THe,·.,," Jr"'HN GRERAit Uf.=rlARY ~ ~ti

__ THE :1!CHN CRERAi-\ '>UBRARY ., .....- GENERALIZED VERTICAL SEOTION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS ROOKS IN THE WEST OF SOOTLAND Distance in FathomB below the AND NEIGHBOURHOOD OF . ' Upper Bed Sandstone.

50--I~;H~0;ri~zo~n~0~f~t~h~e~E~1l~C~Oal~'ill varyingUPPER COALS in thickness AND IRONSTONES.-This from 250 to 300 fathoms, gronp includingof strata. thecomprises upper red a sandstoneseries of bedsthat overlies the workable conls. It consists, in its uPPeJ.' division, of beds of red sandstone, reddish-grey Sa~(ly shales, ~rey nre-clays, dark-grey shales, greyish-white sandstones, and one or two megnlru.' thm beds of eoal; in its middle and lower divisions, of white 100- and greyish-white sandstones, dark-grey sandy clay-shales, fire-clays. and bituminous shales, in which occur, at intervals, strata of clay and blackband ironstone~ with 1:======1 numerous seams of coal, man) of which are workable. I- I The fossils indicate that brackish and fl'e'lh-watcl' conditions have prevailed dW'ing 150- the deposition of the s'tJ:ata, as only in one or two instances, and on widely sepal'a.ted horizons, have indications of marine or carboniferous limestone types of fossils been found, The charactelistic organisms of this upper group consist of reptiles,fishes, shells, 1_~H~o~ri~z~on~ol~lIfi~d~dl~e:""gl crusta.ceans, and plant-remains. 200- Slaty·band iron,tone. J

250- MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES,-This division of our carboniferous strata is not distinguished by any well-marked lithological character, or series of economIe beds. It is repl'esented by a. group of strata lying between the slaty-band ironstone and the upper limestone series, varying from 80 to 150 fathoms in thickness, It consists of thick-bedded sand­ stones, sandy shales and fire-clay, in which occur some irregular beds of impute 300- limestone and clay ironstone. The strata have been little explored, and the few fossils they have yielded do not seem to differ fl'om those met with in the uuderlying limestone series.

350-==o=~ =t: ~p~ ~) UPPER LIMESTONE SERIES.-The strata of this division conBlst of several well.defined 400 limestones and coat. beds of eaIm, shelly. and impure limestone, ca.lcareous shale, darlr-grey alnminous - shale, clay-ironstone, thick~bedded white sandstone, and one or two workable beds of coal. The Belies averages from 80 to 100 fathoms in thickness. The organic remains __ !O~o.:: o~ ~ _ _ are numerous, and e~nsist of plants, foraminifera., corals, crinoids, crustaees, polyzoa, 450-. limestone. shells, and fish-remams.

'i[ LOWER COALS AND IRONSTONES.-This group. althongh o.e""ring in the middle of the 500- limestone seI'ies, is, nevertheless, closely related in its lithological and in several of its HOrizon of the Possil palreontological characters, to the strata of the upper coal-measures. It valies from 70 to 100 fathoms in thickness, and consists of dark· grey, bitUminous, and sandy shales, main eoals and ironstone, fire-clay, thick-bedded white sandstone, numerous bands of clay ironstone, several thin beds of Free and Cannel coal, some of which are wrought in connection with the black. 550- band iJ:onstones of the serie$. The fossils consist of fishes, shells, crustacea.ns, and plant­ remains, several of the genera. and species of which are roolU'rent in the upper coal­ J measures. Marine limestone types of fossils have been met with only in one or two 1_....,~H~~~r!lizil;0n!!.!!of~th:!!:e:...._1 widely separated horizons, and are localln their distribution. 600- ironstone.

650- LOWER LIMESTONE SERIES.-This lower diviBion of the limestone BerieB varies in thickness, in the west of , fl'Om 100 to more than 200 fathoms. In its litho_ logical character it is somewhat similar to that of the upper limestone. At , in , some of the beds of limestone attain a thicknesB of more than 40 feet, but in general they are much thinU61:. One or two workable beds of coal, and numerous 700------>- bands of clay-ironstone occur in sev61'aI horizons of the strata. In some distl'iets, as at Horizon of the Campsie, thin beds of estuarine, or fresh-water limestone, containing Entomostracans, and Campsie main and other organisms belonging to species that oceur in the upper coal-measures, alternate with the coal beds and marine limestone. The fossils of themaJ.'ine limestones 750 ------and shales are numerous, and consist of plants, foraminifera, corals, Clinoids, crustacea) ------limestone and coal. polyzoa, shells, and ftsll-remains. 800- ) CALCIFEROUS SANDSTONE SERIES.-The strata referred to in this diviSion of our oarboni· ferous system, consist principally of thick-bedded sandstones, which in some localities ______have yielded a few plant-remains; one or two thin beds of impw'e marine limestone 850------} and shale, containing a few shells and crinoid remains; and a band or two of fresh­ water limestone. in which occur Entomostracans and fish·l·emafns. Some of the sand.. stones are conglomerates, and the strata in some distl'icts are interbedded with large Sheets of trap and trappean ash. This group in the West of Scotland has been little explored and docs not seem to be rich in fossils. 900------BALlAGAN LIMESTONE SERIES.-The strata of this group consist, in the upper division, of ------greyish-white sandstones: in the middle, of numerous alternations of thin nodular bands of imPUl'B dolomitic limestone and grey marly sbale; and in the lower, of red =_ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ l and greyish fiaggy sandstone, intE"rbedded with the limestones and shales. The only 950------J organisms yet found in this series of beds consist of some fragmental'Y remains of ------fishes Rnd plants of carboniferous types, which, from their chal'acter, indicate the ------strata as being of freBh·watex origin. Estimated thickness of Calciferous and Hallagan ------aeries. 200 fathoms. 1000- OLD RED SANDSTONE. CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

OF THE

WEST OF SCOTLAND;

THEIR VERTICAL RANGE AND DISTRIBUTION,

By JOHN YOUNG,

VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GLASGOW.

WITH

1\ GENERAL OATALOGUE OF THE FOSSILS

AND THEIR MODE OF OCCURRENCE,

AND AN INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL LOOALITIES,

By JAMES ARMSTRONG,

HONORARY SECRETARY, GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GLASGOW.

GLASGOW:

PUBLISHED BY THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AT THEIR ROOMS IN ANDERSON'S UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS.

1871. AIRD AND COGHILL, L'HINTBRS, GLASGOw. CONTENTS.

Generalised Section of the Carboniferous Rocks in the West of Scotland and Neighbourhood of Glasgow, To face Title page. PAGE INTRODUCTION, 1 PLANT~, 3 CATALOGUE, 6 FORAMINIFERA, .13

HYDROZOA, 14

ZOOPHnA, 15 ECHINODERMATA, 19 20 ANNELIDA, 22 23 CRUSTACEA, 24 25 INSECTA, " 31

POLYZOA, 32 33 BRAcmOPODA, 35 37 IuulELLIruRaNCHLATA, 43 45 PTEROPODA, " 55

GASTEROPODA

CEPHALOPODA, 61 62 PISOES, 66 68 REPTILIA 77 78 Table of the Classes, Genera, and Species, 80 Index to the Localities- In the Upper Coal Measures, - 81 -- Upper Limestone Series, 84 -- Middle Ironstone Series, 90 -- Lower Limestone Series, 91 -- Calciferous Sandstone Series, 98 -- Ballagan Limestone Series, 99 Postscripj;, - Index to the Genera, 101

~~ () I ~ 'T I rv,OO

ON

THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

OF THE

WEST OF SOOTLAND.

Int1·oduction.-In the following remarks on t.he vertical range and distl'ibution of the Carboniferous Fossils in the coal fields of the West of Scotland, I would have it understood that the vertical range of the various classes of fossils mentioned in the paper is given, not as being absolutely correct, but only so far as is known to me. Future discoveries may extend the range of many organisms in our beds, whilst that of others may become limited to a lesser thickness of strata in cases where the genus or species has been incorrectly detel'minell. Before a more comprehensive view of the range of our carboni­ ferous fossils can be given, we would require a more exhaustive search of all our various fossiliferous strata, and a complete list made of the remains they contain, whether well or ill-preserved. Hitherto it has been more the cnstom of those fQrming collec­ tions to confine their researches to those districts where the fossils are in good keeping in the strata, and to neglect other localities in which they are less favourably preserved. By this partial method of research many beds of strata, where the fossils exist only in the form of obscure casts or in a crushed and fragmentary condition, have in It great llle~1snre been overlQokecl, which, if properly examined, would be found to yield nlltny species new either to science or to the strata of the district, ami although perhaps not suited fo1' being displayell in It well-selected cabinet, would cer­ tainly 1e of great interest both to the geologist and pal::eontologist, B 2 ON THE CARBClNIFEROUS FOSSILS in rightly understanding the various conditions under which they have been preserved, as well as the variety of life that existed in the waters or on the land during the carboniferous period. In the Transactions of this Society there are several good general lists of fossils appended to papers on the geology of various dis­ tricts in the west of Scotland; but, valuable as these lists may be, they do not adequately represent either the number of species contained in each of the fossiliferous beds in the localities to which the papers refer, or their mode of occurrence. lVhat are wanted are lists of the species found in each stratum, such as those given by Messrs. Crosskey and Robertson in their papers on the Post-Tertiary fossiliferous beds of Scotland. Members of this Society, therefore, would render good service to geology, if, in their future excursions to fossiliferous districts, they would correctly record all the species they may find, or know to have been found, in each particular bed, and state the thickness and nature of the Rtratum and the state of preservation of the fossil remains. Such catalogues, when published, would be very valuable, and be quite the sort of work which a local society should carryon as one of its branches of investigation. A few vi~its to a locality would, in most cases, suffice to furnish a tolerably complete list of the characteristic fossils in each of the beds. In order to point out the necessity that exists for a list in detail of the species fonnd in each bed throughout the district, I have only to refer to one of the many quarries or natural sections in the west of Scotland, where we have often certain sets of organisms occupying each particular stratum. For example, in the limestone quarry at Newfield, High Blantyre, there are several distinct strata, each characterised by different fossils. The lowest bed exposed in the quarry is a limestone from four to five feet in thickness. It is not very fossiliferous, but contains, however, a few Nautili, Productre, etc., of various species. This limestone is overlaid hy a hed of soft shale from two to three feet in thickness, which is com­ pletely charged with various species of shells, polyzoa, crustacea, crinoids, etc., rmtny of them in a heautiful state of preservation, hut the great majority ~ruRhed by presHuro, as is commonly the case in soft shales. This shale is in turn overlnid by another thin band of limestone from eighteen inches to two feet in thickness, in whioh very fow of tho fossils of the underlying bods are to be found. Over this second limostone lies a thick bed of dark-bluo OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 3 shale, which, in its lower part, yields a few s11ells, such as Nucula, Leda, and Lin.q1tla-species which are rarely found in the lower fossiliferous shale-bed. A bed of sandstone overlies this shale, in which are occasionally found fra,gments of Lepidodend1'on, Sigillaria, and Stigmaria, but no marine forms. In making, therefore, a list of the fossils found at this quarry, it would be much more satis­ factory to mention the stratum in which each specics is found, its state of preservation, and to note those that are recurrent in any of the other beds, than merely to give a list in which these interesting details ,~re wanting. It is only whcn strati­ graphical lists of our fossils are prepared on some such exhaustiye plan that we will ever be able to arrive at anything like a correct notion of the altel'l1ate changes of condition under which the flora and fauna of the cf~l'k)llifel'ous period existed, as indicated by its beds of terrestrial, fresh-water, and marine strata. Having stated these views regarding the necessity of preparing catalogues of the fossils contained in each fossiliferous bed throughout this district, both for the sake of identifying thereby other tracts of strata in our Scottish coal fields, as well as of giving a more correct knowledge of their fossil contents, I will now mention the various groups found in our western coal fields. These may be included under the following sixteen classes, viz.:-

Plantm. Crustacea. Pteropoda. Foraminifera. Insecta. Gastcropoda. Hydrozoa. Polyzoa. Cephalopoda. Zoophyta. Brachiopoda. Pisces. Echinodermata. Lamellibranchiata. Reptilia. Annelida.

Plantce.-There is no class of our carboniferous fossils in which so little work has been done as in the plant-remains, either in the way of collecting or having them properly determined. This neglect in many cases may be owing to the bulky condition in which many of them are fonnd in the strata, and wllich forbids their being secured as caLinet specimens. Not many collectors are tempted to shoulder a portion of the trunk of a Sigillaric~ or a Lepidodendron, say one or two feet in diameter and three or four feet in length, however well preserved the specimen may be. If secured at all, sHch specimens are generally found to he 4 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS fit only for museum display, and not for private collections. Neither would anyone think of breaking up such stems into smaller portions, as the beauty and interest of fossil plants consist in a great measure (where the intemal structure has not otherwise been preserved) in the entirety of the external form of the speci­ mens. Large specimens of plants are therefore often allowed to go to decay in the shale-heaps at the pits or in the quarries where they have been exhumed, owing to the difficulty of carrying them away into places of security. The poor state of preservation in which plant-remains are met with in many strata does not tempt collectors to secure them for their cabinets or for future examina­ tion, even although new and rare forms may thereby be over­ looked. There are, however, a few localities in the west of Scotland in which plants are found in good condition, or are at least moderately well preserved in the strata. nut eVE'n from these localities the list is very meagre, and I think far from com­ plete, if compared with lists of carboniferous species found elsewhere in similar British strata. In Morris' catalogue of British fossils, about 300 species are recorded from various localities, only 90 of which I have yet been able to identify in our western coal field. This shows either that we have fewer carboniferous plants in our strata 01' that the beds have not yet been properly searched. If the latter supposition be correct, it opens up a large field of investigation to the members of this Society, and one which will reqnire a great amount of patient research before we can ever hope to arrive at anything like a knowlellge of the extent 01' the variety of the flora that may have been preserved in our strata. Year after year, however, in spite of tardy investigation, plant-remains are being found, some of which are new to science, while others are new to the district. Remains of plants are found throughout the whole of our carboniferous beds, but are most abundant in the estuarine and fresh-water strata, and rarest in those of truly marine origin. The various coal seams testify to the great abundance of vegetation that flourished over the tracts where these coal beds now exist, and the cannel coals, bituminous and semi-bituminous shales, point also to the great amount of macerated vegetable matter swept from the land surfaces of the coal period, and mixed with these muddy sediments during their deposition in ever-varying quantity. The most abundant class of plants, and those which seem to OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 5

have entered most largely into the formation of our coal strata, besides having the greatest vertical range in the western coal field, belong to the genern Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, Calamites, and the family Filicinro. Numbers of these are to be met with through­ out nll our plant-bearing strata. In this district, one well-marked species of Lepidodendron occurs in the Ballagan series filong with some other obscure plants; and as this group of strata is believed to belong to the very lowest division of the carboniferous system, and is, moreover, stated to contain one or two thin seams of coal in the Fintry district, it may be looked upon as the repository of the earliest carboniferous flora with which we are yet acquainted in the west of Scotland. vVhen once our plants are better known, and are more correctly determined, I think it will be found that, while there al'e certain genera common to the whole coal measures, there are species be­ longing to some of them which are confined to special horizons of the strata. Amongst the ferns, there are one or two species founu only in the lower carboniferous limestone series--viz., /)lJhenopteris affinis, S. bifida, etc., while other species of Sphenopteris, as well as Alethopteris, Pecopteris, etc., characterise the strata of the upper coal measures. It has also been noticed that plants belonging to the Lepidodendron group are more fibundantly met with in the coal seams forming the lower beels of the upper coal measures, while S1"gillaria and CCllamites are more abundant in the higher beds. The highest organised plants yet determined from our strata are certain stems and fruits which have been referred to the Conifene or pine family. They form the genera Dadoxylon and Trigono­ carpwn, and are believed to have grown upon more elcvated stations than the members of the Calamites, Sigillaria, Lepido­ dendl'on, and Fern group, whose proper habitat seelUS to have been the low, level, swampy plains bordering either extensive fresh-,vater lakes or the sea-shore. A portion of a finely-preserved stem of Dado.rylon, from the upper limestone series of the DaIry district, shows several rings of growth, which would seem to indicate seasonal changes of the climate during the growth of the plant. 6 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

PLANTLE.

ALG.LE. 1. CAUDA'GALLI, Sp. Not uncommon. In sandstone, lower limestone series, Oorrieburn, Campsie; and in sandstone, upper limestone series, Bowertrapping, near Dalry.

FILICES.

2. ALETHOPTERIS HETEROPHVLLIA, Lindl. 1\' ot uncommon in the roof shales of one or two coal seams in the upper coal measures. B"iIlieston; Airdrie; ; Kiltongue coal, Cu,rluke; Kilmarnock; and various other localities.

3. A. LONCHITIDIS, Stemb. Ure, Hist. EII/hemlen and East Kilbride, pl. xi., jig. 5. Common. In the roof shales along with the preceding species, in the same localities; also in sandstone, coal measures, Campbeltown; Kil­ tongue coal, Carluke; in slaty·band, and shale of Bellside ironstone, Shotts.

4. A. SERRA, Lindl. Ure, pl. xL, fig. 3. Rare. Hoof shales, upper coal measures, Airdrie.

5. CVCLOPTERIS DIL.\'l'ATA, Lindl. Ure, pl. xii., fig. 1. Hather rare. In roof shales. ; Rutherglen; and in the Airdrie coal field.

6. C. ORBICcLARIS, Brong. Rather rare. Found along with the preceding species, in the same localities; also in clay-ironstone nodules, upper coal measures, Ayr­ shire; and in shale, Hae's Gill, Carluke.

7. NEUROP'l'ERIS GIGANTEA, Sternb. U,'c, pl. xi., fig. 4. Not uncommon in nodules of impure cla.y-ironstonc, and in the roof sh"les of seveml of the coal seams. Carluke; Airdrie; Daillieston ; ,Vooc1hill quarry, KillllmU's.

8. N. HETEROPHYLLIA, Brong Occurs along with N. gigantea, ill the same locr,litics.

9. ~. LOSHII, Brollg. The smuo observations apply to this species as to the two preceding. It is also common in thc Stcvcnston coal field. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 7

10. PECOPTERIS ABBREVIATA, Brong. MS. Very rare. In clay-ironstone nodules, upper coal measures, Woodhill quarry, Kilmaurs, along with Xylobius Sigilla,·ire.

11. P. ADIANTOlDES, Lil1d!. Rare. Coal me~sures, near Bathgate.

12. P. CHAlROPIIYLLOIDES, Bl'ong. Rare. In shale, Carl uke.

13. P. DENTATA, Lindl. U,'c, pl. xii., fig. 2. Rare. In roof shales. Airdrie; Baillieston; first calmy limestone series, Carluke.

14. P. LACINIATA, Lindl. Rare. Crossforo1, in sandy shale.

15. P. LO~HII, Bl'ong. Rare. In aluminous shale, splint and main coals, Carluke.

16. P. MURlCATA, Bl'ong. Rare. Roof shales, Airdrie coal field.

17. P. NERVOSA, Brong. Not common. In shale, Carluke and Airurie.

18. SPHENOPTERIS AFFINIS, Lindl. Rare. In shale at Auchengree, DaIry; in shale, Rae's Gill, Carluke.

19. S. ARTEMISLEFOLIA, Sternb. Rare. In roof shales, Airdrie.

20. S. BmmA, Lindl. Very rare. In shale, marine limestone series, Campsie; NitshiII.

21. S. BRONGNIARTII, Lindl. Very rare. In shale, Glasgow coal field.

22. S. CRENATA, Lindl. Ure, pI. xii., fig. 5. Rare. ,Yatston, Stonehouse.

23. S. DILATATA, Lindl. Upper coal measmes. Baillieston.

24. S. EXCELSA, Lindl. Rare. Coat Castle, Stonehouse, in clay-band ironstone.

25. S. HIBBERTII, Lindl. Rare. Upper coal measures. In bitunlinous shale, banks of tloe Avon, near Hamilton.

26. tl. HO~HNGHAUSI, Bl'ollg. Upper coal measures. B"ilIieston. 8 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

27. S. LATIFOLIA, Brong. Upper coal measures. Baillieston, in roof of Pyotshaw coal.

28. S. ~IACILENTA, Lindl. Very rare. Coat Castle, Stonehouse.

29. S. POLYPHYLLA, Lindl. Very rare. Cros8ford, in sandy shale.

EQUISETACELE.

