DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogeny of the Bee Genus Halictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) Based on Parsimony and Likelihood Analyses of Nuclear EF-1A Sequen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogeny of the Bee Genus Halictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) Based on Parsimony and Likelihood Analyses of Nuclear EF-1A Sequen Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 13, No. 3, December, pp. 605–618, 1999 Article ID mpev.1999.0670, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Phylogeny of the Bee Genus Halictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) Based on Parsimony and Likelihood Analyses of Nuclear EF-1␣ Sequence Data Bryan N. Danforth,* Herve´ Sauquet,† and Laurence Packer‡ *Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-0901; †c/o Dr. A. Le Thomas, E.P.H.E., Laboratoire de Biologie et Evolution des Plantes vasculaires, Museum National d’Histoire, Naturelle, 16, rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France; and ‡Department of Biology and Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada Received December 23, 1998; revised April 8, 1999 INTRODUCTION We investigated higher-level phylogenetic relation- ships within the genus Halictus based on parsimony Halictid bees (Halictidae) are model organisms for and maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of elongation studying the evolution of social behavior in insects. Of factor-1␣ DNA sequence data. Our data set includes 41 all the bees, this family includes the greatest number of OTUs representing 35 species of halictine bees from a eusocial species and shows the greatest intra- and diverse sample of outgroup genera and from the three interspecific variability in social behavior (Michener, widely recognized subgenera of Halictus (Halictus s.s., 1974). Within the halictid subfamily Halictinae there Seladonia, and Vestitohalictus). We analyzed 1513 total are seven genera and subgenera that include all or aligned nucleotide sites spanning three exons and two some eusocial species: Halictus (Halictus), Halictus introns. Equal-weights parsimony analysis of the over- (Seladonia), Lasioglossum (Evylaeus), Lasioglossum all data set yielded 144 equally parsimonious trees. (Dialictus), Augochlora, Augochlorella, and Pereirapis; Major conclusions supported in this analysis (and in and in most cases, even closely related species show all subsequent analyses) included the following: (1) widely differing levels of social organization (Michener, Thrincohalictus is the sister group to Halictus s.l., (2) 1990a; Packer, 1993; Wcislo, 1997; and Yanega, 1997 all Halictus s.l. is monophyletic, (3) Vestitohalictus ren- provide reviews of halictid social diversity). However, ders Seladonia paraphyletic but together Seladonia ؉ despite their importance, research on halictid sociality Vestitohalictus is monophyletic, (4) Michener’s Groups has been hindered by our poor understanding of phylo- 1 and 3 are monophyletic, and (5) Michener’s Group 1 genetic relationships at the generic and species levels. renders Group 2 paraphyletic. In order to resolve basal Phylogenetic analyses of social organisms have made relationships within Halictus we applied various important contributions to our understanding of social weighting schemes under parsimony (successive ap- evolution. Within social insects, phylogenetic ap- proximations character weighting and implied proaches have been used to analyze the origins of weights) and employed ML under 17 models of se- eusociality in the vespid wasps (Carpenter, 1989, 1991), quence evolution. Weighted parsimony yielded conflict- carinate Lasioglossum (subgenus Evylaeus) (Packer, ing results but, in general, supported the hypothesis 1991), Halictus (Richards, 1994), Augochlorini (Dan- -that Seladonia ؉ Vestitohalictus is sister to Michener’s forth and Eickwort, 1997), and corbiculate bees (for Group 3 and renders Halictus s.s. paraphyletic. ML merly the Apidae; cf. Roig-Alsina and Michener, 1993) analyses using the GTR model with site-specific rates (Michener, 1990b; Cameron, 1991, 1993; Prentice, 1991; -supported an alternative hypothesis: Seladonia ؉ Ves- Sheppard and McPheron, 1991; Chavarria and Carpen titohalictus is sister to Halictus s.s. We mapped social ter, 1994; Engel and Schultz, 1997). Recent phyloge- behavior onto trees obtained under ML and parsimony netic evidence from bees indicates that evolutionary in order to reconstruct the likely historical pattern of reversals from eusociality to solitary nesting may occur social evolution. Our results are unambiguous: the more frequently than independent origins of eusocial- ancestral state for the genus Halictus is eusociality. ity (Wcislo and Danforth, 1997). Reversal to solitary behavior has occurred at least four The genus Halictus was described by Latreille in times among the species included in our analysis. 