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From Disarmament to Rearmament: the Reversal of US Policy Toward West Germany, 1946–1955'

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From Disarmament to Rearmament: the Reversal of US Policy Toward West Germany, 1946–1955' H-German Loch on Goldberg, 'From Disarmament to Rearmament: The Reversal of US Policy toward West Germany, 1946–1955' Review published on Saturday, June 1, 2019 Sheldon Aaron Goldberg. From Disarmament to Rearmament: The Reversal of US Policy toward West Germany, 1946–1955. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2017. 352 pp. $79.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8214-2300-4. Reviewed by Dr. Thorsten Loch (Zentrum für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr) Published on H-German (June, 2019) Commissioned by Jeremy DeWaal Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54100 Der Mehrwert einer Arbeit über die westdeutsche (Wieder)Bewaffnung muss sich an der Frage messen lassen, inwiefern sie eine Forschungsleistung erbringt, die über die in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren durch das Militärgeschichtliche Forschungsamt (MGFA) herausgegebenen Reihen „Anfänge Westdeutscher Sicherheitspolitik“ (AWS) sowie „Entstehung und Probleme des Atlantischen Bündnisses“ hinausgeht. Gerade weil die unverändert als Standartwerk geltenden AWS angesichts fortschreitender Forschung sicherlich in Teilen als überholt gelten müssen, steht eine aktualisierte, den Forschungsstand erweiternde Darstellung dieser zentralen transatlantischen Frage aus. Vor allem Forschungen aus dem westlichen Ausland versprechen dann entsprechende Fortschritte, wenn sie Interessens- und Motivlagen westalliierter Akteure auf Grundlage bislang unzugänglichen Aktenmaterials untersuchen können. Jüngere deutsche Forschung auf Grundlage bislang unbekannter Akten aus den Archiven des Bundesnachrichtendienstes aber auch aus dem Bundesarchiv belegt seit 2014 eine stärkere Verquickung bundesdeutscher und US-amerikanischer Interessen in der Frage der Wiederbewaffnung, die sich wenigstens bis in das Jahr 1948 zurückverfolgen lassen.[1] Sie belegt zudem, dass die Vorarbeiten der ehemaligen Generalstabsoffiziere der Wehrmacht, die in der US geführten Organisation Gehlen beheimatet waren, tiefer und von grundsätzlicher Natur gewesen waren, als bislang angenommen. Vor diesem Hintergrund verliert auch die Himmeroder Denkschrift ihren zentralen Stellenwert zugunsten des Besprechungsplans vom Januar 1950.[2] Es zeichnet sich ein Bild bundesdeutscher Verhandlungsführung ab, das einerseits sehr konkret zwischen der Gruppe ehemaliger Offiziere – unter Leitung des an die Organisation Gehlen angebundenen ehemaligen Generale Hans Speidel und Adolf Heusinger – und der Bundesregierung (Konrad Adenauer und Eberhard Wildermuth) abgestimmt war und andererseits sehr viel früher (Herbst 1949) durch die USA im Dialog mit dem offiziellen Bonn gefordert und gefördert wurde. Goldberg nimmt mit dem 9. Mai 1955 die Aufnahme der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in die NATO als Fluchtpunkt seiner Arbeit. Beginnen lässt er sie indes mit Schilderungen der Operation Eclipse – der Entwaffnung des Deutschen Reiches – in Kapitel 1. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Folie einer strikten Demilitarisierungsabsicht des ehemaligen Gegners beschreibt er in den Kapiteln 2 und 3 eine parallele Entwicklung diplomatischer und militärischer US-amerikanischer Interessen, die er in der New Yorker Außenministerkonferenz vom 12. September 1950 wieder zusammenfließen lässt. Hier Citation: H-Net Reviews. Loch on Goldberg, 'From Disarmament to Rearmament: The Reversal of US Policy toward West Germany, 1946–1955'. H-German. 06-01-2019. https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/4172518/loch-goldberg-disarmament-rearmament-reversal-us-policy-toward-west Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-German erklärten die Westmächte ihre grundsätzliche Bereitschaft zur Einbindung der Bundesrepublik in westliche Verteidigungsstrukturen. In beiden Kapiteln versucht er dem Sinneswandel von der totalen Demilitarisierung zur Wiederbewaffnung nachzuzeichnen. Nach den Beschlüssen der Septemberkonferenzen des Jahres 1950 überließen die USA zunächst Frankreich die Federführung in der Frage der Einbindung der Bundesrepublik, in deren Konsequenz der Pleven-Plan stand. Mit diesem Problemfeld befasst sich Kapitel 4, das den Weg über die Europäische Verteidigungsgemeinschaft, deren Scheitern und Überführung in