30. 1 ASTEROPHYLLITES CHARJIlFORThIIS, Sterno. Rare. SLlty·band ironstone, Shotts. 31. A. DumA, BTong. U1'C, pl. x" .fi[f. G. Rare. In roof shales, anil impure clay-ironstone noilules, upper coal measures. Baillieston; AU·drie.

32. A. liOLIOSUS, Lindl. U1'e, pl. "ii., .fi!l. 4. Found with the preceding species in the same localities; also at Shotts.

33. A. GALIOIDES, Lindl. U1'e, pl. xii., .fi!!. 3. Hare. In roof shales anil impure clay-ironstone nodules. Baillieston; Airdrie. This and the preceding species are frequently obtained in sinking pits to the slaty-band u'onstone, Shotts.

34. A. GRANDIS, Lindl. Very rare. Rutherglen, in light-coloured clay shale.

35. A. LONGIFOLIA, BJ'ong. Ure, pl. x., .firfS. 4, 5. Rare. Occurs along with the preceding species in the same localities; also at Kilmarnock.

3G. A. TUBERCULATA, SteTnb. Rare. Howlet Gill, , in sandy shale; in shale 30 fathoms above the slaty-band ironstone, Shotts; Baillieston, in roof of Pyotshaw coal.

37. CALAMITES APPROXIThIATGS, B)·on!!. Rare. Drumgray coal, Castlehill, Carlukc; casts in sanilstone strata, Gbsgow; , Ayrshu'c; in 8h"le, Virtue IVell co"l, Shotts.

~~8. C. CANKAlFOHlIIIS, 8chlot. UI'C, pl. x., .fi!!s. 1, 2. Not UllCOllunon. Casts in sa.ndstonc, and cl'ushed specimens in shale. Carll1kc; Ainlric; Calubuslrbl}g Glen; llellside iron~tone, Shotts. ~'In freestone at the east quarry of Rutherglen."-Ul'e.

1 'lhe species of this genus arc the foliage of Calwllite8. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 9

39. C. DLEQUALIS, Limll. Rare. Casts in sandstone, J.anarkshire coal field; and in the Kiltongue coal, Carluke.

40. C. NODOSUS, Schlot. Rare. Casts in sandstone and impressions in shale. Drtllll,;ray coal, Shotts and C,uluke; Airdrie; Baillieston.

41. C. PACHYDERMA, B1'ong. Rare. Casts in sandstone, '\Vishaw; Drumgray coal, Carluke.

42. C. UNln:LATus, Brong. Rare. Drumgray coal, Carluke; casts in sandstone, coal measures, AU·drie.

43. PINNULARIA CAPTLLACEA, Lindl. (Roots of Calamites.) Ure, pl. x., figs. 7, 8. Rare. Coal measures, Lanarkshu·e. "Stonelaw."~ Ure.

44. SPHENOPHYLLU:li EROSUM, Lindl. Rather rare. In roof shales. Carluke; Baillieston; Rutherglen.

45. S. SCHLOTHEIMII, Brong. Very rare. Crossford, in sandy shale; Baillieston, in roof of Pyot­ shaw coal.

46. VOLKMANNIA MORRISH, Hoolzer. (Fruit of a species of Calamites.) Very rare. In shale, Rae's Gill, Carluke. A specimen of what seems to be the stem of this plant was found in the marine lUnestone shales of High Blantyre.

LYCOPODIACELE.

47. FLEMINGITES GRACILIS, C({1'1'ufheT8, Geol. Mag. Vol. II. pI. 12. Rather rare. Slaty-band u'onstone, coal field.

48. FAVULARIA TESSELLATA, Bi·Ol1g. Rare. Coal-shale, Ahdrie; Kiltongue coal, Castlehill, Carluke; in shale, main coal, Shotts.

49. HALONIA TORTGOSA, Lindl. Rare. Drumgray co(11, Carluke ; casts in blackband ironstone, ­ shire coal fieIr!.

50. H. TUBERCULOSA, Linell. Rather rare. Casts in sandstone and blackband ironstone. Steven­ ston; C"rluke ; Airdrie. Speciinens from the volcanic ash-beds, Laggan Bay, Arran, show the internal structure.

51. KNORRlA TAXTNA, Lindl. (Internal cast of Lepi(loclendroicl trunks.) Not common. Casts in sandstone. Giffnock; Nethanfoot; Stock­ briggs, Lesmahagow; in sandstone, gas-work. A species of Knol'l'ia occurs at Brock's Hole and Braidwood Gill, Carluke, below the Tower coal and above the Maggy ironstones. 10 ON' ,THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

52. LEPIDODENDRON DILATATUM, Lindl. Rare. Drumgray coal, Carluke:; Shotts.

53. L. ELEGANS, Brong. Urc, pl. xiii., fig. 3. Not uncommon. This species has a wide vertical range in onr coal measures, and occurs as casts in sandstone and ironstone, and crushed examples in shale. Drumgray coal, Carluke; Shotts; Airdrie; Rae's Gill ironstone, Carlukc; Campbeltown; Brockley, in blackband ironstone shale. "On inflammable till, found above coal, at Stonelaw."- Ure.

54. L. GRACILE, Lindl. Rather rare. Found as casts and crushed impressions in blackband il'Onstone and sandy shales. Rae's Gill beds, Cal'luke; Brockley, along with the preceding species; in shale, Virtue "\Vell coal, Shotts.

55. L. HARCOURTII, Lindl. Rare. Casts in sandstone and ironstone. Drumgray coal, Carluke; Pit Cone, DaIry, in shales above blackband ironstone.

56. L. OBOVATUM, BierI/b. Ure, pl. xiii., fig. 4. Not uncommon. Blackband ironstone, Possil; Govan; Bishopbriggs and ; Banton, ; Pit Cone, DaIry; Campbeltown. "In an argillaceous freestone, in the bed of the Calder, near Torrance."- Ure.

57. L. SELAGINOJDES, Stemb. Rather rare. Occurs as impressions in sandy shales and ironstones. Drumgray coal, Castlehill, Carluke; Banton; Possil.

58. L. STERNBERGIJ, Bl'ong. Ure, pl. xiii., fig. 6. Uare. Casts in sandstone, and impressions of crushed specimens in shale. Banton; Cmnpbeltown; Rae's Gil beds, Carluke; Shotts; in sandstone, Byers' Road, Partick; Rutherglen, in shale above the splint coal. "In the ironstone mines, in the lands of Basket."-Uj·c.

59. L. TRANSVERSUM, Brong. Rare. Casts in sandstone, and impressions of crushed specimens in shale. Glasgow; Banton.

60. LEPIDOPHLOIOS \ViiNSCHIANA, Carruthers. Specimens showing the internal structure occur in the volcanic ash­ beds, Laggan Bay, Al·ran.

61. LEPIDOPHYlLUl\1 LANCEOLATUM, Brollg. Rare. Upper coal measures, Shotts.

G" LEPIDOSTROBUS, (?) AMBIGUUS, Binney, Carboniferous Flora, pl. xi., jius. 1, la, lb. Trappean ash, Laggan Bay, Anan.

63. L. COllIOSUS, Lindl. Rare. Coallncn.sur..:~, C~\dH1.l1. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 11

64. L. (?) DUBIUS, Binney, Carbo Flora, pl. ix., jigs. 3, 3a. Blackband ironstone, Airdrie.

65. L. LATUS, Bin/ley, Carbo Flora, pl. xi., jigs. 3a, 3b, 3c. Trappean ash, Laggan Bay, An'an.

66. L. LEVIDE~SIS, Binney, Carbo Flora, pl. x., figs. 1, let, lb. Blackband ironstone, Airdrie.

67. L. ORNATUS, Emng. Ure, pl. xiii., flu. 1. Rather rare. Slaty-bancl ironstone, Shotts; Drumgray coal, Oarluke; blackband ironstone, Dalmellington.

68. L. PIN ASTER, Lindl. Rare. Coal measures, C,n·luke.

69. L. TE:-!UIS, Binney, Carbo Flora, pl. ix., jigs. 4, 4a. Blackband ironstone, Airdrie.

70. L. RUSRELLIANLS, Binney, Carbo Flora, pl. ix., jigs. 1, la, 2, 2(t. Blackband ironstone, Airdrie.

71. L. V ARIA BILlS, Lindl. Not rare. Drumgray coal, Oarluke; Airdrie, in shale above blackband ironstone; in sanchtone, in the region of the Bowhousebog ironstone, Shotts; Possil ironstone.

72. L. Wi;NSClIIANUS, Binney, Carbo Flora, pl. xi.,ftg,. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c. Trappean ash, Laggan Bay, Arran.

73. LYGIc-fODENDRON LANDSBURGII, G01ldie. Rare. Casts in sandstone. Shotts; Stevenston quarries; in sandstone below Tower coal, Carluke.

74. SIGILLARIA ELEGANS, BTong. Rare. Coal shale, Airdrie; ,Vishaw, in main coal; Brockley, in shale above blackband ironstone.

75. S. NODOSA, Lindl. Very rare. Upper coal measures. , in roof Gf the main coal.

76. S. OCGLATA, Lindl. Moderately comillon. Coal and shale. OarIuke; Airdl'ie; main coal, Shotts and Wishaw.

77. S. ORGANU~I, Sternb. U,>e, pl. xi., flu. 1. Moderately common in coal and shale. Shotts; Carluke; ironstone pits, DaIry; . "Found on coal, Rntherglen."--Ure.

78. S. ltENIFORMIS, Brong. Not rare. Kiltongue coal, Carluke; main coal, Shotts; Airdrie; main coal, . 12 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

79. S. SERLII, Brong. Rare. Coal shale, Airdrie ; Kiltongue coal, Carluke.

80. S. SAULII, Brong. Hare. Coal shale, Airdric; Kiltongue coal, Carluke; Baillieston.

81. STIGmARIA FICOIDES, Brong. 1 Un, pl. xiii., jig. 2. Commou in the coals, unaerclays, and sandstones, from the Ell coal to the lower beds of the lower limestones in the west of ~cotland, often presenting several varieties.

s·) STIG1\fARIA STELLATA, Eichwald. Hare. \Vildshaw quarry, east of Douglas; l\Ieadowfoot, Drumclog.

83. ULODE:C

84. U. 1IIAJUS, Lindl. Rathel' rare. Casts in sandstone. Barrhead; Carluke, in shale, Drmngray co"l; in slaty-band ironstone, Shotts; in coal below lower limestone, Beith.

83. U. 1I1INUS, Lindl. Rather rare. Casts in sandstolle, and impressions in coftl shale and blackband ironstone. Carluke; in shale, Shotts gas coal; \Vishaw, in roof of main coal. Banton; Pit Cone, and Riddence, DaIry.

CONIFERLE.

80. DADOXYT~ON, :;jJ. Hare. Casts of rith in sandstone, Stevenston; Airdrie; in shale, Kiltongue mussel-band, and in sandstone, Drumgmy coal, Carluke; Auchenskeoch. A specimen fonnel in trappe an ash above blackband ironstone, DaIry, shows the annual rings of growth.

87. "TRIGO:C

58. T. OBLO].;UUM, Lindl. U,tthel' rar8. Casts in salllistonc, Stevenston quarry, Ayrshire. It occurs also ill the first calmy limestone series, Carluke.

1 Houts of arborescent LYC01Jodi((('(('e. 2 Fruits of taxineous Conifers, OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 13

89. T. OLIVl£FOR2lIE, Lindl. Rare. Airarie and Bathgate.

90. T. OVATUM, Lindl. lIIoclerately common as casts in sandstone, Stevenston quarry; ana impressions in roof shales, Baillieston. It occurs also in the first calmy limestone series, Carlnke.

NOTE.-Thc foregoing list of plant-remains is partly c0111piled from a J\rs. catalogue made by ~Ir. John Young, of the specimens exhibited at the me~ting of the British Association in GLu;~ow. in 18.)5. It lDust be considered as very imperfect, for, in the '\a.rious collections then exhibited, there were many specimens unnamed, and which we belie'\c still rem'lill undetermined, so little ha\"ing been done, of recent YCill'S, ill. working out the piaut-rcm[l.illS of the \Vesterll coal fields of Scothnd. V'le are gbd, however, to state that Mr. C;uTuthers, of the British '.'.[useam, has now some of the rarer undeterl1lined specimens in his hands, and from him we expect to learn something of their family and generic affinities.

Fomminifera.-Until the last few years no examples of this group were recorded from onr strata, bnt in the recent washing of tlle limestone shales for Entomostraca some five or ~ix species have been found. Most of the forms lmve been determined hy Dr. Henry B. Brady, of N ewcastle-on-Tyne, and his provisional names are given in the subjoined list. All the species of Foraminifera in our beels are found in the lower marine limestones and slJale~, but one or two are recurrent in the the upper limestone series. Out of the fiye or six species there are only two which are moderately common; some of the others are very rare. As their discoyery is of such recent date, I believe that many more species 'will yet be found when a more ex1mnstive search is made in other localities. The districts which have already yielded this interesting class are the lower limestone shales of Brockley, near Lesmuhagow; main lime­ stone of Braid wood, near Oarluke; lower limestone shales of the Garple "\Vater, near 1\1 uirkirk ; Craigie, near Kilmarnock; Oraigenglen, Oampsie; and the upper limestone shales of Oalder­ side, High Blantyre.

FORAMI~IFERA.

I. TEXTULA.RIA ANTIQUA, Brady, MS. Not common. Lower limestone. Brockley; main limestone, BraiLl­ wood. Mr. Brady refers several varieties of this TectII iaria. to a single species. 14 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSIJ"S

2. IKVOLUTINA CONICA, Brady, MS. Upper limestone- Orch,ud; lower limestone -Craigenglen, rare; Brockley, COlUlllOn.

2. 1. LOBATA, Bra(Zy, .AfS. lIIoderately common. Upper limestone. High Blantyre. A larger variety is found sparingly in the Brockley beds, and Braidwood main limestone.

4. I. RADIA1'A, Brady, 111S. Common in the lower limestone shales of the Go,rple ,Vater, Muirkirk; mther rare in the Brockley beds; very mre at Craigie.

NOTE. Mr. Brady lea.ves 011e form, common at Brockley, and more r[1.re at Craigcn­ glen, fl)r the present) undetermined.

Hyrhozou.-Two species belonging to this class have recently been discovered in the lower limestone series.

HYDROZOA.

1. PALMOCORYXE SCOTICUM, Duncan and Jenkins. Phil. Trans. for 1869, pp. 693-699, pI. lxvi. Rare. Lower limestone. Roughwood; Brockley.

2. P. RADIATUM, Duncan and Jenkins. Rare. Lower limestone. Roughwood; Auchenskeoch. These Tubularine Hydrozoo, are usually found o,thcherl to the margins of the cell-openings of "'Polyzoa. Their geneml appearance" is that of a long, straight­ armed starfish reversed, and fixed on a stiff stem with an expanded base."­ D. andJ.

Zoophyta.-This class is represented by a considerable numher of genera and species, some of which are so abundant in certain horizons that their stony skeletons now form whole bands of limestone. Corals, being truly marine in their habitat, are never found in the strata of our upper coal measlll'es, nor in the bmcki~h or fresh-wa,ter beds that alternate with the limestone series or lowcr coal measures. They are nl ways associated with fossils which represent true oceanic conditions, like the marine fauna of our present seas. About twenty genera and treble that number of species have already been recorded as found in our OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 15 strata; and, as the work of investigation goes on, it is likely that other forms will yet be detected. The greatest number is found in the lower limestone series, some of which seem to be charac­ teristic of this division, such as Lithodend'l'on, Litlwstrotion, Syringopora, Cyatlwphyllurn, Ample~:1M, Heterophyllia, Michelinia, etc. Several of the genera ]1ave, ]lOwever, a wider vertical range, being found in the lower, as well' as in the upper limestones and shales. These are chiefly Glisiopltyllum, Zaplirentis, Steno­ pora, and Alveolites,. but corals, so far as I have observed, seem to be nowhere very abundant in the upper limestone series. Many of the Scottish carboniferous corals, being embedded in soft clay shale and calcareous shale, have their internal structure better preserved than specimens obtained from hard limestone, which are often so much crystallized internally that their finer septa are in ll1any cases entirely obliterated. The localities of easiest access where carhoniferous corals may be obtained are, the various quarries in the districts around Beith and DaIry; the limestone sections in the Bathgate hills; Oor1'ie­ burn, on the Oampsie hills; Brockley and Auchinheath, near Lesmahagow-all in the lower limestone series; and Gare, near Caduke; , north-east of Glasgow; and the quarries in the High Blantyre and East Kilbride districts-in the upper limestone series.

ZOOPHYTA.

1. ALVEOLITES DEPRESSA, Fle1n. 8p. Rare. Lower limestone. First calmy and main limestones, Cal'luke; Boghead, Lesmahagow; Brockley; Bathgate.

2. A. SEPTOSA, Flem. 8p. Common. Upper limestone-Gare; Linn limestone, DaIry; lower limestone-Braehead, Busby; Auchenskeoch; Boghead, Lesmahagow; Bathgate quarries, where it occurs incrusting the valves of Productu,8 yigantcus, as well as in bands in the limestone.

3. AMPLEXUS CORALLOIDE~, Sow. Rare. Lower limestone. Brockley; Broadstone; Roughwood.

4. A. BENSLOWI, JJI. Edw. Rare. Low~r limestone. Roughwood; Auchenskeoch; Brockley.

5. A. SPINOSUS, de Koninck. Rather rare. Lower limestone. Shiels, E. Kilbride; J..angside and Roughwood, Bcith; Brockley. 16 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

6. ASTRlEOPORA CYCLOSTOMA, Phil. Rare. Upper limestone-GaTe; lower limestone-first calmy lime­ stone, On'luke; Brockley; Auchenskeoch. Pamsitic upon cncrinite stems ana shells.

I. AULOPHYLLUM EDWARDSI, lJI. Edw. Rare. Lower limestone. Bathgate.

B. A. FUKGITER, Jl. EdV'. U,'c, pl. xx., fl[l. G. Rare. Lower limestone. Batllgate.

9. CAMPOPHYLLUM MURCHISONI, lV. Edw. Rare. Lower limestone. Bl'oadstone; Brockley, in limestone below the Pl"O(luc{us [lir/anteas bed.

10. CLADOCHONUS BECHET, 11/. Ecl1O. Very rare. Lower limestone. Brockley. Sections are being cut to aetermine the full characters of this coral.

I!. CLISIOPHYLLUM BIPARTITUl\l, 11I'Coy. Common. Lower limestone. Broadstone; Roughwoqd; Brockley, in the limestone shales.

12. C. CONISEPTUM, lJI. Ecl1O. Rare. Lower limestone. , Beith, in shale.

13. C. KEYSERLIXGI, .lJI'Coy. Rm·e. Lower limestone. In the same beds as C. bipaJ"tUnm.

14. C. TURBINATUlIr, JI'Coy. Moderately common. Lower limestone. Ilathgatc, in sImIe; Brockley, shale m:c1 limestone; Shiels, E. Kilbriae, in shale; Broac1stone, in shale.

15. COLUMNARIA EGERTONI, .lJI. Edw. Very !"are. Lower limestone. Broadstone, in masses in the limestone a,nc1 shale.

16. CYATHAXONIA CORNU, lJJich. Rare. Lower limestone. Brockley, in shale.

17. CYATHOPHYLLUM AnCHIACI, .lJI. E'/1O. Rare. Lower limestone. Broaastone.

lB. C. EXI'ANSUm, .lJl'Goy 81'. V cry rare. Lower limestone. Broa,dstone.

