From Disarmament to Rearmament: the Reversal of US Policy Toward West Germany, 1946–1955'
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Critchfield-Barlow Review Pdf
A Global Forum for Naval Historical Scholarship International Journal of Naval History April 2005 Volume 4 Number 1 James H. Critchfield, Partners at the Creation: The Men Behind Postwar Germany’s Defense and Intelligence Establishments. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2003. X, 243pp. ISBN 1-59114-136-2. Illustrations, appendix, bibliography, index. Reviewed by Jeffrey G. Barlow U.S. Naval Historical Center, Washington D.C. USA _______________________________________________________________ In recent months, the book under review has received two highly negative reviews by other historians. In the July 2004 issue of The Journal of Military History, David Kahn, one of the deans of American intelligence history, wrote that the book was an insignificant memoir that adds nothing of any value to “the history of the establishment of post-World War II intelligence” (p. 1011). Similarly, in the July/August 2004 issue of Foreign Affairs, historian Timothy Naftali of the University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs, took James Critchfield to task for arguing in his book that the CIA’s support of Reinhard Gehlen’s intelligence organization in occupied Germany in the early Cold War years was on balance a benefit both to the United States and to the West German state that emerged in May 1949. In fact, Naftali asserted, the CIA’s arrangement with the Gehlen organization was a Faustian bargain that “plunged the United States into moral and political corruption” (p. 131) and moreover proved of little value, since Gehlen’s operation “was thoroughly penetrated by the Soviets, and its ability to collect useful intelligence for NATO questionable” (p. -
Hostage Case: Indictment
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Elwyn B. Robinson Department of Special Nuremberg Transcripts Collections 5-10-1947 Hostage Case: Indictment University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/nuremburg-transcripts Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation University of North Dakota, "Hostage Case: Indictment" (1947). Nuremberg Transcripts. 4. https://commons.und.edu/nuremburg-transcripts/4 This Court Document is brought to you for free and open access by the Elwyn B. Robinson Department of Special Collections at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nuremberg Transcripts by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I. INDICTMENT, INCLUDING APPENDIX LISTING POSITIONS OF THE DEFENDANTS The United States of America, by the undersigned Telford Taylor,Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, duly appointed to represent saidGovernment in the prosecution of war criminals, charges the defendantsherein with the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity,as defined in Control Council Law No. 10, duly enacted by the AlliedControl Council on 20 December 1945. These crimes included murder,ill-treatment, and deportation to slave labor of prisoners of war andother members of the armed forces of nations at war with Germany, andof civilian populations of territories occupied by the German armedforces, plunder of public and private property, wanton destruction ofcities, towns, and villages, and other atrocities and offenses againstcivilian populations. The persons accused as guilty of these crimes and accordingly named as defendants in this case are: WILHELM LIST-Generalfeldmarschall (General of the Army) ; Commanderin Chief 12th Army, April-October 1941; Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber Sϋdost(Armed Forces Commander Southeast), June-October 1941; Commander inChief Army Group A, July-September 1942. -
The Case of Military Occupation', the Journal of Modern History, Vol
University of Birmingham International law and the transformation of war, 1899-1949 Gumz, Jonathan DOI: 10.1086/698960 License: Other (please specify with Rights Statement) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Gumz, J 2018, 'International law and the transformation of war, 1899-1949: the case of military occupation', The Journal of Modern History, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 621-660. https://doi.org/10.1086/698960 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: © 2018 by The University of Chicago General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. -
Agilolf Keßelring Die Organisation Gehlen Und Die Verteidigung Westdeutschlands