1804 and includes over 300 species of small to large, ௠ 1999 Academic Press primarily eusocial bees. We chose to study this genus for several reasons. First, there is no previous phyloge- 605 1055-7903/99 $30.00 Copyright ௠ 1999 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 606 DANFORTH, SAUQUET, AND PACKER netic analysis of the higher-level relationships within closely related taxa introns might provide sufficient the genus (Richards (1994) included only two of the variation to resolve species-level relationships whereas three widely recognized subgenera, and Pesenko (1984) exons could provide resolution at deeper levels. Indeed, provided a morphological analysis of only one of the in initial analyses of EF-1␣ sequence variation among three subgenera). Like many genera of halictine bees, halictine genera this appears to be the case. morphological variation within Halictus is limited and Danforth and Ji (1998) showed that EF-1␣ occurs as traits are often continuously distributed. With few two paralogous copies (F1 and F2) in Hymenoptera, as discrete morphological characters for phylogeny recon- in Diptera (Hovemann et al., 1988). In our analysis, we struction, higher-level relationships remain obscure. sequenced most of the F2 copy, which is roughly 1600 Second, Halictus presents some interesting biogeo- bp in length and contains three introns (Danforth and graphic patterns that could be interpreted in light of a Ji, 1998). phylogeny. Halictus is found in all continents of the world except Australia (Moure and Hurd, 1987) but is most diverse and speciose in the Palearctic region MATERIALS AND METHODS (Michener, 1978b). Members of two of the three subgen- era apparently colonized the New World via the Bering Bees for this study were collected by the authors in land bridge during the Pleistocene (Michener, 1979). Europe and North America. Specimens used for sequenc- Finally, within this genus are solitary species (e.g., ing were primarily preserved in 95% EtOH but recently Halictus (Halictus) quadricinctus (Sakagami, 1974; collected pinned specimens and frozen specimens were Knerer, 1980)), socially polymorphic species (e.g., Halic- also used. Pinned specimens older than 3–5 years were tus (H.) rubicundus (Bonelli, 1967; Knerer, 1980; not suitable for DNA extractions but those collected Yanega, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993)), and eusocial more recently provided good quality, high-molecular- species (e.g., Halictus (H.) farinosus (Eickwort, 1985)). weight DNA for PCR. Outgroup and ingroup taxa By mapping social behavior onto a well-resolved phylog- included in this study, locality data, specimen voucher eny for Halictus, we can infer the most likely scenario numbers, and GenBank accession numbers are listed for social evolution. in Table 1. Voucher specimens are housed in the Cornell For this study we chose a nuclear protein-coding University Insect Collection. gene, elongation factor-1␣ (EF-1␣). This gene encodes DNA extractions followed standard protocols de- an enzyme involved in the GTP-dependent binding of tailed in Danforth (1999). Two sets of PCR products charged tRNAs to the acceptor site of the ribosome were used to generate the data set (Table 2). Initially, during translation (Maroni, 1993). Recent work by primers were designed based on a comparison of pub- Jerome Regier and colleagues (Friedlander et al., 1992, lished Drosophila (Hovemann et al., 1988), Apis (Wall- 1994, 1997) has shown that EF-1␣ (as well as other dorf and Hovemann, 1990), and moth (Cho et al., 1995) nuclear protein-coding genes) can provide an extremely sequences. Primers that initially amplified at least good source of data for higher-level studies of insect some halictid species included For1-deg, For3, and phylogenetics. The advantages of nuclear protein- Cho10 (Table 2). Based on initial comparisons of the F1 coding genes include their slow rate of substitution, and F2 copies of EF-1␣ in halictid bees, we developed a unbiased nucleotide composition, and ease of sequence new, F2-specific, reverse primer (F2-Rev1). For the alignment (especially when introns are excluded). Pre- downstream (3Ј) end of EF-1␣ we used primers For3/ vious cladistic analyses of EF-1␣ sequence data have Cho10 (Table 2). These