19. C. MuncHsoNI, .lJI. Eelw. Rare. Lower limestone. Bathg"te, in shale.

20. C. PAR,\.ClDA, .lJI'Coy. Common, Lower limestone. Broadst.one; Auchenmade Brockley; Bathgate. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 17

21. C. PSEUDO'VERMICULARE, M'C'oy. Rare. Lower limestone. Brockley, in shale.

22. C. REGIU~I, Phil. Not common. Lower limestone. Bathgate, in masses in the limestone.

23. C. \VRIGHTII, M. Edw. Rare. Lower limestone. Howrat.

24. CYCLOPHYLLU31 BOWERBANKII, D. d': T. Rare. Lower limestone. B"thgate; Brockley; Braidwood, in the m"in limestone; Roughwood; Broadstone.

C. FUNCITE~, D. & T. Rare. Lower limestone. In the same beds as the preceding species.

26. FISTVLIPORA MINOR, M'C'oy. Rare. Lower limestone. Brockley; Boghead, Lesmahagow. Occurs in small ovate and globular masses.

27. FAYOSITES PARASITICA, Phil. Rare. Lower limestone. Howood; Brockley.

28. HETEROPHYLLIA ANGULATA, Duncan. Rare. Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch; Brockley.

29. H. GRANULATA, Duncan. Rarc. Lower limestone. Brockley.

30. H. LYELL!, Duncan. Common. Lower limestone. Craigenglen; Brockley.

31. 1 H. MIRABILIS, Duncan. Occurs along with the preceding species.

32. H. M 'COYI, Duncan. Rare. Lower limestone. Brockley.

33. H. SEDGWICK I, Duncan. Rare. Occurs along with the preceding species.

34. LITHODENDRON AFFINE, Flem. Rare. Lower limestone. Bathgate, in limestone and shale .

•'35. L. FASCICULATU1I, Fiem. Ul'e, pl. xix., jig. 13. Common. Lower limestone. Eoghead, Lesmahagow; Craigenglen; Corrieburn, where it forms a bed varying from two to four feet in thickness.

36. L. IRREGULARE, Phil. Rare. Lower limestone. Anchenmade; Eoghead, Lesmahagow; Auchenskeoch.

Ill. Lyelli appears to be founded on imperfectly preserved specimens of ll. 1IlirabUis. Sec fi paper l)y :!\fl'. John YOllug in the Proceedings of the Katural History Society of Ulasgow, Yol. I., p. 231i. C t8 O~ THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

37. L. JUNCEUM, Flem. lire, pl. xix., fig. 12. Common. Brockley; Craigenglen; Corrieburn; forms the upper part of the "two-feet" limestone in the Beith section.

38. LITHOSTROTION ARANEA, M'Coy, sp. Common. Lower limestone. Bathgate, in masses in the limestone.

39. L. ENSTFER, M. Edw. Common. Lower limAstone. Bathgate, in large masses in the lime­ stone.

40. L. PORTLOCKI, M. Edw. Rare. Lower limestone. Corrieburn, in masses upon the coralline banel.

41. L. DECIPIENS, M'Goy. (NEMATOPHYLLUM, M'Coy.) Rare. Lower limestone. Boghead, Lesmahagow, in masses through­ out the lime:;tone.

42. LONSDALEIA DUPLICATA, jJ[art. Rare. Lower limestone. Glen lVIuirshaw, lVIuirkirk, in shale.

43. L. FLORIFORMIS, jJ[art. Rare. Lower limestone. Bathgate.

44. L. RUGOS_\. 11I'Coy. Lower limestone. Main limestone, Braidwood, rare; Bogheail and Netherton, LeSnl:lhagow, where it occnrs in great lllasses in the lime­ stone, and in which the mode of growth is secn in every stltge of development.

43. LOPHOPHYLLUM (CYATHOPSIS) ERUCA, M'Coy. Lower limestone. Beith quarries.

46. MICHELINIA TENUISEPTA, Phil. Common. Lower limestone. Broadstone, and Roughwood; Shiels, East Kilbride. Occurs in small masses, both in the limestone and shale.

47. STENOPORA TUlIHDA, Phil. lin, pl. xx., figs. 1, 2. Common. Upper limestone-Bog'head; High Blantyre and East Kilbride limestone shltles; Gare; lower limestone-Corrieburn, in white shale overlying the coralline limestone; Brockley.

48. SYRINGOPORA RAMULOSA, Gold! Rare. Lower limestone. Howood, in masses, in shale overlying the limestone; Broadstone, amI Auchenskeoch, in the shales of both these locftlities_

49. S. RETH'ULATA, Gold/. Hare. Lo,ver li1nestone. Boghead, IJesmahagow, in masses in the limestone; main limestone, Braidwood. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND, 19

50. ZAPHRE)

51. Z. CORXGCOPLE, Mich. Rare. Lower limestone. Roughwood.

52. Z. CYLINDRICA, Seouler, 8]7. Oommon. Lower limestone. Brockley; Broadstone; Auchenskeoch; Oorrieburn.

53. Z. ENNISKILLENI, ]I. Edw. Oommon. Upper limestone-High Blantyre, in shale; lower lime­ stone-Auchenskeoch.

54. Z. GRIFFITHI, ill. Hdw. Rare. Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch; Brockley.

55. Z. MICHELINI, ]1. Hdw. Rare. Lower limestone. Netherfield, .

56. Z. NODULOSA, Phil. Very rare. Lower limestone. Brockley.

57. Z. FATULA, Mich. Oommon. Lower limestone. Brockley; Roughwood; Oorrieburn; Craigenglen.

58. Z. PHILLIPSI, M. Hdw. Common. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Auchenskeoch.

59. Z. SPINULOSA, 11I. Hdw. Very rare. Lower limestone. Brockley.

Echinodermata.-The Orinoids and Sea-urchins are as yet the only members of this class found in the western Scottish coal field. The crinoids of the limestone series have hitherto received very little attention or investigation; but I think there will yet be found a considerable number of undescribed genera and species. We seem, however, to want in our beds many of the typical forms of crinoids met with in similar strata in England and Ireland. In certain strata they occur plentifully both in the lower and upper limestone series. One species, having a pentagonal stem, was found by the late Mr. Skipsey, in a bed at Drumpark, to the east of Glasgow, which occupies a high position in the upper coal measnres. It was associated with several other genera of marine carboniferous limestone fossils, and is the highest horizon in which they have been detected in our coal field. In a 20 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

fAW instances the remains of crinoids enter largely or almost wholly into the formation of some of the limestone strata in various dis­ tricts, but their remains are more frequently found in the soft shales. When such is the case, fragments of the stems, single ossiculre, and portions of the heads, are often found in a good state of preser­ vation; but it is very rarely indeed that anything like perfect specimens are met with.

The other member of the class Echinodermata found III our limestone strata is the genus Arclu.eocidaris, one of the oldest forms of Oidaris or Sea-urchins at present known to palreontolo­ gists. This genus vms first figured by the TIev. David U re, from specimens found in this district about the close of the last century. There seem to be at least three distinct species of A1'Cllccocidaris, ?ne of which, subsequently honoured by Ure's name, seems to be the most abundant and widely distributed. So abundant was it over certain tracts of the old sea-bottom that its remains sometimes form thin bands of limcstone shale from two to three inches in thickness, as at Oampsie and Oarluke. The genus ranges from the 10\ve1' to the upper limestone series, but, like the crinoids, its remains are generally found in the condition of scattered fragments: in one instance only have all the parts of this fossil been found lying in their relative positions. This unique specimen, discovered at Oampsie, is now in the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow.

ECHINODERMATA.

1. ARCIIJEOCIDARIS URII, Flem. U1'e, pl. xvi., figs 7, 8. Plate and Spine. A single crushed specimen of this interesting Echinoderm, with the pl1rts in position, has been found in the limestone "t SClllliongour, Campsie, and is now in the collection of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University. The dehched portions-spines, the various phtes, and the pieces forming the "lantern "-are abundant in the limestone shale, Craigenglen. They are "Iso common in the weathered limestone of vVaterland, Dunlop, where portions of the dental "ppamtus occur of larger size than usual; at TIroadstolle, TIeith; at C"re, amI in the Linguh ironstone, first calmy, and m"in limestones, CrLrluke. It seems to have flourished in large numbers in the seas of the carbo11i­ fCl'ons limestone periorl in certain 10crLlities; a stnltum, close upon the "cathead" of the main limestone at Thorn, in the (,,,rluke tlistrict, from two to three inches in thickness, being almost wholly m,vle up of its remains. It is "Iso founrl in the upper limestone shales of Kilbrirle and TIlrLntyrc, amI "t Hairmyrcs in the lower limestone series. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 21

2. A. :M UNSTERIM!A, de Koninck. The only evidence of the existence of this species in the district is a piece of a spine found on weathered limestone at IVaterland, Dunlop, in the lower limestone series. NOTE.-The Harrow, sn100th Ecltinus tooth, common at Craigenglcn, belongs probably to an undescribed species.

3. ACTINOCRINUS GLOBOSUS, lJIillel'. Very rare. First calmy lim.estone, Carluke.

4. HYDREIONOCRINUS GLOBULARIS, de Koninck. The calyx is common in the upper limestone shales at Gare and IYesterllOuse; Boghead; Newfield, High Blantyre; and Capelrig, East Kilbride; and in the lower, at Brockley, and the Beith quarries.

5. R. SCOTICUS, de Konincl.;. Base of calyx and plates not uncommon at Boghead; and at High Blantyre and East Kilbride, in the upper limcstone shales.

6. PLATYCRINUS L2EVIS, J1IillEr. Rare. Stems referred to this species are found at Corrieburn and in the Beith I'[uarries.

7. P. TRIGINTIDACTYLUR, Al/stil!. U,'c, pl. xviii., figs. 9, 18. Portions of the arms arc common in tbe upper limestone shales of Gare; Boghead; Blantyre and East Kilbride; Orchard; and at Brockley, in the lower limestone series.

8. POTERIOCRINC'S CALYX, lJI'Coy. Very mre. Auchenskeoch, in limestonc shale.

9. P. CR~~SSUS, lJIillel'. One of the most abundant crinoids in the limestone strata of the west of Scotland. Portions of the calyx, fingers, joints of the stem and side arms are common at Gare; Eoghead; East Kilbride and Bhn­ tyre quarries; and Orchard, iu the upper limestone series; and in the lower, at Corrieburn; the quarries in the Beith district; Brockley; first Kingshaw, and first calmy limestones, Carluke.

10. P. 11 'OOYANUS, de Koninc!.:. Lower limestone shales. Detached plates common in the Beith quarries. The calyx, fingers, and stem, in position, arc sometimes found in Howood quarry.

11. P. NUCIFOR:tns, J1I'Coy. Locality, "Carboniferous limestone, near Glasgow," according to Huxley and Etheridge's "Catalogue of the collection of fossils in the l\Iuseum of Practical Geology," p. 127.

12. P. QUI:-IQ-JAKU L'I,ARIS, ill iiie!'. Ute, pl. xviii., ,!ig. 5. stem. Rare. Upper limestone~Capelrig, E. Kilbride; lower-Goldcraig, ; Broadstone, Beith. 22 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

13. P. SPISSUS, de Koninck. "Very l'are. A single example of the base of the calyx found at Capelrig, East Kilbriue.

14. P. TENUIS, Mille,'. U"e, pl. xviii, figs. 14, 15, 17. Not common. Base of calyx, and plates. Upperlimestone-Capelrig, East Kilbride; Gare; lower limestone- Craigenglen.

15. RHODOCRINUS UNIARTIOULATUS, de Koninck. Rare. Entire calices have been found in the lower limestone shales at Beith, and detached plates at Craigenglen; Corrieburn ; first Kingshaw and first calmy limestone, Carluke; and at Brockley; also at Gare and Rob­ royston in the upper limestone series.

NOTE. Numerous stems and portions of calices of other crinoids are common through­ out the whole of the limestone strata. They have heen referred to the gener:> Aeti,we,'inu8, PlatYCl'tJH{8, RhodoCI'tIW8, etc., some of which are apparently illldescribed. From the fragmentary condition in which this group of fossils is found in our beds, the work of determining the species, and identifying the calyx with the stems, is rendered very per­ plexing, especially in the absence of a good reliable work on the subject, in which the various parts are figured.

Annelida.-Of this group four genera have been found-viz., Spirorbis, Serpula, Serpulites, and Vermilia. One or two forms, pro­ bably belonging to other genera, await further determination. All the rflcent species of Spi,'Q1'bis are marine in their habitat, but in our coal measures there are two species which have been referred to this genus-viz., S. carbonarius and S. helictm'es-always found attached to plants and shells in strata believed to be of brackish or fresh-water orlgm. These have never been found, so far as I have observed, in any of our truly marine beds. At one time it seems to have been doubted whether S. ca1'bonarius was an annelid, and the generic name of j,[im'oconchu8 was given to it; but it is now believed that it was allied either to Spirorbis or Sm'Pula, although found in strata having a brackish or fresh-water character. This species is found to range from the estuarine or fresh-water limestones in the lower limestone series to the top of the upper coal measnres. S. ltelicteres has been found in this district only in the latter beds. Attached to the stems of crinoids, corals, and shells, in our marine strata, there are found at least three other species of Spi1'01'bis; these, however, seem to occur in greatest abundance in the lower limestone series, very finely-preserved specimens being OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 23 found in the limestone shales of Brockley, where ill many case;;; they have become detached, and may be obtained by washing the shales. 01' the genera Serp~tla and Sel'pulites some five or six species have been found, some of' which range from the lower to the upper limestone series. Several of the species seem to have been gregarious in their habits, being fouml lying in patches in certain strata, but none of them are very abundant in any of our fossiliferous localities, and one or two appear to be still undescribed. .A. species of Vermilia, one of' the rarest of our carboniferous annelids, is sometimes found attached to shells and stems of crinoids in the lower and upper limestone series. It cannot be distinguished, by any of its external characters, from the Permian V. obscura, although it has hitherto been identified with a carboniferous form, V. minuta, which may possibly be the same.

ANNELIDA.

1. SERPlTLA PARALLELA, ff£,COY. Lower limestones and shales. Auchenskeoch; Beith quarries; Howrat; Brockley. Not common.

2. SERPlTLITES CARIlONARIlTS, lJI'Coy. Lower limestone. Sculliongour; Langside, Beith, in the lower bed of linlestone. Not common.

3. S. l\1EMBRANACElTS, 11I'Coy. Upper limestone-Gare, and l\Iaggy ironstone beds, Carluke; New­ field, High Blantyre; Ai'den; lower limestone-Beith; Craigenglen; main limestone, Carluke. Common at Gare, and High Blantyre; Craigenglen, very rare.

4. SPIRORBIS CAPERATlTS, M'Coy. Common in the upper and lower limestone shales, attached to shells, crinoids, and corals. East Kilbride and BhLntyre' shales; Gare; Craigen­ glen; Corrie burn; Beith; Brockley.

5. S. CARBONARIUS, lJlu1'ch. sp. Common. Found adhering to plants and shells in many of the beds in the upper coal measures; also in the beds of fresh-water and estuary limestones in the lower limestone series of the Campsie district along with Entomostraca, and in fresh-water limestone above the main coal, Carluke.

6. S. HELICTERER, SaitC!'. Abundant in the mussel-band ironstone, upper coal measures, Newton, Cambuslang. 24 ON THE CARBONIFEROliS FOSSILS

7. VER~IILIA ~nNUTA, B)·own. Rare. In the upper limestone shales, on shells antI crinoids. Rob­ royston; Capelrig, E. KilbritIe; Highfield, DaIry; Gare.

NOTE.-Thcrc arc [tt least six other seemingly distinct forms of Annelids in our 001- lectiollti fron1 the illarine limestone shales which await determination. They appear to belong to the genera SI..n'l)i~la, Scrj)lditcs, and Spil"otuis.

Crustacect.-This class of articulated animals presents us with several families and genera, some of which contain numerous species. Of the great extinct family of the Trilobites only four species, belonging to the genus Grijfithides, have as yet been found in our beds. They range from the bottom to the top of the lime­ stone series, where they seem to have become finally extinct, no remains of Trilobites having been found in the upper coal measures or more recent strata. There are few localities in Scot­ land where they have been obtained in such great numbers, or with their parts so well-preserved, as in the upper limestone at Bowertrapping, near Dairy, in Ayrshire. In this bed they are prin­ cipally confined to a thin layer in the upper portion of the stratum. Remains of Trilobites in good preservation are sometimes found at Orchard, near Thornliebank; the old qnarries of High Blantyre, Bogheacl, and East Kilbride; also in the limestone shales at Gare, and Westerhouse, neal' Cal'luke·-all in the upper limestone series; but in none of these localities are they abundant. Another family of Crustaceans found in our strata is the numerous group termed Ostracoda. They are in general very minute in size, and enclosed in bivalve shells. They are found in nearly all our fossiliferous beds, from the lowest to the highest in the series, and a few of the murine species are recurrent in the Permian formation of England. There are two groups, one of which is decidedly marine in its habitat, while the other seems to be con­ fined exclusively to the brackish 01' fresh-water beds, ranging in these from the bottom of the limestone series in some districts, to the top of the npper coal stmta. This lattet' gronp, although often fOHml in the lower limestone series in bells which alternate with others containing marine fossils, Ims never Leen fOllnd, except in the case of Olle doubtful species, mixed up with the fossils of marine beds. On the other hand, none of the marine Ostracoda occur in OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 25 the lmwkish or fresh-w,tter beds. Such a difference in the habitats of the two groups implies elevntions and depression~ of the ancient land surface, sufficient to produce the different conditions of thc waters in which they lived. The Rev. David Ure was the first who seems to have found Ostracoda in our carboniferous strata. In bis History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride, published in 1793, he figures four species from the upper limestone shales of East Kilbride, and terms them "microscopic shells." Until the last few years not more than some five 01' six forms were known to occur in our beds; but through the researches of members of this society, aided by Professor 1'. Rupert Jones and J. 'vV. Kirkby, in the determina­ tion of the species, the list has now been increased to nearly sixty, of which two-thirds are new to science. They have been obtained from the washing of the weathered limestone shales, and uy crushing the limestones and ironstones known to contain them, there being few fossilifcrous localities in the west of Scotland where they have not been met with. Several forms belonging to other families and groups of the Crustacea are Illet with occasionally in onr western coal field, some of which are peculiar to the marine limestone series, as Eurypteru8, Dithyroca?'is, and Cyclus; others, again, to the urackish or fresh­ water beels, as Pygocephalus, Anthrctpal(emon, Belinurus, Prest­ wicliia, and Esthe1·ia. All of these forms are very rare in our fossiliferous localities, and at present one 01' two of the species are unique.

CRUSTACEA.

1. BAIRDIA nREVIS, J. and K. Moderately mre. Lower limestone. l\Iainlimestone, Carlukc; Brock. ley; Craigenglen.

2. B. CUlt1'A, vitro l'LllmUA, J. and K. Common. Upper limestone Orchard; ,Yilliftmwoo<1; High Blantyre; Swin(1ri(lge; lower limestone-first Kingshrew limestone, C,wluke; Brock. ley; CraigcngL:ll; nrOfulstonG~ Howl'at.

3. B. GRANDIH, J. and K.

Very mre. P"oductus pnnctatns beds, lower limestone series. Cal'luke. 26 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

4. B. HISn[GERI, Miinster. Common. Lower limestone. Carluke; Brockley; Howrat; Craigen­ glen.

5. B. SUBCYLINDRICA, Jlliinster. Urc, pl. xiv., jig. 20. Common. Upper limestone-High Blltntyre; Orchard; lower lime­ stone-Carluke; Brockley; Broadstone; Craigenglen.

6. B. SUBMUCRONATA, J. anrl K. Moderately common. Upper limestone-·Robroyston; Orchard; lower limestone--Brockley; Craigenglen; Carluke.

7. BEYlUCHIA ARCUATA, Bean. Common. Upper coal series. In shale and ironstone from the slaty­ band to the AU'drie blackband of Lanarkshu'e; in blltck shale, BeIlside ironstone; Shotts Furnace and Gas coal, along with Anthriteomya; Kil­ tongue coal, Carluke; upper coal series of Ayrshire along with plant­ remains.

8. B. BITUBERCULATA, ~['Coy. Ure, pl. xiv., figs. 16, 17. Moderately rare. Upper limestone -Orchard; HighBlantyre; Bishop's Pit, Milton of Campsie; lower limestone-main limestone, Carluke; Brockley.

