESSON 1: HABITAT HUNT The National Wildlife Federation Uniting all Americans to ensure wildlife thrive in a rapidly changing world Through educational programs focused on conservation and environmental knowledge, the National Wildlife Federation provides ways to create a lasting base of environmental literacy, stewardship, and problem-solving skills for today’s youth. Growing a Wild NYC: A K-5 Urban Pollinator Curriculum was made possible through the generous support of our funders: The Seth Sprague Educational and Charitable Foundation is a private foundation that supports the arts, housing, basic needs, the environment, and education including professional development and school-day enrichment programs operating in public schools. The Office of the New York State Attorney General and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation through the Greenpoint Community Environmental Fund. Written by Nina Salzman. Edited by Sarah Ward and Emily Fano. Designed by Leslie Kameny, Kameny Design. © 2020 National Wildlife Federation. Permission granted for non-commercial educational uses only. All rights reserved. September - January Lesson 1: Habitat Hunt Page 8 Lesson 2: What is a Pollinator? Page 20 Lesson 3: What is Pollination? Page 30 Lesson 4: Why Pollinators? Page 39 Lesson 5: Bee Survey Page 45 Lesson 6: Monarch Life Cycle Page 55 Lesson 7: Plants for Pollinators Page 67 Lesson 8: Flower to Seed Page 76 Lesson 9: Winter Survival Page 85 Lesson 10: Bee Homes Page 97 February
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Methods Offer Powerful Insights Into Social Evolution in Bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton
    Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton To cite this version: Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton. Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2014, 45 (3), pp.289-305. 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3. hal- 01234748 HAL Id: hal-01234748 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234748 Submitted on 27 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2014) 45:289–305 Review article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2014 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3 Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees 1 2 Sarah D. KOCHER , Robert J. PAXTON 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 2Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Received 9 September 2013 – Revised 8 December 2013 – Accepted 2 January 2014 Abstract – Bees are excellent models for studying the evolution of sociality. While most species are solitary, many form social groups. The most complex form of social behavior, eusociality, has arisen independently four times within the bees.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Bee Declines and Changes in Plant-Pollinator Networks Over 125 Years Revealed Through Museum Collections
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2018 WILD BEE DECLINES AND CHANGES IN PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORKS OVER 125 YEARS REVEALED THROUGH MUSEUM COLLECTIONS Minna Mathiasson University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Mathiasson, Minna, "WILD BEE DECLINES AND CHANGES IN PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORKS OVER 125 YEARS REVEALED THROUGH MUSEUM COLLECTIONS" (2018). Master's Theses and Capstones. 1192. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1192 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WILD BEE DECLINES AND CHANGES IN PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORKS OVER 125 YEARS REVEALED THROUGH MUSEUM COLLECTIONS BY MINNA ELIZABETH MATHIASSON BS Botany, University of Maine, 2013 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences: Integrative and Organismal Biology May, 2018 This thesis has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences: Integrative and Organismal Biology by: Dr. Sandra M. Rehan, Assistant Professor of Biology Dr. Carrie Hall, Assistant Professor of Biology Dr. Janet Sullivan, Adjunct Associate Professor of Biology On April 18, 2018 Original approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Ecology and Social Evolution of the Eastern Carpenter Bee
    Molecular ecology and social evolution of the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica Jessica L. Vickruck, B.Sc., M.Sc. Department of Biological Sciences Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © 2017 Abstract Bees are extremely valuable models in both ecology and evolutionary biology. Their link to agriculture and sensitivity to climate change make them an excellent group to examine how anthropogenic disturbance can affect how genes flow through populations. In addition, many bees demonstrate behavioural flexibility, making certain species excellent models with which to study the evolution of social groups. This thesis studies the molecular ecology and social evolution of one such bee, the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica. As a generalist native pollinator that nests almost exclusively in milled lumber, anthropogenic disturbance and climate change have the power to drastically alter how genes flow through eastern carpenter bee populations. In addition, X. virginica is facultatively social and is an excellent organism to examine how species evolve from solitary to group living. Across their range of eastern North America, X. virginica appears to be structured into three main subpopulations: a northern group, a western group and a core group. Population genetic analyses suggest that the northern and potentially the western group represent recent range expansions. Climate data also suggest that summer and winter temperatures describe a significant amount of the genetic differentiation seen across their range. Taken together, this suggests that climate warming may have allowed eastern carpenter bees to expand their range northward. Despite nesting predominantly in disturbed areas, eastern carpenter bees have adapted to newly available habitat and appear to be thriving.