primers amplify both EF-1␣ found that this gene provides useful phylogenetic infor- copies; however, the presence of a roughly 200- to mation across a wide range of divergence times. Regier 250-bp intron in the F2 copy allows these PCR products and Shultz (1997) used EF-1␣ amino acid data to to be separated on low-melting-point agarose gels. Only reconstruct arthropod relationships, and McHugh (1997) the F2 copy was included in the present analysis. and Kojima (1998) found that EF-1␣ provided evidence PCR amplifications were carried out following stan- of polychaete paraphyly. Within insects, EF-1␣ has dard protocols (Palumbi, 1996), with the following cycle been shown to recover higher-level relationships in the conditions: 94°C, 1 min denaturation; 50–56°C, 1 min moth
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sensory and Cognitive Adaptations to Social Living in Insect Societies Tom Wenseleersa,1 and Jelle S
    COMMENTARY COMMENTARY Sensory and cognitive adaptations to social living in insect societies Tom Wenseleersa,1 and Jelle S. van Zwedena A key question in evolutionary biology is to explain the solitarily or form small annual colonies, depending upon causes and consequences of the so-called “major their environment (9). And one species, Lasioglossum transitions in evolution,” which resulted in the pro- marginatum, is even known to form large perennial euso- gressive evolution of cells, organisms, and animal so- cial colonies of over 400 workers (9). By comparing data cieties (1–3). Several studies, for example, have now from over 30 Halictine bees with contrasting levels of aimed to determine which suite of adaptive changes sociality, Wittwer et al. (7) now show that, as expected, occurred following the evolution of sociality in insects social sweat bee species invest more in sensorial machin- (4). In this context, a long-standing hypothesis is that ery linked to chemical communication, as measured by the evolution of the spectacular sociality seen in in- the density of their antennal sensillae, compared with sects, such as ants, bees, or wasps, should have gone species that secondarily reverted back to a solitary life- hand in hand with the evolution of more complex style. In fact, the same pattern even held for the socially chemical communication systems, to allow them to polymorphic species L. albipes if different populations coordinate their complex social behavior (5). Indeed, with contrasting levels of sociality were compared (Fig. whereas solitary insects are known to use pheromone 1, Inset). This finding suggests that the increased reliance signals mainly in the context of mate attraction and on chemical communication that comes with a social species-recognition, social insects use chemical sig- lifestyle indeed selects for fast, matching adaptations in nals in a wide variety of contexts: to communicate their sensory systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxon Order Family Scientific Name Common Name Non-Native No. of Individuals/Abundance Notes Bees Hymenoptera Andrenidae Calliop
    Taxon Order Family Scientific Name Common Name Non-native No. of individuals/abundance Notes Bees Hymenoptera Andrenidae Calliopsis andreniformis Mining bee 5 Bees Hymenoptera Apidae Apis millifera European honey bee X 20 Bees Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus griseocollis Brown belted bumble bee 1 Bees Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus impatiens Common eastern bumble bee 12 Bees Hymenoptera Apidae Ceratina calcarata Small carpenter bee 9 Bees Hymenoptera Apidae Ceratina mikmaqi Small carpenter bee 4 Bees Hymenoptera Apidae Ceratina strenua Small carpenter bee 10 Bees Hymenoptera Apidae Melissodes druriella Small carpenter bee 6 Bees Hymenoptera Apidae Xylocopa virginica Eastern carpenter bee 1 Bees Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus affinis masked face bee 6 Bees Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus mesillae masked face bee 3 Bees Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus modestus masked face bee 2 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Agapostemon virescens Sweat bee 7 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Augochlora pura Sweat bee 1 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Augochloropsis metallica metallica Sweat bee 2 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Halictus confusus Sweat bee 7 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Halictus ligatus Sweat bee 2 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum anomalum Sweat bee 1 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum ellissiae Sweat bee 1 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum laevissimum Sweat bee 1 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum platyparium Cuckoo sweat bee 1 Bees Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum versatum Sweat bee 6 Beetles Coleoptera Carabidae Agonum sp. A ground beetle
