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TeGerm:.an Gen-eral sta~ff: training and3 develiopine t of' general .tafTof fie rs Vol VIII , fita oi iv~c,~OM A #P.-031b Hermann FOERTSCH General der Infanterie OjO', First Army Project # 6 GERMN GONEAL S TAFF Vol VIII TRAINING AND D VLOP1 T OF GERMAN GE2IERAL STA "F OFFICER Translator: Code # 1. Editor: Dr. FREDE IKSEN Reviewer: Lt Col. VERNON HISTORICAL DIVISION EUROPEAN COMMND z Ns # P-031b INDEX CONTAINED IN~ THE GERMN COPY MS # P-031b -a- This is Volumn VIII of 30 volumes concerning the Training and Development of German Generaal Staff, Officers. It is divided into two general portions, manuscripts numbered P-031a are the re- sults of studies solicited from individual writers by the Historical Division, EUCOM, and consist of Volumes XXII to XXX inclu- sive. The evaluation and synopsis given in Volume I does not consider these vol- umes Inasmuch as this material is con- sidered to be of immediate value to the General Staff Department of the Army as well as to service schools from the level of Command and General Staff College up- ward, these volumes are submitted as they are produced rather than waiting for com- pletion of the project. Volumes I to XXI were completed for Historical D)ivision, EUCOM, by individual writers under the supervision of the Con- trol Group and consist of manuscripts numbei- ed P-031b. This particular series has been evaluated and co-ordinated by the Control Group. LOUIS M. N.AW CKY Lt Col, Armor Chief, Foreign Military Studies Branch MS # P-031b GERMAN G ERAL STAFF PROJECT LIST OF CONTRIBUT( S Vol 1* TRAINING AND DEWEN T OF GERMAN GENERAL. STAFF OFFICERS u o Karl ALL[MEDINGER, General der Infanterie. Vol II Auhr Guenther BLUIETRITT, General der. Infanterie.. Vol III Authk : Kurt BRENNEOKE, General der Infanterie. Vol IV Author: Horst Freiherr von BUTTLAR, Generalmajor. Vol V Author : Waldemar ERFURTH, General der Infanterie. Vol VI Author : Friedrich Joachimn FANGOliR, General der Infanterie. Vol VII Author : Hans FELBER, General. der Infanterie. Vol VIII Author; Herman FOERTSCH, General der Infanterie. Vol IX Auhr Peter von CQOEBE, Generalleutnant. Vol X Auk Franz BALDER, Generaloberst. Vol XI Author: Wolf HAUSR, General ua jor. Vol XII Author: Helmnut KLEIKAIAP, Generalmajor. Vol XIII Autho: Rudolf LANGRABUSER, Generalrnajor.o *An Introduction and Explanatory Notes by Hans von ( EIFFENBERG, Gen- eral der Infanterie, and Comentaries on the Individual Contributions by George von ODENSTERN, General der Infanterie, are included in Vol I. lIls # P.-031b _c_C Vol XIV Author: Wilheln LIST, - GeneralfeldmarschaUl. Vol XV Author: August Victor von QUAST, Generals j or. Vol XVI Author : Walter B JING , Oberst j.G, Vol XVII Author: Hans Georg RIECHNMT, Oberst i.G. Vol XVIII Auhr Albrecht 8CHUBEItT, General der Infanterie. Vol XIX Author: Hans SPTH., Generalleutnant. Vol 1X Author: Hermuann TElSKE, Oberst i.G. Vol XX Author: Siegfried VVSTPHAL, General der Kavallerie. Vol XXII Author: Fritz BB ~MSEN, Oberst ioG. Vol XXIII Atho: Werner von TIPPELSKIRCH{, Oberst i.G.. Vol XXIV Auhr Leo Freiherr Geyr von SCHIWPPENBURG, General der Panzer. Vol XXV Author: Hans SPEIDEL, Dr., Generalleutnant. Vol XXVI Author: Wilhelm SPELDL, General der Flieger. Vol XXVII Author: Albert K SELRING, Gene ral f eldwar schall. Vol VIII Autho: Heinz GUBDRIAN, ^ Generaloberst, Vol M=I Author: Kurt MAELZEH, Dipl. Inf, Generalleutnant (Luftwafe), Vol XXX Author: Erich NDAIEBRG , l General der Artillerie. MS # P-031b The Author Hermann FOEBTSOH, GSC General der Infanterie Born: 4 April 1895, Drohnow, Westpreussen. After training in the Officer Candidate School, Potsdam, in 1913-4, FO TSCH served in the field for- ces throughout World War I. From 1921-25 he received training for the post of assistant chief of staff and in 1926, in the rank of captain, was appointed Press Officer in Berlin, When war broke out in 1939, FOMTSCH, then a colonel, was Chief of Staff, XXYI Infantry Corps, in position on the western front. In 1941 he was assigned