SIPARAGUAYID/ At.A 72-9 1 'W., THE OCT. -1972
SEED SUB-PROJECT OF PIDAP AND RELATED WORK MAY - OCTOBER, 1972
Services Rendered Under The Agreement Between AID/W and MSU AID/csd 2976
SEED TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY STATE COLLEGE, MISSISSIPPI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Report Summary ...... *...... i
Acknowledgements ...... ii
Background ...... 1
Terms of Reference ...... 2
Current Situation-Seed Program...... 3
Recommendations for the Seed Program...... 14
Seed Sub-Project of the PIDAP...... 17
Appendix I ...... 0. . .0 ...... 27 Consultant's Activities
Appendix II ...... 29 Persons Contacted Officially
Appendix III ...... * ...... 30 Application for Production of Certified Seed
Appendix IV ...... 31 Conditional Receipt and Quality Standards for Fiscalized Class Seed
Appendix V ...... 32 Weed Seed Contaminants in the Principal Crop Seeds
of Paraguay
Appendix VI ...... 33 Inventory of Equipment-SENASE Seed Analysis Laboratory
Appendix VII ...... 0...... 0...... 0..... 0... 0 *...... 34 Time Framed Schedule for Facilities, Consultants and Training
Appendix VIII ...... 40 General Observations and Assumptions for the Paraguay (PIDAP) Seed Processing and Testing Facilities including: (a) Manufactured Equipment, Its Function and Estimated Cost (p. 50) (b) Specifications for Equipment Items (p. 60) (c) Trade Name Index (p. 81) REPORT SUMMARY
TITLE: Report to AID/W and USAID/P on Seed Sub-project of PIDAP
CONSULTANT: Dr. Howard C. Potts, Associate Professor of Agronomy
SUPPORTING STAFF: Dr. G. Burns Welch, Professor of Agricultural Engineering
Dr. James C. Delouche, Professor of Agronomy
Mr. George Dougherty, Associate Professor of Agronomy
PERIOD OF REPORT: Consultant Visit: 17 May - 9 June 1972
Related work: June------October, 1972
CONTRACT: AID/csd 2976 "Seed Program and Industry Development"
CONTRACTOR: Mississippi State University
Summary
1. USAID/Paraguay requested and the Project Manager approved services avail able under contract AID/csd 2976 for the purpose of assisting USAID/P and the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) of the Government of Para guay (GOP) in a general evaluation of the overall seed program in Paraguay. Specific assistance in planning, initiation and implementation of the seed sub project of the "Inte/zgrated Project for Agricultural Development in Paraguay" (PIDAP) which requires design, construction, equipping and operation of seed facilities, and an intergrated technical training program was also requested.
2. At present the National Seed Service (SENASE), initiated in 1971 as an agency of the MAG, is the only seed organization which has a major impact on seed production, processing and distribution in Paraguay. The SENASE, with major support from the National Agronomic Institute, National Development Bank, Extension Service of the MAG, and the National Wheat Commission, is responsible for all seed related ctivities. The GOP desires to develop the private sector of the seed program to a level that would allow public sec tor responsibilities to be limited to research, education and regulatory act ivities.
Discussions with key personnel 9f the MAG and several individuals with private interests, as well as observations of present SENASE operations ii
indicated that some alterations in the present organizational arrangements, additional facilities and more comprehensive economic information will be needed in the future to encourage development of a comprehensive public private seed program. Considering the lack of trained personnel, facilities and technical assistance to date, the MAG seed program has initiated an outstanding program.
3. The MAG recently received a loan of U. S. $15. 9 million to support the PIDAP. The seed sub-project was allocated U. S. $643, 000 of these funds for use in obtaining technical assistance, support of technical training pro grams, construction and equipping needed facilities for drying, processing, storing, and testing of seed, and expanded operations of the existing program. The funds available are not sufficient to meet immediate needs.
4. A major portion of the consultant's in-country time was devoted to collecting the information and data necessary for (a) development of a coordinated plan for implementation of the PIDAP seed sub-subject, (b) site selection for the facilities and (c) determination of the specific needs and capacities of the fa cilities to be constructed.
5. Included in or attached to this report are: (a) a suggested schedule for facili ties, technical assistance consultants and technical training; (b) preliminary engineering drawings for a seed processing unit, seed storage warehouse, and seed testing laboratory; and (c) equipment lists, specifications and es timated costs for equipping the facilities needed.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance and patience of Sr. Her nando Bertoni, Minister of Agriculture, Sr. Ramon Arteccna, Director of the SENASE, MAC, Mr. Sanford White, Rural Development Officer, USAID/P and Dr. Vint Plath, USDA/PASA-USAID/P whose faith in receiving the "best possi ble assistance" is hopefully fulfilled in part with the completion of this report. I sincerely regret Lhat circumstances did not permit completion of this report and the attendent drawings in accord with the schedule indicated during my visit.
To my associates, Dr. G. Burns Welch and Mr. George Dougherty, who were instrumental in preparing the drawings and equipment needs included in this report, a special thanks. The author also acknowledges the valuable coun sel and assistance of Dr. James C. Delouche in the formulation of recommenda tions and preparation of the manuscript. TA-72-9
REPORT TO AID/W AND USAID/P ON CONSULTATIVE VISIT AND RELATED WORK
17 May - 9 June 1972
I. BACKGROUND
Traditionally, Paraguay's agriculture has been one of dependence upon its livestock and forestry industries. However, increasing urbanization, rapid popu lation growth, and declining exports of meat and lumber have created the need for increased quantities of basic food crops within the country and alternate exports.
In response to these needs, the Government of Paraguay through its Min istry of Agriculture and Livestock, has intensified efforts to attain self-sufficiency in Paraguay's basic food crops: wheat, maize, rice, and cowpeas. To replace the income formerly received from export of meat and lumber, programs have been developed to encourage increased production of soybeans and cotton for sale on the world market.
One of the first problems encountered in increasing the acreage planted to the crops mentioned above was the shortage of good seed of adapted varieties. Un like many countries, the high relative humidities and warm temperatures that prevail in the crop production regions of Paraguay make the production and stor age of high quality seed very difficult when traditional methods of farmer-saved seed are used. At present, all crops are planted using seed of varieties developed in other countries or land-races which have been maintained through traditional methods of farmer-saved seed. The Agronomic Research Institute (IAN) is re sponsible for varietal development, varietal evaluation trials, and maintenance of breeder and foundation seed of the better varieties of some of the major crop species. The first varieties of wheat to be developed in Paraguay are now in the final stages of evaluation and should be available for distribution in three or four years.
The Agricultural Extension Service is a branch of the Ministry of Agricul ture and enjoys excellent rapport with personnel and programs of the research and technical divisions. Limited contacts with Extension personnel indicated that the infrastructure and personnel necessary to encourage the use of improved seed of superior varieties, and related modern agricultural practices, are available.
Currently, two organizations are involved in financing seed operations. They are the Banco Nacional de Fomento (BNF) and the Commision Nacional de Trigo (CNT). The agricultural division of the BNF is the primary source of credit for farm production and improvements. This organization also provides 2
credit to the Servico Nacional de Semillas (SENASE) for the purchase of seed both from Paraguayan seed growers and other countries. The SENASE pays the same interest rates as other creditors for the use of this money as a part of the program to prevent the public sector from having an econrmic advantage over the develop ing private seed companies. The CNT in cooperation ,,ith the BNF provides short term credit to those farmers producing wheat and soybeans, who desire to market their grain as seed.
Paraguay has been involved in the development of a seed program for over 20 years. However, until 1971 the program and techniques used to supply seed to farmers were very restricted in scope. Recognizing the necessity for updating the seed program to keep pace with increased mechanization, rapid expansion in land being brought into cultivation, and the introduction and release of improved crops and varieties, the GOP justified and received a $15. 9 million loan from the Inter american Development Bank (BID) to assist in implementation of an Intergrated Project for Agricultural Development (PIDAP). A total of U. S. $643, 000 of these funds were designated to directly assist in development of a comprehensive seed program. Additionally, the G. 0. P. has set aside U. S. $388, 000 as counterpart funds during the four year period of implementation of this project.
The immediate goal, to be achieved through the PIDAP, is to develop the necessary infrastructure, train a cadre of specialists, and construct the basic facilities necessary for the development of a comprehensive modern seed industry. It is the stated desire of the GOP to encourage private sector participation in the production, processing and marketing of commercial quantities of seeds.
The USAID Mission in Paraguay has supported the GOP in its efforts to accelerate the development of the agricultural sector, which is the most important sector of the Paraguayan economy. At present, major Mission emphasis in the agriculture sector is on agricultural policy, statistics, marketing, credit, coop eratives and institutional (University) development, the latter through a contract with New Mexico State University. Specialized technical assistance needs, such as those for seed, agricultural engineering, etc., are being met through the use of centrally funded AID toechnical assistance contracts and short term consultants.
II. TERMS OF REFERENCE
Following an exchange of information between USAID/P, AID/W and MSU, the Mission requested and the contract manager authorized the consultant ser vices of one technician under AID/csd-2976, for a period of 15-18 days with the following general terms of reference.
1. Conduct a general review of the existing seed program and make those recommendations necessary 'or acceleration of its development within the scope of the PIDAP. 3
2. Obtain the detailed information necessary for development of prelimi nary engineering drawings and equipment specifications for a seed test ing laboratory, and seed drying, processing and wvarehousing unit(s).
3. Assist in preparation of a coordinated plan for personnel training both in-country and out-c'--country and a tentative plan for futu':e technical assistance.
The author was nominated by MSU to provide the requested services. He arrived in Paraguay on 18 May and departed from there on 4 June for Brazil where he speit 3 days gathering additional information on the availability of Brazilian processing equipment and the suitability of sites for both short term and graduate training in the various technical areas of seed technology. A Lting of the consul tant's itinerary and principal contacts are included as Appendices I and II, respec tively.
Ill. CURRENT SITUATION - SEED PROGRAM
The principal organization involved in the seed program of Paraguay is the Servicio Nacional de Semillas (SENASE), a branch of the Direccion de Servicios Agricolas y Granaderos nf the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia (MAG). The SENASE was authorized by an Executive Decree (No. 23, 138) in December, 1971. For many years prior to the authorization of the SENASE, a similar organization, Servicio de Semillas, had been responsible for the MAG activities in seed produc tion, certification, sales and regulations.
On 7 February 1972, the Presidential Decree (No. 24, 251) which regulates the pertinent aspects of the "Production, Certification, Commercialization and Control of Seeds" was signed. This decree and the "Project for the Production of Fiscalized Seed "' / assigned SENASE the responsibility and authority to function in the following areas and activities.
1. Regulation and inspection of all seed imported into, produced in or ex ported from Paraguay, i.e., Official Seed Regulatory Agency.
2. Implementation of a seed certification program including promotion of the purchasing, processing, distribution and sales of the registered and certified classes of seed, i. e., Official Seed Certification Agency.
3. Importation, distribution and sales of seed needed in Paraguay but not produced in sufficient quantities to meet the national needs.
1/'Projecto de Produccion de Semillas Fiscalizadas" December 1969 es tablished the national goals and policy w-Ah reference to seeds. It was the basic document used to justify the "seed" portion of the loan to support the PIDAP. 4 4. Maintenance and operation of an official seed analysis laboratory and establishment of others as needed.
5. Assistance in the training of seed growers, processors, and vendors.
6. Operation of the necessary seed processing, storage, distribution and marketing facilities until such time as these activities can be performed by the private sector.
7. Establishment and control the prices for improved seed at levels which recognize the added costs of seed above those established for commer cial grain.
The SENASE has the decreed authority and responsibility to encourage the development of the seed industry in Paraguay. Therefore, the marner in which this authority is exercised during the next several years will largely determine the success or failure of the MAG in meeting its goals.
In addition to the SENASE, there are a few private companies which pro duce or purchase and market seeds. Several companies import and market horti cultural seeds, which are not produced in Paraguay. Each year an increasing num ber of farmers produce, package and market seeds of the major field crops: wheat, soybeans, rice, and maize. These seeds are subjected to purity and germination tests prior to being offered for sale, but due to the almost complete lack of modern seed drying, cleaning and handling equipment, most seed planted in Paraguay are essentially "combine-rm" seed.
A. Organization
The SENASE was reorganized in 1971. The present organization is shown in Table 1. A major purpose of the recent reorganization was to divide this Ser vice in such a way that when its current responsibilities in production, processing and marketing are shifted to the private sector, additional reorganization will not be required. At the time of my visit, the sections had not been fully staffed.
The general r3sponsibilities of the various sections of SENASE, at present and in the future, were reported to be as follows:
1. Administration - this section will be responsible for supervision and direction of the tot:i seed program of the IMAG. Additionally, personnel responsi ble for fiscal matters related to SENASE's operations are part of this section.
2. Production Section - this section works primarily in assisting private seed growers to develop the necessary skills and techniques to produce, harvest and dry seed. In cooperation with the IAN, the section is also responsible for supervising the production of foundation and registered seed. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
Office of Crop Investigations and Rural Extension and Forestry
National Seed Advisory Committee National Sed Service
Administrative Production Processing romotionlIsetoanCnrl Section Section Section Section Section
Table 1. Table of Organization - National Seed Service (Source SENASE) 6
3. Processing Section - this section has the primary responsibility of dry ing, processing, and warehousing seed handled by the SENASE. It will also be re sponsible for training personnel of the private sector and the MAG in the technical operations involved in drying, processing and warehousing of seed. The plan is to combine the Production and Processing Sections to form a "Foundation Seed Section" as soon as the private sector has developed sufficiently to assume respon sibility for the production, processing and marketing of certified and commercial seed.
4. Promotion Section - this section at present is responsible for both gen eral promotion of the utilization of good seed of improved varieties and retail sales of imported, principally horticultural seed. The plan is that its promotional activ ities will be shifted to the Extension Service and its sales responsibilities to the private sector as soon as the private companies create a competitive market. It is recognized that this will not occur in the near future.
5. Inspection and Control Section - this section has the responsibility for implementation of both the seed regulatory program and the seed certification pro gram. The official seed analysis laboratory does and will operate within this sec tion. When the seed program envisioned is fully implementedthis section will be the only one remaining as continuously operational under the SENASE, although, for purposes of coordination within the AG, the Foundation Seed Section and the Extension Seed Program will remain attached to the SENASE.
The maximum number of professional and technically trained sub-profes sional personnel envisioned for all SENASE operations is seventeen. By purposely limiting personnel, the Ministry's involvement in the commercial aspects of the seed industry will have to be limited primarily to regulation, training, and pro motion with direct involvement in the seed production, processing and marketing limited to foundation seed. The above staffing scheme in combination with the re quirement that SENASE operate its production and sales operations at a "break even" level was stipulated to give needed encouragement to private persons seek ing entry into the seed processing and marketing arena.
B. Technical Operations
Past experience in Paraguay has shown that most seed saved by farmers were not satisfactory for planting, e. g., germination 60% or less, by modern crop ping standards (Table 2). If Paraguay is to continue its expansion in acreage plant ed to wheat, soybeans, and rice and to increase yields per unit area, it is impera tive that the country establish efficient and effective methods for maintaining the quality of the larger quantities of seed that will be needed. The SENASE has been designated as the leader in this effort. 7
Table 2. Origin and Quality of Seed Used in 1968.
Produced in Paraguay Imported Crop Good %.!/ Average %2/ Poor % Quality
Wheat 0 66 34 Soybean 0 26 25 49 good Rice 0 0 95 5 good Corn 0 10 90 -
1/ Good Quality = Germination 85%, purity 90%. 2/ Average Quality = Germination 80%, purity 80%. 3/ Poor Quality = Germination 65%, purity 65%.
Source: Tables 5 and 6 "Projecto de Produccion de Semillas Fiscalizadas" MAG, December 1969.
1. Sources of seed stocks- the IAN maintains seed of those varieties of wheat, cotton, soybeans, maize and rice which have demonstrated superiority when grown in Paraguay. All improved varieties presently in use were developed out side Paraguay.
The IAN was reported to perform its function of varietal maintenance and supply of limited quantities of breeder seed of these varieties in an excellent and cooperative manner. The IAN personnel responsible for varietal maintenance re ported that the lack of modern processing equipment limited the quantity and phy sical quality of the seeds produced by the IAN. No conditioned storage for seed is available at the IAN, therefore, seed of all varieties and breeding lines have to be produced each year to maintain them. Because of this situation, time that the trained plant breeders can devote to tie development of new varieties is limited accordingly.