Agilolf Keßelring Die Organisation Gehlen und die Verteidigung Westdeutschlands Alte Elitedivisionen und neue Militärstrukturen, 1949 – 1953 Studien Nr. 3 Studien Nr. 3 Agilolf Keßelring Die Organisation Gehlen und die Verteidigung Westdeutschlands Alte Elitedivisionen und neue Militärstrukturen, 1949 – 1953 Unabhängige Historikerkommission zur Erforschung der Geschichte des Bundesnachrichtendienstes 1945 – 1968 Herausgegeben von Jost Dülffer, Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Wolfgang Krieger, Rolf-Dieter Müller Redaktion: Andreas Hilger, Sabrina Nowack, Gerhard Sälter Inhalt I Einleitung 5 Verdeckte Verteidigungsstrukturen: „Crack-Divisionen“ und „Windhund-Organisation“ 10 II Entwicklung der geheimen Verteidigungsstrukturen, 1949 – 1953 15 U.S. Grand Strategy? 15 Anfänge der Notfallplanung durch die Bundes regierung 23 Übernahme des „Unternehmens Versicherungen“ durch die Organisation Gehlen 30 Führungskader und Netzwerke 35 Innere Gliederung und Finanzierung des „Unternehmens Versicherungen“ 47 Westdeutsche Verteidigungsstrukturen unter US-Kommando und NATO ? 55 Operative Fragen und Wehrmachtstradition 62 III Bilanz und Forschungs perspektiven 69 Der Autor 75 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis 77 Personenregister 83 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 84 UHK/BND: Studien 86 Impressum 88 I Einleitung Ich war fest überzeugt, dass Stalin für Westdeutschland das gleiche Vorgehen plante wie in Korea. Ich nahm an, dass Russland sich im Laufe der nächsten Monate von der Sowjetzonenregierung stärker absetzen würde, um dieser den äußeren Anschein einer erhöhten Handlungsfreiheit -
Tegerm:.An Gen -Eral Sta~Ff: Training And3 Develiopine T Of' General .Taft
TeGerm:.an Gen-eral sta~ff: training and3 develiopine t of' general .tafTof fie rs Vol VIII , fita oi iv~c,~OM A #P.-031b Hermann FOERTSCH General der Infanterie OjO', First Army Project # 6 GERMN GONEAL S TAFF Vol VIII TRAINING AND D VLOP1 T OF GERMAN GE2IERAL STA "F OFFICER Translator: Code # 1. Editor: Dr. FREDE IKSEN Reviewer: Lt Col. VERNON HISTORICAL DIVISION EUROPEAN COMMND z Ns # P-031b INDEX CONTAINED IN~ THE GERMN COPY MS # P-031b -a- This is Volumn VIII of 30 volumes concerning the Training and Development of German Generaal Staff, Officers. It is divided into two general portions, manuscripts numbered P-031a are the re- sults of studies solicited from individual writers by the Historical Division, EUCOM, and consist of Volumes XXII to XXX inclu- sive. The evaluation and synopsis given in Volume I does not consider these vol- umes Inasmuch as this material is con- sidered to be of immediate value to the General Staff Department of the Army as well as to service schools from the level of Command and General Staff College up- ward, these volumes are submitted as they are produced rather than waiting for com- pletion of the project. Volumes I to XXI were completed for Historical D)ivision, EUCOM, by individual writers under the supervision of the Con- trol Group and consist of manuscripts numbei- ed P-031b. This particular series has been evaluated and co-ordinated by the Control Group. LOUIS M. N.AW CKY Lt Col, Armor Chief, Foreign Military Studies Branch MS # P-031b GERMAN G ERAL STAFF PROJECT LIST OF CONTRIBUT( S Vol 1* TRAINING AND DEWEN T OF GERMAN GENERAL. -
The Case of Military Occupation', the Journal of Modern History, Vol
University of Birmingham International law and the transformation of war, 1899-1949 Gumz, Jonathan DOI: 10.1086/698960 License: Other (please specify with Rights Statement) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Gumz, J 2018, 'International law and the transformation of war, 1899-1949: the case of military occupation', The Journal of Modern History, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 621-660. https://doi.org/10.1086/698960 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: © 2018 by The University of Chicago General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. -
Usarmy Order of Battle GER Army Oct. 1942.Pdf
OF rTHE . , ' "... .. wti : :::. ' ;; : r ,; ,.:.. .. _ . - : , s "' ;:-:. :: :: .. , . >.. , . .,.. :K. .. ,. .. +. TABECLFCONENS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD iii - vi PART A - THE GERMAN HIGH COMMAND I INTRODUCTION....................... 2 II THE DEFENSE MINISTRY.................. 3 III ARMY GHQ........ 4 IV THE WAR DEPARTMENT....... 5 PART B - THE BASIC STRUCTURE I INTRODUCTION....................... 8 II THE MILITARY DISTRICT ORGANIZATION,- 8 III WAR DEPARTMENT CONTROL ............ 9 IV CONTROL OF MANPOWER . ........ 10 V CONTROL OF TRAINING.. .. ........ 11 VI SUMMARY.............. 11 VII DRAFT OF PERSON.NEL .... ..... ......... 12 VIII REPLACEMENT TRAINING UNITS: THE ORI- GINAL ALLOTMENENT.T. ...... .. 13 SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS... ........ 14 THE PRESENT ALLOTMENT..... 14 REPLACEMENT TRAINING UNITS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY ..................... 