9. B. COLLICULUS? Eichwald. Rare. Main limestone, Carluke.

10. B. FASTIGIATA, Jones. Upper limestone-Standhill, near Bathgate, in oil shale above lime­ stone, common; lower limestone-Craigenglen, very rare.

11. B. JlIULTILOBA, Jones. Moderately common. Upper limestone-Boghead; Limekilns, E. Kilbride; lower limestone-Rae's Gill, in alum shale; Craigenglen; Tirfergus Glen, Campbeltown.

12. B. RADIATA, J. and K. Rather rare. Upper limestone-Orchard; Robroyston; High Blantyre; Boghead; lower limestone-Craigenglen.

13. B. RIGIDA, J. and K. Rather rare. Orchard, near Thornliebank.

14. CYPRIDINOPSIS BIMPLEX, J and K., Mon. Carbo Eutom., pI. ii., fig 1. Rare. First calmy limestone, Braidwood.

15. C. YOLTNGIANA, J. and K. Bather rare. A very local species. Lower limestone. South Hill, Cmu]!sie in dark blue shale above the Hosie limestone, along with Goni(£fitcs, Bclle"cphol1, Nucu/cc, and Spirijera Urii; Carluke, in an iron­ stone nodule, in shale, first Kingshaw limestone. OF THE WEST OE SCOTLAND. 27

16. CYPRIDINA GROSSARTIANA, J. and K. Very rare. Rne's Gill, Carluke. 17. C. PHILLIPSLI.NA, J. and K., Mon. Carbo Entoill., pI. ii., fig. 5. Rare. :Main limestone, Braidwood. 18. C. PRIM.EVA, llI'Coy. J. and K., Mon. Carbo Entom., pI. ii. figs. 24-27. Rare. Lower limestone. First calmy limestone, Braidwood, in one instance in

31. C. (CARBONL") PUNGE)'S, J. and K. Common. Upper coal series-Bellside ironstone, in ball-ironstone above Kiltongue mussel-band; lower limestone-Rae's Gill ironstone, Carluke; fresh-water limestone, Craigenglen.

32. C. (CARBO~IA) RANKINIANA, J. and K. Common. Occurs similarly with C. fabulina.

33. C. (CARBONIA) SECANS, J. and K. Common. Lower limestone. In fresh-water limestone, Craigenglen, along with C. pungens and C. fabulina.

340. C. (CARB(l~IA) sfmuLA, J. and K. R>tre. Rae's Gill, Carluke, and Craigenglen, along with two formm species.

35. CYTHIWELLA INFLATA, J1IiillstCT. Rare. 1\1arine limestone slmle, Oraigenglen.

3G. C. SIMPLEX, J. and K. Rare. In dark-grey shale, Rae's Gill, Carluke.

37. EXTOThIIS CONCENTRICA, de Koninck. Rare. Main limestone, Carluke.

38. E~TOi\IOCO"CHCS SCOCLERI, ~lI'Coy. J. and K., Mon. Carb. Entolll., pI. ii., fig. 9. Yery rare. Lower limestone. Broadstone; main limestone, Carluke.

39. KIRKBYA A~~ECTEXS, J. and K. Rather rare. Upper limestone-Orchard; ,VillhLmwood; High Blan­ tyre; lower limestone-Craigenglen; 13rockley.

40. K. BIPARTITA, J. and K. Rare. Upper limestone-Orchard; lower limestone-Craigenglen; GarpJc ,Vater, J\Iuirkirk.

41. K. EICHWALDU",I., J. and K. Yery rare. Upper limestone. Swil1llridge.

42. K. OBLOKGA, J. and K. Yery raro. Lower limestone. Brockley. ci3. K. PERMTANA, Jones. COllllllon. LT pper limestonc -Orchard; ,Yilliamwootl; ltobroyston; lower limcstone--Brockley.

44. K. PLICATA, J. and K. Y cry rare. In 8"'1<1y limestone, Tirfergus Glen, Campbeltown.

45. K. SCOTICA, J. ((lid K. R ~re. Occurs along with the preceding species. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 29

46. K. SPINOSA, J. and K. lIIoderately common. Lower limestone. Craigenglen; Garple vVater, lIluirkirk; Craigie, near Kilmarnock. 47. K. UMBONATA, Eichwahl. Rather rare. Craigenglen, in marine limestone shtlJe; Brockley. 4S. K. URIl, Jones. Ul'e, pl. xiv., fig. 21. lIIoderatelycommon. Upper limestone-Robroyston; High Blantyre; lower limestone-Brockley; Craigenglen. 49. LEPERDITIA AR}ISTRONGJANA, J. and K. Rather rare. Lower limestone. Brockley; Howrat; Craigie; main limestone, Carluke. 50. L. C011PRESSA, J. and K. Rare. Craigenglen, in marine limes Gone shale.

51. L. OBLONGA, J. and K. Rare. Lower limestone. Howrat; main limestone, Carluke. 52. L. OKENI, lIIiinster, and val's. Commou. Upper limestone Gare; Eoghead; Orchard; lower lime­ stone-Brockley; main limestone, Carluke; Cmigenglen; Campbeltown; Broadstonc. 53. L. Y OUNGIANA, J. and K. Rather rare. Lower limestone. Den, DaIry, in do,rk.grey shale, with Cythere and fish-remains.

NOTE.-In addition to tho foregoing species of Ost;,(ICO(7(1, there are, at least, other seven or eight rare forms, tha,t are undetermined; and we hft yTC little doubt of others being discovered when all thc localities ha.e been thoroughly searched.

54. ANTHRAPALA':MON GROSSARTI, Saiter. H. Woodward, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow. Vol. II., pI. 3, figs. 5,6, 7. Upper coal measures. Very rare. Slaty-band ironstone, Goodock Hill, Shotts; blackband ironstone, Airdrie.

55. BELINUlWS 'fRTLOBI'fOIDES, Kon;g. and Buckland. H. Woodward, Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow. Vol. II., pI. 3, fig. 10. Upper coal measures. ,Voodhill quarry, Kilmaurs, in clay· ironstone nodules. One or two examples only have been found.

5G. CYCLUS RANKINI, H. WoodwClrd. Brit. Assoc. Rep. 18G8, pI. 2., Geo1. 1\1 ag., V 01. vn., pI. 23, fig. 1. Very rare. First calmy limestone, Carluke.

57. DI'fHI'ROCARIS COLEr, Portlock. Very rare. A single example of the tail founil in marine limestone

shale j Craigenglen. 30 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

58. D. TENUISTRIATUS, M'C'ay. Upper limestone. Robroyston, in the Lingula shale, very rare; Gare, Carluke, very rare; Anchenbeg, Lesmahagow, in limestone shale, not lIDcomnl0n. 59. D. TESTUDINEUS, Beauler. Rather rare. Upper limestone-Lickprivick, East Kilbride, portion of the fore-part of carapace, with teeth in situ; Orchard, teeth only; Robroyston, teeth; lower limestone-Lingnb limestone, Rae's Gill, carapace only; South Hill, Campsie, teeth in dark·blue shale above the Hosie limestone. 60. D. TRICORNIS, Scauler. Upper limestone series, Paisley. Specimen in the Andersonian Museum, Glasgow. 61. ESTlIERIA PCNCTATELLA,:Jones. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, Vol. II., pI. 1, fig. 5. Common. Upper limestone-Arden, Thornliebank, in alum shale along with JJfodioiopsis, Naidites, Pteronites, etc., lower limestone-first Kingshaw limestone, Carluke; South Hill, and Glorat, Campsie, in alum shale. 62. E. STRIATA, 11filnster. R,u'e. Lower coal series, Lanarkshire, in cannel coal.

63. E. TEN ELLA, J01'dan. Rare. Upper coal series. Black shale, a few fathoms above the Palace Craig ironstone. 64. EURYPTERUS SCOULERI, H·ibbe1't. Very rare. Lower limestone series. Kirkton, Bathgate. The original specimen is in the Andersonian Museum, Ghtsgow. 65. GRIFFITHIDES EICHWALDI, Fisch. sp. Very rare. Upper limestone-Belstone limestone, Carluke; Orchard; Highfield quarry, DaIry; lower limestone-Howrat; Gallowhill, Strathaven. 66. G. GLOBICEPS, Portlock. Very rare. I\Iain limestone, Carluke.

67. G. LOKGICEPS, i~ortl. ,. Carboniferous limestone, Carluke." Huxley and Etheridge's Cat. Foss. 1\1 us. Pract. Geology, p. 104. 68. G. MESO-TUBERCULATUS, J,['Ooy. Common. Upper limestone-Garc; Robroyston; Orchard; High Blantyre and East Kilbrine; Boghead; Bowertrapping; lower lime, stonc-Beith limestones, rare; shales ahove main limestone, Campsie; Corricburn. Perfect examples have beCH obtainCll at Ga.1'o, Boghead, and Newfield, High Blantyre. The detached portions arc very abundant in the Bowertl'apping limestone. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 31

69. PRESTWICHIA ROTUNDATA, H. Woodward. Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow. VoL II. pI. 2, fig. 8. Very rare. Several portions have been found in clay-ironstone nodules at Woodhill quarry, Kilmaurs_

70. PYGOCEPHALUS COOPERI, Huxley. H. Woodward, Trans. Geo1. Soc. Glasgow. Vol. II., pI. 3, figs. 1 and 2. Upper coal measures. Woodhill quarry, Kilmaurs, in clay-ironstone nodules. Very rare. A few imperfect specimens have been found.

71. P. HUXLEYI, H. Woodwa1'd. Trans. GeoI. Soc. Glasgow. Vol. lr., pI. 3, fig. 3, and woodcut p. 245. Middle ironstone series. One specimen, contained in an ironstone nodule from shalea bove the Govan ironstone, Inkermann pit, Paisley, was found by the Rev. ,Villi()m Fraser, M. A., and is now, we believe, in the collection of the Philosophical Society, Paisley.

Insecta.. -Until four or five years ago no remains of insects were recorded from any of the divisions of our carboniferous strata. Their discovery is due to the late Mr. Thomas Brown, of Stewarton, near Kilmarnock, who was also the first to find in Scotland the remains of those curious limuloid crustaceans termed Belinurus and P1'estwicliia. The insects and crustaceans were found in nodules of impure clay-ironstone in the shale which overlies the sandstone at W oodhill, near Kilmaurs, the beds being in the upper coal measures. Two specimens of insects were found, belonging to the Myriapoda, and somewhat allied to the recent genus Iulus. One belongs to the genus Xylobius of Dawson, and is believed by Mr. H .. '\Voodwal'd to be identical with a species found in the upper coal measures of England and Nova Scotia; the other, being new, he has named it after its discoverer) the late Mr. Brown.

MYRIAPODA.

1. EUPHOBEr.IABROWNII, II. JVoodWaTd. Geo1. Mag. Vol. VIII., pI. 3, fig. 6. Upper coal measures. A single example contained in a clay-ironstone nodule from shale overlying tbe sandstone at "\Voolll,ill quarry, Kii­ malUS. 32 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

2. XVLOBIUS SIGILLARllE, Dawson. H. ,Voodward, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow. Vol. II., pl. 3, fig. 11. Very rare. Upper coal measures. ,Voodhill quarry, Kilmaurs, in clay. ironstone nodules.

Polyzoa.-Of this interesting class, eleven genera and about three times that number of species have been founel, some of which are still undescribed. They are found ranging from the lower to the upper limestone series. One of the species, Fenestella plebeia, M'Coy seems to be identical with F. 1'etiformis, Schlot., found in t.he Permi[tn limest.one of Englallll. Our carboniferous species, being truly marine in their habit[tts, are therefore never found in the brackish or fresh·water beds, nor in the strata of the upper cO[tl meaS1.ll'es. In the hard fossiliferous limestones they do not scem to be so abundant as in some of the calcareous shales which alternate with these beds. There are few of our limestone qlmrries in which Polyzoan remains are not found; but the districts around Beith, in Ayrshire; Corrieburn, on the Campsie Hills j Brockley, ncar Lesmahagow, all in the lower series j and the quarries at East Kilbride and Blantyre, in the upper limestone series, have yieilled the greatest variety. In these localities, numcrous species of Fenestella, the rarer Polypora, Glauconome, and Ptylopora, with their beaut.iful lace-like and feathery fronds, are often found crowding the surface of many of the flaggy shales; while the slender branching stems of Ceriopo1"a, and Sulcoretepora, [tre found scattered at intervals in the same beds. vVe have also one or t.wo beautiful species of Diastopom encrusted in patches on the stems of crinoids, corals, and shells. Owing to the fine state of preservation in which t.hese Polyzoa occur, their structure can be as easily determined as that of lllany of the species of our present seas. Being interesting objects of investigation, as well as attractive by the beauty of their forms, considerable attcntion has been devoted to the collecting of our Scottish species; and I hope that before many years elapse some one fitteel for the task will take t.his ('lass of fossils in hand, and give ns figurcs and descriptions of all the species. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 33

POL'LZOA.

1. CERIOPORA I~TERPOROSA, Phil. Common. Upper lime,tone High Blantyre; Capelrig, East Kilbride; Gare; lower limestone- Brockley; Deith quarries; Auchenskeoch; first calmy limestone, Caduke.

2. C. RllOMBIFERA, Phil. Rather rar8. Eoghead and Brockley; uppor "IH1 lower limestone series.

3. C. SHU LIS, Phil. Rare. {'pper limestone -Capelrig, E. Kilbride; Gare; lower limestone -Col'l'ieburn; Deith qualTies; first calmy limestone, Carluke; Auchen­ skeoch.

4. DIASTOrOR.~ MEGASTOMA, 1.1rroy. Common. Upper limestone .. Gare; Boghe"d; Newfield; Capelrig, Ktst Kilbride; lower limestone--Bcith quarries; Craigenglen; first c"lmy limestone, Carluko. On stems of crinoids, on corals an

5. DISCOPOR.\ CIJ\lPANc LAT.\.. "C,u-boniferous limestone, Glasgow." Huxley and Etherillge's Cat. Foss. 1\1us. Pmct. Geology, p, 132.

6. FENESTELLA CARIN ATA, "lI'Coy. Rare. Upper limestone-High Blantyre; lower limestone-Beith quarries; first calmy limestone, Carlnke; Hairmyres.

7. F. CRA:,SA, 1.1['( ·oy. Rare. Lower Emestone. Beith quarries; first calmy limestone, Cal"luke.

8. F . .FLABELLATA, Phil. Rare. Lower limestone. Corriebnrn; Beith quarries.

9. F. FORMOSA, JI'('oy. Rare. Lower limestone, Corriebm'n; first calmy limestone, Caduke.

10 F. FRl:TEX. 11I'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Corrieburn; first cal my limestone, Carlulee; Roughwood and Broadstone, Beith.

11. F. HE)IISPIlElUC'A, "lI'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Roughwoocl, Beith. l2 F. MEMBR.\NACEA, Phil. Rare. Upper limestone-Newfield, High Blantyre; lower limestone -Craigenglen; Rough wood.

13. F. :MORRISII, lJI'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Howrat; first calmy limestone, Carluke; Corrieburn. D 34 O~ THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

14. F. MULTIPORATA, M'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Corrieburn; Millburn, Campsie; first calmy limestone, Carluke; Auchenskeoch; R(lughwood.

15. F. NODULOSA, Phil. Rare. Lower limestone. Corrieburn; first calmy limestone, Carluke; Beith quarries.

16. F. PLEBEIA, JJPCoy. Common. Upper limestone-High Blantyre; lower limestone­ COl'1ieburn; first calmy limestone, Carluke; Hairmyres; Beith quarries.

17. F. TENUIFILA, Phil. Upper limestone--High Blantyre; Gare, not uncommon; lower lime­ stone-first calmy limestdhe, Carluke.

18. F. UNDULATA, Phil. Lower limestone. First calmy limestone, Carluke.

19. GLAUCONOll1E BIPINNATA, Phil. Common. Lower limestone. Craigenglen; Corrieburn; first calmy limestone, Carluke; Beith quarries.

20. G. GRACILIS, JJf'Coy. Rare. Upper limestone - Roghead; lower limestone - Corrieburn; first calmy limestone, Carluke; Reith quarries.

21. G. GRA~DIS, JJ1'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Beith quarries.

22. G. Pl'LCHERRIl\IA, M'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Reith quarries; first calmy limestone, Car· luke; Hairmyres.

23. GORGOXIA LONSDALIANA, JJI'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch, DaIry.

24. POLYPOHA DENDROIDES, M'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Corrieburn; Beith quarries.

25. P. PAPILLATA, M'Coy. Lower limestone. First calmy limestone, Carluke; Auchenskeoch.

26. P. VERRUCOSA, JJI'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Broadstone, Reith; first calmy limestone, Carlnke; Hairmyres.

27. PTYLOrORA rLU~IA, JJJ'Coy. Rare. J,ower limestone. Corricburn. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 35

28, S1TLCORETEPORA PARALLELA, Phil. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone--Corrieburn, rare in shales and limestone; Beith quarries, not uncommon; Auchenskeoch; Brockley; first cabny limestone, Carluke,

29. S. RARICOSTA, M'Goy. Lower limestone. Corrie burn; Brockley.

30. VERTICILLOPORA DL'BIA, ]Jf'Coy, Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch.

31. VINCULARIA APPROXTMATA, Eichwald. Lower limestone. Craigie, neal' Kilmarnock.

32. V. MEGASTOl1A, ]Jf'Ooy. Rare. Lower limestone. Brockley.

33. V. l1URICATA, Eichwalrl. Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch.

34. V. NODULOSA, Eichwald. Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch.

35. V. ORNATA, Eichwald. Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch.

36. V. RAREPORA, Eichwald. Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch.

NOTE,-'l'he limestone quarries in the neighbourhood of Beith and DaIry have furnished to the collector the best preserved specimens of Poly:oa. They :lre usually found on pieces of the limestone shale which have lain exposed to the frosts and mins of winter; others again have been obtained by splitting the slabs cast aside by the quarrymen from the upper surface of the limestone beds at their outcrop, the celluIiferous face being frequently exposed. l\Iany interest­ ing examples have also been derived from the highly fossiliferous bed of shale which overlies the thick limestone at Newfield Quarry, High Blantyre, but here the blocks of shale require to be carefully laid open shortly after their removal from the bed, as disintegration speedily follows,

Bracltiopoda.-Of the five great divisions into which the Mollusca are divided, the Brachiopoda form by far the most important group in the C<1rbonifel'ons limestone serics, having assisted, by their great numbcrs, in building up many beds of our western Scottish limestones. There is no class of our c<1rboniferous fossils which has been so fully investigated and so faithfully figured :lnd described as the Brachiopoda. Thanks to the labours of our 36 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS distinguished countryman and honorary member, Thomas Davidson, Esq., F.R.S., we have now a monograph of all the British species, and a special monograph of the Scottish, with which we can now easily compare any of the species found in our strata. Fifteen genC'm and upwards of fifty species have already been identified, of whi.ch the genus Pmductns is by far the most numerous and widely distrillUted,~P. giganteus, P. scmireticul(£tns, P. longispinus, and their varieties, being specially abundant in certain beds of the lower limestone strata, some of which go llnder the name of thc " PJ'Oiluctu8 " limestones. The Brachiopoda range from the lower to the upper limestone series, but the greatest numuer of genera and species is found in the lower beds. In one instance, two species have been found with other matine shells in the upper coal measures to the east of Glasgow. This is the highest hol'izon in which Brachiopocht have yet been detected in our beus, but some of the carboniferous species are known to range upwards into the Pel'lni

BRAOHIOPODA. l. ATHYRIS AlIIBIGCA, SOlO. Ul'e, pl. xvi.. fig. 9. Upper limestone Gare; Belston burn and Gillfoot, Carluke; Boghead. High Blantyre and East Kilbride limestone shales; Arden limestone; Robroyston; midille ironstone series-Inkerlllann pits, near Paisley, in a bed of grey shale; lower limestone Brockley; Lingula ironstona, Lingula limestone, first and second Kingshaw, first calmy, and main limestones, Cm'luke; Beith limestones; Auchenskeoch; Craigenglen; Campsie main limestone; COl'lieburn, in white shale above the coralline band; common in all these beds. Detached valves, shewing the muscular impressions are of frequent OCClU'rence in the limestone shales of High Blantyre and Orchard. 2. A. PISUM, Davidson, 11[8. Yery rare. Several examples have been collected from the Brockley limestone shale.