As a result of the rapid expansion in acreage, particularly of wheat and soybeans, it has been necessary for the SENASE to periodically import up to 150 metric tons of certified seed to fill the basic needs for seed of these crops. Most of this seed has come from Brazil or Argentina. Private companies from these two countries supply all of the still limited quantities of hybrid maize seed used in Paraguay. The principal variety of maize planted,at presenthad its origin in Venezuela as a synthetic variety; however, it was reported that the lines necel sary to reconstitute the variety had not been supplied during the past 14 years I
2. Multiplication and Production - the SENASE does not produce any seed directly nor does it presently have plans to enter production. All seed of the cer tified and commercial classes are produced by private seed growers. 8
(a) Certified seed: The SENASE is responsible for production of the registered class of certified seed, which is the source of the certi fied class seed. This is accomplished by supplying foundation seed, produced by the IANto experienced seed producers nder a written con tractual arrangement. The details of these arrangements are the same as those for the certified class of seed, which is discussed in the follow ing paragraphs, except that field and laboratory quality standards are slightly more restrictive.
Seed growers, who desire to produce certified class seed submit an application (Appendix III) to the SENASE prior to planting. The proce dures of certification - proof of seed source, number and time of in spection(s), field standards, etc. - are essentially the same as those of certification schemes in other countries, except that as necessary the field standards have been adjusted to meet the capabilities of the seed producers. 2/
Following harvest, it is the seed producer's responsibility to dry the seed to the required moisture content and then deliver the seed in bags, to the SENASE regional warehouses. Because of the climatic conditions, approximately 80% of the seed are harvested at moisture contents in excess of 14%. Sun drying is used most frequently; how ever, an increasing number of farmers are utilizing heated air dryers, often with disastrous results due to the lack of training in seed drying. Seed corn producers are also responsible for "nubbing" and shelling the corn prior to delivery.
In addition to passing the various inspections set forth in the certi fication rules, the seed must meet the standards given in Table 3 be fore the SENASE will accept them. Upon acceptance of the seed by the SENASE, the producer is absolved of all further responsibility for the seed.
2/ Persons needing additional information concerning seed certification in Paraguay should obtain a copy of "Normas Minimas de Certificion de Semillas" Miscellaneous publication No. 4, MAG. 9
Table 3. Minimun Requirements for Unprocessed Certified Seed.
Moisture % Pure Seed % Germination % Species Minimum Minimum Minimum
Wheat 14 90 80 Soybeans 13 95 80 Maize 13 90 80 Rice 14 95 80
Source: SENASE
When the certified seed grower delivers the seed to the SENASE, he receives the grain market price for the total weight of seed delivered. After the seed pass final certification, the grower receives an addi tional premium of V 3 or 4 for each kg. of clean seed. For wheat this amounts to a 25 to 30% premium. Soybeans, maize and rice seed are purchased in a similar manner, although to date the quantities of cer tified seed of the latter species have been almost negligible.
(b) Non-certified seed: Each season it has been necessary for the SENASE to purchase non-certified seed to supply the demand for seed of known origin. Those persons who planted certified seed but did not re-certify the crop can sell their seed to the SENASE as "fiscalized" seed. These fiscalized seed are delivered to a SENASE warehouse where the moisture content is determined, a sample drawn and a con ditional receipt is issued. An example of the conditional receipt for soybeans is included as Appendix IV. For those seed which meet the standards, the seed grower receives a premium of 0 1 or 2 depending upon the kind.
All seed produced and sold without any production control from the SENASE other than that required under the regulatory law are classed as common seed. The SENASE does not purchase seed of this class except when it has no alternative. The producer is held exclusively responsible for the proper labeling of common seed. Most of the cow peas, rice, and maize seed and all of the forage grass and legume seed are of this category.
3. Processing and Storage - the SENASE does not have the facilities to either dry or process more than a fraction of the seed which it handles, neverthe less, through the use of a limited amount of mostly antiquated equipment and a great deal of hand labor, the SENASE has cleaned, treated, and warehoused ap proximately 1, 000 metric tons of certified wheat seed during each of the past two years. Normally, the fiscalized class seed are neither cleaned nor treated to 10
due to lack of facilities.
All seed handled by the SENASE are packaged in new cotton bags, 50 kg. per bag, and tagged with an appropriate tag based on results of laboratory analysis. Certified seed are tagged with a white, purple or blue tag depending upon the class.
Facilities for seed storage are not satisfactory for the maintenance of seed quality. As a result, storage losses due to insects, rodents, and high mois ture are above tolerable levels. The SENASE personnel apparently recognize most of these storage problems, however, at present they have neither the facilities nor, in some instances, the technical knowledge required to resolve them.
4. Distribution and AlarketinI - other than warehousing,and the sale of horticultural seed, the SENASE is not directly involved in the distribution and mar keting of seed.
(a) Seed Sales - The BNF is the principal seed marketing agency in Paraguay. Additionally, the BNF assists private seed producers in marketing their seed through the referral system described later in this report. The present system works effectively because nearly all farmers require a production loan to purchase nroduction inputs, including seed. The BNF is the principal money lending agency, there fore, farmers needing these inputs must contact it for a production loan and, if approved, the BNF issues a warrant to the SENASE for the quantity and quality of seed the farmer needs. Farmers preferring to purchase seed from a private producer must obtain seed from a pro ducer whose seed has been sampled and tested under the CNT seed pro gram.
(b) Pricing - The National Seed Advisory Committee is respondible for establishing the purchase and selling price for the seed handled by the SENASE. The general policy in recent years has been one of setting maximum prices above the base price for commercial grain of the same species. This system ties the price of seed directly to the price far mers receive for their grain and apparently works satisfactorily. One seedsman inticated that he preferred to sell seed into Brazil because he received a higher price for his seed there than he was allowed to charge in Paraguay. However, the Brazilian market was much closer to his farm operation than was the Paraguayan market.
The following description of seed wheat prices in 1971 is given as an illustration of the implementation of the pricing system. During the 1970/71 crop year the market price for milling wheat was Q 10/kg. The National Seed Advisory Committee set the maximum selling price for fiscalized, certified class, and registered class seed at X 16, 0 18 and 0 19 per kilo, respectively.
In actual practice, the SENASE paid the seed growers 0 10 kg. for their seed, which passed the preliminary inspections, at the time the seed were delivered to the warehouse designted by the SENASE. Cer tified seed producers received an additional premium of Q 3/kg. for the clean wheat seed which could be sold as certified seed. The aver age cleaning loss was 20%, by weight. One-half of the clean-out, how ever, was sold by SENASE to the mills for X 10/kg. making a net loss of 10%. Thus, the SENASE paid an average of 14.25/kg. for certi fied and registered seed. This allowed either 3, 75 or 1 4.75/ kg. to cover processing, packaging, warehousing, and delivery costs. No attempt was made to determine whether these prices were sufficient to cover all of the costs involved. Table 4 summarizes the production, purchase and distribution of seed of the major crops under supervision of or by the SENASE and its coopcrators during 1971.
Table 4. Seed Production, Purchases and Sales by SENASE in 19711/
1972 Seed Planted Harvested Purchased Distributed Acreage Species Class (ha) (ha) M. T. M. T. Planted (ha)
Maize Fiscalized 20 20 30 30 2000 Rice Fiscalized 12 10 15 15 125 Soybeans Fiscalized 12 12 13 13 185 Wheat Fiscalized 1300 1000 2 / 1200 10001/ 10,000
1/Source: SENASE. Imported seed are not included. 2/300 hectares did not pass field inspection. 3/Indicates average clean out of 20% of which 50% was small and broken kernals which were sold to flour mills at 0 10/kg.
(c) Potential demand - The latest crop production statistics available (1969/70) showed a need for 16, 804 metric tons of seed for planting the major crop species (Table 5). The SENASE provided less than 6% of this requirement. During the period 1968-70, cultivated acreage of wheat, soybeans and rice increased at an estimated rate of 5% per year. If this rate of increase continues and indications are that it will accel erate, particularly for soybeans and wheat, then the total seed needs for Paraguay will exceed 20, 000 metric tons by 1973. 12
Table 5. Crop Production Statistics for Paraguay 1969/701
Planted Harvested Production Ave. Yield Price/Kg. Seed Required Crop ha ha Metric tons kg/ha Qf/kg./ M. T.
Maize 193,950 187,417 258,703 1380 3.6 3,879.0 Rice 24,772 22,999 45,218 1966 8.7 2,973.0 Soybeans 41,294 39,708 52,064 1311 7.1 2,898.0 Wheat 39,567 34,323 31,376 914 9.4 3,957.0 Cowpeas 56,260 54,404 37,865 641 9.0 1,125.0 Cotton 49,289 46,938 39,617 8443/ 11.7 1,972.0 Tobacco 13,958 13,513 17,723 1312 20.5 0.7
1/"Encuesta Agropecuaria por Muestro 1970" MAG, Republica del Paraguay, Asuncion, 1971. 2/$u.s. 1.00 = 125 Seed Cotton
The principal crop species of Paraguay are either self pollinated or synthetic varieties which farmers normally replenish at the rate of .about 10% per year. However, because of the adverse climatic condi tions and the BNF loan requirement for planting tested seed, it was es timated that the seed replenishment rate in Paraguay will be approxi mately 25% per year. On the latter basis, the potential demand for cleaned, processed and treated seed of all kinds will be approximately 5,060 metric tons by 1973.
5. Promotion - the promotional activities of the SENASE are limited be cause the quantities of high quality seed available have never met the demand. Nevertheless, an educational program has been initiated to assist seed producers to improve their production practices and to encourage additional farmers to pro duce more and better quality seeds. One bulletin, specifically for 3 / wheat seed pro ducers , was published last year and similar publications are planned for soybean, rice, etc.
Extension agents at the local level are kept informed concerning the availability and location of quality tested seeds. In turn, the agents notify the SENASE when they encounter a good farmer who desires to become a seed grower.
V"Production and Storage of Certified Wheat Seed" Boletin de Divulgacion No. 4, Dpto de Divulgacion, Direccion de Investigaccion y Extension Agropecuaria y Forstal, SENASE. 13
6. Seed Law Enforcement - the implementation of the seed regulatory law is a responsibility of the SENASE; however, this requires little effort at present due to the very limited amount of seed moving in commercial channels. All seed sold in Paraguay must be tested and labeled before it is offered for sale under the "truth-in-labeling" law. This law also contains provisions for registration of all persons engaged in handling seed, importation and exportation of seed, and prose cution of violators. The Director of the SENASE is the Chief Seed Control Officer.
The only seed regulatory probiem of consequence that was reported arises from attempts to import "grain" as seed. These misrepresentations are usually uncovered before the "se-ed" are distributed, however, because the Direc tor of the SENASE issues all seed iminort permits and has the authority to make the inquiries necessary to determine the legitimacy of the import permit requests.
The SENASE seed testing laboratory is the official seed testing labora tory for Paraguay. This laboratory tests all seeds handled by the SENASE and those submitted by private seed vendors. A nominal fee is charged for analysis of the service samples. Althogh, the laboratory is poorly equipped, limited nuan ber of samples (approximately 500 per year), the ease of analyzing most samples (90% are wheat, soybeans or maize), and the technical capability of the Chief Anal yst, have largely overcome this handicap. However, if the seed program expands as anticipated, it will not be possible for the laboratory to perform its essential services in an effective manner without additional trained personnel, equipment and space.
Table 6 lists the major seed kinds tested during 1971-72 by the labora tory. The weed seed most frequently encountered in the samples of seed produced in Paraguay are listed in Appendix V.
Table 6. Seed Kinds Tested for Purity and Germination 1971-72.
Wheat Rice, long grain Vegetables (various) Soybeans Cotton Grasses (various) Maize, dent Sorghum, grain Clovers (various) Maize, flint Cowpeas Tobacco
Source: SENASE-LAS
7. Encouragement of Private Sector Participation - an active program to encourage interested seed producers in marketing and distribution of seed has been in effect since 1969. The major emphasis of this program, which is sponsored by the CNT, BNF and MAG and referred to as the CNT program, is primarily that of providing financial and technical assistance to producers of wheat and soybean seed. The following is a brief outline of this program: 14
Seed producers interested in the CNT seed program must purchase and plant either registered or certified seed. After the seed are harvested, the seed grower notifies the CNT of his intention to sell his crop as seed. An inspector for the CNT is sent to verify the quantity of seed the grower has for sale and draws a sample which is submitted to the SENASE laboratory for analysis. If the seed are of satisfactory germination (80%) and purity (90%), the CNT then makes a loan equivalent to 80% of the farmer's grain production loan. With the CNT loan and a personal investment of 20%, the grower can then repay his production loan from BNF which is due when the crop is delivered to a mill or 30 days after harvest, whichever comes first.
The seed grower is responsible for marketing the seed by any means at his disposal, but he caimot charge more than Qf 1/kg above the market price for grain on the day of the sale. To assist seed producers with seed marketing, the offices of the BNF maintain a list of seed producers whose seed have been tested and refer interested buyers to these growers. This referral system is very ef fective because one of the BNF loan requirements is that the farmer plant seed of known purity and germination.
Although the profit margin is low (less than 10%) it is considered rea sonable for the level of investments involved. Expenses incurred by the seed grower as a result of drying and storing the seed are usually more than recovered by the normal post-harvest increase in price of commercial grain. Since the seed are sold in a "combine-run" condition, the time spent in locating customers, de livery expenses, and interest on the CNT loan and personal investment are the primary costs to have to be recovered. Each year about 20 to 30 growe's have participated in this program, but it is still too early to determine if it will have the desired effect of building private sector participation.
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SEED PROGRAM
A. PIDAP
MAG and USAID/P should give the highest priority to the success ful implementation of the PIDAP seed sub project.
The most pressing needs of the total seed program are for technically trained personnel and modern facilities. These needs have been recognized and the successful implementation of the PIDAP will be an excellent start toward elim ination of these two impediments. More specific recommendations concerning im plementation of the "seed project" of the PIDAP are given in the next section of this report.
The following recommendations are for improvement of the overall seed program. However, to the extent possible they should be implemented in conjun tion with those changes to be made during the implemientation of the PIDAP. 15
B. Organization
A distinct separation must be established and maintained between the regulatory- service and the production-marketing programs of the SENASE.
The present centralization of authority allowing control or at least major influence on every important aspect of the seed program, public or private, by the Director of the SENASE, can act as a major impediment to the development of the private sector. It is believed that a division of authority along the lines indicate' will aid in circumventing possible conflicts of interc3 "0wtenthe private sector in creases competition with the MAG programs in production and marketing of com mercial quantities of seed. However, as long as the GOP desires the SENASE to be the principle seed supplier, the present organizational arrangement will serve satisfactorily.
One method implementing the above recommendation would be establish ment of a "Foundation Seed Program" which would operate independently of but, like all seed handling organizations, public or private, be subject to the SENASE's inspection and regulatory program. The responsibilities of this organization would be those presently assigned to the Production and Processing Sections of the SENASE, as previously described. Organizationally, the "Foundation Seed Program" could be assigned to either the IAN or established as an independent monopolistic cooperative. All commercial aspects of thepresent seed program would then be the conducted by this organization while the inspection, regulatory, and extension-educational responsibilities would remain within the present SENASE infrastructure.
C. National Agronomic Institute
A seed storage facility with controlled temperature and relative humidity should be constructed as soon as funds and a dependable source of electricity become available. The facility should be lo cated at the IAN headquarters in Caacupe.
At present, appro'-imately one-half of the professional time devoted to wheat and soybean research is reportedly spent on the maintenance and multipli cation of breeding materials and production of breeder and foundation seed. A controlled atmosphere storage room with a capacity of approximately 200 3 M would relieve IAN personmel of much of the time devoted to annual seed production tasks, increase the operational efficiency of the breeder and foundation seed programs, and add greater stability to the total program through the additional assurance of a constant supply of high quality basic seed. Preliminary engineering drawings for construction and equipment specifications for equipping this facility are available to USAID/P through the AID/csd 2976 contract. 16
D. Seed Certification Program
SENASE should develop, publish and distribute the rules and regu lations for certification of soybeans, rice, sorghum and maize seed.
Only a limited number of persons can be expected to participate in the seed certification program until information concerning the purpose, opportunities, and specific regulations of the program are readily and widely available. An excellent series of informational publications have been prepared for persons who produce certified wheat seed. A similar series of informational materials is also needed for soybean seed producers and other crops in the near future.
E. Seed Regulatory Program
Increased emphasis should be placed on official inspection of seed at the time they are sold for planting including those processed by the SENASE.
Under the present system most inspections are made shortly after the seed are harvested, processed, or imported. These inspections are necessary to de termine the initial quality of the seed; however, to give the farmer-consumer max imum assurance that the seed he purchases is accurately described on the label, seed should also be inspected during and/or after distribution to the BNF centers. This procedure will confirm (or not confirm) the quality of seed at planting time and provide more useful information in case of farmer complaints about receiving poor quality seed.
F. Promotion and Education
SENASE and the Exte, ion Service should plan and implement a com phrensive program to encourage the use of tested seed of superior varieties.