NATO-Strukturen schildert. Dem fünften und letzten Kapitel bleibt die Darstellung der Ereignisse zwischen dem Scheitern der EVG im Sommer 1954 und die Unterzeichnung der Pariser Verträge und ihr Inkrafttreten im Frühjahr 1955. Insgesamt vermittelt Goldberg einen Einblick in Gedankengänge und Prozesse der US- Amerikanischen Administration, gespiegelt an State Department und War Department, die für sich ein gewisses Maß an Mehrwert bieten. Grundlegend aber ist seine Studie nicht. Auch wenn er bislang wenig beachtete Bestände der US National Archives and Records Administrations und Papiere der Harry S. Truman Presidential Libary nutzt, schenkt er doch gerade der deutschsprachigen Historiographie zu wenig Beachtung, die den bei Goldberg nachgezeichneten Weg in dieser Form durchaus dargestellt hat. So kann Goldbergs Arbeit lediglich als ein Zwischenschritt auf dem Weg zu einer monographischen Darstellung der Ereignisse bewertet werden. In einer solchen Arbeit wären vor allem die Interkationen zwischen den US-Akteuren, vor allem Army und auch State Department und den von ihnen geförderten bundesdeutschen Gruppe um die CIA geführte Organisation Gehlen und den ehemaligen Generalen Hans Speidel, Adolf Heusinger und Hermann Foertsch zu untersuchen. Das US-Narrativ eines Umschwunges in der Deutschlandpolitik im Sommer und Herbst 1950 sowie nach Scheitern der EVG-Verhandlungen kann spätestens seit Keßelrings Band zu Organisation Gehlen und Neuformierung des Militärs in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (2017) als widerlegt gelten.[3] Somit gilt es nicht ein „reversal of US policy“ zu untersuchen, sondern vielmehr nach den großen Linien amerikanischer Deutschlandpolitik zu fragen, bei denen die Demilitarisierung einen logischen Zwischenschritt zur Remilitarisierung unter amerikanischer Hegemonie darstellt und keine konkurrierenden politischen Ziele. Hier würde es lohnen die Aushandlungsprozesse nachzuvollziehen und in die übergeordnete politische Sphäre einzubeziehen und damit auch nach der – überwiegend bekannten Rolle Frankreichs – und der verglichen damit unverändert unbeleuchteten Rolle Großbritanniens, nachzugehen. Eine auf den älteren Forschungen basierende, aber die neuen Erkenntnisse aufgreifende, aus den Akten der Bundesrepublik und der drei westlichen Besatzungsmächte schöpfende Forschung über die Vorgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Bundeswehr bleibt ein unverändert lohnenswertes Desiderat. Eine solche monografische Darstellung würde unser Wissen über nationale Interessen zwischen Wandel und Kontinuität entscheidend erweitern. Der Zugriff auf französische, britische und US-Amerikanische Akten wäre hierzu jedoch die Grundvoraussetzung. Notes [1]. Agilolf Keßelring, Die Organisation Gehlen und die Verteidigung Westdeutschlands. Alte Citation: H-Net Reviews. Loch on Goldberg, 'From Disarmament to Rearmament: The Reversal of US Policy toward West Germany, 1946–1955'. H-German. 06-01-2019. https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/4172518/loch-goldberg-disarmament-rearmament-reversal-us-policy-toward-west Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-German Elitedivisionen und neue Militärstrukturen, 1949-1953 (Marburg: Philipps-Universität Marburg UHK/BND, 2014). [2]. Agilolf Keßelring und Thorsten Loch, „Himmerod war nicht der Anfang. Bundesminister Eberhard Wildermuth und die Anfänge westdeutscher Sicherheitspolitik,“ Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 74 (2015): 60-96; Agilolf Keßelring und Thorsten Loch, „Der »Besprechungsplan« vom 5. Januar 1950. Gründungsdokument der Bundeswehr? Eine Dokumentation zu den Anfängen westdeutscher Sicherheitspolitik,“ Historisch Politische Mitteilungen (2015): 199-229. [3]. Agilolf Keßelring, Die Organisation Gehlen und die Neuformierung des Militärs in der Bundesrepublik (Berlin: Christoph Links, 2017) Citation: Dr. Thorsten Loch. Review of Goldberg, Sheldon Aaron,From Disarmament to Rearmament: The Reversal of US Policy toward West Germany, 1946–1955. H-German, H-Net Reviews. June, 2019. URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=54100 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. Citation: H-Net Reviews. Loch on Goldberg, 'From Disarmament to Rearmament: The Reversal of US Policy toward West Germany, 1946–1955'. H-German. 06-01-2019. https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/4172518/loch-goldberg-disarmament-rearmament-reversal-us-policy-toward-west Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 3.
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