3. A. PLANO·SULCATA, Phil. Rare. Upper limestone-Arden; lower limestone-first calmy lime· stone, Carluke; Brockley; Craigenglen. 4. A. ROYSII, Let·eille. Upper limestone-Arden; Bowertrapping; lower limestone-Brockley; Beith quarries. Many of the exmnples in the shales of the last two localities are found to be covered with the spiny flinges which characterise this species.

5. OAMAROPHORIA cRm~ENA, lJla1·t. Very rare. Lower limestone. Campsie main limestone.

6. O. GLOBULIl'a, Phil. Rare. Lower limestone. Brockley; Auchenskeoch.

7. OHONETE~ BUCHIAXA, de Koninck. Very rare. Upper limestone - Gare; lower limestone -Millburn, Campsie; main limestone, Braidwood.

8. O. HARDRENSIS, Phil. m'e, pl. xvi., fius. 10, 11. Upper limestone-Gare; Boghead; High Blantyre and East Kilbride; Arden; Orchard; Robroyston; Swindridge and Bowertrapping, DaIry; lower limestone-first and second Kingshaw, first c"lmy, and main limestones, Carluke; Brockley; Langside, Beith; Corrieburn, in white shale above the coralline Land; a small variety abundant in shale above the Hosie linlestone, South Hill, Campsie. This shell occurs at Boghead, and in the High Blantyre and East Kilbride shales, of larger size than at the other locaIities, and the det.1.chetl valves generally exhibit the muscular impressions in great perfection.

9. O. POLITA, M'Coy. A vel'Y local species. Lower limestone. First Kingshaw limestone, Carluke; Craigenglen, frequent in a thin bed of dark shale, along with Ol·this I'esl/pinata and other shells. 38 ON THE CARBONIFEROGS FOSSILS

10. CRANIA QcADRATA, ~l['Coy. Upper limestone - Gare; Orchard; Robl'oyston; Boghead; High Blantyre, Caldersine and Ktst Kilbride quarries; lower limestone­ Brockley; Beith quarries; Craigenglen; Sculliongour; Lingula ironstone, first Kingshaw, first cal my, and main limestones, Carluke. Found att"ched to crinoid stems and shells. Specimens in excellent preservation abound in the limestone shales of the High Blantyre and East Kilbride districts, frequently crowding the valves of Spirijera anu Productlls, amI sometimes attached to fish bones.

11. DISCINA NITIDA, Phil. Un, pl. xv., fius. 9, 10. Upper coal series-Drnmlxtrk, liear Baillieston, in ironstone nodules contained in a bed of shale, believed to be sixty fathoms above the Ell coal. (See Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, Vol. II., p. 52.) Upper lime­ stone-slaty-hand ironstone, Shotts (Grossal't); Belston-plaee burn, and Gare, Carluke; Orcharn; Arden; Robroyston; Boghead, with bands of colour diverging from the apex; High Blantyre, and East Kilbri,1e; ill the last three localities it is found of a hI'gel' size tlum at most other localities. Lower limostone- first Kingshaw, and first calmy limestones, and main limestone shale, Carluke; Brockley; Craigenglen; Corriebul'll; in shale below the main limestone in the Beith district. This species is one of the chief fossils in the lower fossiliferous shale­ bed of East Kilbride and High Blantyre. The lowel' valve, with well­ preserved muscular impressions, has been found in the Arden limestone.

12. LINGULA J\IYTILOlDES, Sow. Upper limestone-in the smne beds as the preceding species; middle ironstone series-Dairy, in shale above the blackband ironstone; lower limestone-Rae's Gill; Brockley; in clay-ironstone, Corrieburn; Craigen­ glen; Beith, in shale helow the main limestone.

13. L. SCOTICA, Da'V. Very rare_ Upperlimestonc. Gare; Robroyston; Boghead, Hamilton; Hall Hill, Lesmahagow, in clay-ironstone nodules.

14. L. SQUAlIIIFORMIS, Phil. Upper limestone-Gare and Belston bm-n, Carluke; Arden; Robroy­ ston, in black shale overlying the Bishopbriggs sandstone; Bishopbriggs, in shale above the Cowglcn limestone; Boghead; middle ironstone series-Possil ironstone, of large size, but in indifferent preservation; Inkermann pits, Paisley, very ahundant in semi-bituminous shale; Twin­ lees burn, Dairy; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, Lingulalimestone, first a11

15. L. TUOMSONlI, Dav. Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, Vol. r., pl. 2, fig. 3- Lower limestone. In arenaceous limestone, Tirfergus Glen, Campbel­ town, where it is very mre. It has not been found, so far as known, at any other locality. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 39

16. ORTHlS MICHELINI, Leveille. Ure, pl. xiv., fillS. 13, 14. Upper limestone-Newfield; Robroyston; Orchard; lower limestonc­ main limestone, Campsie; Corrie burn; Auchenskeoch; Craigie; first calmy nnd main limestones, Carluke. One of the most abundant fossils in the limestone shale at Gateside and Roughwood, Beith, where specimens freqnently exhibit the muscular impressions and other internal characters as sharply defined as in ,1, recent Brachiopod.

17. O. RESUPIXATA, 11Ial'tin. Upper limestone-Gurc ; Belston burn; Hobroyston; High Blantyre; Eoghead; Capeh'ig; Orchard; Castlccary limestone; TIowel't.rapping; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, Lillgu]a lirnestone, first and SCCOHU Kingshaw, first calmy, main, and Productus limestones, amI Pl'odIiC/IIS pllnc/a/lls beds, Carluke; Brockley; CorrieburD; Balglass burn; Craigen­ glen; Anchenskeoch; Langsidc, Beith, in shale below the main limestone, plentiful, hut usually crushed.

18. PRODUCTUS ACULEATUS, 111 (ITtill. Rare. Upper limestone-; High Blantyre; lower lime­ stone Craigie; Broadstone; Roughwoocl; Auchenskeoch; main lime­ stone, Caml'sie; first Kingshaw limestone, Braidwood.

19. P. COSTATU~, J. de C. Sow. Not common. Upper limestone-Orchard; Castlecary; lower lime­ stone-, Carlnke; Dmidwoocl, in the main limestone; Brockley; Beith quarries; Auchenskeoch; main limestone, Cam]lsic. The val'. P. suicatlls, Sow., occurs in the main limestone, Caduke, at Brockley, amI in the Beith limestones. ~'he val'. P. 1)W1';cat us, Phil., is found in the white shale above the coralline limestone at Corrieburll; nho at Broa.l­ stone, Beith, where it is not uncommon. It is also one of the fossils of the middle ironstone series at Inkermann, Paisley.

20. P. FIl\IBRIATUS, J. de C, Sow.

Lower limestone. Hillheacl, Carluke; mflill limestone, Call1]lsie; Langsiclc ancl Roughwood, Beith, comlllon in the lower bed of limestone; Auchenskeoch.

21. P. CORA, D'Orb.

Upper limcstone-Arden; Eoghead; Bowertrapl,ing; low~r limestone -Broadstone; mnin limestone, Campsic; main limestone, Brai,lwoOll.

2» P. GIGANTEtTR, JJIal't.

lJ ppel' limestone-Orchard, rare; llowertrrqllling, cOlllmOll; N cwficl(l ; lower limestone Pl'o~luctus linlCstonc, Drni\'01' betl of limcstone; Netherton, ncar Lcsllla­ hagow; l\Iillbnrll bc(lH, C:llllpsic; l\Iuirkirk. 40 ON THE CARBONH'EROUS FOSSILS

23. P. LATISSIMUS, J. de C. Sow. Upper limestone-Arden; Belston burn limestone, and Gillfoot, Car· luke; Highfield, and Bowertrapping, neltI' DaIry; lower limestone­ Uraigenglen; Braidwood Gill, in the Productus limestone; Brockley.

24. P. LONGIRPIlIUR, Sow. U"e, pl. xv., .fi!Js. 3, 4. Very common. Upper limestone-Gare; Boghead; High Blantyre and East Kilbride quarries; Orchard; Arden; Castlecary limestone; Bower­ trapping; lower limestone-first Kingshaw, first and second calmy, and main limestones, Carlnke; Brockley; Beith limestones; Cunningham Bedland, DaIry, Craigenglen; Corrieburn. The varieties P. labatus, Sow., P. setam, Phil., and P. spinosl/s, Sow., occur at several of the above localities. "T ell.preserved valves, showing the muscular impressions are abundant at Boghead, and in the High Blantyre and East Kilbride limestone shales. In crevices in the quarry face at Cunningham Bedland on the Rye water, sIJecimens have been obtained almost entirely weathered out from the limestone matrb:., and with the spines projecting half· an-inch or more from the ventral valve.

25. P. IVIESOLOBcS, Phil. Very rare. Upper limestone-Arden; lower limestone-main lime· stone, Campsie; Broadstone; main limestone, Braidwood.

26. P. PUNCTATUS, Mw·t. U"e, pl. xv., fig. 7. Common. Upper limestone-Castlecary; Arden; Bowertrapping; lower limestone--first caImy, and main limestones, and in ironstone beds at Nellfield burn, Carluke; Brockley; Craigenglen; Corrieburn; Beith limestones; Auchenskeoch, frequently of large size. Yery perfect interiors of the dorsal valve are not uncommon in the sh"les of Craigenglen, where also, as well as in the Beith limestone shales examples are occasionally met with, covered with their delicate spines. The val'. P. eic!Jans, M 'Coy, is fonnd at several of the above localities.

27. P. PlJSTlJLOSD8, Phil. Very rare. Lower limestone. Braehead, Busby; main limestone, Braidwood; P"oductus punctatus beds, Carluke.

28. P. sC'AnRICLTLlTS, i.1Iad. Common. Upper coal measul'es-Drumpark; upper limestone-Gare, and in the Maggy ironstones, Carluke; Boghead; Arden; ; Orchard; Robroyston; Bowertrapping; Castlecary limestone, of large size; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, first calmy, main, and shelly lime~tones, and Pl'OdllctllS punctatus beds, Carluke; Brockley, Beith limestones; Auchenskeoch; Craigenglen; Corrieburn.

20. P. SEMIRETIUULATUS, "lIm't. and vm·. P. :MARTINI, Sow. U,·C, pl. xvi., .fi!l. 12. Common. Upper limestone-Gare, and in the Maggy ironstones, Car­ luke; Boghead; High Blantyre and East Kilbride; Arden; Garnkirk; OF THE WEST OF SUOTLAND.

Orchard; Robroyston; Bowertmpping; Castlecary limestone, of large size; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, Lingula limestone, first and second ICingshaw, first calnlY~ lnain, shelly, and Productns limestones, Caduke; Brockley; Beith limestones; Auchenskeoch; Cmigenglen; Corrieburn. The debched yalyes, or portions of them, exhibiting the lllUS­ cuhr impressions, may be collecte

;iO. P. snn.TJ.:rus, de l{u}lhlCJ~'.

l-pper limestone~-.Artlen, very rare; Bowertrapping limestone, not unfre(l11ent, many of the examples being casts, illustmte the milscular impressions of both valves; lower lilllestone~-Carluke, in the shelly limestone.

31. P. SPIXl:LOSrS, S01C. Kat common. Lower limestone. Main limestone, Carluke; Brockley; Broadstone; Auchenskeoch; Corrieburll, in lund limestone shale. So f"r as observed, this species appears to be restricted to the lower limestone series.

3" P. UXDATUS, Deji'clllcc. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; Castlecary limestone; lower lime­ stone - first calmy limestone, Headsmuir, Carluke; main limestonc, Millburn and Glorn,t, Campsie; main limestone, Braidwood.

33. P. YOUKLHANUB, Dcwidson. Upper limestone-Gare; Boghea!l; Orchard; lower limestone-Brockley; Beith limestones; Auchenskcoch; Cunningham Bedland; Lillyburn and Craigenglell, Can1psie; lnaill li111estone, Braidwood and Hill­ head, Carluke; ,-ery abundant, and with the original shell in beautiful coudition, in the white shale overlying the comlline lime· stone at Corrieburn, where it was first discovered.

34. IlETZLt RADJAL[;--!, I)hil. Upper limestone-Gare; Limekilnbnrll; Bishopbriggs, in the cement limestone; lower limestone -Brockley, crushed specimens common in thc liluestone shale; Roughwood, rare; 111ain lilneston€, Braidwood.

33. HHYiiCHOKELLA PLEURODOii, Phil, U"c, pl. xiv., Ji!l. G. Upper limestone-Gare; Bolston bur11; Boghead; High Bl»ntyre, and East Kilbride; Arden; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, nucin, and shelly limcstones, Carluke; Brockley; Corricburn; Craigenglen; Haller­ hirst, Stevenston. This species is lUore common in the clay-ironstones and shales than in the purer limestones. 42 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

36. R. PUGNUS, ilIart. Upper limestone -Arden; Garc; Bowcrtrapping; common at these localities; lower limestone-main limestone, Carluke; Beith, in the blueish grey limestone; main limestone, Campsie.

37. S. CARLUKENSIS, Dew. Rare. Lower limestone. Fil-st Kingshaw and Hosie limestones, Car­ luke; Broadstone; Brockley; Strathaven.

38. S. DUPLICICOSTA, Phil. Lower limestone. Brockley; Broadstonc; Cunningham Redland; first "'lImy and main limestones, Carluke; Balgrochan burn, Campsie, where its crushed valves form the chief component of a bed of lime· stone four feet in thickness.

3D. S. GLABRA, .jJ[art. R,,1'c. Upper limestonc-Orchard; Garc; lower limcstone-Brache"d, Busby; Corriebul'l1; mainlinlcstone, Braidwood; Brockley; Langside, and Broadstone, Beith.

40. S. LINEATA, lo£m·t. Common. Upper limestone-Ol'chard; Arden; Gare; Newfield, High Blantyre; Boghead; lower limcstoue-Broadstone and Roughwood; first calmy, main, and shelly limestones, Braidwood; ironstone beds, Nellfield burn, Cm'luke; Corrieburll; Brockley.

41. S. OVALIS, Phil. Rare. Lower limestone. Brockley; main limestone, Braidwood; Broadstone; Corrieburll.

42. S. PINGUIS, Sow. Very rare. Lower limestone. I\Iainlimestone, Braidwood; Trem'ne, Beith; Puduff burn, Beith, in shale below the main limestone.

43. SrIRIFERA TRIGONAL IS, 11£a1't. Upper limestone -Arden; Bowertmpping; Boghead; Gam; High Blantyre and East Kilbride; Orchard; lower limestone--first calmy, and main limestones, Cm'luke; Brockley; Corricburn; Cmigenglen; Beith limestones. Very common in most of the above 10coJitics, along with the val'. S. uisuicata, Sow.

4<1. S. URIl, Flcln. U1'C, pl. xiv" ji!!. 12. Common. Upper limcstone-Garc; llowertml'ping; lower limestone­ Brockley; in shale above the Hosie limestone, :-Jouth Hill, C;tmpsic; Craigenglen; Ina,ill lilncstollc, Dl'aillwootl; r:rllOl'lltoll and nrachead, in bhlck shale above limestone. III tho shales of some of the localities, this species is found with its spiny investment. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 43

45. SPIRIFERINA CRISTATA, Va?". S. OCTOPLICATA, Sow. Not coUlmon. Upper limestone--Gare, anclllI:1,ggy ironstones, Carluke; Boghead; Newfield; Capelrig; Bowertrapping; Auchinbcg; lower lime­ stone~CorrieblU'n; HallCl'hirst, Stevenston; Lingula ironstone, Lingula limestone, first Kingshaw, first calIny, and shelly limestones, and in the Pl"OdllCt"8 punctatas beds, Carluke.

46. S. INSCULPTA, Phil. Very rare. U P1'er limestone. Gare.

47. S. LA3lINOSA, ill'Goy. Very rare. Upper limestone~Orchard; lower limestone-Auchen­ skeoch; Brockley; Broadstone; Braidwood.

48. STREPTORIIYNCHUS CRENISTRIA, Phil.

Ul'C, pl. xiv., fig. 19. Common. Upper limestone-Bclston burn, Gare, anu lIhggy iron­ stones, Carluke; Orchard; Bowertrapping; lower limestone~Erockley; Corrieburn; Broadstone; Auchenskeoch; Lingula ironstone, first King. shaw, main, and shelly limestones, umlr"oductuspunctatus beds, Carluke. Val'. S. R.ml.UIS, Phil. (U"c, pl. xvi., fiu. 13). Upper limestone-· Gare; Orchard; lower limestone - Roughwood; main limestone, Campsie. Val'. S. ROBUSTA, Hall. Lower limestone, 'l'irfergus Glen, Campbel· town, in arenaceous limestone. (Trans. Geo!. Soc., Glasgow, Vo!' n., p!' 1, figs. 1, 1 a, u.) Val'. S. SENILlS, Phil. Upper limestone. Bowertrapping, common.

49. STROPHOMENA RHO~1BOIDALIS, Wahl. Val'. S. ANALOGA, Phil. Rare. Upper limestonc~Bowertrapping; lower limestone~ColT:ieburn; main limestone, Call1psie; Rowood; first calmy limestone, Carluke. Val'. S. DIRTORTA, J. de C. Sow. Upper limestone. Gare; Bower· trapping; D,wieland, ncar Thornlieballk; Limekilnburn.

50. TEREBRATULA HASTATA, Sow. and 1'W'S. T. SACCULUS, iliart. T. VESICULARIB, de KOllinck. T. GILLINGENSIS, Dcw.

Upper limestonc~Gare; Arden; Boghead; High Blantyre; Capclrig, East Kilbride; Bowertrapping; lower limestone~Corrieburn; Craigen. glen; Beith limestones; Brockley; main, and shelly limestones, and ProdHctHs p1li~ctatus beds, Carluke. Tho val'. '1'. sacculus, is abundant in the shales at Brockley and Roughwood; val'. T. "CSiCH/cl1'is, very rare, both at Bowertrapping, and Arden; val'. T. GillingCllsis, rare at Craigenglen, COl'rieburn, and Cun· ningham Bedlancl, DaIry.

Lamellibmnchiata.-This class of the mollusca, divided into two groups, ]\'Iollomyaria aml Dimyaria, is representcd in our c[tl'boni­ ferous strata Ly a cOllsiueraLle number of genera and species, some of which are extrclllely rare. ON THE CA}{BO:'

The ]Uonomyaria are confined to the marine limestone senes, amI are rcpresented by the genera Aviculopecten, Pecten, Ptero­ nites, Pinna, etc.-of which A viculopecten is by ftil' the most abundant and widely distributed of the group, and is to be met with in most fossiliferous localities in the limestone series. Of the Dimyal'ia thel'e are two gronps in our beels, one of which occurs in the nU\l'ine lim cst one series; the other seems to be re­ stricted to the brackish 01' fl'esh-water strata in Olll' coal measures. The marine group is represented by upwards of twenty genera, of which A.-dnus, CardioJII017Jlw, CypJ'imrdia, Edmondia, Leda, iYucula, Lpptodomus, J.IIoilioZa, J1Iyal1'na, and J1Iyacites, are the most common. The brackish or fresh-water group is represented by the three genera, Antkracosia, Anth1'ClCopterct, and Anth1'acomya, formerly termed the" coal unios." In many cases they seem to have swarmed in the lakes or estuaries of the coal period to such an extent that their shells sometimes form the principal part of the mussel­ hand ironstones. K Oile of the shells or other fossils of the lllarine limestone series are founel in the sallle beds with this group of molluscs, and it has occurred to me that in the one 01' two instances in ~which a single example of Anthmcosia is said to have been found associated \\ ith marine shells, that it may have been drifted from its proper habitat, or washed ont of some older bed of fresh-water strata. The Anthmcosia group of shells, owing to the distinctive character of the strata in which they are embedded, has in former years excited a considerable share of attention, and has been referred to various divisions of the bivalve mollusca. The affinities of these shells are still obscllre, but it is evident, from the plants and other remain~ with which they are associated in the same group of strata, that they lived under entirely different conditions from the mollnscs of the marine limestone sel'ies. Good specimens of all the divisions of the lamellibranchiate molltlsca are to be met with at many of the pits and quareies, but <', considerable amount of work still remains to be done towm'ds the correct determination of many of the species. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 45

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

MONO;lIYARIA.