    [Show full text]
  • Bischoff & Partner
    Wasserstraßen-Neubauamt Aschaffenburg Ausbau der Bundeswasserstraße Main in den Stauhaltungen Ottendorf und Knetzgau Vegetationskundliche und faunistische Untersuchungen Heft 3.5: Faunistische Untersuchungen Bienen und Wespen Weitere Hefte: Heft 1: Biotoptypenkartierung Heft 2: Pflanzensoziologische Kartierung und Einschätzung der Beeinträchtigung der Vegetation Bearbeiter: Dr. Reinhard Patrzich Dipl.-Biol. Armin Six Inh.: Dr. U. Wendt und Dipl.-Ing. J. Rössler Landschaftsökologie und Projektplanung 55442 Stromberg – Staatsstr. 1 Tel.: 06724/1329 – Fax: 06724/939593 Projekt-Nr.: 2609 eMail: [email protected] September 2009 INHALT I 1 EINFÜHRUNG .................................................................................................................... 1 2 METHODIK ......................................................................................................................... 2 3 ERGEBNISSE ..................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Nachgewiesene Arten ................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Ökologie und Vorkommen der nachgewiesenen Bienen und Wespen .......................... 4 3.2.1 Chrysiidae ............................................................................................................. 4 3.2.2 Pompilidae ............................................................................................................. 4 3.2.3 Mutillidae ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Subfamily Halictinae: Bionomics
    40 Chapter ll. General characteristics of the halictids bees pical), Eupetersia Bt-UttlCrN (Palaeotropical, witlr three subgenera), Micro- sphecodes EICKwoRl et STAGE (Neotropical), Ptilocleplis MICHENEn (Neotropi- -=l cal), arrd Sphecodes Lerngtlle (nearly cosmopolitan but absent in South America, with two subgenera). +r The followir.lg genera of the Halictinae inhabit the Palaearctic regiorr: Ceyla- 47[J lictus, Nontioie{es, Hclictus, Pachyhalictus, Seladonia, Thrincohalictus, Vestito- halicttts, Evylaeus, Lasioglossttm, Ctenonontia, Lucasielltts, Sphecode.s. In Europe, 268 species of almost all the genera listed above occur (except for large Palaeotropic genera Pachyhalictus and Ctenononia; each of which is represented in the Pa- laearctic region by few species). Only six genera (including Sphecodes) are repre- sented in Poland r,vhere 92 species of the Halictinae are recorded. j Subfamily Halictinae: bionomics Main kinds of nest patterns. The nest architecture of the Halictinae was studied in detail by SareceMl & MTCIIENER (1962), with taking into accountthe most of data existent by that tirne. These authors have distinguished 8 types arrd I I subtypes of halictine nests. In those groups one finds almost all known nest types properto burrowing bees (Figs.47-62). The most species build their nests in soil, although some of thern sporadically or constantly settle in rotten wood, e.g. some Augochlorini. Sorne species exhibit a great plasticity in the choice of place for nest construction. For exarnple, nests of Halicttts rubicundus were registered both in grourrd (BONel-lt, 1967b BATRA, 1968;and sotneotlrers), and in rotten wood (Ml- CHENËR& wrLLE, l96l). Halictipe nests are as a rule characterised by the presence of nest turrets, which are formed iu result of cerlerrtation of soil parlicles ott the walls of the en- trance passiug throrlgh a conical tumulus.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
    Neocorynurella, a New Genus of Augochlorine Bees from South America (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) Michael S. Engell and Barrett A. Klein2 1 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 2 Exhibitions, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York Abstract Neocorynurella Engel gen. n., a new sweat bee genus of the tribe Augochlorini (Halictidae), is described and figured from high altitudes in Colombia and Venezuela. The genus is distinguished from other augochlorine genera by the following combination of characters: galeal comb absent, epistomal sulcus obtuse, mouthparts not narrowed, preoccipital ridge rounded, pronotal dorsal and lateral ridges not carinate, pectinate inner hind tibia1 spur, strong