One of the critical factors in the development of the total seed program will be creating an awareness among farmers that use of seed of unlMown quality is an unnecessary production risk. Through the use of such promotional-educational programs as "drill box surveys", "seed testing campaigns", etc., an awareness of seed quality can be developed. To be effective, such programs must be well planned, coordinated among the participating agencies, and the supporting question aires, supplies, and educational leaflets carefully prepared. This recommenda tion cannot be implemented until the new seed testing laboratory, being built under the PIDAP Program, is operational; however, planning and preparation for the program can and should begin in the near future. 17
G. Marketing
A thorough, in-depth study should be made of the costs of the SENASE-BNF seed processing, marketing and distribution opera tions.
Before persons or companies can seriously consider becoming included in the processing and marketing of seed of wheat, soybeans, rice, etc., they must have accurate information on investment and operational costs and profit margins. This is particularly important when the selling price of the seed is established by a government organization and a related organization sells seed in direct compe tition with the private sector, as is the case in Paraguay.
The results of such a study will also isolate specific areas where private seed companies will likely need assistance and provide a better basis for estab lishing both the price paid to seed growers by the SENASE for "raw" seed and the price ceiling on processed seed established by the National Seed Advisory Commit tee. Experience in other countries ,vith similar market conditions suggests that a private sector seed industry will not develop beyond the contract seed production phase until investment and cost information is available and the necessary adjust ments, subsidies, or incentives to allow a reasonable profit margin have been made.
V. SEED SUB-PROJECT OF THE PIDAP
A. Current Situation
As indicated in Section I of this report, U. S. $643, 000 of the loan to sup port implementation of the PIDAP was allocated for the development of an inter grated national seed program. By agreement between the GOP and the Interameri can Development Bank, approximately $468,300 of these and counterpart funds are to be used for construction of new facilities, purchase of modern seed drying, pro cessing, warehousing and testing equipment not available in Paraguay, scholar ships for out-of-country training of technical personnel, and support of technical assistance advisory personnel.
The purposes and tentative allotments of these funds were as follows:
1. Construction and equipping of a seed drying, processing, and storage facility including a maintenance shop, fumigation room and house for the plant manager - $360,700.
2. Construction and equipping of a seed testing laboratory and administra tive offices for the SENASE - $36,600.
3. Support of two technical assistance consultants - $39, 000. 18
(a) One consultant for 12 months to advise and assist in the organiza tion of the national seed program and in-country training of technical personnel - $30,000.
(b) One consultant for three months to put the seed processing facility into operation and assist in training operational personnel - $9, 000.
4. Support of scholarships for out-of-country training - $32, 000.
(a) Nine scholarships of six months each for persons to be traiied in seed inspection and certification.
(b) One scholarship of six months for one person to be trained in seed processing.
(c) One scholarship of four months for one person to be trained in seed analysis and laboratory practices.
The MAG requested and USAID/P concurred in the request that MSU and USAID/P perform the following services in support of the Seed sub-project of the PIDAP.
a. Develop the preliminary engineering drawings and equipment specifica tions for the seed processing and seed testing facilities.
b. Supply the additional technical assistance necessary to assure proper construction of the facilities and installation of the equipment to a max imum of $9,000.
c. Assist the MAG in locating qualified technicians to serve as long-term consultants.
d. Assist in developing a plan for the training of technical personnel and, as appropriate, assist in the presentation of one or more in-country training courses.
A tentative schedule for these services is attached as Appendix VII.
B. Specific Facilities and Installations Bequested
A major portion of the loan made to support the PIDAP seed sub-project was justified on the basis of the need for facilities and equipment. The extensive studies made in preparation for the PIDAP loan request identified the facilities most critically needed by the seed program as those listed in Table 7.
Discussions with personnel of the MAG Engineering section indicated that monies allocated for building construction were approximately 20% more than 19
current building costs. Unfortunately, the money allocated for purchase and im portation of equipment appeared to be much less than will be required to equip the facilities. Rrther, no specific allocation was made to cover the costs of equip ment installation which are estimated at 35% of the equipment costs. A preliminary estimate is that at least an additional U. S. $50, 000 will be needed to construct, equip, and install the facilities required to meet the estimated needs. This prob able shortage of funds was brought to the attention of the responsible MAG officials; however, no immediate solution for the problem was found. The decision was made to wait until the preliminary building plans, installation drawings and equip ment specification lists had been prepared before making a final decision on whet her to request additional funds or cutback one or more of the facilities. The MAG personnel requested that when preparing the preliminary plans, MSU technicians make every effort to reduce costs without impairing the efficiency of the required operation. This was done to the extent possible and some additional savings may be affected when the detailed architectural plans are developed in Paraguay.
Table 7. Facilities and installations to be funded by PIDAP
Area Equipment Costs U. S. $ Facility (M2 ) Buildings Equipment
Drying & Processing 450 28,800 Tool Shop 100 3,200 Fumigation. Room 50 2,400 U. S. $152,500 Warehouse(s) 3000 168,000 House for Plant Mgr. 160 7,680 Seed Testing Laboratory 100 8,000 U. S. $ 11,800 Offices for SENASE 300 16, 800 - 234,880 $164,300
Source: PIDAP Proposal 1/ Based on official exchange rate of V 125 = U. S. $1. 00
1. Seed Drying, Processing and Storage Facilities by almost any stan dard the SENASE is essentially without seed processing facilities. The only op erable equipment for cleaning seed is a two-screen cleaner,! / located at Carapegua, which has an operational capacity of six tons of wheat per day, and one small cleaner 5/at the IAN headquarters at Caacupe. The SENASE has no facilities for drying seed other than drying floors. Seed which are purchased and/or cleaned
4/Clipper 147D, 2 screen seed cleaner with elevators. Vac-o-way farm cleaner. 20 by SENASE are stored at various locations: Asuncion, San Ignacio, Carapegua or Caacupe, until they are distributed to the BNF distribution centers or picked up by the buyers. None of these facilities were originally constructed for the purpose of handling seed. Despite these inadequate facilities, the SENASE handled over 4, 000 tons of seed during the 1971/72 crop year.
Information supplied by the SENASE indicated a need for a seed pro cessing capacity of between 6, 000 and 10, 000 tons of seed per year, within the next five years, 85% of which would be wheat and soybean seed. Most of these seed will be produced in the Departments of Misiones and Itapua. A secondary center of seed production is in the area between Caacupe and Coronel Oviedo. The principal crops of this area are rice and maize.
It was also predicted that most of the expansion in production of wheat and soybeans will occur in the Departments of Itapua, Misiones and Neembucu, the three southern Departments of Paraguay. The present land development patterns indicate that most farms in the developing areas of Itapua and Neembucu are small (20-50 ha) and produce a variety of crops. In general, the farms which produce grain crops in Misiones are much larger, some produce 100-200 has. of either wheat or soybeans each year. The farms in this area are also among the most highly mechanized in the country,. frequently, having mechanical planting and har vesting equipment and on-farm drying and storage facilities. Thus, it appears as though the center of seed production will remain in the Misiones department, where most of the certified seed wheat was produced in 1972.
(a) Location of Facilities: After evaluation of the costs of transporting seed from the various production areas, present and future markets for seed, the highway network and seed production potential, it was deter mined that the major seed processing-storage facility should be located at a central location in the Department of Misiones.
A visit to this region revealed two potential sites 14km. apart. One site is located on a farm operated by another division of the MAG (CREA), which serves as a high school and training center for rural youth from the San Juan Bantista vicinity. This site has the advantage of already belonging to the MAG, location near a major highway, and the possibility of using the school's facilities for training courses at certain times of the year. The principal disadvantage would be the ne cessity to cut md fill the building site prior to construction of the pro posed buildings. The second possible site, near San Ignacio, would re quire the purchase of 3 or 4 hectares of level land adjacent to one of the five roads leading from the city. This location has the advantage of being located at the junction of two principal highways and being 14 kmn. closer to the regions of the most rapidly developing markets and is the preferred site. Although MAG has a small storage depot at San Ignacio, it is located more than a kilometer from the nearest all weather road; therefore, the present depot site is not recommended for the facilities. 21
The National Seed Advisory Committee has the final responsibility for making the selection of the site for building the processing-storage facility; thus, it was not Imo~wn if the necessary land at San Ignacio could or would be purchased prior to consultant's departure.
Preliminary planning indicated a need for approximately 3000 m 2 seed storage and the thought was that this space should be sited adja cent to the processing-drying facility. However, the lack of an exten sive all weather road system connecting the major production areas and markets, high cost of freight, and limited funds available, suggests that the 3000 2 m storage space should be divided with 1500 m 2 con structed alongside the processing-drying facility to be located either at San Juan Bantista or San Ignacio in the Department of Misiones. An 2 additional 1000 m storage should then be constructed at a site to be selected near the city of Coronel Oviedo (Department of Guaira). Even tually, a second processing facility could be established alongside the storehouse in Coronel Oviedo, thus, eliminating the necessity of truck ing seed produced in the area all the way to the plant in Misiones De partment. Accordingly, sufficient land should be acquired near Coro nel Oviedo for both the presently proposed storehouse and a future pro cessing facility.
This warehouse at Coronel Oviedo should be used as a collection station for seed produced in this region. When sufficient quantities are accumulated, the uncleaned seed can be transported to the processing facility in Misiones Department, and returned after processing and packaging for storage until time for distribution. Proper management will allow all except the first and last trucks to carry a full load in both directions, thus, minimizing transportation costs.
(b) Capacity Requirements: Although the processing facility will be used principally for cleaning wheat and soybean seed, signi ficant quantities of rice and maize seed will be cleaned each year. Present indications are that small quantities (less than 100 M. T.) of cowpeas, grain sorghum and forage grass seed will also be processed. The estimated quantities of major seed kinds to be processed by 1975 are shown in Table 8. These target figures appear to be somewhat optimistic in view of the recent rate of increase in acreage of certified seed. Nevertheless, SENASE officials indicated that their organiza tion will handle in excess of 4,000 tons of seed during 1972 in the reg ion to be serviced by the proposed facility. 22
Table 8. Etimated Volume and Monthly Distribution of Seed for Pro cessing in 1975 (metric tons).
Month Crop Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Total (M. T.)
Wheat 1000 2000 2000 1000 6000 Soybeans 1000 1000 1000 500 3500 Rice 500 380 200 1080 Maize 30 150 50 230 1000 2000 2000 1000 1530 1530 1250 500 10,810
Source: SENASE
The rather uniform distribution of rainfall afid extensive regions of swampy land maintain a high relative humidity in the crop production regions of Paraguay. Experience has shown that more than 50% of the seed to be handled will require additional drying to bring the seed mois ture content to a level safe for 6 months storage. These adverse cli matic conditions require that seed be dried to moisture contents at least 2% lower than those acceptable for grain if their viability is to be maintained. It is recommended that wheat, rice and maize be dried to a maximum of 12% moisture and soybeans to a maximum 10% moisture content. The cstimated volume of seed to be dried and moisture reduc tion required is shown in Table 9.
Table 9. Estimated Volume (metric tons) and Monthly receipts of seed to be dried.
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June Wheat 500 1000 600 300 H2 0 reduction 16-12 15-12 15-12 15-12 Soybean 300 500 250 H2 0 reduction 16-10 16-10 16-10 Rice 500 300 200 H20 reduction 20-12 20-12 20-12 Corn 15 30 50 H20 reduction 18-12 18-12 18-12 Total 500 1000 600 300 315 530 800 300 200
Source: SENASE 23
An increasing number of farmers are mstalling on-farm grain dry ing systems; however, a survey conducted in 197l/ indicated that total capacity of all the on-farm drying bins in Paraguay was only 29,569 metric tons and that most owners had not received sufficient training to properly utilize the drying facilities available. Thus, in addition to serving the needs of the seed program. a properly installed and opera ted seed drying unit can be used as a training site for grain drying opera tions.
Table 10 gives the calendar of farming operations by months, for the southern region of Paraguay. After the processing unit becomes operational, its functional season will essentially match that of the har vest periods shown while distribution from the principal storage ware houses will precede the planting season by approximately one month.
Table 10. Calendar of Farming Operations
Months Crop-Operation Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May J J Aug. S. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Wheat Planting XX - / XX X Harvest X X XX )a Soybeans Planting X XX X Harvest X X XX X Rice Planting X XX X Harvest X XX X Maize Planting X X X XX X X Harvest X X X
Source: SENASE 1/XX indicates peak month(s).
(c) Equipment for the Processing 'Unit: Because no seed processing equipment is manufactured in Paraguay and the limited equipment pres ently available is noi of sufficient capacity to be utilized in the new fa cility, the MAG req,., 3ted that complete equipment and equipment spec ifications ILsts be p. L ared based on the preliminary plans to be dev eloped by MSU. .LiA information is included in Appendix VIII of this report.
The MAG was informed that all equipment specifications would be based on U. S. equipment, even though it is anticipated that some of
Kramer, I. A. 1971. "Agricultural Machinery - National Wheat Pro gram in Paraguay" Report of Short Term Assignment 4 Sept 71 - 7 Dec 71, RDO/ USAID/P. 24
the equipment will be supplied by either Brazilian or Argentinian man ufacturers.
2. SENASE Headquarters and Seed Analysis Laboratory Building - efficient operation of the SENASE's program will require close association between the head quarters offices and the seed testing laboratory. Because of its responsibilities in. seed law enforcement and for purposes of coordination with other Divisions of the MAG and GOP, it is most desirable to have these offices in Asuncion. On the other hand, to fulfill the SENASE's responsibilities in service testing, seed production, and marketing, it is desirable to locate these facilities at a place which is easily accessible to farmers, extension agents, SENASE field personmr.-, etc.
(a) Location: Consultations with the Director of the SENASE and con sideration of the various alternative locations led to the conclusion that the best location for these facilities would be on land under control of the MAG in San Lorenzo. This site received tentative approval-of the National Seed Advisory committee. This location will place the facili ties on the one paved highway leading into Asuncionacross the highway from the National Agricultural University, and approximately 15 lun from the MAG headquarters in downtown Asuncion. (b) Space Requirements for Office, Laboratory and Retail Sales: Six persons are located in the administrative offices of the SENASE: Di rector, Assistant Director, Chief Accountant, Chief Inspector and two secretaries. The office space presently assigned to this section (approximately 2 30 m ) allows only four of these persons to be seated for work simultaneously. The present seed testing laboratory is loca ted in a room with a floor space of approximately 12 m 2 and the etable seed retail 2 veg sales operation has 25 m in two rooms for its op erations. A total of four persons are assigned to the seed testing lab oratory and, during the peak sales season, three persons work in the sales store.
The space 2 allocation 100 m initially planned for the seed testing laboratory is substantially J'ss than desirable. Suggested space allot ment for the lab are shown on the preliminary engineering plans attached to this report. The volume of samples to be tested will in crease in direct proportion to the development of the total seed indus try, whether in the public or private sector. Because the AIAG has decreed that all seed offered for sale must be tested, it is obligated to maintain the facilities necessary to conduct the required tests. Additionally, any increase in commercial seed trade will result in an increase in the number of official enforcement samples submitted to this laboratory.
(c) Equipment for the Seed Testing Laboratory: An inventory of the equipment in the present laboratory is given as Appendix VI. Specific 25
recommendations for the additional equipment necessary for operation of the seed testing laboratory are included in Appendix VIII. With trained personnel and the equipment indicated, the productive capacity of the seed testing laboratory will be great enough to meet needs for the forseeable future.
3. Technical Assistance -uid In-Country Training - the agreement for sup port of technical assistance under the PIDAP included funds for two consultants: one for 12 months and one for 3 months.
The 12-month consultant's primary responsibilities will be, assist the SENASE in the development of a comprehensive seed program and training of in spectors. Thirty thousand dollars ($30, 000) were allocated to support this consul tant. It will be mandatory that this consultant be conversant in Spanish if he is to accomplish the goals envisioned.
The money allocated essentially precludes the employment of a quali fied U. S. technician unless one can be located who would serve at a salary lower than the prevailing rate, or additional funds are made available. The number of qualified Latin American Technicians is very small, and of those kmown to the author, most are in positions of great responsibility in the developing seed pro gram of their own country, and therefore, will be difficult to recruit.
At the request of the PIDAP program coordinator, this author made pre liminary contacts with two technically qualified Brazilians, on return trip through Brazil; neither of these men indicated an interest because of their responsibilities in Brazil's developing seed program. The names of other potential consultants will be supplied to the PIDAP Coordinator.
The primary responsibility of the 3-month consultant will be training SENASE personnel in the operation of the seed drying-processing facility. Funds for support of this consultant ($9, 000) are probably adequate in view of the shorter term of service. This consultant should also be conversant in Spanish, but of greater importance will be his laowledge of equipment and processing operations. This consultant should have pra2tical experience in drying, processing and ware housing of seed, and be thoroughly familiar with the equipment of the country in which most of the equipment is manufactured, i. e., Argentina, Brazil or the United States. Names of persons qualified for this consultantship will be provided the PIDAP Co6rdinator after the bids for the equipment have been awarded.