1. A~IBONYCHIA VETUSTA, Sow. Very rare. Upper limestone. Castlecary.

2. ANOMIA CORRUGATA, Etl,eridge, .US. Rare. Upper limestone. Boghead, in thin band of limestone con­ tained in upper black shale; Linn limestone, Dah·y.

3. AvlCULA ANGUSTA, JJI'Ooy. Rare. Upper limestone. Gare.

4. A. CONCINNA, JI'Ooy. Upper limestone. In black shale overlying the Linn limestone, DaIry.

5. A. CYCLOPTERA, Phil. "Carboniferous limestone, near Glasgow." Huxley and Etheridge's Cat., p. 110.

6. A. DECUSSA'l'A, ]I'Coy. Upper limestone. In black shale overlying the Linn limestone, Dalry.

7. A. LlEYIGATA, M'Coy. Very rare. Lower limestone. Howrat, DaIry.

8. A. PRISCA, M'Coy. Very rare. Lower limestone. Lingula ironstone, CarIuke.

9. A VICULOPECTEN ALTERNATl'S, ~l['Oo1f.

Middle iIonstone series~Inkermann, Paisley, insemi-bituminons shale; lower limestone~Lingula limestone, "ncl second Kingshaw limestone, CarIuke; Corrieburn. lO. A. ARENOScS, Phil. Rare. Upper li.mestone ~ Capelrig; lower limestone~Lingula iron­ stone, and second Kingshaw linlestone, Oarluke; Oampsie, in shale above the main limestone; some examples from this bed retain traces of diverg­ ing bands of colour.

11. A. CJELATUS, iJ['Coy. Upper limestone~Ol'chard; Linn limestone, Dah'y; lower limestone~ Roughwood.

12. A. COGNATUS, M'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Main limestone, Braid wood.

13. A. CONCAVU~, JJI'Coy. Lower limestone. Boghead, Lesmahagow.

14. A. CONCENTRICOSTRIATUS, ],['Ooy. Rare. Lower limestone. Corrieburn. 46 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

15. A. CONSI]\1JLIS, }'f'Coy. Rare. Upper limestone-Bowertrapping; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, Carluke; Craigenglen.

16. A. DISSIMILIS, Flem. Rare. Upper limestone-Boghead, Hamilton; lower limestone-main limestone, Carl uke.

17. A. DOCEKS, }'f'Coy. "Carboniferous limestone, Kilbride near Glasgow." Huxley and Etheridge's Cat., p. 10.

IS. A. DUMONTIANUS, de Koninck. Lower limestone. Main limestone, Eraid wood.

19. A. DUPLICICDSTA, JJl'Ooy. Rare. Uppsr limestone -Boghead, Hamilton; lower limestone­ Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

20. A. FALLAX, ilf'Coy. Hare. Lower limestone. Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

21. A. FIMBRIATUS, Phil. Common. Upper limestone-Newfield; Boghead; lower limestone­ Lingula ironstone, first calmy, and main limestones, Carluke; Corrie­ burn; Craigenglen; Brockley; Beith, in shale below the main limestone; Cunningham Bedland, in thin band of dark-coloured limestone, which crops out on the banks of the Rye. At this latter locality bivalve examples occur, in which the coarse imbrications of the ribs are in beautiful preservation.

22. A. FLABELLULUS, JJl'Coy. "Ce.rboniferous limestone, Carluke." Huxley and Etheridge's Cat., p.110.

23. A. GRANOSUS, Phil. Rare. Lower limestone. Corrieburn, in hard limestone shale; shale below main limestone, Beith; main limestone, Braid wood.

24 A. INCRASSATUS, JJf'Coy. Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch.

25. A. INTERSTITIALIS, Phil. Common. Upper limestone-Gare and Belston burn, Carluke; Bowertrapping; lower limestone-Cunningham Bedland; first King"haw, and main limestones, Carluke; Corriebnrn; Craigenglen. 26. A. JmmsII, JJf'Goy. Rare~ Upper limestone, Corrieburn.

27. A. KNOCKONNTEKSIS, JJl'Coy. Upper limestone. Eoghead, Hamilton.

2S. A. MICROPTERIS, JJI'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. First c:tlmy limcstone, Carluke. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 47

29. A. PAPYRACEUS, Goldf. Rare. Middle ironstone series-Inkermann, Paisley; lower limestone -Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

30. A. PLANO-RADIA'rUS, M'Ooy. Lower limestone. Boghead, Lesmahagow. 31. A. PLICATUS. Sow. RM·e. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Lingnla ironstone, and main limestone, Carluke; Craigenglen.

32. A. RADIATUS, Phil. Lower limestone. Craigenglen. 33. A. SCALAR IS, Sow. Rare. Upper limestone. Gare.

34. A. SCLEROTIS, JJI'Coy. Very rare. Upper limestone-Boghead, Hamilton; lower limestone­ Craigenglen; main limestone, Braidwood.

35. A. SE~HCIRCc"LARIS, JJl'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Roughwood.

36 A. SERRATUS, M'Coy. Lower limestone. Howrat.

37. A. SIMPLEX, de K071.inck. Rare. Upper limestone-Orchard; Gare; lower lin1estone-Cunning­ ham Bedland, in a thin band of dark limestone; Craigenglen.

38. A. SOWERBII, M'Coy. Common. Upper limestone-Boghead; Newfield; lower limestone -Cunningham Bedland, along with the preceding species; Craigenglen; Corriebnrn; Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

:l9. A. STELLARIS, Phil. Rare. Lower limestone. Corrieburn, along with A. gra71.08U8; main limestone, Braidwood.

40. A. TESRELLATUR, Phil. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

41. A. SUBELONGATUS, M'Ooy. Rare. Lower limestone. Craigenglen; Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

42. PllifNA FLABELLIFORMIS, Mart. Not common. Upper limestone-Newfield; Arden; llishopbriggs, in the Cement limestone; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, first King­ shaw, first calmy, and main limestones, Carluke; Howrat; Langside and Roughwood, in blueish grey limestone, :m,l overlying shale; Brockley.

43. P. IVANISKIANA, M. V. K. Geol. Russ., pI. xx., tig. 12. A single example found in the Liugula ironstone, Carluke. 48 ON THE CARBO:O

44. P. SPATULA, JI'Coy. Very rare. lIIiddle ironstone series-Inkermann pits, Paisley, in semi­ bHuminous shale; lower limestone - second Kingshaw limestone, Carluke; Craigenglen.

45 PTERONlTE~ ANGUSTATUS, "V'Ooy. "Carboniferous limestone, Lesmahagow." Huxley and Etheridge's Cat., p. 120. 46. P. FLUf'TIJOSeS, Etheridge, MS. Rare. Lower limestone. Craigenglen, in a thin band of shale.

47. P. LA'll", JI'Coy. Very rare. Lower limestone. Corriebnrn, in limestone shale; Cun­ ningham Bedland.

48. P. PERSFLCATUS, JI'Coy. Rare. Fpper limestone-Boghead; Belston burn, Carluke; lower Ihllestone~Craigenglen; Oorricburn; Lingula lin18stone, nlain limestone, and Pl'Orilictil" pIIl/ctatils beds, Cm'luke.

40. P. SE'IIISl-LCATJ;S, ~lI'('oy. "Carboniferous limestone, Carluke." Huxley and Etheriuge's Cat., p.110.

Ill}IYAflIA.

50. ANTHRACOJlIYA MODIOLARIS, Sow. Common. Upper coal measures. Drumgmy coal, Carluke; Shotts district, in slmle Rnd ironstone, from the Splint coal to the Shotts gas coal, Rnd in casts in clay-shale above the former bed; , in the roof sh~les of the Splint coal.

I;rott. Dr. Ha.llkin has fonnd Alltlu'(lcoilIIW ill tIle Lingula irow..;tone ~lld first I~ingsha"';\ limestone, C<.trluke, both in the lOivcr lim.e,-:.tone .series.

;;1. AXTHRACOP1'ERA CARJI'"ATA, SOW. Rare. Fpper coal meaSUl'es. Burg-eddie pits, Shettleston; Shotts, in shale Rnd ironstone from the Kiltong-ue coal to the Shotts gas coal.

52. A. MODIOLA.RI~, SOU'. Rare. Fpper coalmeRsures. Occurs along with the preceding species; upper limestone-Shotts, in the slaty-band ironstone.

53. A. QUADRATA, Sow. Hare. Upper coalmeflsures. Shotts, in ironstone balls, Splint coal.

54. ANTRRACOSJA ACLTTA, Sow. Comlllon. Upper coal measures. Carluke and Shotts, in shales and ironstones, associated with the Splint, Virtue IVell, Kiltongue and Drllmgray coals.

55. A AQUILINA, Sow. Hare. Upper coal meflsures. Shotts, in shales and ironstones above the Kiltongue coal. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 49

56. A. CE~TRALIS, Sow. Rare. Upper coal mcasmes. Ainlrie blackband, and Virtue 'Vell coal, Shotts.

57. A. DAWSONI, Brown. Middle ironstone series. Possil; a single example only.

58. A. OVALIS. l1Im·t. Rare. Upper coal measmes. Virtue 'Well coal, Shotts; Ainlrie black-band; Bellside ironstone, Carluke.

59. A. PHASEOLA, Sow. Rare. Upper co"l measures. Airdrie black-band; Shotts.

60. A. ROBUSTA, Sow. Common. Upper coal measures-Drumgray coal, Carluke; Shotts, in shales and ironstones from the Dl'umgray carll to sixteen fathoms above the slaty-band ironstone; mirhUe ironstone series-Highfield, DaIry, in shale above the blackband ironstone; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

61. A. SUllCOKSTRICTA, Sow. Rare. Upper coal measures. Splint coal, Carlllke.

62. A. URIT, Flem. UI'e, pl. xvi., fig. 4. Common. Upper coal measures· Sbettleston district, from the Ell to the Splint coal; Cm'luke, Splint coal, and Bellside ironstone; enters largely into the composition of the mussel-band ironstones.

63. ARCA ARGUTA, de Koninck. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone. Carluke.

64. A. FABA, de Koninck. Upper limestoue. Gare.

65. A. FIMBRIA1'A, de Koninck. Upper limestone. Auchinbeg.

66. A. LACORDAIREANA, de Koninck. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; Orchard; Boghead; lower limestone­ main limestone, Carluke.

67. A. RETICULATA, JJI'Coy. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone.-Craigenglen.

68. AXINVS AXTNIFORMIS, Phil. Rare. Upper limestone-Care; NewfielU, frequently as casts show­ ing the muscular impression.; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, first calmy, amI main limestones, Carluke; Craigenglen; Langside, Bcith, in shale below the main limestone. E 50 OS THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

69. A. CARBONARIUS, Pm·tl. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; Orchard; lower limestone-Heith, along with the preceding species.

70. A. DELTOIDEUS, Phil. Not common. Upper limestone-Shotts, in the slaty-band ironstone, along with Lingula, Discina, and Anthl'apnir:e1non Gl'ossal'ti; Gare; Newfield; Boghead; Swindtidge; 10\ver linlestonc-Lingula. ironstone, first calmy and main limestones, Carlnke; Craigenglen.

71. A. ORBICULARIS, 11I'Goy. Very rare. Middle ironstone series-in slu1le, associated with the blackband ironstone at Inkermann, ncar Paisley, find Govan.

72. CARDIomORPHA ELLIPTICA, de Koninck. Very rare. Upper limestone. Gare.

73. C. ORLOXGA, Sow. Rare. Urper limestone--Gare; Swindridge; Robl'oyston, in tho Lingula shale; Auchinbeg; lower linlestone -Craigcnglcll; Carluke, in the Lingula ironstone.

74. C. rUZOZIAXA, de Koninck. Very mre. Upper limestone. Gare; Robroyston.

75. C. TENEL~, de Koninck. Very rare. Lower limestone. Lingula ironstone, Cflrll1ke.

76. C. RADLI.TA, de Koninck. Very rare. Upperlimestone. Robl'oyston, along with C. ouiol1gaftnd Lingula. This species hl1s not been observed in any other stratum.

77. CONOCARDIC}I ALIFOR~1E, Sow. Hare. Upper limestone-Capelrig; lower limestone--Roughwood; Corrieburn.

7S. C. ARAUTUM, Phii. Very rare. Upper limestono-Bowertrapping; Cftpelrig; lower lime­ stone--Carluke and Bmidwood, in the main limestone.

79. CYPHICARDIAACUTICARINATA, Annsirollg. Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, Vol. II., pI. 1., figs. a, 3a. Rare. Upper limestone-Orchard; Gare; lower limestone - Roughwood.

SO. C. CREBRICO~TATA, A1'lllstro!1g. Trans. Gool. Soc., Glasgow, Vol. II., pI. 1, figs. 4, 4a. Very 1':1.re. Upper limestone. Gare; Robroyston.

SI. C. CYLINDRIC.\, JI'('oJj. Lower lilllcstonc. Corricblll'll, in shale above coal, COml1l0ll; first cl1lmy limestone, em'luke, mre.

S·) C. OLABRATA, Phil. Hare. I.ower limestone. Cmigenglen; Linguln ironstone, Carluke. OF THE WEfST OF SCOTLAND. 51

83. C. OBLONG .... , M'Ooy. Very mre. Lower limestone. Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

84. C. RHOllIBEA, Phil. Common. Upper limestone Orchard; Boghead; lower limestone Cunningham Bedland, in the Pecten bed; Craigenglen; main limestone, Carluke; Brockley.

85, C. S'l'RIATO'LA~lELLOSA, de KonincA-. Rare. Upper limestone-Linn limestone, DaIry; lower limestone, Craigenglen; Lingula ironstone, and second Kingshaw limestone, Carluke; main limestone, Rraidwooc1.

86. C. TUUIDA, JJl'(}oy. Very rare. Upper limestone. Gare.

87. EDMONDIA EGERTON!, 11l'00y. Rare. Upper limestone -Newfield, in the lower limestone; Auchinbcg; lower limestone- Craigenglen; main limestone, Carluke; ROllghwoocl.

88. E. GIBTIOSA, JJl'Ooy. Very rare. Upper limestone. Gare.

89. E. PRISCA, },f'Ooy. Very mre. Lower limestone. Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

90. E. QUADRATA, JJf'Ooy. Rare. Lower limestone. Sculliongour, Campsie, in hard limestone shale.

9!. E. OBLONGA, M'Coy. Rare, Lower limestone. Langsicle, Reith, in shale below the main limestone.

92. E. RUDIS, JJl'Ooy. Upper limestone--Newfielc1; middle ironstone series-Inkerm:mn pits, Paisley, in grey shale; lower limestone Langside, Reith, frequent, along with E. obi ollga; Craigenglen, not rill'e; Lingula ironstone, Carluke; Corrieburn, l'are.

93. E. SCALAR IS, M'Ooy. Lower limestone. Langside, Beith, a single example only.

94. E. UNIONIFORMIR, Phil. Rare. Upper limestone-Newfield, along with E. "udis; lower lime­ stone-Craigenglen; Langside, Beith; Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

95. LEDA ATfENUATA, Fie!f!. U"e, pl. xv., jig. 5. Common. Upperlimestone-Swindridgc; Orchard; Gare; Robroyston, in the limestone shale ; Newfield, and East Kilbride section, casts in black shale; lower Iimestone-Cmigenglcn; shale above the Hosie lime­ stone at Campsie and Hurlet; Lingula ironstone, first Kingshaw, and firsc calmy limestones, Carluke; Langside, Eeith, in shale below the main limestone. 52 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

96. L. BIROSTRATA, 111'Coy. Upper limestone. Auchinbeg.

97. L. CLAVATA, 111'Coy. Upper limestone. Auchinbeg; Riddence, DaIry.

9S. L. LONGIROSTRIS, lll'Coy. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; Orchard; lower limestone-Lingula iron"tone, and first Kingshaw limestone, Carlnke; Campsie, in shale above tbe Hosie limestone.

99. LEDA ODLONGA, JI'Coy. Very rare. Upper limestone. Gare; Orchard.

100. LEPTODOMUS COSTEUATUS, lll'Coy. Upper limestone-Eoghead, common; SlVindridge shale, and in shale above the Highfield limestone, rare; Gare; lower limestone-Ling111~ iron­ stone, and fu'st calmy limestone, Carlnke; Sculliong'our, Campsie, in shale under the main limestone, and at Duntocher, in the same stratum.

101. L. FRAGILIS, .L1I'Coy. Very rare. Lower limestone. CarIuke, in the Lingula ironstone.

102. LITHODQ)IUS JENKINSONI, llf'Coy. Very rare. Lower limestone. Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

103. l\IACTRA INCRASSATA, llI'Coy. Very rare. Lower limestone. Craigenglen.

104. l\IODIOLA nrYISA, )JI'Coy. V cry rare. Upper limestone-DaIry, in shale belo IV the Linn limestone, along with CZlpi'iccu'dia and other bivalves; lower limestone-"LCraigenglen.

105. M. ELOSGATA, Phil. Lower limestone. Corrieburn, in shale above the coralline band; Craigenglen, not COUlmOll; Langside, Beith, COlnillon in shale below the mflinlimestone; Lingula ironstone, Carluke; Brockley.

106. .\\1. LlXGUALIS, Phil. Very rare. Lower liInestone. Craigenglen; Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

107. M. :1IIACADAMI, Portl. Very !'fire. Lower limestone. Craigenglen. lOS. MYACITES SFLCAT~\, Flc1n. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; Newfield; Bishopbriggs, in the cement Ihneston8; 111hldle ironstone series-Inkennann pits, Paisley, in grey shale; lower limestone-Langside, Ecith, in shale below the lllfLin lime· stone; Craigcnglen; Corricbnrn; llKLill Ihneston8, Braidwood.

109. MYALTNA CRASM, Fleln. Lower limestone. Houghwood, very fLbulllbnt, but crushed, in shale below the mrlin liUlestone; Corricburn, where it forms a thin band in clay-ironstone shale. A gregarions specicH

110. M. VER:-

111. MYTILUR CO~IPTcS, 11['Coy. Upper limestone. Auchinbeg; Riddence, DaIry.

112. NUCULA ACUTA, Sow. Very rare. Upper limestone-Eoghead; Orchard; Gare; lower lime­ stone -Lingula ironstone, Carluke.

113. N. GIBBOSA, Fleln. Ul'e, pl. xv., .liv. u. Upper limestone-Gare; Orchard; Robroyston; Swindridge; High BLmtyre and East Kilbride section, in bLeck shale overlying the upper lin18stone; lower lin18ston8-Craigenglen; Campsie, in shn,le above the Hosie limestone; Caduke, in the Lingula ironstone, amI first ami second Kingshctw, and first calmy limestones. A common shell, and in some shales, such as at Swimlridge, it is in great abul1llance.

114. N. LJEYIROSTRlT1J, POI·a. Upper limestone -Gare; 01'clmnl, not frequent; middle ironstone series-Inkermann, Paisley.

115. N. LI:-

116. N. LUCINIFORMIS, Phil. Upper limcstone- Orchard, very rare; Ro broyston, in the Lingula shale, abund'lllt; Gare; lower limestone-Lingula ironstone, Cm'luke; Campsie, along with the preceding species, common.

117. N. PAL~ILE, Sow. Very rare. Lower limestone. Rae's Gill, Carluke, in shale above the Hosie limestone.

118. SANGUINOLITES DISCORS, l.f'Coy. Very rare. Upper limestone-Eowertrapping; lower limestone- Rae's Gill, Carluke, in ironstone above the Hosie limestone; Craigenglen.