basitibial plate, truncated marginal cell, and penis valve without a ventral prong. Two species are currently recognized in the group, Neocorynurella SPP- leyi Engel et Klein sp. n. and N. viridis Engel et Klein sp. 11. Modified key couplets are provided for Eickwort's key to the genera of Augochlorini in order to facilitate recognition of the new genus. The position of Neocorynurella in augochlorine phylogeny is briefly discussed. Key words: Augochlorini, bees, montane, Neocoryrzurelln, South America, taxonomy Introduction Bees of the tribe Augochlorini are restricted to the New World and have their greatest diversity in the tropics. The group is most easily recognized by the division of the pseudo- pygidial area of the female fifth tergum and by the absence of a pygidial plate in the male. The tribe is small, with approximately 500 described spccies, compared to its cosmopolitan sister tribe the Halictini (with over 2000 species). Despite their numerical size, the augo- chlorines exhibit a wide range of behavioral diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Risk‐Return Trade‐Off Between Solitary and Eusocial Reproduction
    Ecology Letters, (2015) 18: 74–84 doi: 10.1111/ele.12392 LETTER The risk-return trade-off between solitary and eusocial reproduction Abstract Feng Fu,1* Sarah D. Kocher2 and Social insect colonies can be seen as a distinct form of biological organisation because they func- Martin A. Nowak2,3,4 tion as superorganisms. Understanding how natural selection acts on the emergence and mainte- nance of these colonies remains a major question in evolutionary biology and ecology. Here, we explore this by using multi-type branching processes to calculate the basic reproductive ratios and the extinction probabilities for solitary vs. eusocial reproductive strategies. We find that eusociali- ty, albeit being hugely successful once established, is generally less stable than solitary reproduc- tion unless large demographic advantages of eusociality arise for small colony sizes. We also demonstrate how such demographic constraints can be overcome by the presence of ecological niches that strongly favour eusociality. Our results characterise the risk-return trade-offs between solitary and eusocial reproduction, and help to explain why eusociality is taxonomically rare: eusociality is a high-risk, high-reward strategy, whereas solitary reproduction is more conserva- tive. Keywords Ecology and evolution, eusociality, evolutionary dynamics, mathematical biology, social insects, stochastic process. Ecology Letters (2015) 18: 74–84 There have been a number of attempts to identify some of INTRODUCTION the key ecological factors associated with the evolution of Eusocial behaviour occurs when individuals reduce their life- eusociality. Several precursors for the origins of eusociality time reproduction to help raise their siblings (Wilson 1971). have been proposed based on comparative analyses among Eusocial colonies comprise two castes: one or a few reproduc- social insect species – primarily the feeding and defense of off- tive individuals and a (mostly) non-reproductive, worker spring within a nest (Andersson 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Wedge-Shaped Beetles (Suggested Common Name) Ripiphorus Spp. (Insecta: Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)1 David Owens, Ashley N
    EENY613 Wedge-Shaped Beetles (suggested common name) Ripiphorus spp. (Insecta: Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)1 David Owens, Ashley N. Mortensen, Jeanette Klopchin, William Kern, and Jamie D. Ellis2 Introduction Ripiphoridae are a family of unusual parasitic beetles that are thought to be related to tumbling flower beetles (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) and blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae). There is disagreement over the spelling of the family (Ripiphoridae) and genus (Ripiphorus) names. Here we use the original spelling that starts with only the letter Figure 1. Adult specimens of the two genera of Ripiphoridae. A) “R”; however, an initial “Rh” has also been used in the Macrosiagon Hentz, and B) Ripiphorus Bosc. scientific community (Rhipiphoridae and Rhipiphorus). Credits: Allen M. Boatman There are an estimated 35 nearctic species of Ripiphorus, Generally, the biology of the family Ripiphoridae is poorly two of which have been collected in Florida: Ripiphorus known. Ripiphorids parasitize bees and wasps (Hymenop- schwarzi LeConte (Figure 2A) and Ripiphorus fasciatus Say tera), roaches (Blattodea), and wood-boring beetles (Co- (Figure 2B). Due to