The 15 months of consultant services supported by the loan agreement are not sufficient to meet the needs of the program, therefore, the USAID/P at the request of the MAG, agreed to supplement the planned technical assistance by requesting AID/W to provide a series of short term consultants over the next 2 year period, to assist in design, installation, operational check out of the facilities, and with in-country training on those technical aspects of a seed program other than 26
that provided by the PIDAP consultants. A tentative time phased schedule of these consultant services is included in Appendix VII.
4. Out-of-Country Training - provision was made in the PIDAP for support of training of a limited number of key personnel outside Paraguay. As a result of discussions with officials of the MAG and the USAID/P, it was decided that the emphasis on training in inspection and certification techniques as specified in the technical assistance agreement of the loan should be revised to provide for train ing in a wider range of technical specialities. It was also agreed that the total of 64 man months support for training was hardly sufficient, but budgetary limitations prevented any expansion in programmed training at this time.
The specific recommendations for out-of-country training of Paraguayan technicians are included as part of Appendix VII. It is of importance that persons chosen for degree training be very carefully selected on the basis of their intelli gence, competence, experience, position and linquistic ability, and their desire and ability to teach and train others, rather than on basis of purely "research" aptitude. 27
APPENDIX I
Consultants Activities
18 May Arrive Assuncion - discussions with USAID/P-RDO personnel 19 May Preliminary meetings with MAG and SENASE personnel and general discuss ions of consultants' program. 20 May Discussions with SENASE personnel working in seed regulatory and seed certification programs. 22 May General discussions with Minister, Director of Agricultural Investigations, Secretary General, General Coordinator of MAG-PIDAP project. 23 May Meeting with Mission Director, RDO, and Program Officer. Discussion of SENASE's current program and meeting with MAG engineer. 24 May Continuation of discussions of SENASE's current program and visit to Para guari and Caacupe' (IAN). 25 May Accumulation of data to determine preferable site for location of facilities. 26 May Summarization of data on site location and determination of availability and cost of in-country construction materials. 27 May Preparation of preliminary flow diagrams and equipment needs. 29 May Meeting with SENASE advisory council to select general location of planned facilities. Discussions with SENASE director and MAC Engireer on equip ment needs. 30 May Gathering additional data on local availability of materials and supplies, current seed production and future needs. Meeting with Ministry Coordina tor and others to discuss tentative program for training and technical assist ance. 31 May Meeting with Mission officials to discuss training and technical assistance gaps and needs. Visit prospective processing unit location at San Juan Bautista. 1 June Meeting with Minister and officials of Itapua, Department in Encarnacion. Visit to prospective processing unit location at San Igancio. 28
2 & 3 June Review of information and tentative program outline with Mission program officer, and others. Detailed review of information and plans with MAG personnel. 4 June Travel to Brazil 5 June (Brazilia) Meet with MSU contract team to discuss both the training and facilities needed for implementation of the proposed seed program in Paraguay. 6 June Consultant and MSU Brazil contract team meet with Brazilian seed officials to gain concurrence and approval for training of Paraguayan technicions. 7 June Acc'mulation of specification, price and performance evaluation on labora tory, drying, processing and handling equipment manufactured by Brazilian manufacturers. 29
APPENDIX II
Persons Contacted Officially
I. Ministry of Agriculture and Related Organizations
Name Position
Hernando Bertoni Minister Nelson de Barros General Coordinator PIDAP Luis Pampliega Director General Luis A. Alvarez Director of Agricultural Investigation Cirilo G. Centurion Acting Director, Dept. of Crop & Forestry Research Luis A. Torres Bogado Technical Director, Dept. of Cotton & To acco C. Romero Inspections Director, Regional Agricultural Education Center Carlos Espatuza Engineer, Engineering & Construction Section Raul Torres Segoria Wheat Breeder, National Agronomic Inst. Rosario Chamorro Benitez Vice-Director, Agri. Dept. National Devel opment Bank
II. National Seed Service - MAG
C. Ramon Artecona Director Jose Maricevick Chief, Technical Division Sra. Rundy Monges Chief, Analysis Division Domingo R. Molinas Chief, Promotion Division Virgilio C. Spezini Technical Secretary (Accountant) Juan A. Filipi Technical Inspector Milciades R. Artecona Laboratory Assistant Victor Artecona Interpreter
III. USAID/P
John Oleson Mission Director Sanford X1ite Rural Development Officer C. V. Plath Team Leader USDA/PASA John Weatherall Program Officer W. P. Schoux Asst. Program Officer D. B. Barrigan Controller Richard Magleby USDA/PASA Marketing Specialist Charles Gay C. 0. P. New Mexico State Univ. Contract a0
APPENDIX III
Application for Production of Certified Seed
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock National Seed Service
Inscription request No.
Asuncion, of of 197
Director National Seed Service
I, Mr. , producer of having Has. of land, located in the Departmento of District of region of _request that you register me in the Official Registrar of Certified Seed Producors for the produc tion of Has. of the variety_ I agree to comply with the established articles of the Rules of Certification and the recommendations of the technicians of the National Seed Service.
Producors signature
Date Registration No.
for SENASE
Prerequisites for Producers of Certified Seed
1. The basic prerequisites that certified seed producers must meet are as fol lows:
(a) To be of high moral character (b) To know the essential practices for the production of seed and agree to comply with the established rules and regulations. (c) To have adequate storage for handling different catagories of seed. (d) To possessthe equipment necessary to plant, harvest and handle (the seed) with efficiency. (e) To make all the facilities available to inspection by authorized inspectors of the SENASE (f) Not to sell the seed produced before final certification has been completed.
2. Any omission, poor work, negligence or breaking of the regulations or other action that affects the merit of certified seed will be sufficient cause to ex clude the name of the seed grower from the official register and retraction of the authorization to produce certified seed. 31
APPENDIX IV
Conditional Receipt and Quality Standards for Fisicalized Class Seed
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
National Seed Service
Asuncion, 1972
Conditional Receipt No.
We received at our warehouse at Km 5 the quantity of kilop of soybean seed of the variety owned by Mr.
_with final acceptance being subject to the seed meeting the analysis below.
Moisture content 13%
Germination 80%
Purity 95%
Broken and heat damaged seed 7%
Common cowpeas 1%
Weed Seed 10%
Notice: Soybean seed will be received that contain up to 10% weed seed and up to
7% broken or heat damaged seed. Both these factors will be deducted
from the total weight in proportion to the % determined by the analysis.
Beceived by 32
APPENDIX V
Weed Seed Contaminants in the Principal Crop Seeds of Paraguay
Scientific Name Common Name (Paraguay) Common Name (U.S.)
1. Vernorria chamaedrys typycha moroti iron weed 2. Aechrned polystachya caraguata y none 3. Senecio balanse agosto poty rogwort, fleabane 4. Cenchrus echinstus kaapiiaty sand bur 5. Chloris polydactyla kaa pi-i aty windmill grass 6. Phytolacca decandra kaa ruru guazil pokeweed 7. Talinum racemosum kaa rurukyra flameflower 8. Boerhaavia paniculata kaa ruru pe spiderling 9. Concolvulus spp. isypoi field bindweed hedge bindweed 10. Sida cordifolia malva blanca sida 11. Solanum sisymbriifolium nuati pyta (espina colorada) night shade 12. Sida acuta typycha hu sida 13. Croton sparsiflours typynha ne croton 14. Cassia spp. taperyva coffee weed 15. Raphanus spp. rabano silvestre wild radish 16. Brassica spp. mostaza wild mustard 17. Sorghum halepense sorgo alepo Johnson grass 18. Portulaca spp. verdolaga purslane 19. Talinum spp. verdolaga flameflower 20. Sagittaria spp. achira arrowhead swamp potato 21. Bidens pilosa caa pi i una tick seed 22. Acanthospermum spp. toro rati none 23. Acicarpha tribuloides toro rati none 24. Leonotis nepetifolia toro rati none 25. Digitaria sanguinalis pasto de cuaresma crab grass 26. Allium vineale or canadens wild garlic wild onion
Sourse: LAS-SENASE 33
APPENDIX VI Inventory of Equipment - SENASE Seed Analysis Laboratory Item Number Comments 1. Moisture tester-Steinlite 1 2. Moisture tester-Motomco model 919 1
3. Moisture tester-Universal portable 1 broken 4. Electric oven w thermoregulator 1 5. Electric oven-Ottohess 1 incomplete 6. Diaphanoscope 1 7. Germinator Burrows Model 1000A 1 On loan from University 8. Germinator Burrows Model 1880 1 Broken 9. Torsion balance DWL 2-1 1 10. Divider, Boerner 1 11. Divider, Garnet ll0v 1 12. Weight/hectoliter tester 1 13. Fluorescent lamp, desk type w magifier 1 14. Hand lens, Burrows model 1824 2 15. Flash-o-lens, Burrows model 1811 1 34
APPENDIX VII
TIME FRAMED SCHEDULE FOR FACILITIES, CONSULTANTS AND TRAINING
Seed Project - Agricultural Technification - PIDAP
Sources of Funds: MAG-PIDAP; USATD/P
Approx. Date Action Agency Action 1972
May-June USAID/P-MSU Consultant-Seed Program Development MAG-PIDAP 3 weeks. (a) Survey present status of overall seed program; (b) gather informa tion and requirements for construction, equipping and installing seed processing unit and seed testing laboratory; (c) make recommendations for improvement of present seed program, facilities to be completed under the PIDAP and training needs. July-Sept MSU/USAID Develop and supply to MAG the prelim inary engineering drawings and equip ment specifications for the seed pro cessing unit and seed testing labora tory (work to be completed at MSU and sent to USAID/P). October MAG/PIDAP MAG Engineering Section to preparr the detailed construction plans and building specifications. (One com plete set of blueprints and specifi cations to be supplied to MSU through USAID/P). November MAG-PIDAP Solicitation of bids on buildings and equipment for seed facilities. December MAG-PIDAP Award bids on building contract and equipment.
I/ /Actual date is dependent upon date of completion of the action indicated in the previous date, i. e., October-MAG-PIDAP cannot prepare construction plans until July-September - MSU supplies the preliminary drawings, etc. 35
Approx. Date Action Agency Action
USAID/P-MSU Consultant-Seed Equipment Engineer 28 days. To assist MAG-PIDAP (a) in evalu.tion of technical specifica tions of equipment bids, (b) to revise equipment installation plans to fit equipment to be supplied (c) to assist in preparation of specifications for installation of equipment.
1973
January MAG-PIDAP Start construction on facilities with priority on seed processing facility. (Estimated time for completion of buildings - 6 months) March MAG-PIDAP Solicit bids for equipment installation at seed processing unit. April MAG-PIDAP (1) Award contract for equipment in stallation. (2) Arrival of PIDAP 12 month technical assistance consul tant. 2/ June MAG-PIDAP Completion date of building contract.
2/ /Actual date of arrival could be as early as January or as late as June, 1973. This consultant's responsibilities are not directly related to the construction of the facilities, although, he will assist in coordination since it Is a part of the total seed program. 36
Approx. Date Agency Action
July MAG-PIDAP Contractor for installation of equip ment, initiate construction of raachi nery bases, bins, electrical installa tion.
USAID/P-MSU Consultant-Seed Equipment Installa tion 4-6 weeks. (This consultant should be requested only when all of the major equipment items have been received in Paraguay.) (a) to assist both the MAG and Installation Con tractor to assure proper installation and operation of all equipment. (b) To test run all equipment and assist in making necessary repairs or alter ations.
July-August MAG-PIDAP Arrival of PIDAP 3-month Seed Pro cessing consultant. (This consultant should arrive approximately 2 weeks before the end of the USAID/P-MSU Seed Equipment Installation consultant's services. (see above)
August MAG-PIDAP Initiation of training and full-scale op eration of seed processing facility. October MAG-PIDAP Termination of PIDAP 3-month Seed Processing consultant's contract.
1974
March USAID/P-MSU Consultant's (2) Senior Seed Technolo gists 30 days each. Terms of refer ence (a) assist in prescntation of basic seed technology training course of approximately 15 days duration (b) assist PIDAP 12-month consultant in evaluation of progress and make recommendations concerning future needs of seed program. 37
Out-Of-Country Training
I. Degree Training
A. One Eng. Agron. To Mississippi State University to earn M.S. in Agronomy-Seed Technology, August '73 - July '75. Training empha sis on seed processing, drying, handling and seed program develop ment. Estimated cost: U. S. $13, 000 plus language training and de pendent support, if married.
Contact: Dr. H. D. Bunch Director of International Programs Drawer NZ Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 USA
B. One Eng. Agron. to Escola Superior de Agriculture Luis Queiroz (ESALQ) to earn M.S. in Fitotechnia-Technologia de Sementes, February 1973 - December,1974. Training emphasis on seed pro duction and analysis. Estimated cost, U.S. $12, 000 plus dependent support, if married.
Contact: Dr. Francisco Toledo Laboratorio de Sementes ESALQ Piracicaba, S.P., Brasil
II. Short Term Training
A. Seed production, multiplication and certification
1. Trainees to learn the techniques and gain practical experience in methods of field inspection, varietal identification, maintenance of records, and operations of foundation seed and certification programs. Estimated cost, U.S. $1,800 each traine.
2. One technician - February, 1973 - April, 1973 One Technician - August, 1973 - October, 1973
3. Contacts. 3/
3/ -All contacts for training to be received in Brasil should be coordinated through Dr. Celso Freitas de Souza, Coordinator de AGIPLAN, Ministerio da Agriculture, 50 Andar, Brasilia DF, Brasil. 38
(a) Director (b) President I. P. E.A.S. CEST/R. S. Pelotas, RGS, Brasil. Rua dos Andradas 1234 80 Andar/Sala 805 90. 000 Porto Alegre, RGS, Brasil
(c) Director Estacion Experirmental do IPEAS Passo Fundo, RGS, Brasil
B. Seed processing, drying and handling
1. Trainees to learn, through practical experience, proper techniques for drying, processing and handling of seed, maintenance and opera tion of equipment and use of records for inventory control. Esti mated cost U.S. $1,500 each trainee.
2. One Technician: January - March, 1973 One Technician: July - September, 1973
3. Contacts.3/
(a) Director (b) Director IPEAS INIAP Pelotas, RGS, Brasil Casilla 2600 Quito, Ecuador
(c) Jefe
Programa de Maiz Universidad Nacional Agraria LaMolina, Peru
C. Seed Quality Evaluation and Inspection
1. Trainees to receive training in techniques for evaluation of seed quality, development of quality control programs and fisicalization of seed.
2. One Technician: January - February, 1973 One Technician: May-June, 1973
3. Contacts. -/ 39
(b) Director (a) Director Centro de Investigaclones IPEAS Agricolas Pelotas RGS Brasil Iiabortorlo de Analysis de Semillas La Estanzuela, Urugary
(c) Dr. Oswaldo Bacchi C/o Compinas Institute of Agronomy Campinas, S. P., Brasil
D. Seed Promotion and Marketing
1. Trainee to receive training in effective methods of promoting utili zation of good seed effective distribution and marketing systems for wheat, soybeans, and rice seed
2. One Technician: August - October, 1973 One Technician: August - October, 1974
3. Contacts.
(a) Presidente (b) Director FECOTRIGO Departmento de Semillas Rua dos Andradus 1234 Caja Agraria 0 8 Andar/Sala 804 Calle 15 No 8-32 of 11-02 90. 000 Porto Alegre, R. S. Bogota, Colombia Brasil APPENDIX VIII
General Observations and Assumptions for the Paraguay (PIDAP) Seed Processing and Testing Facilities Including Manufactured Equipment, Its Function and Estimated Cost Specifications for Equipment Items Trade Name Index
I. General Observations
The MAG has embarked on a limited but needed program to improve the quality of seed available to Paraguay's farmers. Among the more pressing needs to resolve the multitude of problems in supplying high quality seed are modern facilities to receive, dry, clean, warehouse mid evaluate seed. These needs will be partially resolved with the construction of the facilities described herein.
The efficient and effective handling of seed in Paraguay will not be without problems considering the several seed dnds involved, volumes anticipated, ad verse climatic conditions, and limited number and experience of operational per sonnel. Fortunately, administrative personnel of the MAG seem to have an ex cellent understanding of the multitude of problems that will be encountered and a sincere desire to make progress without expecting miracles. Continued advisory assistance from qualified teclmical personnel will be needed for the next several years if the seed project is to succeed.