1 H). S. IRIDINOIDES, 11f'Coy. Very rare. Upper limestone. Orchard; Gare; Auchinbeg.

120. S. PLICATUS, Port/. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; middle ironstone sel'ies-Inkermann, Paisley; lower limestolle-Langside, lleith, in shale above the two-feet limestone; Carl uke, in the Lingula ironstone and main limestone; lIIill­ burn, Cam psie, in clay -baml ironstone.

121. S. ~UllCAn [N ATU~, l.f'Coy. Very rare. Lower limestone. Langsidc, Eeith, in the main limestone shale. ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

122. S. TRANSYEltSUS, Portl. Very rare. Middle ironstone series. Inkermann, Paisley.

123. S. TRICOSTATUS, Portl. Very rare. Upper limestone·-Newficld; lower limestone-Langside, Beith.

124. S. VAI:UBILIS, }YI'Coy. Rare. Upper limestone-Newfield; lower Iimestone-firstcalmy, and main limestones, Cltrluke.

125. SOLE;o;IMYA PRUIAWA, Phil. Very mre. Upper limestone -slaty-band ironstone, Carluke; lower limestone Hau'myres; ROllghwood; main limestone, Braidwood.

126. SOLE:sorsIs MINOI:, 111'Coy. Upper limestone. Robroyston, in the Lingula shale, not common; Auchinhcg; lower limestone-Braidwood, along with At'iculopecten allematus.

127. VE);rS ELLIPTICA, Phil. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Craigenglen, rare.

Pteroporla.-Conularict qnctdrisulcata seems to be the only member of this class which has been found, so far as I am aware, in any of the carboniferous strata in Britain. It is very rare in our beds, and ranges from the lower to the upper limestone series; one example, however, was found at Dlumpark, in a thin marine band in the upper coal measures. This is the highest position in which it has been detected. "\Ve have found it in the lower limestone shales at Oorrieburn, on the Oampsie Hills, but it is more common in the clay-ironstones and shales of the upper limestone series in the district around Glasgow, as at Gare, near Oarluke, and Robroyston.

PTEROPODA.

1. CONULAI:IA QUADRISULCATA, Sow. UI'e, pl. xx. fiu. 7. Rare. Upper coal-measnres-Drul11park, in clay-ironstone nodule contail"'tl in clay-shale, a single imperfect example (Skipsey); upper lihlCstone-Shotts, in slaty-band ironstone (U1'OSSal't); Gare; Belston burn; ,'Tauklllill glen (A. C01ea,,); Doghead; Newfield; Robroyston, in limestone slmle; Orchonl anti ,YiIliamwood; lower limestone -Lingula limcstollc, and first ICingshuw lilllCstonc, Carlukc; Corrieburn, in lilne­ stone ::;haIG. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 55

Gaste1'opoda.-This class presents us with about sixteen genera and a considerable number of species, many of which are very rnxe. They range throughout the whole of the fossiliferous beds of the marine limestone series, the fineRt and best preserved specimens being obtained from the banks of weathered shale at the quarries; the smaller species, by washing" the soft shales, as recommended in searching for Entoll1ostmca and other small organisms. As a rule, onr exa,mples of the Carboniferons Gasteropod'1 are very much smaller in size than those of the same silecies found in the lime­ stone strata of other countries. Like the Brachiopoda they may have been dwarfed by the unfavourable. conditions under which they lived. The genera most common in Ollr beds are DentaliuJiz, Euomphallls, Loxonema, .L1Iacl"ocheilus, .L1Iu?'clLisonia, Naticopsis, and PleLwotoma1'ia; the rarer genera bcing Chiton, Cl,itonellus, E2~lima, Platyceras, and Tl"och~l8. The highest division of the Gasteropoda-the N ucleobranchiata-­ is represented by two genera, Belleroplwn and P01"cellia. Of the former there are eight or nine species, which range throughout the marine limestone series from the lower to the upper beds. Two of the species-B. Urii and B. st1"lcdus-are moderately common; all the others are rare. The genus Porcelli!! seems to be represented by only one species; it is very rare, and has only been found in two or three localities, as at Gare, near Carluke, in the upper limestone serie,;; at Craigenglen, Campsie; the Carluke main limestone; allll Craigie, near Kilmal'nock, in the lower limestone series. As a group, the Carboniferous Gasteropoda are not numerous in any of the fossiliferous 1,l8ds. Amongst them there appear to be several species ullllescribed, and 1 have no doubt that the following list will yet be increased by a more exhaustive investigation of ~he strata.

GASTEIWPODA.

1. CUlTON GEMMATU,,? de KoniJlck.

Lower limestone. Gallowhill, Strathaven, in limestone shale (J. Thomson). A single posterior plate.

2. U. llUMILIS, ](irkby, 18G5. Trans. Geol. Soc., Gla,sgow, \T 01. II., pI. 1., fig.!. Gool. Mag., Vol. IV., pI. IG, figs. 6 a, u, c.

Upper limestone. Itobroyston, in limestone shale (J. Young). A single posterior plate. 56 ON THE CAHBONIFEROU" FOSSILS

3. CHITON, SP. Kirkby. Geol. Mag., Yolo IV., 1'1. xvi. figs. 7 ct, b, e, [f. Upper limestone. ,Yilliamwood, in limestone shale (J. A. and J. Bennie). Posterior plates described by 1\1r. Kirkby as "relatively broader, more pointed in front, and more sharply angulate, and with coarser sm"face granulations than the equivalent phte of C. hlllnilis, and show well-developed processes of insertion." The plates are likewise stated to resemble the Chiton BU;"1'01ciana, Kirkby, a species fOlmd in the lower Scar limestone of Settle, in Yorkshire.

4. CHITONELLLS SUBQUADRATUS, Kirkby. Geol. Mag., Vol. IV., pI. xvi., fig. 5. Lower limestone. Craigenglen, in limestone shale (J. Young). Inter­ mediate plate, very rare.

5. C. YOUXGlANl'S, Kil'kby, 1865. Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, Vol. II., 1'1. 1, fig. 2. Geol. Mag., Vol. IV., pI. xvi., figs. 2, 3, 4. Lower limestone. Crp.igenglen (J. Young). A few intermediate plates. lI~utL.-One or two small plate'S uf <.1. species of ChitoJ~ have been found by Dr. J. H. S, Hunter in the lllain linle~tone of Drn..idwood, but they rue too im­ perfectly presel'ved for identifieation. These, with the foregoing five species, complete our knowledge of the Scottish Carboniferous Chitonid", to the present date.

6, DE:~TALIU~1 INGEXS, de Koninck. Very rare. Lower limestone. Carluke, in the first calmy limestone.

7. D. INORNATUM, ",lI'Coy. Upper limcstone-Swillllridge, very abundant; Orchard; Newfield, and Boghead rarc; lower limestone-Campsie, in shale above the Hosie lime­ stone; Carluke, in the first calmy, and main limestones.

8. D. PRISC{;M. Goldf. Not frequent. Upper limestone-Gare; Orchard; Boghead; SWilld­ ridge; midllie ironstone series-Inkermann, Paisley; lower limestone­ Craigenglen; Crunpsie, along with the preceding species; Carluke, in the Lingula ironstone, and Rae's Gill shales.

9. EULDIA PHILLIPSIANA, de KOIl;lIck. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; Orchard, middle ironstone series­ Den, DaIry, in shale above the blackband ironstone; lower limestone -Craigenglen.

10. EUQ,\lPH.\LUS ACUTUS, Sow. Rare. Upper limestone-Dowertrapping limestone; lower limestone­ Cmigenglell.

11. E. CARTIaN.\JH{;S, Sow. Common. Upper limestone-Relston burn, Carluke; Orchard; Swin­ dri,lge; lower limcstone-Carluke, in the first amI sccoud Kingshaw, and main limestones; C:ttnpsie, in the shn]e above the Hosie limestone. l~. E. DIONY:m, Goldf. Very rare. Upper limestone. Bowertmpping; Gare; Newfield, in the lower bed of limestone. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 57

13. E. PE~'l'ANGULATcS, Sow. Not common. Upper limestone-Bowertmpping; Arden limestone;

lower liIllestone-Craigenglen; Langside, Beith1 in the main lin18stone; Carluke, in the first Kingshaw, and main limestones.

14. E. PILEOPSIDEUS, Phil. Upperlimestone. "Tilliamwood, in limestone shale, a single example only.

15. E. RADIANS, de Koninc!.;. Very rare. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Craigenglen.

16. E. TUBEROULATUS, Fleln. Rare. Lower limestone. Cmigenglen.

17. LoxoNEmA BREVIS, 11I'Uoy. Very rare. Upper limestone. Gare.

18. L. oo~sTmcTA, 111ft)'!. Very rare. Upper limestone.

19. L. CURVILINEA, Phil. Common. Upper limestone. Gare; Robroyston.

20. L. LEFEBVREI, Leveille. Rare. Upper limestone-Orchard; Gare; lower limestollc-Carluke, in the Lingula ironstone, first Kingshaw, and main limestones; Corrie­ burn; Roughwood, in shale below main limestone, internal casts.

21. L. POLYGYRA, jJI'Coy. Lower limestone. Cunningham Bedland, a single example in weathered limestone.

22. L. RUGIFERA, Phil. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone -Productus limestone, Carluke; Craigenglen, large and well-preserved specimens in the shales, not uncommon.

23. L. SOALAROIDEA, Phil. Upper limestone-Gare, and Robroyston, in limestone shale, common; Orchard; Boghead; middle ironstone series-Inkermann, Paisley; lower limestone-Craigenglen; Carluke, in the Lingula ironstone, and main limestone.

24. L. SULOA1.'cLA, },['Uoy. Very rare. Upper limestone. Bowertmpping.

25. MACIWClIEILUS ACUTUS, Sow. Un, pl. xiv., flu. ;,. Not common. Upper limcstonc-Gm-e; lower limestonc--Beith, in shale below the main limestone; Craigcnglcn; Cm'luke, ill the Lingula ironstone, and lnain limestone. 58 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

26. M. FUSIFORMIS, SOW. Common. Upper limcstone-Swindridgc; Gare; Robroyston, in lime­ stone shale; lower limestone-Craigenglen.

27. ~I. IMBlUCAl'(TS, Sow. U1'C, pl. xiv., fig. 2. Rather rare. Upper limesione- Gftre; Orchard; lower limestone­ Cl'aigenglen; Lingula ironstone an ~ Rae's Gill, Carluke.

28. M. MICHOTIANUS de Koninck. Rare. Upper limestone - Gare; Robroyston, in limestone shale; Orchard; Boghead; lower limestone-Langside, Beith, in slmle below the main limestone.

29. ~L RECTILD"EUS, Phil. V cry rare. Upper limestone. Gare.

30. ~1. TRICINCTUS, "1I'Coy. Very rare. Upper limestone. Gare.

31. MURCHISONIA ANGULATA, Phi!. Very rare. Lower limestone. Craigenglcn.

32. M. QUADRICARINATA, lJI'Coy. Rare. Lower limestone. Craigenglen; main limestone, Carluke; Langside, Beith, in shale below the main limestone.

:>3. 11. STRLI.TULA, de Koninck. Common. Upper limestone-Orc]",rd; ltobroyston, in limestone shale; Bishopbl"iggs, in the cement limestone; Swindridge ; Gare; middle ironstone series-Govan, in shale abov" the blackband ironstone; lower limestone Hae's Gill, Carluke, in alum shale, along with Beyrichia lIwltiloua; Craigenglen.

34. 1\1. RrBsrLcATA, de Koninck. Lower limestone. Craigenglen, a single example in the limestone shale.

35. M. UrnI, Flcm., 'TURRITELLA, Flem., B.A., p. 305. Urc, pl. xiv., fig. 7. Not comlllon. Upper limestone. Boghead; Capel rig, East Kilbride. "In till, enveloped between the two strata of limestone at Stuartfield and Lawrieston."- Ure.

:>6. NATICOPSIS CANALICULATA, ill·Coy. Very rare. Lower limestone. Campsie, in shale above the main lime­ stone.

37. N. ELLIl"fICA, i'hil. Rare. Lower lilnestone. Craigcnglell; Carluke, in tho Lingula iron­ stone, and second Killgshaw lilnestonc. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 59

38. N. ELONGATA, Phillips. Rare. Upper limcstone-~ewiield, e",sts in limestone; lower lime­ stone-Oraigeuglenj lllain lilnestone, Carluke.

39. N. LIRA'!'A, Phil. Very rare. Upper limestone. Arden, in shale; Swindridge. 40. N. PLICISTRlA, Phil. Rare. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Hnil'myres lime­ stone; Millburn, Campsic, in ironstone; Carluke in the Lingula iron­ stone and fil'St and second Kingshaw limestones.

41. N. OMALIANA., de Koninck. Rare. Upper limestone--Swinrlridge; middle ironstone scries-Den, Dairy, in shnJe above the blackband ironstone, specimen with well­ preserved coloured bands; lower limestonc Cunningham nedland, in the Pecten band; C"rlLlke, in the Lingula ironstone.

4') N. VARIATA. Phil. Ure, pl. xiv., fig. 10. Not common. Uppcr limestone-nowertrapping; lower limestone-­ Craigenglenj Lingula ironstone) Carlukc; IIairnlyres lin18stone. 43. PLEURO'l'OMARTA ALTAVITTATA, JJFCoy. Very rare. Upper limestone-Bowel'trapping; lower limestone -Braid­ wood and Cal'luke, in the main limestone.

44. P. BENEDIANA, de Koninck. Rare. Upper limestone. Ho broyston, in limestone sll ale; Boghead; Garc.

45. P. CAIUXATA, Sow. Upper limestone. Robroyston, one example in the limestone shale.

46. P. CONIUA, Phil. Rare. U 1'per limestone-Gare; lower limestone - Langsille, Heith, in shale below main limestone; val'. P. decussatu8, lJf'Coy, Caml'sie, in sh",le above the Hosie limestone; Craigenglen.

47. P. CONTRARIA, de Koninck. U1'C, pl. xiv, fig. 18. Common. Upper limestone-Newfield »llll East Kilbride, in lower bed of slu,le; Boghead; G»re; Robroyston; lower limestone-Hairmyres; Craigenglen,; second Kingshaw limestone, Carluke.

48. P. EXPANSA, Phil. Very rare. Upper limestone -Gare; lower limestone-Craigenglen; Langside, Beith, in the main limestone shale.

4!). P. FltENOYA,A, de Koninck. Very rare. Upper limestone. Gare; Orchard.

GO. P. G,~LLEOTTIANA, de Koninck. Very rare. Lower limestone. Craigenglen. 60 ON THE CARBOXIFEROCS FOSSILS

51. P. MONILIFERA, Phil. Common. UpI'm' limestone-Gare, in limestone shale; Robroyston; Orchard; Boghead; Swindridge; lower limestone- Craigenglen; Lang­ side, Beith, in the main limestone shale.

52. P. 11L"LTICARINATA, ]JI'Coy. Lower limestone. Braidwood, in the main limestone, one example only.

53. P. OVOIDEA, Phil. Upper limestone. Gare; very rare.

54. P. STRIATA, Sow. Upper limestone- Gare; Robroyston; lower limestone-Lingula iron­ stone, Carluke.

53. P. L"NDULATA, Phil. Upper limestone. G are.

56. 1'. YorNGB~H, Armslrol1U. Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, Vol. II., pI. 1, fig. S. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Craigenglen.

57. P. YVANII, L{;~·eiIl6. Upper limestone-Boghead; Orchard; DaIry, in shale below the Linn limestone; lower limestone-Craigenglen; main limestone, Braidwood; Cunningham Bedlancl.

58. PLATYCERAS CARINAT1TS, J.ll'Coy. Lower lilnestone. Oraigenglen.

59. P. NERITOIDES, Phil. Upper limestone-Xewfield; lower limestone-Strathaven.

60. P. VETUSTUS, Sow. Upper limestone-Gare; Bowertrapping.

61. TROCHeeS BISERRATUS, Phil. Upper limestone-Swindridge; lower limestone- Craigenglen, common.

62. T. CONIFORMIS, de Koninck. Upper limestone. Arden, very rare.

63. T. L]cl;'IDcS, de Koninck. Lower lin18stone. Craigenglen; 111ain limestone, Braidwood; Langsidc, Beith, in shale below the main limestone.

64. TURBO BISERIALTS, Phil. Upper limestone. Bowertrappin,..

G5. BELLEROPIION COl:NL"-ARTETIS, Sow. Hare. Lower limestone. Langside, I3eith; Dmehead, Dnsby; Car­ luke, in the Lingula, irollstonc, and lllain lilnestone. This species, so fa.r as we ha,vc ohsorvctl, i:.;, ·with ono exception, always found in linlBstone, and ill the condition of internal casts. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 61

66. B. DEClT8Sj.TU~, Flem. and Val'. B. STRIATUS, Flem. Common. Upper limestone~Gare; Robroyston; Orchard; Boghead; Robroyston, in limestone shale; Swindridge; Bishopbriggs, in the cement limestone; middle ironstone series~ Inkernull1n pits, Paisley; DaIry; lower limestone~Cam psie, in shale overlying the Hosie limestone; Craigenglen; Carluke, in the Lingula. ironstone, first Kingshaw, first cal Illy, allll main limestones; Langside, Beitb, in shale associated with the lower limestone.

67. B. DnlONTTI, D'Orb. Rare. Upper limestone ~ Bowertrapping; Boghead, in limestone; Bishopbriggs, in cement limestone; middle ironstone series~Inkermann, Paisley, lower limestone~Craigenglen; ,Yaterland; Howmt limestone; Carluke, in the Lingula, ironstone, and luain limestone.

68. B. DCCHASTELLI, Liteillf'. Upper limestone--Boghead, not uncommon; lower limestone- Glorat, Cam p8ie, in the lnain liulestone, very rare.

69. B. LARcom, Pm·tloel.:. Lower limestone. Hail'myres limestone, a single example.

70. B. LEYEILLEAxrs, de Koninc!.: Upper limestone. Gare; Robroyston; Orchard, not common.

71. B. OLDITAMII, Portl.

Ral·e. Upper lilnestone~Gare; Boghead; lower limestone~Campsie. in shale above the Hosie limestone.

72. B. TAXGENTIALIS, Phil. Very rare. Upper limestone. Gare.

73. B. TENUIFc\.SGIA, Son'. V cry rare. In the same shale as the preceding species.

74. B. U RTI, Flam. U,'c, pl. xiv., fig. 9.

COlllmon. Upper coal measl1res~Drumpark, in a clay ironstone nodule, along with Comdari(~ qlwd";sulcata and Brachiopod,,; upper limestone­ Robroyston, in limestone shale; Gare; Orchard; Boghead; Swindridge; Newfield; middle ironstone series~ Inkermann, Paisley; lower limestone~ C"rlnke, in the Lingula ironstone, first and second Kingshaw, first calmy, and main limestones; Brockley; Craigenglen; Campsie, ill shale above the Hosie limestone.

75. PoncELLIA AR~UT"\, JTernwil.

Very rare. U pper lilnestone~Gare; Orclmrd; lower limestone­ Uraigenglen, in shale; Broadstone, in shale; Bra.idwood, in the main limestone.

