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Innovations in Parasitic Weeds Management in Legume Crops. a Review Rubiales, Fernández-Aparicio

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Innovations in Parasitic Weeds Management in Legume Crops. a Review Rubiales, Fernández-Aparicio Innovations in parasitic weeds management in legume crops. A review Rubiales, Fernández-Aparicio To cite this version: Rubiales, Fernández-Aparicio. Innovations in parasitic weeds management in legume crops. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2012, 32 (2), pp.433- 449. 10.1007/s13593-011-0045-x. hal-00930517 HAL Id: hal-00930517 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930517 Submitted on 1 Jan 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2012) 32:433–449 DOI 10.1007/s13593-011-0045-x REVIEW ARTICLE Innovations in parasitic weeds management in legume crops. A review Diego Rubiales & Mónica Fernández-Aparicio Accepted: 16 April 2011 /Published online: 4 August 2011 # INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract Parasitic weeds decrease severely the production only methods currently available to farmers are the use of of major grain and forage legumes. The most economically resistant varieties and chemical control, although both have damaging weeds for temperate legumes are broomrapes, in their limitations. Chemical control with systemic herbicides particular Orobanche crenata. Broomrape species such as such as glyphosate or imidazolinones at low rates is possible. Orobanche foetida, Orobanche minor, and Phelipanche Advances in modeling and the availability of new technolo- aegyptiaca can also induce high local damage. Other gies allow the development of precision agriculture or site- parasitic weeds such as Striga gesnerioides and Alectra specific farming. The most economical and environmentally vogelii decrease yield of legume crops throughout semi-arid friendly control option is the use of resistant crop varieties; areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Dodders such as Cuscuta however, breeding for resistance is a difficult task considering campestris can be damaging for some crops. Here, we the scarce and complex nature of resistance in most crops. review methods to control parasitic weeds. Preventing the These strategies for parasitic weed management in legume movement of weed seeds into uninfested areas is a crucial crops will be presented and critically discussed. component of control. Once a field is infested with parasitic weeds, controlling its seed production is very difficult. The Keywords Parasitic weeds . Control . Breeding . only effective way to cope with parasitic weeds is to apply Intercropping . Germination . Biological control . Chemical an integrated approach. Seedbank demise can be achieved control . Alectra . Cuscuta . Orobanche . Striga . by fumigation and solarization. However, this method is not Broomrape . Dodder economically feasible for low-value and low-input legume crops. A number of cultural practices including delayed Contents sowing, hand weeding, no-tillage, nitrogen fertilization, intercropping, or rotations can contribute to seed bank 1. Introduction ...............................3 demise. Other strategies such as suicidal germination, 2. Cultural practises .............................4 activation of systemic acquired resistance, biocontrol or 3. Chemical control .............................8 target site herbicide resistance are promising solutions that are being explored but are not yet ready for direct application. The 3.1 Herbicides ...............................8 3.2. Suicidal germination ......................12 : 3.3. Activators of systemic acquired resistance .....13 D. Rubiales (*) M. Fernández-Aparicio 4. Biological control ............................14 Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, 5. Resistance breeding ..........................16 Apdo. 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain e-mail: [email protected] 5.1 Breeding for resistance to the parasites ........16 5.2 Pathogenic variation ......................18 M. Fernández-Aparicio 5.3 Resistance mechanisms ....................19 Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, 5.4 Potential use of molecular markers and biotechnolo- Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA gies in resistance breeding ...................21 434 D. Rubiales, M. Fernández-Aparicio 5.5 Lessons to learn from model legumes ........23 (Parker and Riches 1993). Dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are 5.6 Breeding for resistance to the herbicides .......25 widely distributed, being a threat to alfalfa (Medicago 6. Conclusions .............................26 sativa L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in certain locations. The most important species is Cuscuta campestris Yunck (Fig. 3). 