The omission of funds necessary for equipment installation required some compromise in the design and equipment recommended for the processing unit. This was done tobe reasonably sure that "installation funds", or at least part of them, would be available from the allocated "building and equipment purchase funds." These compromises will not materially decrease the effectiveness of the processing unit. The funds allocated for equipment and installation of the Seed Testing Laboratory are believed to be sufficient.
We do not concur in the general opinion of some MAG personnel that spat ial provisions for future expansion of the processing unit should be a major con sideration in its design. Experience in other countries with similar develop mental problems has shown that when production and marketing areas are scat tered, as is the case in Paraguay, strategically located additional facilities are preferable to expansion of one central unit. 41
II. General Considerations and Assumptions Seed Drying, Processing and Storage Facilities
In development of the attached preliminary engineering plans, careful con sideration was given to the climatic conditions, level cf experience of the poten tial operators, anticipated changes in handling of seed as the result of having modern facilities, and possible shifts in the volume of different seed dnds to be processed.
The major problem in processing and handling of all seed kinds is high seed moisture. As a result of high relative humidities in the areas of major crop pro duction, almost all seed are harvested at moisture contents above those known to be favorable for maintenance of seed viability. This problem is particularly acute in wheat, which is harvested during the "rainy" season, but also affects soybean, rice, maize and covpea seed.
The installation and proper operation of the seed drying facility as part of the processing unit will result in (a) bulk handling of seed at harvest time, (b) shorter but more intensive periods for reception of seed, (c) greater operational efficiency for the seed growers, and (d) a significant increase in the average via bility of the seed marketed. The efficiency of operation of the drying unit will to a large extent determine the real progress that is made in improving overall seed quality in Paraguay.
As mechanical (combine) harvesting and planting increase, seed cleaning and grading operations will become increasingly important. Mech-nicaliy har vested seed usually contain more inert material and weed seed which increase the need for drying and cleaning as soon as possible after harvest. Additionally, efficient operation of mechanical planters requires seed which flow uniformly through the planter. The improvement in visual appearance of cleaned seed will also assist in promoting farmer acceptance of and payment for higher quality seed.
For purposes of designing the processing facility, the following assumptions were made:
Wheat
1. Wheat will continue to be a major crop processed, although its relative importance in terms of processing volume will decrease from 99% in 1972 to 60% by 1975. (6,000 m. t./year).
2. Harvesting period will continue to be about 100 days (October-January) but the haresting peak will shift toward November.
3. Approximately 60% of the seed received will require drying from 16-18% to a 12% moisture content. 42
4. Wheat must be processed within a period of 80 working days.
5. Number of varieties required will not exceed 5 in any one season.
6. Maximum one-day receiving rate will be 60 tons with a processing rate of 40 tons per day.
7. Only about 10% of the wheat seed will require processing beyond the air screen cleaning and seed treatment.
8. About 25% of the seed will be treated as it is processed with the balance to be treated during the minimal processing period (January-March) be fore the soybean processing season.
9. All seed will be packaged in 50 kg. cotton sacks and machine closed.
Soybeans
1. Soybeans will increase rapidly in volume up to a level of 3, 500 m. t. per year (35% of total seed supply by 1975).
2. The peak period for processing soybeans will be April-May.
3. The harvest and receiving period will continue to peak during the period (March-May). Soybeans not delivered during the harvest season will be dried by the producer and delivered as they can be processed in May- June.
4. Approximately 95% of the soybeans will require drying. Moisture con tent of soybeans should be reduced from about 16% to 10-11% to main tain reasonable viability over the seven month storage period between harvest and planting.
5. Seed will be packaged in 50 kg. cotton sacks and machine closed.
Rice
1. Rice will continue to be needed at the present level of 1000 m. t. per year.
2. No significant change in harvest period (May-June) or planting season (October-December).
3. Approximately 80% of the rice seed will require drying from 18-20% to 13%.
4. A minimum of 250 m. t. of rice will need to be width graded to remove red rice, bvt cross broken rice will not exceed the present 2% level. 43
5. Rice seed will be returned from processing to storage in the region of production (Coronel Oviedo) as rapidly as it is processed (approxi mately 20 m.t. per day.). 6. About 25% of the seed will be treated with a fv.lgicide at the time it is processed.
7. All seed will be packaged in 50 kg. cotton sacks and machine closed.
Maize
1. The volume of maize to be processed will remain at 200-250 m. t. per year.
2. Maize seed producers will continue to "nub" and shell the seed prior to delivery.
3. The principal processing period will be March-May with all maize seed requiring drying from an average of 18% to 13% moisture content.
4. Two size grades of flat kernels (medium flat and large fiat) are desir able.
5. Insect and disease damaged seed will not exceed the present average level of approximately 2-7% per lot.
6. All maize seed will be treated and packaged in machine closed in 50 kg. cotton sacks.
Other Crops
The volume of cowpea, grass, and legume seed will total less than 200 m. t. per year, and can be processed in conjunction with other crop species except during the peak processing periods for wheat and soybeans.
The complete processing installation, including the plant manager's house and access and service roadways, will occupy an area of approximately 2 hec tares. The complete processing facility is divided into four operational sections, i.e., receiving, drying, processing and storage described as follows: (See blue prints No. 1 - 7.).
A. Receiving: This area includes the offices, weighing scales and receiv ing dump pit which occupy a space of 190 N12 not including the scales. The sequence of events for receiving is as follows: each truck will be weighed and a represenative sample of each load drawn for moisture determination. A reference sample of each truck load of seed should 44
be maintained until the seed are accepted by SENASE or returned to the grower. All bulk and bagged seed that require drying will be directed to the receiving dump pit area (Print No. 3). Loads of bagged seed not requiring drying will be directed to the receiving area of the proces sing unit (Print No. 5). Bulk handling of incoming seed will add signif icantly to the efficiency and volume of seed that can be handled and will permit direct delivery of seed from the harvest field to the processing plant, thereby, reducing the grower's costs.
B. Drying and Temporary Storage: The seed drying unit (Print No. 3) con sists of eight-3 X 4 11i z batch drying bins to be constructed from locally available materials except for receiving and conveying equipment and perforated metal flooring, which will have to be imported.
To economize on equipment costs and maintain maximum flexibility, only one fan unit and one heater unit is indicated for each two drying bins. The use of multiple fan and heating units rather than a single heater and fan system will reduce total operational costs, permit con tinued operation in the event of a breakdown of a single unit and allow for more efficient drying of seed lots having different moisture con tents. However, this system will require better management and closer supervision than a single unit system.
The loaded capacity of each drying bin is about 12. 5 m. t. After the seed have been dried to the desired moisture, seed from other bins can be transferred to bring each bin to its maximum capacity of 25 m. t. for temporary storage. The volume of air flow and heating capacity is sufficient to dry seed loaded in all eight bins in a 36 hour period at a maximum drying air temperature of 43oC (110 0 F) and 55% rela tive humidity. Thus, during normal operations high moisture seed received one day will be ready for processing the next. Rhen it is necessary to dry small quantities of seed in bags, the bags may be placed directly on the drying floor in any bin. Seed that arrive in bags and do not require additional drying may be stored temporarily in the bagged seed storage area of the processing plant (Print No. 5). These seed theii may either be placed on pallets and moved with fork lift or stacked by hand. Space is available for temporary storage of approx imately 150 m. t. using pallets and 200 m. t. if the seed are hand stacked to a height of 3 meters. If desired, bulk seed can be unloaded directly into the elevator hopper serving either air-screen machine provided drive space is maintained through the bagged seed storage area. The total floor space assigned to drying and temporary storage 2 2 is 520 M of which 360 A1 are in the receiving-drying building and 160 M2 are in tie processing building.
C. Processing: The processing area occupies 440 Al2 including the 20 M2 shop area (Print No. 5). Bulk seed may be conveyed to the processing 45
area from the drying or dump pit area by the vibrating conveyor or taken directly to the receiving elevators. Bagged seed will normally be hand dumped into the receiving elevators of the desired machine. Two separate processing lines are included to allow the processing of two separate lots or seed of two kinds at the same time. Processing Line A (Prints No. 5 and 7) contain equipment capable of making the separation3 generally necessary for all of the major crop species in Paraguay except cotton. Separations based on differences in size, length, width, thickness, and specific weight (gravity) can be made with the equipment included. Processing Line B (Prints No. 5 and 6) con sists only of an air-screen cleaner, cylinder separator and a treater; therefore, seed lots having special separation requirements must be processed on Line A. It is anticipated that 90% of the wheat and soy beans and 50% of the rice can be properly cleaned by using only the air-screen and cylinder separator (Line B). Clean seed can be con veyed directly to the bagging bin, or if desired, to a treater and then the bagging bin in each processing line.
Maize seed should be processed on Line A. First, the air-screen cleaner removes the very large and small seed and the lighter, dis eased, immature or insect damaged seed. The "clean" seed from the air-screen machine are then conveyed to the width/thickness graders. The first of these machlnes will separate the rounded (thick) seed from the flat. The flat seed will pass directly to the second grader and be divided on the basis of width into the desired large-flat and medium flat size grades. Maize lots having signfificant quantities of weevil or disease damaged kernels can then be upgraded on the gravity table to remove the undesirable kernels before treating and/or bagging. Lots of cowpeas having more than I or 2% weevil damaged seed after being cleaned on the air-screen cleaner should be processed on Line A so the seed can be conveyed to the gravity table for removal of these damaged seed.
Based on the information received, approximately 50% of the lots of rice will contain red rice. Red rice can be removed from the long grain rice on the basis of a difference in seed width. All long grain rice contaminated with red rice must be processed on Line A to allow utilization of the two width/thickness graders, thereby, maintaining the capacity of the processingline. Red rice cannot be separated from short grain rice varieties on a physical basis. It is anticipated that fungicides will be applied to a small percentage of the seed at the time of processing, therefore, provision has been made for easy access to an elevator in each processing line where seed can be readily emptied from the bags, treated and then re-bagged. 46
Should it be necessary to further reduce equipment costs, one of the two treaters recommended can be eliminated. In this case, the single treater should be mounted on casters so that it may be moved to either processing line.
The shop area indicated as a specific need in the general guidelines of the PIDAP is located in the corner of the processing building. The shop will be used primarily for storage of tools, maintenance equip ment, and spare parts for all the machinery in the unit. Routine main tenance and most of the repairs are normally performed at the equip ment location in seed processing installations.
The PIDAP guidelines also indicated the need for a special room for fumigation. This room is specifically not included in the design for the following reasons: (a) as necessary seed can be fumigated in any one of the eight drying bins by sealing the doors and air inlet, (b) when in festation occurs after seed processing, the seed to be fumigated can be stacked hi the warehouse, covered with plastic sheet and fumigated, (c) seed lots kmown or suspected to be infested at the time they are pro cessed should be treated with a short-residualnon-toxic insecticide (malathion, etc.) as a part of the processing operation.
The problem of insect infestation can be greatly reduced by good plant sanitation, refusal to purchase for seed purposes badly infested lots, and proper drying. Seed producers who deliver insect infested seed can be easily identified and assistance given to aid them with an insect control program. Insect infestation is much less a problem even in tropical areas when the seed are clean and dry.
D. Warehouse Storage: The flat-warehouse storage facility at the proces sing location occupies a space of 1500 M2 (Print No. 2). To minimize construction costs, it is recommended that the warehouse be constructed with locally available materials using a conventional structural design. Special attention must be given to assure that drainage away from this building is sufficient to preclude flooding. A vapor barrier should be placed between the soil and the reinforced concrete floor. This ware house will have a normal capacity of 3000 m. t. of seed when pallets are used and all aisles are open. This capacity can be doubled by either stacking seed in the aisles or hand stacking 50% of the seed.
The second flat-storage warehouse recommended for Cornel Oviedo (Print No. 10) should include the same general construction features as the one described above. At the beginning tli' , warehouse will be used only as a collection and distribution center but the building should be built to facilitate handling seed with a forklift. It is possible that construction of this warehouse will have to be delayed if sufficient funds are not found elsewhere to install the equipment of the processing unit. 47
Ill. General Considerations and Assumptions Seed Testing Laboratory A suggested floor plan is shown for the entire ing SENASE headquarters build (Prints No. 8 and 9). The single story building shown has 400 M2 floor space and should be constructed with locally available materials using conventional architectical design. The 2 allocation of 110 M space for the retail sales and 126 M for administration and services was based on apparent need and should be altered as needed by MAG personnel who have made a more detailed study of the space needs. Detailed drawings are applicable to the seed testing laboratory only (Print No. 9). The primary considerations involved in the suggestions ing for the seed test laboratory were its proximity to the SENASE headquarters and increasing the overall operational efficiency of the services performed. The primary need of additional space will be resolved byconstruction of the new facility. The space provided and the supplemental equipment listed (Items 49 - 65, Specifications for Equipment Items) will give the laboratory the capacity to analyze as many as 15, 000 samples per year, the number being primarily dependent upon the number of analysts employed and trained.
It was assumed that the preponderance of samples will continue to be wheat, soybeans, maize, rice and similar large seeded species. Therefore, each ana lystin addition to the three persons presently assigned, should add about 3-4000 samples per year to the productive capacity of the laboratory. The layout suggested has laboratory space for 6 persons (chief analyst, clerk, and two purity analysts two germination analysts). Two additional analysts could effectively work in the space provided should the need arise in future years. The overall space required for laboratory operations is 2 divided into 160 M and is sub the following 'work areas: reception 2 and records (16 M ), purity and germination work (96 1i\), storage and equipment (20 M2), dry sample storage 2 (12 M ), germination room (12 M2 ).
A. Reception and Records - This room will serve as the office for the lab oratory. All samples received will be classified and signed-in and the records of results of all samples tested will be maintained in this area. B. Purity and Germination Work Areas - This area is the primary work area for purity analysis md germination. Additionally, any special tests such as moisture testing, weight per hectoliter determinations, etc. may be performed in the room. A source of water and drainage is necessary for germination testing, but all other equipment and work tables in the area may be movable furniture. Electrical outlets should be located along each side wall at no more than two meter intervals. 48
C. Dry Room - This room is for use as storage for the samples which need to be maintained after the initial tests. Painting the ceiling, walls and floors with 3 coats vapor proof asphalt base paint will sufficiently re tard moisture vapor migration to allow the small self contained dehu midification unit to maintain the relative humidity near 40%. It is de sirable but not mandatory that this room have a floor drain for water.
D. Germination Room - Experience in many developing countries has shown that self-contained, automatic, alternating temperature germina tors are extremely difficult to maintain in an operable condition. Con struction of the germination room as shown in the attached drawings and use of a locally available refrigeration unit to maintain a room temperature of 120 - 15 0 C will allow the use of manually operated heat unit type germinator. These germinators are much less expensive and require a minimum of maintenance. Space in the room is sufficient to house twelve 10 tray "germinators" of this type specified.
E. Storage Room -- This room is for general storage of such items as germination toweling, chemicals, and similar materials.
F. Equipment Room - This room will house the compressor for the refrig eration unit and, therefore, must be well ventilated. Additionally, it will serve as a general storage room for the entire building, housing such items as cleaning supplies, brooms, etc.
IV. Equipment
Those items of equipment necessary for operation of the processing unit and seed testing laboratory are given in the attached list of "Manufactured Equipment, Its Function and Estimated Cost. " The equipment costs, based on U. S. manufacturers prices as ofSeptember, 1972, are estimated at $82, '177 f. o. b. the manufacturer's plant. The cost of crating and shipping the equipment to the nearest U. S. port of em barkation is estimated at 20% of the equipment cost ($16, 495). Transportation from the U. S. to Asuncion via ocean and river freight will cost approximately 30% of the base cost of the equipment ($24, 743). Thus, the total estimated cost for equipment, ifpurchased in the U.S. md shipped to Asuncion, is $123,715.
In general, the cost of similar equipment manufactured in other countries is equal to or higher than that of U. S. manufacturers, however, when comparable items can be purchased from sources in countries near Paraguay considerable savings can be made on the freight costs. Reference is made to known suppliers of each equipment item in the attached list of "Specifications for Equipment Items, " and the "Trade Name Index."
Assuming that the estimated cost of equipment is reasonably accurate at $123, 715, approximately $28, 000 of the funds originally allocated for equipment 49
will be available for equipment installation. We do not have any estimates on the costs for the fabrication of the holding bins, equipment and holding bin support bases or installation of the equipment, electrical wiring and controls, etc. How ever, the estimated cost of the materials - electrical supplies, lumber, steel, paint, insulation, etc., not part of the buildings - which are available in Paraguay (Asuncion) is $13, 143. It will be necessary for the MAG to contact one or more local contractors to obtain an estimate for assembly and installation of the equip ment, fabrication and installation of the bin support bases and dust collectors, installation of the various electrical controls, switches and lighting, and instal lation of the spouting and bracing. Based on our previous experience, assembly and installation will cost approximately 30% of the base equipment cost or about $25, 000 but this varies widely due to differences in labor costs.