Chief of Staff, II Infantry Corps in southeastern Europe. Promoted brigadier general in 1941 and major general in 1943, he remained in southeastern Europe un- til 1944, serving in turn as Chief of S1iCf of Army Group E and Army Group F. In November 1944 FO TSCE was promoted lieutenant general and transferred to the Kurland front as commander of 21 Infantry D~ivision where he later served as Commander in Chief of X Infantry Corps. Early in 1945 General FOTSCH assumed command of the f irst Army in the western front, retaining that position until capitulation took place on 6 May 1945. The numerous books published by General FOERTSC, all on military subjects, include MILITARY SCIENCE, PRESENT AND FUTURE which was also published in the United States. * Kriegskunst, heute and morgen, Publisher: Andermann, Berlin. MS# P-031b CONTENT! Page INTRODUCTION by General von GR IFFENBERG . 3. A. THE SECTION. EDUCATION AND) TRAINING OF GENERAL STAFF OFFICERS *... *. "if *0@*"" 6 1." The Airy ...... 6 II. Selection for General Staff Training . 13 1. Students . " 13 2. Instructors. " . 18 III. The Education of General Staff Officers. 23 IV. The Training of General Staff Officers . 28 3.. The Plan ....." " . .. 28 2. Matter and Method of Instruction . 33 3. Training During the War. ". ... 49 V. Qualification for General Staff Officers 52 VI. Further Training of the General Staff Of- fficer. After Completion of t he uar Acad- emy Courses " . " 56 B. THE WAY OF THINKING AND ACTING OF THE GEMAN ARMY G3ERAL STAFF. " . ... 60 Ms # P-03lb -1- von ~EFF FNBEtG General der Infanterie Koenigatein/Taunus 6 January 1950 INTRODUCTION The present work has been written by a soldier whose name has become wellknown for his versatile activity as in- structor and chief of higher Army Schools as well as for his publication of military books. The author divides his work into two main parts: A. Selection, Education, and Training of General Staff Officers. B, The Way of Thinking and Acting in the German General Staff. As to part A, special attention should be called to the introductory chapter entitled "The Aim" giving the author's conception of the ideal officer and the ways to achieve this aim. His ideal is the. "all-round officer" of cirlical judg- nent and intellectual versatility. He objects to exaggerated specialization, which he thinks to be dangerous becaise of one-sidedness and will result in producing the "special" of- ficer instead of the "all-round officer." It is to the author's deepest regret that the German Army High Command, which was the strongest factor in the Ioi # P-031b -2- Wehrmacht, did not endeavor to win the leading position in the command of the total 'ehrmacht by organizing a universal Wehrmacht General Staff. Whether in the face of HITILR and GOERING it really would have been possible to win this superior- ity, .s still a question of dispute which has not yet been answered and probably should be answered in the negative. Part III of the present work, "Selection for General Staff Training," deals with students and instructors. In this part, the author's interpretation conforms, to generally accepted ideas. His suggestion of establishing a Government Book Fund in order to enable every officer to acquire valuable books, is new. The author's ideas with regard to the selection of in- structors are based on personal experience and for this very reason may be considered valuable. He makes suggestions for a more thorough preparatory study program (visiting univers- ities, assignment to positions of command in different branches of service, and travelling abroad). He objects to the choice of retired officers and onesided technicians. He demands that the man in charge of instruction and of course the commander of the Academy be "thoroughbred officers," and rejects pedan- tic schoolmasters. In' Part IV, the author deals with "education" and "train- ing", comparing and defining these concepts. He arrives at MS P.