15 XII MILITARY DISTRICTS (WEHRKREISE) . 17 XIII OCCUPIED COUNTRIES ........ 28 XIV THE THEATER OF WAR ........ "... 35 PART C - ORGANIZATIONS AND COMMANDERS I INTRODUCTION. ... ."....... 38 II ARMY GROUPS....... ....... .......... ....... 38 III ARMIES........... ................. 39 IV PANZER ARMIES .... 42 V INFANTRY CORPS.... ............. 43 VI PANZER CORPS...... "" .... .. :. .. 49 VII MOUNTAIN CORPS ... 51 VIII CORPS COMMANDS ... .......... :.. '52 IX PANZER DIVISIONS .. " . " " 55 X MOTORIZED DIVISIONS .. " 63 XI LIGHT DIVISIONS .... .............. : .. 68 XII MOUNTAIN DIVISIONS. " """ ," " """ 70 XII CAVALRY DIVISIONS.. .. ... ". ..... "s " .. 72 XIV INFANTRY DIVISIONS.. 73 XV "SICHERUNGS" -
German Officer Training, 1919-1938. (Under the Direction of Dr
ABSTRACT BUNN, CATHERINE BREKKE LEWIS. “The Form Changes, the Spirit Remains the Same”: German Officer Training, 1919-1938. (Under the direction of Dr. Noah Strote). As the German Army lay in ruins in the aftermath of World War I, German generals recognized the army’s desperate need for reinvention. This thesis traces the key changes that occurred in the structure and training of the German Army to argue that self-preservation was a defining theme in how the German Army restructured itself, trained its officers, and conceived of warfare. Tracing major themes of continuity and discontinuity in training, structure, tactics, and doctrine from 1919 to 1938, this thesis examines the influence of political ideology, technological advancements in warfare, doctrinal advancements in infantry policy, and the shifts in education in German war schools in this period. © Copyright 2019 by Catherine Bunn All Rights Reserved “The Form Changes, the Spirit Remains the Same”: German Officer Training, 1919-1938 by Catherine Brekke Lewis Bunn A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History Raleigh, North Carolina 2019 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Noah Strote Dr. Daniel Bolger Committee Chair _______________________________ Dr. David Ambaras DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents; though they have given me the world, I count their love of history as one of their greatest gifts. ii BIOGRAPHY Catherine Bunn was born in Raleigh, North Carolina. She completed undergraduate degrees in English literature and history at North Carolina State University in 2017, and her Master’s degree in European history at NC State in 2019. -
Général Devers)
Appendice 1 Ordre de bataille du Groupe d’Armées E (Heeresgruppe E) Juillet 1943 Colonel-général Maximilian von Weichs (a succédé le 5 février 1943 à Erwin Rommel) QG à Belgrade – Chef d’état-major : August Winter 12. Armee [Grèce-Albanie] (Alexander Löhr) QG à Salonique – Chef d’état-major : Hermann Foertsch Troupes dépendant du Groupe d’Armées E - 19. Panzer-Brigade [constituée avec les blindés laissés sur place par les 15. et 21. Pz, quelques cadres et des novices sortis des écoles de la Panzerwaffe] (colonel Josef Irkens) - 1. Regiment Brandenburg - 201. StuG Abteilung - 242. StuG Abteilung Note 1 – La 19. Pzr Brigade, le 1. Brandenburg et le 242. StuG Abt formeront à partir du mois d’août la 19. PanzerGrenadier Division. Note 2 – Le 93. schwere Panzerjäger abteilung, sur Hornisse/Nashorn, sera envoyé au Groupe d’Armées E en septembre 1943. XXII. Gebirgs-Armee-Korps (Gustav Fehn) [Albanie et Macédoine] Oberbefehlshaber Albanien - 100. Jäger-Division (Willibald Utz) - Un régiment de musulmans soviétiques (Theodor Oberländer) de la 162. ID (Oskar von Niedermayer) - Unité albanaise en formation (à partir de milices d’allégeances changeantes…) ……… Oberbefehlshaber Saloniki - 97. Jäger-Division [arrivée à Salonique en juin] (Ludwig Müller) - 104. Jäger-Division [entre Salonique et Larissa] (Hartwig von Ludwiger) - 153. Feldausbildungs-Division [division d’instruction encadrée par des blessés légers et des convalescents] (Diether von Böhm-Bezing) - Eléments de la 4. SS-Polizei-Panzergrenadier-Division (Alfred Wünnenberg) XVIII. Gebirgs-Armee-Korps [ou Ägäis Korps] (Eduard Dietl) [Epire et Grèce centrale] - 1. Gebirgs-Division (Hubert Lanz) - 3. Gebirgs-Division (Hans Kreysing) - 4. Gebirgs-Division (Hermann Kress) - Gruppe Müller (Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller) [formation de la taille d’un gros régiment et constituée de Grecs collaborateurs, d’Italiens fascistes et de cadres allemands venus de différentes unités] LXVIII. -
M1035 Publication Title: Guide to Foreign Military Studies