The installation costs for the seed testing laboratory will be no greater than for a usual building having water and drains except for the insulation to be applied inside the germination room. Because of the high humidity which will occur in side this room the interior surface must be covered with a plaster or similar water resistant surface and painted with a water resistant paint.
Based on the costs of building construction supplied by the MAG, the X 29, 360, 000 ($234, 000) allocated should be sufficient to construct all bx;wdings even with the addition of the drying facility not foreseen in the original estimates. Any flds remaining from building construction presumably can be used to defray installation costs.
Equipment specifications have been written to comply with the general terms of the PIDAP loan agreement and the specifications for each manufacturer item are given in the list "Specifications for Equipment Items. " References to specific manufacturers are included as a guide for selection of specific models of the equip ment listed. The eguipment listed has been carefully matched for capacity, per formance, location of discharge and overall dimensions: therefore, any appreci able varialion in the equipment supplied from the siecifications might necessitate different flow patterns and desi(n. It is imperative that all companies who bid on the equipment items to be installed supply a complete set of physical and elec trical specifications and installation plans with their bid.
The design drawings subnitled to USAID/P are not construction drawings. It will be necessary for the AIAG to develop the construction drawigs for the buildings but these should be based on the designl drawings we have prepared. The specific electrical needs can only be determined after the equipment bids have been awarded and the requirements for each machine are Iaown.
The preparation of the bid solicitations awards must be done by MAG-PIDAP personnel; however, the services of MSU, subject to approval of AJD/W, will con tinue to be available to USAID/P to advise the MAG in preparation and evaluation of the bids and to assist in the proper installation of the equipment. 50
MANUFACTURED EQUIPMENT, ITS FUNCTION AND ESTIMATED COST (FOB
U.S. Manufacturers).
Item No. Description and Function
1 Motor truck scales - 25 ton capacity, for weighing vehicles which deliver seed. Est. cost $2,500
2 Receiving dump pit - allows for rapid unloading of bulk seed in truck load lots. Self cleaning vibrating conveyor doubles pit capac ity at minimum pit depth. Delivers seed to Item 3. Est. cost $1, 120
3 Elevator assembly - 30 ton per hour capacity, 41 ft. discharge height. Elevator used to convey seed from the dump pit to the dis tribution conveyor (Item 4) to either of the adjacent drying bins. (Bins 1 & 2) or the vibrating conveyor (Item 8) for conveying directly to the processing plant. Est. cost $2,340
4 Drag conveyor - 30 ton per hour capacity, approximat ly 49 ft. in length, reversible with four discharge openings. Conveys seed from Item 3 to any of the eight drying bins or conveys seed delivered from Item 9 to any of the drying bins. Est. cost $2,900
5 Utility augers - 6 in. diameter approximately 71 ft. in length. Augers to be used to convey seed from center of the drying bins to the transport conveyors, Item 7 or Item 8. Est. cost $150 ea. Two needed = $300
6 Perforated flooring - approximately 17. 5 sq. mt. pcx drying bin. Special flooring needed to assure proper air distribution and weight holding capacity. Est. Cost $9. 00/sq. meter 140 sq. meters needed = $1, 260
7 Belt conveyor - portable, with capacity of 10 m.t. per hour at 100 incline. To convey seed from drying bins 2, 4, 6, 8 to vi
* Item numbers 1-26, 30-35, and 49-58 arc shown on attached blueprints. 51 Item No. Description and Function
brating conveyor (Item 8). Est. cost $280
8 Vibrating conveyor - capacity of 10 m. t. per hour, overall length approximately 57 feet. Receive seed from Item 3, drying bins 1, 3, 5, 7 or Item 7 and convey them to either Item 9 or Item 13. Est. cost $4, 100
9 Elevator assembly - 5m. t. per hour capacity, discharge height 35 ft. Elevator to receive seed from conveyor (Item 8) or hand-dumped, bagged seed for distribution through drag conveyor (Item 4) to any drying bin. Primary use to be for combining seed lots after drying to maximize drying bin storage capacity and in "turning,, seed to maintain its condition. Est. cost $1,310
10 Heater unit - portable, 250, 000 B. T. U. class heater. Heat supply for heated-air drying to be mjved, as required, by one man, adjacent to fan unit (Item 12). Est. cost $500 Two needed = $1000 11 Heater unit - portable, 170, 000 B. T. U. class heater. Heat supply for heated-air drying to be moved, as required, by one man, adjacent to fan units (Item 12) Est. cost $400 Two needed = $800 12 Fan unit capacity of 10, 600 cfm at 3 inches static pressure. In combination with Items 10orl, each fan will furnish air for drying two drying bins. Mien relative humidity permits, dryig fan can be operated without heating unit. Est. cost $730 Four needed = $2, 920 13 Vibrating conveyor - capacity 10 i. t. per hour, overall length approximately 49 feet. Convey seed from the drying unit to either elevator (Item 14 or Item 30) servicing an air-screen cleaner. Est. cost $3, 650
Item 14 first item ofProcessing Line A 14 Elevator assembly - 5 ni. t. per hour capacity, discharge height 31 fcet. Elevating seed received from conveyor (Item 13) or hand dumped to the surge bin above the air-screen cleaner (Item 15). Est. cost $1,040
15 Air-screen cleaner - 3 to 3. 5m.t. per hour capacity for cleaning seed 52
Item No. Description and Function
(flow, one seed in depth, over the end of the upper grading screen) Used to separate particles differing significantly from the crop seed in width or thickness. Particles significantly lighter in specific weight than the crop seed are removed by the air system. Used for all crop seed. Clean seed discharged into elevator (Item 16). Est. cost $5,620
16 Elevator assembly 5 m. t. perhour capacity, discharge height 25 feet. Receives clean seed from air-screen machine (Item 15) and delivers them to one of the following: holding bin above the pre cision grader (Item 21) holding bin above the indented cylinder sep arator (Item 17) or to overhead clean-seed conveyor (Item 18). Est. cost $1, 110
17 Idented cylinder separator - capacity variable 1-3 m. t. per hour. Used to separate seed differing in length, capacity depends upon both the amount of difference in length and % of material to be re moved (lifted). Primary use will be to remove broken grains and short weed seed from wheat and rice can also be used to length grade corn. Delivers seed to elevator (Item 19). Est. cost $1,420
18 Vibrating conveyor - 3 m. t. per hour capacity overall length approx imately 25 ft. with three intermediate discharge gates. Receives seed from elevators (Items 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26 and delivers them to holding bins above the gravity table (Item 24) treater (Item 27) or bagger (Item 28). Est. cost $1, 950
19 Elevator assembly - 2 D. t. perhour capacity, discharge height 23 ft. Receives seed from cylinder separator and delivers them to overhead conveyor (Item 18) or holding bin above width/thictness grader (Item 21) or holding bin above gravity table (Item 24). Est. cost $720
20 Elevator assembly - 2 in. t. per hour capacity, discharge height 26 ft. Receives seed from width/thickness grader (Item 22) when used for corn grading and width/thickness grader (Item 21) when sep arating rice and red rice. Delivers seed to overhead conveyor (Item 18) or holding bin over gravity table (Item 24). Est. cost $820 53
Item No. Description and Function
21 Width/Thickness grader - capacity variable depending upon % sep aration and precision required. When size grading corn this ma chine will be used to separate round and flat kernels with flat kernels delivered to width/thickness grad r (Item 22) located di rectly below. When separating long grain rice from red rice, long grain rice will be delivered to the elevator (Item 20). Est. cost $2,560
22 Width/Thickness grader - capacity variable depending upon % sep aration and precision required. Receives seed from upper width/ thickness grader (Item 21). Mounted on wheels, location dependent upon separation being made. Positioned directly under Item 21 when grading corn it will deliver smaller seed to elevator (Item 20) and larger seed to elevator (Item 23). When separating long grain rice from red rice, the grader is moved to the alternate position, large seed discharge from Item 21 directly above feed intake of this grader. hi this position the smaller seed are dis charged into elevator (Item 28) and the larger seed (red rice) are bagged. Est. cost $2, 650
23 Elevator assembly - 2 m. t. perhour capacity, discharge height 26 ft. Receives seed from precision grader (Item 22) and conveys them to either bin above the gravity table (Item 24) or overhead conveyor (Item 18). Est. cost $820
24 Gravity table - 3. 5 in. t. per hour for medium and large size seed. Receives seed from either of the two holding bins located above the feed end. Separates clean seed differing in specific weight i. e., insect and disease damaged seed from good seed or soil particles from cowpeas or soybeans. Clean seed delivered to elevator (Item 35) undesirable products bagged off. Est. cost $2, 990
25 Elevator assembly - 5 m. t. perhour capacity, discharge height 29 ft. Receives seed from gravity table (Item 24) or when processed seed are brought from warehouse storage for chemical treatment, this elevator should be used as the receiving elevator. The seed discharged from this elevator are delivered to the overhead con veyor (Item 18) or to the holding bin above the treater (Item 27). Est. cost $750 54
Item No. Description and Function
26 Elevator assembly - 5 m. t. per hour capacity, discharge height 19 ft. receives seed from the treater (Item 27) and delivers them to the holding bin above bagger (Item 28). Est. cost $750
27 Seed Treater - 9m. t. per hour capacity, for application of either slurry or liquid seed treatment materials. Seed are received from holding bin and are discharged into elevator (Item 26). Est. cost $1,050
28 Bagging Scale - semi-automatic, mechanical operation. Attached to the bottom of the bagging bin. Automatic shut-off valve permits bag filling up to approximately 63 Kgs. (140 lbs). Est. cost $700
29 Bag closer - hand portable, single thread, for closing cotton, paper, or closely woven jute bags. For ease of operation aid to prevent damage to the machine should be suspended from the bagging bin frame. Est. cost $410
Item 29 last item in processing Line A
Item 30 first item in processing Line B
30 Elevator assembly - 5m. t. perhour capacity, discharge height 31 ft. Elevates seed received from conveyor (Item 13) or hand-dumped from temporary storage areas to the holding bin above air-screen cleaner (Item 31) Est. cost$1,020
31 Air-screen cleaner - 3 to 3. 5m.t. per hour capacity for general seed cleaning (ref. Item 15) used for all crops. Clean seed dis charged to elevator (Item 32). Est. cost $5, 620
32 Elevator assem-bly - 5m. t. per hour capacity, discharge height 25 mt. Receives seed from air-screen cleaner (Item 31) and discharges them into one of the following: holding bin above the indented cy linder separator (Item 33); holding bin above the treater (Item 36) or holding bin above the bagger (Item 37). Est. cost $1090 55
Item No. Description and Function 33 Indented cylinder separator - capacity variable, ref.r to Item 17. Delivers clean seed to elevator (Item 34). Est. cost $1,420 34 Elevator assembly - 5m. t. perhour capacity discharge height 26 ft. Receives clean seed from cylinder separator (Item 33) and de livers them to either holding bin above the treater (Item 36) or to holding bin above the bagging scale (Item 37). Est. cost $1020
35 Elevator assembly - 5 m. t. per hour capacity, discharge height 23 ft. Receives seed from seed treater (Item 36) and delivers them to holding bins above bagging scale (Item 37). Est. cost $810 36 Seed Treater - 9 m. t. per hour capacity, function the same as Item 27. Delivers seed to elevator (Item 35). (This item is optional be cause item 27 will be mounted on wheels and can be placed under the holding bin when seed being processed on Line A are not to be treated). E'3t. cost $1050 37 Bagging scale - semi automatic, mechanical operation. Attached to the bottom of the bagging bin. Function the same as Item 28. Est. cost $700
38 Bag closer - hand portable, specifications and function the same as item 37. Est. cost $410
Item 38 end of Processing Line B. Non-installed equipment for use at seed processing facility (Not shown on drawings) 39 Portable scales - used to weigh small lots of seed, screenings, partly filled bags of seed, etc. Est. cost $300 Two needed = $600 40 Bag trucks - 2 wheeled used for moving small bag lots, screenings, etc. Est. cost $60 ea. Two needed = $120 56 Item No. Description and Function
41 Vacuum cleaner - industrial type, used to clean out equipment, ele vator pits, etc. to minimize mechanical mixtures. Est. cost $360
42 Blower - hand held, portable, for use in maintaining cleanliness of machines drying bins, etc. Est. cost $120 43 Grain scoop - for movement of seed when unloading truck, emptying drying bins, etc. Est. cost $10 Six needed = $60 44 Hand screens - (set of 24) Screen openings the same as those ordered for Item 23 (air-screen machine processing Line A). To aid in deter mining proper screen selection for cleaning various seed lots. Est. cost $90
45 Bag conveyor - portable, for use in stac' ing bagged seed, loading trucks, etc. Est. cost $830
46 Gram scales - I kg. capacity, for weighing samples, chemicals, etc. Est. cost $60 47 Moisture tester - used to determine moisture content of all seeds Est. cost $500
48 Fork lift - 4500 lb. capacity for use in processing plant and warehouse to move bagged seed on pallets. Est. cost $11,000
Items 49-65 are to be utilizedin the Seed Testing Laboratory
49 Gram scale - 1 kg. capacity for weighing samples for moisture tests, purity tests, etc. Est. cost $60 Two needed = $120
50 Torsion balance - balance for use in weighing the fractions of the purity analysis. 120 gram capacity accurate to 0. 01 gram Est. cost $260 57
Item No. Description and Function 51 Purity work board with illuminated diaphanoscope for use in per forming purity separations. Est. cost $50
52 Magnifiers - with stand and 4" dia. lens for use in identifying seed and aid analysts when working samples of very small seed. Est. cost $20 Two needed $40
53 Seed Blower to aid in making purity analysis separations. Est. cost $500 54 Binocular microscope-to examination of seed and plant material, magnification range 7-30X. Est. cost $450. 55 Dazor lamps - flourescent bulbs, for illumination of purity analysis work area. Est. cost $50 ea. Two needed $100 56 Dehumidifier - condenser type, portable for reducing the relative humidity in the seed sample storage room. Est. cost $180 57 Refrigeration unit commercial type for maintaining approximately 130 C temperature in the germination room. Est. cost $1, 500
58 Refrigerator door insulated door with gaskets and insulation for use on germination room. Est. cost $100
59 Sample pans - triangular, metal for use in handling seed samples Est. cost $6 Three needed = $18 60 Sample pans - spout type, metal for use in handling seed samples Est. cost $5 Three needed $15
61 Bag trier for drawing samples from bags containing medium to small size seed. Est. cost $15 Two needed $30
62 Bag triers for drawing samples from bags containing medium to large size seed. Est cost $20 Two needed $40 58 Item No. Description and Function
63 Germinatiors - manually controlled temperature regulator, to be placed in germination room where any needed temperature above 0 15 C can be established and maintained inside the germinator. Est. cost $500 Four needed $2,000
64 Forceps - medium point, serrated for analysis of large seed. Est. cost $2 Six needed = $12
65 Forceps - fine point, non-serrated for analysis of small seed. Est. cost $2 Six needed = $12
Summary of Estimated Equipment Costs
1. Estimated total cost of equipment (F. O.B. U.S. Manufacturers) $82,477
a. Serd Drying, processing and storage (Items 1-48) $77, 050 b. Seed Testing Laboratory (Items 49-65) $5,427
2. Estimated cost for export crating and shipment to U.S. port $16,495
3. Estimated cost of water frieght (US to Asuncion) $24,743
4. Total estimated equipment cost (Asuncion dockside) $123,715 59 Major Supplies Required for Equipment Installantion and/or Operation of Pro cessing Facility and Seed Testing Laboratory. 1/ Est. Cost A. Asphalt base paint - painting interior wall of dry room (Seed Testing Laboratory) 36 liters 108 B. Insulation - 10 cm thickmess for insulation of the germination room (Seed Testing Laboratory ) 65 sq. meters 170 C. V Electrical Supplies - switches, outlets, wire, light fixtures, conduit, transformers (110v) (Both facilities) 5,900 D. 1/ Lumber and nails for construction of pallets, shelves, storage racks, etc. (Both facilities) 3,000 E. 1/ Steel, sheet metal, wood, for construction of holding bins, equip ment and bin support bases air ducting, dust collectors, etc. (Seed Processing Unit). 3,965 Total estimated cost of materials required for installation $13,143
1/All items should be available through suppliers in Paraguay.
2-Prices are for materials only and do not include cost of fabrication or in stallation.
- Quantities required can not be accurately determined until the equipment orders are placed and construction plans are finalized. Estimates are based on the drawings submitted. 60 SPECIFICATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT ITEMS
Item No. No.* Description and Commercial Source References Req'd. 1 gotor truck scales similar to Winslow type "P" shallowpit I scales. Scales to have 25 ton capacity; 8.5m x 2.7m (28ft. x 9ft.) platform size; standard weighbeam. Note: Wood deck to be provided by purchaser.