1 Introduction There is no single technology to control these parasitic weeds (Joel et al. 2007; Parker 2009; Rubiales et al. About 4,000 flowering plant species have adapted to 2009b). Large areas of new territory are at risk of invasion parasitize other plants. Unfortunately for farmers, a small if care is not taken to limit the introduction of parasitic number of these species have become weeds, posing severe weed seeds and to educate farmers and others to be on alert constraints to major crops including grain and forage for new infestations (Mohamed et al. 2006; Grenz and legumes (Rubiales and Heide-Jørgensen 2011). The most Sauerborn 2007). The only way to cope with parasitic economically damaging on legumes are the broomrapes weeds is through an integrated approach, employing a (Orobanche and Phelipanche). Other parasitic weeds such variety of measures in a concerted manner, starting with as Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke, Alectra voguelii containment and sanitation, direct and indirect measures to Benth. and the dodders (Cuscuta spp.) can be also prevent the damage caused by the parasites, and finally damaging on some legumes (Joel et al. 2007;Parker eradicating the parasite seedbank in soil. 2009) (Fig. 1). Orobanche crenata Forsk. (crenate broomrape) is an important pest of most grain and forage legumes being 2 Cultural practises widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin and Middle East (Rubiales et al. 2009b) (Fig. 2). Orobanche foetida Preventing the movement of parasitic weed from infested Poir. in contrast is of importance only on faba bean (Vicia into un-infested areas is a crucial component of control. faba L.) in Beja region of Tunisia (Kharrat et al. 1992) Both sanitation and quarantine are required in order to although it has recently also been found in Morocco prevent the dispersal of seeds. The minute seeds can easily infecting common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) (Rubiales et al. be transferred from one field to another by cultivation, and 2005b). Orobanche minor Sm. is widely distributed but of also by water, wind, and animals. However, the most economic importance on clover (Trifolium sp.) only significant seed transfer agents are people, transportation (Eizenberg et al. 2005). Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) vehicles, and farming machines, which easily transfer seeds Pomel (syn. Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) is an important and contaminated soil. Once a field is infested with pest of legumes but also of many vegetable crops in the parasitic weeds, controlling its seed production is very Middle East and Asia (Parker 2009). S. gesnerioides and difficult. Extermination of seeds before their spread to new Alectra vogelii cause considerable yield reduction of grain fields and regions is a crucial component in parasitic weed legume crops, particularly cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) prevention program (Panetta and Lawes 2005). Quaternary Walp), throughout semi-arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa ammonium salts have been found effective in seed Fig. 1 Life cycle of parasitic weeds: on the left side, dodder seeds germinating, seedlings attaching to close-by plants, climbing and growing and infecting neighboring plants, flowering and setting seeds that replete the soil seed bank and repeat the process; on the right side, seeds of a weedy root parasite (either Orobanche, Striga,orAlectra) germinating, attaching to the roosts of host plants, emerging over the soil surface, flowering and setting seeds that replete the soil seed bank and repeat the process Parasitic weeds management in legume crops 435 Fig. 2 Infection process of O. crenata on pea. A Germinating seedling contacting pea root; B haustorium formation resulting in tubercles; C bud formation; D shoots starting to emerge; E flowering plants eradication with complete seed kill achieved under com- Solarization utilizes the sunlight in the summer to mercial conditions at 0.5% a.i. of the disinfectant didecyl produce high temperatures under clear polyethylene mulch dimethyl ammonium bromide. that covers the soil for several weeks. Mulching wet soil Early plantings of cool season legumes are more severely with transparent polyethylene sheets for a period of 4– infected by parasitic weeds. Delayed sowing is the best- 8 weeks during the warmest season proved to be effective documented traditional method for O. crenata avoidance for a number of vegetables but also for faba beans and lentil (Rubiales et al. 2003b; Pérez-de-Luque et al. 2004b;Grenzet (Sauerborn et al. 1989a; Mauromicale et al. 2001).
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