-031b -3 the conclusion that there has been hardly another modern profes- sion in Germany with so much screening and constant testing as that of the General Staff officer, whose everyday duty meant continuous probation. At the end of this chapter, the author describes the main personal qualifications and virtues of the General Staff officer, pointing out that these should be developed and fostered while the officer is being educated. The author does not fully agree with the curriculum of the War Academy after its refounding. In his opinion, the curriculum was far too closely connected with and too similar to the War Academy program of 1914. Special knowledge was overrated, the students were almost over- specialized, and the general understanding of really big problems was neglected. Foertsch draws up a three-year program which is roughly given as follows: First Year: Division year. Commander of a divi- sion, or in some cases of a reinforced regiment;.training in secondary sub- jects. Second Year: Army year. Commander of a corps or an army; review of first year's course. Third Year: Wehrmacht year. Operations, including air force and navy, extensive service abroad. Military History should be taught during all three years. The author does not agree with the objection that the material is too vast to be mastered, for: Mns #~Pl -4- 1. One need learn only how to think, not what to think. 2. The aim of education should be the training of the abilities for crit- ical judgnent and intellectual versatility. Special knowledge may be acquired in practice. Such is the author's opinion. Obviously he is thinking of the ideal student and the ideal instructor. Whether these ideals will be found in reality may be doubtful. As usual, the golden mean will be the solution of the problem.
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  • From Disarmament to Rearmament: the Reversal of US Policy Toward West Germany, 1946–1955'

    From Disarmament to Rearmament: the Reversal of US Policy Toward West Germany, 1946–1955'

    H-German Loch on Goldberg, 'From Disarmament to Rearmament: The Reversal of US Policy toward West Germany, 1946–1955' Review published on Saturday, June 1, 2019 Sheldon Aaron Goldberg. From Disarmament to Rearmament: The Reversal of US Policy toward West Germany, 1946–1955. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2017. 352 pp. $79.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8214-2300-4. Reviewed by Dr. Thorsten Loch (Zentrum für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr) Published on H-German (June, 2019) Commissioned by Jeremy DeWaal Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54100 Der Mehrwert einer Arbeit über die westdeutsche (Wieder)Bewaffnung muss sich an der Frage messen lassen, inwiefern sie eine Forschungsleistung erbringt, die über die in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren durch das Militärgeschichtliche Forschungsamt (MGFA) herausgegebenen Reihen „Anfänge Westdeutscher Sicherheitspolitik“ (AWS) sowie „Entstehung und Probleme des Atlantischen Bündnisses“ hinausgeht. Gerade weil die unverändert als Standartwerk geltenden AWS angesichts fortschreitender Forschung sicherlich in Teilen als überholt gelten müssen, steht eine aktualisierte, den Forschungsstand erweiternde Darstellung dieser zentralen transatlantischen Frage aus. Vor allem Forschungen aus dem westlichen Ausland versprechen dann entsprechende Fortschritte, wenn sie Interessens- und Motivlagen westalliierter Akteure auf Grundlage bislang unzugänglichen Aktenmaterials untersuchen können. Jüngere deutsche Forschung auf Grundlage bislang unbekannter Akten aus den Archiven des Bundesnachrichtendienstes aber auch aus dem Bundesarchiv belegt seit 2014 eine stärkere Verquickung bundesdeutscher und US-amerikanischer Interessen in der Frage der Wiederbewaffnung, die sich wenigstens bis in das Jahr 1948 zurückverfolgen lassen.[1] Sie belegt zudem, dass die Vorarbeiten der ehemaligen Generalstabsoffiziere der Wehrmacht, die in der US geführten Organisation Gehlen beheimatet waren, tiefer und von grundsätzlicher Natur gewesen waren, als bislang angenommen.