(See "B" Trade Name Index) 2 Receiving dump pit, 12ga. metal construction, with vibrat- I ing conveyor similar to A.T. Ferrell Vibro pit. Dump pit hopper dimensions to be 3m (10ft.) length x 2.1m (7ft.) width x 1.2m (4ft.) depth. Complete with drive and (TEBB) motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 3ph current. Unit to be completely operational when installed.
(See "K" Trade Name Index)
3 Belt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal Model D-1000 "Easy Dump." Elevator to have 30 ton (1000BPH) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs. per cu. ft.) at 75% bucket filling and 140 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 12.5m (41ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 13.4m (44ft.). Complete with the following: (see figure 1)
a) required buckets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets c) dump hopper d) 3-way valve with 20.3cm (8 inch) diameter outlets e) manufacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 3ph current f) five (5) 20.3cm (8 inch) diameter adjustable elbows with clamp rings g) ten (10) 3.0m (10ft.) sections fo 20.3cm (8 inch) diameter, 14 ga., flanged, rigid spouting h) three (3) 1.Sm (5ft.) sections fo 20.3cm (8 inch) diameter flexible spouting i) six (6) 20.3cm (8 inch) diameter loose flanges j) ten (10) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spout ing)
* Item numbers 1-26, 30-35 and 49-58 are shown on attached drawings. 61
Il
(Di I-- 0 Lu).' EI LU 13:: O 0r LUD 0
FIG. I UNIVERSA L EL.EVATiOR Continued
62 Item No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd.
k) bottom-boot cleanout with 10.1cm (4 inch) legs (See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index) 4 Urag conveyor, reversible flow direction, similar to Model No. 9 Super-Flo conveyor. Conveyor to have 30 ton (1000BPFI) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) O.A. length to be 14.9m (49ft.). Conveyor to have flanged gasketed cover with clamps; anti-tilt bars; al uminum alloy hold down bars; aluminum alloy steel forced chain return bar; and to be comprised of the following components: a) complete drive and motor (TEFC) of required horse power operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 3ph current b) reversible take-up terminal c) two (2) bypass feed inlet spouts d) four (4) 3.0m (10 ft.) trough sections each fitted with a discharge gate assembly e) two (2) 60.9cm (2 ft.) trough sections NOTE: A total of four (4) rack and pinion, hand operated, discharge gates each fitted with a square to round transition and 7iicn-(7 inch) diameter x 15.2cm (6 inch) long downspout will be required in the trough sections. Precise location of discharge gates to be specified when order is placed. (See "Y" Trade Name Index)
5 U]tility auger, 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter x 3.0m (10ft.) 2 length, similar to Hutchinson custom built model conveying augers. Auger to be complete with:
a) 14 ga. galv. auger housing b) 7 ga. flights mounted on 3.8cm (1.5 inch) diameter shaft c) drive and motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current
(See "P" Trade Name Index) 6 Bin flooring, 16 ga. galv. perforated metal with approx., 140m2 23% open area and perforations 2.0mm (5/64 inch) in diam eter. Sized as follows:
a) eighteen (18) pieces measuring 1.22m x 2.Om (48 x 79 inches) Continued
Item 63 No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Reg'd.
b) forty eight (48) pieces measuring 1.0m x 2.0m (39 x 79 inches)
(See "V, X" Trade Name Index)
7 Belt conveyor, similar to Seedburo Model H4BF conveyor. Conveyor to have capacity of 10 ton per hour at 10 degree incline and be 3.6m (12ft.) O.A. length. Complete with drive and TEFC motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index) 8 Oscillating (vibrating) conveyor, similar to Overstrom Model RLB-12. Conveyor to have 10 ton per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 45.7cm (18 inches); conveyor trough to be 30.4cm (ift.) width x 17.3m (57ft.) length. Conveyor trough to have one (1) intermediate slidegate operated discharge outlet. Complete with drive and motor of required horsepower ope;ational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 3ph current. NOTE: Location of dis charge outlet to be designated when order is placed. (See "C, T" Trade Name Index)
9 'Felt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal Model C2-175 "Easy Dump". Elevator to have 5 ton (175 BPH) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket fill ing and 110-125 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 10.6m (35ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 1l.6m (38ft.). Complete with the following: (see figure 1)
a) required buckets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets c) two (2) dump hoppers d) 3-way valve with 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter outlets e) manfacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current f) three (3) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable elbows with clamp rings g) five (5) 3.Om (10ft.) sections of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter, 14 ga., flanged rigid spouting h) three (3) l.Sm (5ft.) sections of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting i) six (6) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges j) six (6) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spout ing Cont inued
Item 64 No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req!d.
k) bottom-boot cleanout with 10.1cm (4 inch) legs (See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index) 10 Portable heater, similar to Champion Model 250 Champ-Heater. 2 Heater to be rated as a 250,000 B.T.U. class heater and have a 15 hour fuel (kerosene or #1 fuel oil) capacity and capa bility of circulating 1,900cu.ft. (heated air) per minute. Complete with: fuel filter; automatic purging and high heat. safety switch; remote thermostat; flame-out control; rust proof fuel tank; motors and drives, operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current.
(See "I)" Trade Name Index) 11 Portable heater, similar to Champion Model 170 Champ-Heater. 2 Heater to be rated as a 170,000 B.T.U. class heater and have a 12-15 hour fuel (kerosene or #1 fuel oil) capacity and capability of circulating 1,100 cu.ft. (heated air) per minute. Complete with: fuel filter; automatic purging and high heat safety switch; remote thermostat; flame-oat control; rust-proof fuel tank; motors and drives, operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current. (See "D" Trade Name Index) 12 Fan, similar to Reed-Joesph, belt driven, Model A 92612-10 4 Centrifugal dryer fan. Fan to be belt driven; housings to be "all weather" constructed, and continuously welded to prevent air losses; motor and bearings to be enclosed in weather protected cover. Fan to be capable of delivering 12,300, 11,500, 10,600, 9,700, 8,750 and 7,350 cfm's ai.r un der static pressures (inches water gauge) of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively when operated on 50 hertz current. Com plete with factory mounted magnetic starter and drives and motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 3ph current
(See "X" Trade Name Index) 13 Oscillating (vibrat.ng) conveyor, similar to Overstrom Model RLB-12. CoT ieyor to have 10 ton capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.). O.A. height not to exceed 45.7cm (18 inches); conveyor trough to be 30.4cm (ift.) width x 14.8m (49ft.) length. Conveyor trough to have one (1) intermediate slide-gate operated discharge outlet. Complete with drive and motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 Continued
65 Item No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Reg'd. hertz, 3ph current. NOTE: Location of outlet to be des ignated when order is placed.
(See "C, T" Trade Name Index)
14 B-eIt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal 1 Model C2-175 "Easy Dump". Elevator to have 5 ton (175 BPH) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket fill ing and 110-125 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 9.4m (31ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 10.4m (34ft.) Complete with the following: (see figure 1)
a) required bucl:ets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets c) two (2) dump hoppers d) manufacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current e) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable elbow with clamp rings f) two (2) 3.0m (10 ft.) sections of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter 14 ga., flanged rigid spouting. g) 3.0m (10ft.) section of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting h) six (6) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges i) six (6) cla..p rings (for connecting elbows to spouting) j) bottom-boot cleanout with 10.1cm (4 inch) legs (See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index)
Air-screen cleaner; four screen, similar to Crippen Model 1 1--442 cleaner. Cleaner to have independent upper and lower air systems: synchronized brush type screen wipers; adjusta ble screen pitch; variable s--eed screen vibration; screen frame size of 1.07m x 1.12m (42 x 44 inches); average capa city (seed) 3.0 to 3.5 tons (100-125 BPI1) per hour. O.A. dimensions of 2.1.8m (86 inches) height, 1.85m (73 inches) width; and 2.84m (112 inches) length. Complete with the following:
a) roll feed (type A) Hopper b) fans mounted on 4.S degree angle to rear c) fan outlets to have square to 30.4cm (I ft.) dia. round adaptors d) waste product discharge outlets on left side; clean seed vibrating conveyor discharge outlet on right side e) waste product bag holders f) manufacturers recommended drives, guards, motor mounting and TEFC motor of iequired horsepower opera tional on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 3ph current Continued
66 Item No. No. Description and Commercial Siurce Reftorences Reg'd.
g) twenty-four (24) screens sized as follows: Round Hole: 6, 6 , 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30 (sixth-fourths inch diameter) Slotted: 1/13 x , 1/14 x , 1/15 x , 1/16 x , 5 x 3/4, 6 x 3/4, 7 x 3/4, 8 x 3/4, 9 x 3/4, 10 x 3/4, 11 x 3/4 (See "F" Trade Name Index) 16 Belt -bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Univer- 1 sal Model C2-175 "Easy Dump". Elevator to have 5 ton (175 BPH) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket filling and 110-125 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 7.6m (25ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 8.6m (28ft.). Complete with the following. (see figure 1) a) required buckets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets c) 3-way valve w th 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter outlets d) dump hopper e) Manufacturers recommended drives and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 1 ph current f) three (3) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable el bows with clamp rings g) four (4) 3.Om (10ft.) sections of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter, 14 ga., flanged rigid spouting h) 3.0 (10ft.) section of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting i) six (6) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges j) six (6) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spout ing (See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index) 17 Ifndented cylinder seed separator, similar to Carter-Day Model H3 "Uniflow" cylinder separatorall metal. Complete with the following:
a) roll feeder b) manufacturers recommended drive and motor operation al on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current c) square to round transitions on seed discharge outlets d) three (3) indented cylinders sized as follows: 6 R; 1IR, 22R
(See "N" Trade Name Index) Continued
67 Item No. No. Description and Commercial Source References P.eq'd.
18 U-scillating (vibrating) conveyor, similar to Overstom I MODEL RLP-6. Conveyor to have 3 ton per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 45.7cm (18 inches); conveyor trough to be 15.2cm (6 inch) width x 7.6m (25ft.) length. Complete with: drive and motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 3ph current; three (3) intermediate trough slide-gate operated discharge outlets. NOTE: Location of discharge outlets to be designated when order is placed.
(See "C,T" Trade Name Index)
19 -lt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal 1 Model B2-75 "Easy Dump". Elevator to have 2 ton (75 BPH) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket filling and 82-98 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 7.Om (23ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 8.0cm (26ft.). Complete with the following: (see figure 1) a) required buckets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertion between belt and bucket c) dump hopper d) 2-way off-set valve with 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter outlets e) manufacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 bolt, 50 hertz, lph current f) two (2) 15.2c. (6 inch) diameter adjustable elbows with clamp rings g) two (2) 3.Om (10ft.) sections of 15.2cm C 6 inch3 diameter, 14 ga., flanged rigid spouting h) 1.Sm (Sft.) section of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting i) three (3) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges j) four (4) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spout ing) (See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index)
20 B-elt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal 1 Model 132-75 "Easy Dump". Elevator to have 2 ton (7SBPII) per hour capacity (sse at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket fill ing and 82=98 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 7.9m (26ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 8.9m (29ft.). Complete with the following: (see figure 1) a) required buckets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware Continued
68 It em No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd.
b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets c) dump naopper d) 2-way off-set valve with 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter outlets e) manufacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current f) two (2) 15.2cm(6 inch) diameter adjustable elbows with clamp rings g) three (3) 3.Om ('loft.) sections of lS.2,pm (6 inch) diameter, 14 ga., flanged rigid spouting h) 1.Sm (6ft.) section of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting i) three (3) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges j) four (4) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spouting
(See "1B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index) 21 Width/Thickness cylindrical-shell grader, similar to Carter-Day Model 2 Precision Grader. Dimensions (O.A.) to be 83.8cm (33 inches) width x 2.1m (7ft.) length x l.lm (45 inches) height. Complete with the following: (for use with rice and corn)
a) manufacturers recommended drive and motor of re quired horsepower operational on 220 volt, s0 hertz, iph current b)* vibrating conveyor for return of "thrus" product to feed-end of the machine, cimplete with drive and motor or required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current c- square to round transitions on all discharge out lets d) two (2) shells sized 714R e) two (2) shells sized 13S
(See "N" Trade Name Index) 22 W-idth/Thickness cylindrical shell grader, similar to Car- ter-Day Model 2 Precision Grader. Dimensions (O.A.) to be 83.8cm (33 inches) width x 2.11m1 (7ft.) length x 1.lm (45 inches) height. Complete with the following: (for use with rice and corn)
a) manufacturers recommended drive and motor or re quired horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current Continued
Item 69 No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Re'd.
b) vibrating conveyor for return ef "thrus" product to feed-end of the machine, complete with drive and motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, Iph currenc c) square to round transition on all discharge out lets d) two (2) shells sized 71R e) two r2) shells sized 22R complete with cylinder blade assembly
(See "N" Trade Name Index) 23 Belt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Univer sal Model B2-75 "Easy Dump." Elevator to have BPH) 2 ton (75 per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu. ft.) at 75% bucket filling and 82-98 FPM belt speed. Discharge to height be 7.9m (26ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 8.9m (29ft.). Complete with the following: (see figure 1)
a) required buckets, spll.cing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertions between belt and buckets c) dump hopper d) 2-way off-set valve with 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter outlets e) manufacturers reconunended drive and TEBB -motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current fY two (2) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable elbows with clan~p rings g) three (3) 3.0m (10ft.) sections fo 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter 14 ga., flanged rigid spouting h) 1.8m (6 ft.) section 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting i) six (6) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges j) four (4) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spouting)
(See "B, G, U, BB3" Trade Name Index) 24 Gavity Table (density separator) similar to Oliver Model 160. Gravity Table to have: operating capacity of 7500 per hour lbs. (medium - large sized seed); rectangular deck; three (3) fans; right-hand discharge; O.A. dimensions 1.3m inches) (52 width x 2.6m (102 inches) length x 1.8m (70 inches) height (top of feed hopper). Complete with the following: a) non-reciprocating discharge hoppers b) air-filter screens Continued
70 Item No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd.
c) screen wire (type A) deck d) manufacturers recommended drive and motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 cycle, 3ph c)irrent e) manual starter
(See "C, S, Z" Trade Name Index) 25 Belt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal 1 Model C2-175 "Easy Dump." Elevator to have 5 ton (175 BPH) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu. ft.) at 75% bucket billing and 110-125 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 8.8m (29 ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 9.8m (32ft.). Com plete with the following: (see figure 1) a) required buckets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertions between belt and buckets c) dump h1opper dl 2-w-ay off-set valve with 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter outlets e) manufacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current. f) two (2) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable elbows with clamp rings g) four C4) 3.0m (10 ft.) sections of 15.2cm (6 inch), diameter, 14 ga., flanged rigid spouting h) 1.5m CSft.) section of 15.2cm C6 inch) diameter flexible spouting i) four (4) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges j) six (6) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spouting) k) bottom-boot clean out with 10.1cm (4 inch) legs
(See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index) 26 Belt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Univer- 1 sal Model C2-175 "Easy Dump." Elevator to have 5 ton (175 BPH) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket filling and 11.0-125 FPM blet speed. Discharge height to be 5.8m (19 ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 6.8m (22ft.). Complete with the following: (see figure 1) a) required buckets, splacing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets c) dump hopper d) manufacturers recommend(d drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current Continued
71 Item No. No. Description and Comnercial Source References Req'd.
e) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable elbow with clamp rings f) 3.0m (10ft.) section 15.2cm (6 inch) diamdter, 14 ga., flanged rigid spouting g) 91.4cm (3ft.) section 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting h) two (2) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges i) four (4) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spouting)
(See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index)
27 -eed treater, similar to Gustafson Model G-1. Treater to have 9 ton (300 BPH) per hour capacity and capability of applying both liquid and wettable powder formulated products. Dimensions to be: 1.4m (56 inches) length; 71.1cm (28 inches) width; 96.5cm (38 inches) height. Capacity of slurry tank to be 47 liters (12 gallons). Complete with drive and motor of required horsepowef iperational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current
(See "B,M" Trade Name Index) 28 Bagging Scale, semi~automatic, similar to Howe-Richardson Model G-17. Complete with: bag tare device; flow control inlet gate; calibrated weighbeam; graduated over-under weight indicator; weight range 25-60 kgs.,; quick bag release and mounting attachments for mounting unit to underside of metal bin equipped with a 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter discharge outlet.
(See "B, I, L, AA" Trade Name Index)
20 Bag closer, portable, single thread similar to Fischbein Model D. Bag closer to have direct drive motor operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current. Complete with one (1) carton (32 cones) 8 oz. thread and replacement-parts kit for one year operation.