limited information for both of these leoptera). However, the specific hosts for many ripiphorid species, the information presented below is characteristic species are unknown. Furthermore, only one sex (either of the genus Ripiphorus. Information specific to Ripiphorus male or female) has been described for several species, and fasciatus and Ripiphorus schwarzi is presented where the males and females of some species look different. detailed information is available. Two genera of Ripiphoridae infest hymenopteran (bee and wasp) nests: Macrosiagon Hentz (Figure 1A) and Ripiphorus Bosc (formerly Myodites Latreille) (Figure 1B). Species of Macrosiagon are parasites of a variety of hymenopteran families including: Halictidae, Vespidae, Tiphiidae, Apidae, Pompilidae, Crabronidae, and Sphecidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing a Wild NYC: a K-5 Urban Pollinator Curriculum Was Made Possible Through the Generous Support of Our Funders
    A K-5 URBAN POLLINATOR CURRICULUM Growing a Wild NYC LESSON 1: HABITAT HUNT The National Wildlife Federation Uniting all Americans to ensure wildlife thrive in a rapidly changing world Through educational programs focused on conservation and environmental knowledge, the National Wildlife Federation provides ways to create a lasting base of environmental literacy, stewardship, and problem-solving skills for today’s youth. Growing a Wild NYC: A K-5 Urban Pollinator Curriculum was made possible through the generous support of our funders: The Seth Sprague Educational and Charitable Foundation is a private foundation that supports the arts, housing, basic needs, the environment, and education including professional development and school-day enrichment programs operating in public schools. The Office of the New York State Attorney General and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation through the Greenpoint Community Environmental Fund. Written by Nina Salzman. Edited by Sarah Ward and Emily Fano. Designed by Leslie Kameny, Kameny Design. © 2020 National Wildlife Federation. Permission granted for non-commercial educational uses only. All rights reserved. September - January Lesson 1: Habitat Hunt Page 8 Lesson 2: What is a Pollinator? Page 20 Lesson 3: What is Pollination? Page 30 Lesson 4: Why Pollinators? Page 39 Lesson 5: Bee Survey Page 45 Lesson 6: Monarch Life Cycle Page 55 Lesson 7: Plants for Pollinators Page 67 Lesson 8: Flower to Seed Page 76 Lesson 9: Winter Survival Page 85 Lesson 10: Bee Homes Page 97 February
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Methods Offer Powerful Insights Into Social Evolution in Bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton
    Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton To cite this version: Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton. Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2014, 45 (3), pp.289-305. 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3. hal- 01234748 HAL Id: hal-01234748 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234748 Submitted on 27 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2014) 45:289–305 Review article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2014 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3 Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees 1 2 Sarah D. KOCHER , Robert J. PAXTON 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 2Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Received 9 September 2013 – Revised 8 December 2013 – Accepted 2 January 2014 Abstract – Bees are excellent models for studying the evolution of sociality. While most species are solitary, many form social groups. The most complex form of social behavior, eusociality, has arisen independently four times within the bees.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Padil Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Common Name Image
    1. PaDIL Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Homalictus (Homalictus) houstoni Walker, 1986 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Halictinae: Halictini) Common Name Native houstoni halictid bee Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pollinators/Pest/Main/138367 Image Library Australian Pollinators Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pollinators/ Partners for Australian Pollinators image library Western Australian Museum https://museum.wa.gov.au/ South Australian Museum https://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/ Australian Museum https://australian.museum/ Museums Victoria https://museumsvictoria.com.au/ 