Publication Number: M1035 Publication Title: Guide to Foreign Military Studies, 1945-54 Date Published: 1954 GUIDE TO FOREIGN MILITARY STUDIES, 1945-54 Preface This catalog and index is a guide to the manuscripts produced under the Foreign Military Studies Program of the Historical Division, United States Army, Europe, and of predecessor commands since 1945. Most of these manuscripts were prepared by former high-ranking officers of the German Armed Forces, writing under the sponsorship of their former adversaries. The program therefore represents an unusual degree of collaboration between officers of nations recently at war. The Foreign Military Studies Program actually began shortly after V-E Day, when Allied interrogators first questioned certain prominent German prisoners of war. Results were so encouraging that the program was expanded; written questions replaced oral interrogation, and later certain highly-placed German officers were asked to prepare a series of monographs. Originally the mission of the program was only to obtain information on enemy operations in the European Theater for use in the preparation of an official history of the U.S. Army in World War II. In 1946 the program was broadened to include the Mediterranean and Russian war theaters. Beginning in 1947 emphasis was placed on the preparation of operational studies for use by U.S. Army planning and training agencies and service schools. The result has been the collection of a large amount of useful information about the German Armed Forces, prepared by German military experts. While the primary aim of the program has remained unchanged, many of the more recent studies have analyzed the German experience with a view toward deriving useful lessons. -
Military Sport in Germany, 1924-1935. Michael B
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1977 Soldiers, sportsmen, and politicians. : Military sport in Germany, 1924-1935. Michael B. Barrett University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Barrett, Michael B., "Soldiers, sportsmen, and politicians. : Military sport in Germany, 1924-1935." (1977). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1359. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1359 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOLDIERS, SPORTSMEN, AND POLITICIANS. MILITARY SPORT IN GERMANY, 19 24-1935. A Dissertation Presented By Michael Baker Barrett Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 1977 History SOLDIERS, SPORTSMEN , AND POLITICIANS MILITARY SPORT IN GERMANY, 19 24-1935 A Dissertation Presented By Michael Baker Barrett Approved as to style and content by: (Harold J. Gordory Jr.) , Chairperson (Peter Fliess) , Member (Robert H. McNeal) , Member (Marvin Schwarz) / Member (herald McFarland) History iv ABSTRACT SOLDIERS, SPORTSMEN, AND POLITICIANS. MILITARY SPORT IN GERMANY, 19 24-193 5. May 1977 Michael B. Barrett, B.A., The Citadel M.A., Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Directed by: Professor Harold J. Gordon, Jr. This dissertation focuses on the subject of military sport training in Germany from 1924 to 1935. Through this type of instruction, which paralleled basic military re- cruit training, the Arm}/ attempted to circumvent the Ver- sailles Treaty restrictions which prohibited a military reserve force. -
Hostage Case: Arraignment
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Elwyn B. Robinson Department of Special Nuremberg Transcripts Collections 7-8-1947 Hostage Case: Arraignment University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/nuremburg-transcripts Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation University of North Dakota, "Hostage Case: Arraignment" (1947). Nuremberg Transcripts. 3. https://commons.und.edu/nuremburg-transcripts/3 This Court Document is brought to you for free and open access by the Elwyn B. Robinson Department of Special Collections at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nuremberg Transcripts by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 8 July-M-MJ-1-1-Love (Schaeffer) Court V, Case VII Official transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the United States of America against Wilhelm List, et al, defendants, sitting at Nurnberg[sic], Germany, on July 8, 1947, 0930, Justice Wennerstrum presiding. THE MARSHAL: The Honorable, the Judges of Military Tribunal 5. Military Tribunal 5 is now in session. God save the United States of America and this Honorable Tribunal. THE PRESIDENT: Military Tribunal 5 will come to order. The Tribunal will now proceed with the arraignment[sic] of the defendants in case number 7 pending before this Tribunal. The Secretary-General will call the roll of the defendants. The defendants will stand and answer their names when they are called. (The Secretary-General then clled[sic] the roll of the defendants. WILHEIM LIST, MAXIMILLIAN VON WEICHS, LOTHAR RENDULIC, WALTER KUNTZE, HERMANN FOERTSCH, FRANZ BOEHME, HELMUTH FEINY, HUBERT LANZ, ERNST DEHNER, ERNST VON LEYSER, WILHEIM SPEIDEL, KURT VON GEITNER.