(See "B , 1) L, AA" Trade Name Index) 30 Belt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal Model C2-175 "Easy Dump." Elevator to have 5 ton (175 BPH) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket fill ing and 110-125 PM belt speed. Discharge height to be 9.4m (31ft.); O.A. heigit not to exceed 10.4m (34 ft.). Complete Continued 72 Item No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd.
with the following: (see figure 1) a) required buckets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets c) two (2) dump hoppers d) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable elbow with clamp rings e) manufacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current f) two (2) 3.Om (10ft.) sections 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter, 14 ga., flanged rigid spouting ) 1.5m (5ft.) section 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting h) three (3) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges i) four (4) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spouting) j) bottom-boot cleanout with 10.1cm (4 inch) legs (See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index)
Air-screen cleaner, four screen, similar to Crippen Model H-442 cleaner. Cleaner to have independent upper and lower air systems; synchronized brush-type screen wipers; adjusta ble screen pitch; variable speed screen vibration; screen frame size of 1.07m x 1.12m (42 x 44 inches); average capa city (seed) 3.0 to 3.5 tons (100-125 BPH) per hour; O.A. dimensions of 2.18m (86 inches) height; 1.85m (73 inches) width; and 2.84m (112 inches) length. Complete with the following: a) roll feed (Type A) hopper b) fans mounted on 45 degree angle to rear c) fan outlets to have square to 30.4 cm (1 ft.) diameter, round adaptors d) waste product discharge outlets on right side; clean seed vibrating conveyor discharge outlet on left side e) waste product bag holders f) manufacturers recommended drives, guards, motor mounting and TEFC motor of required horsepower operational on 220 voit, 50 hertz, 3ph current g) twenty four (24) scree-s sized as follows: Round 11ole: 6,6; ,8,10,12,14,16,18 ,20,24,26,28,30 Slotted: 1/13 x )I, 1/14 x i, 1/1.5 x , 1/1.6 x , 5 x 3/4, 6 x 3/4, 7 x 3/4, 8 x 3/4, 9 x 3/4, 10 x 3/4, 11 x 3/4
(See "F" Trade Name Index) Continued
Item 73 No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd. 32 Belt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal I Model C2-175 "Easy Dump." Elevator to have 5 ton (175 BP11) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket filling and 110-125 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 7.6m (25ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 8.6m C28ft.). Complete with the following: (see figure 1)
a) required buckets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets c) dump hopper d) 3-way valve with 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter outlets e) manufacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current f) three (3) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable el bows with clamp rings g) five (5) 3.Om (10ft.) sections of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter, 14ga., flanged rigid spouting h) two (2) l.Sm (5ft.) sections of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting i) six (6) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spouting) j) six (6) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges
(See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index) 33 TFidented cylinder seed separator, similar to Carter-Day Model #3 "Uniflow" Cylinder Separator all metal. Complete with the following: a) roll feeder b) manufacturers recommended drive and motor opera tional on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current c) souare to round transitions on seed discharge out lets d) three (3) indented cylinders sized as follows: 6 R, 11R; 22R
(See "N" Trade Name Index) 34 Belt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal Model C2-175 "Easy Dump." Elevator to have 5 ton (175 BPH) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket filling and 110-125 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 7.9m (26ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 8.9m (29ft.). Complete with the following: (see figure 1) Continued
74 Item No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd.
a) required buckets, splicing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardwaue b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets d) dump hopper d) 2-way offset valve with 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter outlets e) manufacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 1 ph current f) two (2) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable elbows with clamp rings g) three (3) 3.Om (lOft.) sections of 15.2cm C6 inch) diameter, 14 ga., flanged, rigid spouting h) 1.8m (6ft.) section of 15.2cm (*6 inch) diameter flexible spouting i) two (2) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges j) six (6) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spouting) k) bottom-boot cleanout with 10.1cm (4 inch) legs (See "B, G, U, BB" Trade Name Index) 35 Tielt-bucket elevator, self supporting, similar to Universal Model C2-175 "Easy Dump." Elevator to have 5 ton (175 BPII) per hour capacity (seed at 48 lbs./cu.ft.) at 75% bucket filling and 110-125 FPM belt speed. Discharge height to be 7.0m (23ft.); O.A. height not to exceed 8.0m (26ft.). Com plete with the following: (see figure 1)
a) required buckets, splacing, pre-punched belting and assembling hardware b) spacers for insertion between belt and buckets c) dlump hopper d) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter adjustable elbows with clamp rings e) manufacturers recommended drive and TEBB motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current f) 3.0m (10ft.) section of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter, 14 ga. , flanged, rigid spouting g) 91.4cm (3ft.) section of 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter flexible spouting h) two (2) 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter loose flanges i) four (4) clamp rings (for connecting elbows to spouting)
(See "B, G, U, B13" Trade Name Index) Cont inued
75 It em No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd. 36 S-eed treater, similar to Gustafson Model G-1. Treater to have 9 ton (300 BPH) per hour capacity and capability of applying both liquid and wettable powder formulated products. Dimensions to be: 1.4m (56 inches) length; 71.1cm (28 inches) width; 96.5cm (3S inches) height. Capacity of slurry tank to be 47 liters (12 gallons). Complete with drive and motor of required horsepower operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, 1 ph current
(See "B, M" Trade Name Index) 37 Bagging Scale, semi-automatic, similar to Howe-Richardson I Model G-17. Complete with: bag tare device; flow control inlet; calibrated weighbeam; grdduated over-under weight indicator; weight range 25-60kgs; quick bag release and mounting attachments for mounting unit to underside of metal bin equipped with a 15.2cm (6 inch) diameter discharge outlet.
(See "A, B, O, AA" Trade Name Index) 38 Bag closer, portalbe, single thread, similar to Fischbein Model D. Bag closer to have direct drive motor operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current. Complete with one (1) carton (32 cones) 8 oz. thread and replacement-parts kit for one year operation.
(See "B, I, L, AA" Trade Name Index)
Items 39-48 non-installod equipment for use at seed processing plant (not shown on drawings) 39 Portabole platform scales, double beam (100 x lb.), 1000 pound capacity. Similar to Fairbanks-Morse No. 1180 (See "B, AA" Trade Name Index)
40 Bag truck, 2-wheel, with 22.8cm (9 inch) nose; 20.3cm (8 inch) 2* wheels; rubber tires; 1.2m (48 inch) length handles; roller bearings. Similar to Minneapolis bag truck.
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index)
* If it is not possible to purchase fork lift (Item 48) at present this number should be increased to 6. Continued 76 Item No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd. 41 VWicuum cleaner, industrial type, portable. Complete with dust bag; blower nozzle; hose connector; 4m (13ft.) of 5.0cm (2 inch) diameter vinylhose; motor operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current. Similar to Tornado Mbdel 420.
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index) 42 Blower, portable. Complete with nozzle and motor for opera tion on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current. Similar to Tornado Model 850.
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index)
43 Grain scoops, wide mouth, 10 ga. aluminum or steel bowl. 5 Similar to Burrows Model No. 963 (standard) size 10.
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index) 44 Set df 2 4 ,22.8cm x 22.8cm (9 x 9 inch) hand screens. Corn plete with screen rack. Screens to be sized as follows: Round Hole: 6, 6 , 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28,30 Slotted: 1/13 x , 1/14 x , 1/15 x , 1/16 x , 5 x 3/4, 6 x 3/4, 7 x 3/4, 8 x 3/4, 9 x 3/4, 10 x 3/4, 11 x 3/4
(See "B, K" Trade Name Index)
45 B-g conveyor, portable, self supporting, continuous belt with adjustable hydraulic jack undercarriage. Conveyor to have rubber tired wheels and 30.4cm (12 inch) wide rough top belt, and be 5.4 (18ft.) O.A. length. Complete irith reversible drive mechanism and motor operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, iph current. Similar to Burrows All Purpose Belt Conveyor Model BB12E with Type 15 undercarriage.
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index) 46 Gram sca'.es with weigh beams calibrated as follows: (front) I 10 x .1g; (rear) 100 x 10g; (center) 500 x 100g. Complete with s coop. Similar to Burrows Model 1332. ( See "B, AA" Trade Name Index) 47 Moisture tester for use with seed and grain. Tester to have 0.2% repeat accuracy and be operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current. Complete with charts for: rice; wheat; soybeans; sorghum; corn; beans; clovers; sin. seeded grasses; cowpeas. Similar to Motomco Model 919. Continued
I t 0e1 77 Item No.No No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd.
(See "R" Trade Name Index) 48 Fork Lift, maximum 4000 pound lift capacity; 3.1m (125 inch) 1 minimum fork height; diesel powered; rubber tired for in door use. Similar to Clark Model 500.
(See "E, Q" Trade Name Index) 49** Gram scales with weigh beams calibrated as follows: (front) 2 10 x .1g; (rear) 100 x l0g; (cdnter) 500 x 100g. Complete with scoop. Similar to Burrows Model 1332. (See "B, AA" Trade Name Index) 50 Torsion Balance Scale, similar to Model DWL2-1. Capacity: 120 grams. Dial: 1 gram x 0.01 gram graduations. Small dial adds 9 gram x 1 gram increments without extra weights. Accuracy 5 mg. Polished stainless steel scoop; oil dash pot; metal case. Complete with Class "P" weights (50 grains to 1 gram in case with forceps)
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index) 51 Purity Work Board with illuminated diaphanscope; wood con- 1 struction; 25.4cm x 27.9cm (10 x 11 inches) opal glass work area; arm rests and one (1) liter capacity seed drawer.
(See "J, AA" Trade Name Index) 52 Magnifier with stand; 10.1cm (4 inch) diameter 3 x lens; 2 ball joint base and swivel sleeve on lens holder.
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index) 53 -ed Blower, similar to South Dakota Blower Model B for 1 purity analysis and precision testing work. Complete with Column No. 1 and extension section and Column No. 2 complete. Mounted on stand with casters, and air intake humidifier and adjustable automatic timing switch. Operational on 110/220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current.
(See "J" Trade Name Index) Continued
Item 78 No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Recg'd,
S4 9-nocular microscope (for examination of plant material) lOx paired wide field eyepieces; 0.7x through 30x stereozoom variable power pod; total magnification 7x to 30x, complete with plastic dust cover and matching variable intensity il luminator. Similar to B & L Stereozoom Model AVB73.
(See "W" Trade Name Index)
55 D-zor Lamp, desk type; two (2) 15w fluorescent tubes; re- 2 flector and adjustable multiposition arm. Complete with tubes.
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index)
56 D-ehumidifier, portable, condenser type; manual humidistat; I water removal capacity of 30 pints/24'hours; operational on 220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current.
(Local Supplier)
57 R-frigeration unit, complete with capacity and controls to maintain room temperature of 15.6 degree C. (60 degrees F) (minimum 1.8,000 BTU's). Average heat drop of 11 degree: C. (20 degree F) required. Operational on ZOO volt, 50 hertz, 3ph current Note: Unit to be installed in 40 cu. meter room insulated wit-l0.1cm (4 inch) thickness "Isopor" type rijid insulation. (germination room-drawing sheet 9)
(Local Supplier)
58 R-efrigerator door, insulated, approx. 1.0m x 1.8m (40 x 72 1 inches) complete with hinges, latch and door frame perimeter gaskets.
(Local Supplier)
59 Sample pan-., triangular, metal approx. 25.4cm x 25.4cm x 3 6.3cm (10 10 c 2 inches).
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index)
60 Sample pan, spout type, metal, 1 liter capacity approx. 3 21.5cm x 30.4cm x 3.8cm (8 x 12 x 1 inches)
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index) Continued
Item 79 No. No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd.
61 Bag trier, 76.2cm (30 inch) length, 1.2cm ( inch) outside 2 diameter, double tube, 9 op:nings.
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index)_ 62 BRag Trier, 100.0cm (39 inch) length, 2.2cm (7/8 inch) out- 2 side diameter, double tube, 6 openings.
(See "B, AA'? Trade Name Index) 63 7rminators, Manglesdorf type, cabinet size approx. 83.9cm 4 x 60.9cm x 60.9cm (35x24x24 inches); 10-12 trays; manually. controlled thermostat witth automatic temperature control within plus or minus 2 degrees Centigrade; glass or clear plastic top. Operational on 110/220 volt, 50 hertz, lph current
(See "H" Trade Name Index)
64 Forceps: medium point, serrated; for large seed. Similar 6 to Burrows No.59
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index)
65 Forceps: fine point, non-serrated; for small seed. Similar 6 to Burrows No. OOB
(See "B, AA" Trade Name Index)
** Items 49 through 65 designated for use in the Seed Testing Laboratory
SUPPLIES REQUIRED FOR EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION AND/OR SEED FACILITY OPERATION
A Asphalt Base Paint, vapor proof interior walls of dryroom 36 Seed Analysis Laboratory Liters
(Local Supplier)
B Insulation, rigid "Isopor" type, 10cm thickness, insulate 640 germination room of Seed Analysis Laboratory Sq. Ft.
(Local Supplier) Cont inued
Item 80 No. Description and Commercial Source References Req'd. C Electric Supplies - switches, fuse boxes, outlets, wire, -- conduit, light fixtures etc. (Local Supplier) D Construction materials for wood pallets, shelves, storage -- racks
(Local Supplier) E Construction materials for bins, hoppers, equipment support --- framing, dust collectors, ducts, (in processing plant) (Local Supplier)
NOTE: Quantities required for items C, D and E can not be accurately determined until equipment orders are placed and construction plans finalized. 81
Trade Name Index
The companies listed below are potential suppliers of the items shown on the "Specifications for Manufactured Equipment Items" list. The referenced items may be available from sources in addition to those listed. The price estimates shown on the list of "Manufactured Equipment, its Function and Estimated Cost" were based on the current prices indicated by the U.S. manufacturer, F.O.B. city of manufac ture.
Index Identification Supplier
A Bates do Brasil Ltda Rua Bara6 de Itapetininga, 93 San Paulo, S.P. 01041 Brazil
B Burrows Equipment Co. 1316 Sherman Ave. Evanston, Illinois U.S.A.
C CASP, S/A Rua 25 de Janeiro 209 Caxia Postal 3067 San Paulo, S.P. Brazil
D Champion Heater Co. 9550 True Drive St. Louis, Mo. 63132 U.S.A.
E Clark Equipment Co. (Clark do Brasil) Industrial Truck Division Battle Creek, Michigan U.S.A.
F Crippen Mfg. Co. Alma, Michigan U.S.A.
G D' Andrea S/A Av. Souza Queiroz 267 Caixa Postal 55 Limerira, S.P., Brazil 82
H Do Leo e cia, Ltd. Rua dos Andradas 1727 90, 000 Porto Alegre, R.S. Brazil
Eberhard Lewkowitz Casilla de Correo 523 Asuncion Paraguay
J E. L. Erickson Products 513 Main Ave. Brookings, S.D. 57006 U.S.A.
K A. T. Ferrell Co. 1621 Wheeler St. Saginaw, Michigan U.S.A.
L Fischbein Co. 2700 30th Ave. S. Minneapolis, MN 55406 U.S.A.
M Gustafson Mfg. Co. 6600 S. County Road 18 Hopkins, MN U.S.A.
N Hart-Carter, Americas 655 Nineteenth Ave., N. E. Minneapolis, MN U.S.A.
0 Howe-Richardson Scale Co. 680 Van Houten Ave. Clifton, N.J. U.S.A.
P Hutchinson-Royal Box 33 Clay Center, Kansas 67432 U.S.A. 83
Q Hyster do Brasil, S/A Rua Iguatinga, 175 Caixa Postal 4151 San Paulo, S.P. Brazil
R Motomco, Inc. 89 Terminal Ave. Clark, N. J. 07066 U.S.A.
S Oliver Mfg. Co. Rocky Ford, Colorado U.S.A.
T Overstrom, Inc. 1021 S. Haskell Ave. Dallas, Texas 75223 U.S.A.
U Pavan Engenharia, Ltd. Rua Maria Antonia 366/20 San Paulo, S.P. Brazil
V Permetal, S.A. Rua Catumbi, 720 Caixa Postal 8678 San Paulo, S.P. Brazil
W Preiser Scientific Co. 900 Mac Corkle Ave., S.W. Charleston, W. V. 25322 U.S.A.
X Reed Joseph Co. Box 479 Greenville, Mississippi 38701 U.S.A.
Y Screw Conveyor Corp. 700 Hoffman St. Hammond, Indiana U.S.A. 84 Z Scrafim Blasi e cia Ltda. Ave Floriano Peiroto, 629 Caixa Postal, 2 Batucatu, S.P. Brazil AA Seedboro Equipment Co. 618-628 W. Jackson Blvd. Chicago, Ill. 60606 U.S.A. BB Universal Industries 516 Grand Blvd. Cedar Falls, Iowa U.S.A.