    [Show full text]
  • Bees and Wasps of the East Sussex South Downs
    A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 Abstract For six years between 2003 and 2008, over 100 site visits were made to fifteen chalk grassland and chalk heath sites within the South Downs of Vice-county 14 (East Sussex). This produced a list of 227 bee and wasp species and revealed the comparative frequency of different species, the comparative richness of different sites and provided a basic insight into how many of the species interact with the South Downs at a site and landscape level. The study revealed that, in addition to the character of the semi-natural grasslands present, the bee and wasp fauna is also influenced by the more intensively-managed agricultural landscapes of the Downs, with many species taking advantage of blossoming hedge shrubs, flowery fallow fields, flowery arable field margins, flowering crops such as Rape, plus plants such as buttercups, thistles and dandelions within relatively improved pasture. Some very rare species were encountered, notably the bee Halictus eurygnathus Blüthgen which had not been seen in Britain since 1946. This was eventually recorded at seven sites and was associated with an abundance of Greater Knapweed. The very rare bees Anthophora retusa (Linnaeus) and Andrena niveata Friese were also observed foraging on several dates during their flight periods, providing a better insight into their ecology and conservation requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Unique Bee Communities Within Vacant Lots and Urban Farms Result from Variation in Surrounding Urbanization Intensity
    sustainability Article Unique Bee Communities within Vacant Lots and Urban Farms Result from Variation in Surrounding Urbanization Intensity Frances S. Sivakoff ID , Scott P. Prajzner and Mary M. Gardiner * ID Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; [email protected] (F.S.S.); [email protected] (S.P.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-330-601-6628 Received: 1 May 2018; Accepted: 5 June 2018; Published: 8 June 2018 Abstract: We investigated the relative importance of vacant lot and urban farm habitat features and their surrounding landscape context on bee community richness, abundance, composition, and resource use patterns. Three years of pan trap collections from 16 sites yielded a rich assemblage of bees from vacant lots and urban farms, with 98 species documented. We collected a greater bee abundance from vacant lots, and the two forms of greenspace supported significantly different bee communities. Plant–pollinator networks constructed from floral visitation observations revealed that, while the average number of bees utilizing available resources, niche breadth, and niche overlap were similar, the composition of floral resources and common foragers varied by habitat type. Finally, we found that the proportion of impervious surface and number of greenspace patches in the surrounding landscape strongly influenced bee assemblages. At a local scale (100 m radius), patch isolation appeared to limit colonization of vacant lots and urban farms. However, at a larger landscape scale (1000 m radius), increasing urbanization resulted in a greater concentration of bees utilizing vacant lots and urban farms, illustrating that maintaining greenspaces provides important habitat, even within highly developed landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Tips on Using a Native Bee Collection at a Public Event by Addison Deboer and Andony Melathopoulos, Oregon State University Extension
    Tips on Using a Native Bee Collection at a Public Event By Addison DeBoer and Andony Melathopoulos, Oregon State University Extension Native Bee Displays: Each Oregon Bee Atlas team will get a wooden display box with bees grouped by Family and Genus. These boxes cannot be shipped, so need to be transferred when Rich, Sarah or Andony travel to your community. You will be given a basic complement of bees that you can supplement as you gather your own specimens. The base case will contain specimens from the following groups: Family: genus Colletidae: Hylaeus Halictidae: Agapostemon, Halictus, Lasioglossum Apidae: Ceratina, Bombus, Nomada, Melissodes, Apis mellifera Megachilidae: Osmia, Stelis, Heriades, Megachile, Anthidium Andrenidae: Andrena Bee look-alikes: flies, wasps The following manual will provide you with tips on how to use these displays for public tabling events. Activities are broken up into short “attention getters” that are designed to get people interested at high volume events and “longer conversations” if you end up with someone with a lot more interest. Also, included are some natural history notes on all the bees, so you can dive in a little deeper if you have someone who is keen. Attention-getters (10 second conversation): 1. Most bees are like gophers, 70% of all bees live in the ground: • Point to Andrena and the Hallitcitidae as two families that nest almost exclusively underground – these two families make up the bulk of Oregon bees. 2. Hylaeus secrete cellophane-like material to line their nest cells • Point out that bees line their nests to protect their young from the environment, but also from parasites – the pollen ball they collect is a valuable resource.
    [Show full text]
  • Bumble Bee Surveys in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area of Oregon and Washington
    Bumble Bee Surveys in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area of Oregon and Washington Final report from the Xerces Society to the U.S. Forest Service and Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program (ISSSSP) Agreement L13AC00102, Modification 5 Bombus vosnesenskii on Balsamorhiza sagittata. Photo by Rich Hatfield, the Xerces Society. By Rich Hatfield, Sarina Jepsen, and Scott Black, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation September 2017 1 Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Site Selection ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Site Descriptions (west to east) ................................................................................................................ 7 T14ES27 (USFS) ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Cape Horn (USFS) .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]