2. Species Information 2.1. Details Specimen Contact: Museum Victoria - [email protected] Author: Walker, K. Citation: Walker, K. (2009) Native houstoni halictid bee(Homalictus (Homalictus) houstoni)Updated on 10/1/2011 Available online: PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au Image Use: Free for use under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY- NC 4.0) 2.2. URL Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pollinators/Pest/Main/138367 2.3. Facets Status: Native Australian Beneficial Species Host Genera: Fresh Flowers Bio-Region: Australasian - Oceanian Host Family: Santalaceae Female Frons sculpture: Reticulate Female Mesoscutum colour: Metallic Green Female Mesoscutum sculpture: Shiny - weakly punctate Female Propodeum: Posterior rim not carinate, Surface finely reticulate Male Clypeus colour: Without any yellow marking Male lower inner eye width: Narrower than upper inner width Male scape colour: Entirely black or brown 2.4. Diagnostic Notes Homalictus (Homalictus) houstoni Walker, 1986 Homalictus (Homalictus) houstoni Walker, K.L. 1986. Revision of the Australian species of the genus Homalictus Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 47: 105–200 [141]. Type data:Holotype SAMA ?, 64 km E Norseman, WA.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Bee Declines and Changes in Plant-Pollinator Networks Over 125 Years Revealed Through Museum Collections
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2018 WILD BEE DECLINES AND CHANGES IN PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORKS OVER 125 YEARS REVEALED THROUGH MUSEUM COLLECTIONS Minna Mathiasson University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Mathiasson, Minna, "WILD BEE DECLINES AND CHANGES IN PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORKS OVER 125 YEARS REVEALED THROUGH MUSEUM COLLECTIONS" (2018). Master's Theses and Capstones. 1192. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1192 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WILD BEE DECLINES AND CHANGES IN PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORKS OVER 125 YEARS REVEALED THROUGH MUSEUM COLLECTIONS BY MINNA ELIZABETH MATHIASSON BS Botany, University of Maine, 2013 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences: Integrative and Organismal Biology May, 2018 This thesis has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences: Integrative and Organismal Biology by: Dr. Sandra M. Rehan, Assistant Professor of Biology Dr. Carrie Hall, Assistant Professor of Biology Dr. Janet Sullivan, Adjunct Associate Professor of Biology On April 18, 2018 Original approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Ecology and Social Evolution of the Eastern Carpenter Bee
    Molecular ecology and social evolution of the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica Jessica L. Vickruck, B.Sc., M.Sc. Department of Biological Sciences Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © 2017 Abstract Bees are extremely valuable models in both ecology and evolutionary biology. Their link to agriculture and sensitivity to climate change make them an excellent group to examine how anthropogenic disturbance can affect how genes flow through populations. In addition, many bees demonstrate behavioural flexibility, making certain species excellent models with which to study the evolution of social groups. This thesis studies the molecular ecology and social evolution of one such bee, the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica. As a generalist native pollinator that nests almost exclusively in milled lumber, anthropogenic disturbance and climate change have the power to drastically alter how genes flow through eastern carpenter bee populations. In addition, X. virginica is facultatively social and is an excellent organism to examine how species evolve from solitary to group living. Across their range of eastern North America, X. virginica appears to be structured into three main subpopulations: a northern group, a western group and a core group. Population genetic analyses suggest that the northern and potentially the western group represent recent range expansions. Climate data also suggest that summer and winter temperatures describe a significant amount of the genetic differentiation seen across their range. Taken together, this suggests that climate warming may have allowed eastern carpenter bees to expand their range northward. Despite nesting predominantly in disturbed areas, eastern carpenter bees have adapted to newly available habitat and appear to be thriving.
    [Show full text]