CephaloJioda.-This last and highest class of the mollusca is represented by six genera and It considerable number of species. 62 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

They range from the lower to the upper limestone series, but the greatest number and variety of Cephalopoda are met with in the upper beds. Of the six genera, Actinoceras, Ottlwcetas, Poterio­ ccras, Cyrtocercts, Nantilns, and Goniatites, the genus 01·t!wceras is the most common, and presents us with the greatest number of species, several of which still retain traces of external colour-mark­ ings. Some of the best preserved specimens of Ortlwceras and Actinoceras we have ever seen are from the limestono shales of Orchard Quarry, south of Glasgow. Casts or specimens of large Nautili and Potel'iocems, from which the outer shell has been removed, axe not uncommon in the upper limestone at Oastlecary and . Goniatites are rare, and generally of small size; they are most frequently to be met with in the shales and ironstone nodules that altel'llate with the limestones, and with them are associatpd the smaller species of OrtllOceras and other members of this group. It is a strange fact that the shales which alternate with our western Scottish limestones contain a greater assemblage of the various genera and species of the mollusca than is to be met with in the purer limestones. Indeed, with the exce)Jtion of several species of the Brachiopoda-met with abundantly in some of the lower limoston,?s, and scattered more rarely throughout tIle uppel·-there is a great paucity of mollusca. in many of our limestone bands. In many cases they are composed only of corals, fine encl'inal debris, with an occa­ sional shell or two, or as in our "calm" or cement limestones, of a fine calcareous sediment. Had our collections, therefore, de­ pended only on the species 0 btainecl from the limestones, I am afraid we could have shown but a vcry meagre list compared with that from other countries. I can offer no satisfactory explanation why it is that the greater number of the genera and species of our mollusca OCCllr in the lime~tone shales, or why so many seem to be entirely absent in the beels of purer limestone. One would have thought that the conrlitions were more favourable to their growth and development over the selt hottom during the limestone periods, than those which prevailed during the deposition of the shale beds. In looking over my own collection of carboniferous mollusca from the west of Scotland-containing upwm'ds of two hundred specios-I find two.. thinls of this number exclusively from the shale beds. Of thc remaining one-third thcre are not more than a dozen 01' twenty species which are OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 63 restricted to the purer limestones, the others occurring in both the limest,one and shales. In England and Ireland, so far as I have SAen it stated, the greatest number of fossils seems to occur in the limestones. In Scotland it is the reverse; and I would like to know how this apparent anomaly can be explained, and what has caused these changes in the distribution of the species in the different beds. Perhaps when we know morA of tho con­ ditions under which our Scottish limestones were deposited some of these anomalies may be explained.

CEPHALOPODA.

1. AOTINOCERAS GIGANTEUM, S01/·. U1'e, pl. xvi., fig. 1. Upper limestone. Orchard; Gare; Castlecary; Calderwood cement limestone; Newfield limestone; lower limestone-Sculliongonr, Campsie. The specimens found in the Orchard 8h"le are usually in excellent preservation, and afford instructive polished sections; others are fre­ quently eroded on one side, so as to expose the chambers and thick beaded siph uncle.

2. CRYTOCERAS GESNERI, .!'rIm·t. Upper limestone-Gare; Robroyston; lower Iimestone--Craigenglen.

3. C. RUGOSUM, Flem. Upper limestone-Orchard; Eoghead; Calclerwood cement limestone; lower limestone -Craigenglen; shale above the Hosie limestone, Cam1'sic; Carluke main limestone.

4. C. UNGUIS, Phil. Upper limestone - Orchard; Gare; Eoghead; lower limestone­ Craigenglen.

5. GONIAT1TES DIADEMA, Goldf. Middle ironstone series-DaIry, in shale associate,] with the black­ band ironstone; lower limestone-Craigenglcn.

6. G. EXOAVATUS, Phil. Upper limestone. Gare.

7. G. GIBSON I, Phil. Upper limestone. Gare.

S. G. GILBERTSONI, Phil. Lower limestone. Campsie, in ,hale abo_ve the Hosie limestone.

9. G. IMPLICATUS, Phil. Upper limestone. Gare.

10. G. LOONEYI, Phil. Upper lilllcstone~noghcad, Hamilton; lower limestone-Hae's Gill. Carlnke. Very rare. 64 ON THE CARBONIFEROC;S FOSSILS

11. G. MIORONOTUS, Phil. Lower limestone. In shale above the Hosie limestone, Campsie.

12. G. MUTABILlS, Phil. Upper limestone. Gare.

13. G. PAUOILOBUS, Phil. Upper limestone. Robroyston, in limestone shale; G"re.

14. G. RETICcLATUS, Phil. Upper limestone. Gare. Very rare.

15. G. STRIATUS, Sow. Upper lilnestone-Gare; lower limestone-CarIuke, in the main lime­ stone; Campsie, in shale above the Hosie limestone.

16. G. STlHOL~'TUS, Fhil. U 11per limestone-Gare; Auchinbeg; Robroyston, both in the limestone shale and Lingula bed.

17. G. VESICA, Phil. epper limestone-Bowertrapping limestone; Gare; Robroyston, along with G. s/";0/((I'(8; Auchinbeg; lower limestone-Carluke, in the first calmy limestone; H"irmyres.

18. ~~AcTILcS BIANCULATUS, Sow. Upper limestone-Castlecary; Gare; lower limestone-Campsie, in shale above the Hosie limestone.

l(). N. DORSALIS, Phil. 1'pper limestone. Castlec:1l'Y. Very mre.

20. N. CLOBATUS, Sow. Upper limestone-Gare; Orchard; Newfield, in lower bed of limestone; Arden; lower limestone-Carluke, in the Lingula limestone, first Kingshaw, and first calmy limestones.

21. N. DICENS, 11Iartin. U 1'1'81' limestone -Castlecary; Arden; lower limestone - Langside, Beith; Broadstone; Howrat; Campsie main limestone; Carluke, in the first and secolHl Kingshaw, and main limestones.

22. N. LEYEILLEANUii, de Konincl.;. Upper limestone - Newfield; Boghead; lower limestone - Rowood; main limestone, Carluke; Hazelhead burn, Beith, in calcareous shale.

23. N. NODIFERcS, Al'll/stTonu. Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, Vol. II., pI. 1, figs. 6, 7. Upper limestone. Arden; Orchard; Gare; Dalquharagc limestone, Call1jlsie.

24. N. rLANIDORS~,'l'US, Portlock. Upper limestone. C.cstlecal'Y. V cry mre. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 65

25. N. QUADRATUS, Flern. (N. 8ubsll/cat1l8, PhiL) Upper lime"tone-Orchard; Gare; Boghead; Newfield; midlUe iron­ stone series - Inkermann, Paisley; lower limcstonc~Cl'fligenglen, in shale above the Hosie limestone, Campsie; Carluke, in the Lingula ironstone, and Rae's Gill.

26. N. SULCATUS, Sow. Lower limestone. Corrieburn, in ironstone shale in the eastern burn. Very mre.

27. N. TUBEROSUS, M'Goy. Upper limestone. Castlecary; Auchinbeg.

28. ORTHOOERAS ATTENUATUM, Flern. Upper limestone-Gare; Orchard; lower limestone - Craigenglen; Campsie, in shale above the Hosie limestone; Howrat; Langside, Beith; Carluke, in the Lingula ironstone, and first Kingshaw limestone.

29. O. BREYNII, J.IMtin. Upper li:nestone. Newfield.

30. O. CINCTUM, Sow. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Campsie, in shale above the Hosie limestone.

31. O. CYLINDRACEUM, Flem. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Carluke, in the second Kingshaw limestone; Craigenglen, with coloured bands.

32. O. DENTALOIDEUM, Phil. Lower limestone. Campsie, in shale above the Hosie limestone. Very rare.

33. O. DILATATUM, de Koninck. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Corrieburn.

34. O. GOLDFUSSIANU~f, de Koninck. Upper limestone-Garc; lower limestone Rae's Gill, Carluke; Campsie, in shale above the Hosie limestone.

35. O. LATERALE, Phil. Lower limestone. Craigenglen.

36. O. LJEVIS, Flern. Un, pl. xvi., fir!. 3. Upper limestone. Boghead; Newfield.

37. O. LINEALE, de Koninck. Lower limestone. Netherfield, Strathaven; Balgrochan Glen, Campsie. 38. O. MUCRONATUM, lrI'Goy. Upper limestone. Gare.

39. O. OVALE, Phil. Rare. Upper limestone. Orchard. F 66 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

40. O. MUENSTERIANUM, de Koninck. Lower limestone. In sha,le above the Hosie limestone, Campsie.

41. O. PYGMlEUM, de Koninck. Upper limestone-Gare; lower limestone-Campsie, along with the preceding species.

42. O. SUBOE:-!TRALE, de Koninck. (0. 8uicatulum, M'Coy.) Upper limestone-Orchard; Gare; Bowertrapping; Bishopbriggs, in the cement limestone.

43. O. :JNDATmr, Flem. Ure, pl. xvi., fig. 2. Upper limestone-Boghead; Gare; Limekilnburn; Arden; Swindridge; lower limestone-Campsie, in shale above the Hosie limestone; Craigen­ glen; Cal'luke, in the second Kingslmw, first calmy, and main limestones.

44. POTERIOCERAS CORDIFORME, S01[,. Very rare. Lower limestone. Craigie, Kilmarnock.

45. P. FcSIFOR~IE, Sow. Very rare. Upper limestone. Calderwood cement limestone.

46. P. VEN1'RICOSUM, lJI'Coy. Very rare. Upper limestone ·-Newfield, in lower bed of limestone, Calderwood cement limestone; lower limestone - main limestone, Cal'luke.

Pisces. - The fishes constitute the next class found in our carboniferous ~trata. Two groups only are represented-Plagi­ ostomous fishes, such as the sharks and rays; and Lepidoganoids, or fishes with enamelled scales, such as Megaliclttltys and Palceoniscus. Representatives of each of these groups range from the lowest of our carboniferous strata to the highest beds, and occur in both the marine and fresh-water deposits. Some of the genera and species h~ve a very wide vertical range; others, again, seem to be restricted to certain divisions of the strata. Megalichtlzys Hibberti has perhaps the most extended range of any of our carboniferous fishes, being found in both the marine and fresh-water beds. It is very rare, however, in the former deposits, the largest and most finely-preserved specimens being obtained from those beds that have been formed in lakes or estuaries, and in which the characteristic marine fossils of the limestone series are absent. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 67

Rhizod1£S Hibberti was perhaps the most gigantic and formidable of the Lepidoganoid fishes of the carboniferous period. It seems to have been also an estuarine or lake fish, occurring very mrely, if at all, in any of the marine limeBtones or shales; nor has it been found, so far as I am aware, in any of the stmta of our upper coal measures. In the Glasgow district it is found to mnge from the estuarine or fresh-water limestones that lie below the lower marine limestones, up into the Possil coal and ironstone series, in which our largest and finest specimens are obtained. PaZceonisc1ts, another characteristic genus of Lepidoganoicl fishes, is found in the same strata as the RhizodI£S and Megalichthys of the limestone series, but, like them, seldom if ever in any of the truly marine beds. The genus ranges into the upper coal measures, but it is rare in this division of our strata. So far as I have observed, all the genem and species of the Lepidoganoid fishes of our western Scottish coal field are rare in the marine limestone series, being seldom met with in the shelly, encrinal, and coralline beds. On the other hand, there are several of the genera and species of the Plagiostomous fishes, such as Petalodus, Psarnmodus, Cochli­ odus, etc., which present us with true oceanic conditions for their habitats, beiug found most generally in the beds in which the Lepidoganoids are absent. The changes which effected the distri­ bution of these two gronps of fishes in our strata seem,therefore, to have existed in the condition of the waters in which they lived; and, as already indicated by the other classes of fossils, the strata in which they occur may be viewed in each case as marine, brackish, or fl'esh-water deposits. Our carboniferous fishes mnge throughout the whole of these three series; but I am not very sure if the same species, with the exception of ~lfegalichth!J8, ever occurs in the marine and fresh-water beds of the same district. A considerable amount of investigation still remains to be gone through ere we can expect to have anything like a correct list of the genera and species of fishes found in our strata. Their deter­ mination is rendered difficult by the fragmentary condition in which lllany of the specimens are found, several of the genera and species being at present founded upon fin-spines, single teeth, and scales; and, as has been proved by the discoY2ry of more pelfect examples, variolls so-called genera and species have been found united in the same indivillual. With the Plagiostomous fishes this is the most common state of occarrence, their parts being 68 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS much more likely to be scattered by the waves after death, than the more solid-cased Lcpidoganoids. A large series of fish-remains now exists in the collections of m;;mbers of this society and in our museums; a great many of these, however, have never been correctly identified with described species. It is very desirable, therefore, that a correct list of all our cltrbonifel'ous fishes were prepareu, so far as it is possible to have them identified; and I hope that Dr. Young, our president, who has already done some good work in this direction, and is the only one of our members qualified for the task, will be induced to prepare a special cata,logue for publication in the Transactions of this society. If to this catalogue were added the genera and species of the Reptilia, such a list of the vertebrate remains from onr western Scottish coal field could not fail to be of great interest both to the geologist and palreontologist. Until this be clone, our present list must be considered as far from complete.

PISCES.

1. ACA:'

2. A. ,,V ARDII, Egerton. Very rare. U ppor coal measureS. Palace Craig ironstone, . A portion of this fish, fifteen inches in length, with the dorsal spines in position, has lately been obtained in this bed.

3. AMBJ"YPTERUS PUKCTATUS, Ag. Very rare. Lower limestone. Rae's Gill, Carluke, in shale; scales and head plrrtes in the Entomostracan oil shale, Craigenglen.

4. A1IPHICE:'

fl. ASTIlROLEPIS, p. Upper coal measnres. Carl uke, in the roof of the Drumgray coal. Dr. Rankin's collection. OF 'l'HE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 69

6. CERATODUS, sp. Upper coal measures. Carluke, in the roof of the Virtue 'Yell coal. Dr. Rankin's collection.

7. CHOMATODUS CINCTUS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures. Cal'luke, in shale bed above the Drumgray coal. Single teeth.

8. C. CL.'YATUS, Ag. Rare. Lower limestone. Brockley, in limestone shale. Single teeth.

9. C. LINEARIS, Ag. Rare. Lower limestone. Til-fergus Glen, Oampbeltown, in limestone. Single teeth.

10. C. OBLIQUUS, ]JI'Goy. Rare. Upper coal measures. Carluke, in the same bed as C. cinctus; Quarter ironstone; in shale above the Splint coal, Newmains. Single teeth.

II. CLADODUS CONIOUS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures. Shotts, in shale bed above the Virtue 'Yell coal; Oarluke, in shale above the Drumgray cottl. Single teeth.

12. C. LlEYIS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures. Airdrie blackband ironstone. Single teeth.

13. C. MILLERI, Ag. Rare. Lower limestone. Howrat, DaIry, in limestone. Single teeth.

14. C. MIRABILIS, Ag. Rather rare. Upper coal measures-Oarluke, in shale bed above the Drumgray coal; lower limestone-main limestone, Sculliongour, Campsic; Carluke, in the first calmy limestone; Broadstone, Beith, in limestone. Single teeth at these localities. Portions of jaws, with teeth and bones of the head, in limestone, Langside, Beith.

15. C. PARYUS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures. Oarluke, along with C. !nimbi/is. Single teeth.

16. C. STRIATUS, Ag. Rare. Lower limestone. Howrat, DaIry, ill limestone. Single teeth.

17. OLIMAXODUS IMumCATUS, ]JI'Goy. Rather rare. Upper coal measures. N ewarthill, in shale above the Virtue 'Yell coal; Carluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal; Shotts, in shale above the Virtue 'Yell and Drumgray coals. Single teeth.

18. OOCHLIODUS ACUTUS, Ag. Rare. Lower limestone. In shale, Rae's Gill ironstone, Carlukp: Langside, Reith, in limestone; Auchenskeoch, in limestone; Brockley, in limestone shale. Single teeth. 70 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

19. C. CON1'ORTUS, Ag. Rare. Lower limestone. Langside, Beith, in limestone; Brockley, in limestone shale; Shiels Quarry, Ktst Kilbride. Single teeth.

20. C. MAGKUS, AV. Moderately common. Upper coal measures--Carluke, in shale bed ~bove the Drumgray co"l; upper limestone-Boghead, Newfield, "nd Caldenide, in the lower shale bed; ,Villiamwood; Orchard; Robroy­ ston, in limestone shale; Gare; Arden, in limestone; in shale above the Swindridge lilnestone; lower limestone-lnain limestone, Sculliongour, Campsie; Corrieburn, in limestone; Langside, Beith, in limestone and shale; l\Ieadowfoot, near Drumclog, in limestone; Auchenskeoch, in limestone and shale; Braehead, Busby; Shiels, East Kilbride; Faifley, near Duntocher, in limestone shale. Single teeth.

21. C. STRIATUS, AV. Very rare. Upper limestone. Newfield, in the lower shale bed; in thE cathead of the main limestone, Carluke; Auchlochen, near Lesmahagow, in a calcareous shale, on the banks of the N ethan.

22. CrnLAcAKTHUS I,EPTURUS, Ag. Upper coal measures. Scales and teeth, in the Palace Craig ironstone and shale, and scales in the shale above the Splint coal, Airdrie; scales, teeth, head bones, and entire fish fiye inches in length, in shale above the Virtue ,\"ell coal, scales and teeth in the mussel-band ironstone, and in shale and ironstone balls above the Drumgray coal, teeth and scales in several shale beds between the Drumgray coal, and the Slaty­ band ironstone, and in the Slaty-band itself, in the Shotts district; Cm'luke, in shale above the Drumgray coal; , in shale above the Virtue ,Yell coal.

23. CTEKACAKTHcS BREVIR, Ag. Hare. Upper coal measures. Shettleston, in shale above the Splint coal; Carluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal. Single spines.

24. C. HYBODOIDER, Egerton. Rare. Upper coal measures. Carluke, along with the preceding species. Single spines.

25. C. ~IA.rOR, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures. Dorsal spine, part of head, and teeth, in shale above the Palace Craig ironstone, Carnbroe; Quarter blackband ironstone; in shale above the Splint, Virtue ,VeIl, and Drumgray coals, and in a sh,de bed forty fathoms below the Drumgray coal, Shotts.

26. C. TENUISTRIATUS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal meftsures. Carluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal. Single spines.

27, CTENODUS CRISTATUS, Ag. Hare. IT pper coal l11eR snres-in the Palace Cra.ig ironstone) Carnbroe; Carluke, in shale aLove the Virtue ,Yell coal; in the Shotts gas coal; middle ironstone series-Keppoch Hill, in the lower Possil ironstone. Teeth. and bones of the head. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 71

28. C. JMBRICATUS, Hancock and Athey. Rare. Upper coal measures. 29. C. TUBERCULATUS, Hancock and Athey. Rare. Upper coal measures. Carluke, in the roof of the Virtue ,VeIl coal; Quarter ironstone; Palace Craig ironstone, Carnbroe.

30. CTEXOPTYOHIC"S APICALIR, Ag. Rarc. Upper coal measures-Shotts, in shale above the Virtue ,VeIl and Drumgray coals; Carluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal; lower limestone-Corrie burn. Single teeth. 31. C. DENTATUS, AV. Rare. Upper coalmeaslU'es. Quarter ironstone. Single teeth. 32. C. PECTINATUS, Ag, Rare. Upper coal measures. Provanhall, in bituminous shale above the Sour Milk coal, along with Entomostraca; Quarter ironstone. Single teeth. 33. C. SERRATe'S, Ag. Not common. Upper coal measures - Airdrie blackband iron· stone; upper limeotone-Gare; Boghead, in the lowel' bed of shale; lower limestone-Millburn, Camp.ie, in limestone; Auchenskeoch, and Broadstone, in limestone and shale; Shiels, East Kilbride. Single teeth.

34. DENDROPTYCHrus, Huxley, 8]). J. Young, M.D" Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. xxii., p. 601. Rare. Upper coal meltSures. Scales, vertebrre, fin bones, and rays, in the Palace Craig ironstone, Air'drie; Carluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal. 35. EURYNOTe'S CRENATUS, AV. Very rare. Lower limestone. Craigenglen, in the Entomostracan oil shale. Scales and headplates only.

36, GLOSSODUS lIIARGINATUS, ~I'Coy. Very rare. Lower limestone. Beith quarries, in limestone and shale; Howrat, in limestone. Single teeth. 37. GYRACANTHUS FORMOSUS, Ag, U,'c, 1'1. xii., fiu. 6. Upper coal measures-moderately common in the roof shales of the Splint coal at Carluke, Shettleston, Newton near Cambuslang, New­ mains, Rutherglen, , , and in the shale above the Palace Craig ironstone, Carnbroe; middle ironstone series-Bm'kip near Dalry, in the roof shale of the lower bed of blackband ironstone. Single spines only. 38, G. TUBERCULATUS, Ag, Rather rare. Upper coal measures-A irdrie and Quarter, in the blackband ironstone; Shettleston, in the roof shale of the Splint coal; 72 ON THE CARBONU'EROl:S FOSSILS

Oarluke, in the roof of the Drum"ray coal, lower limestone-in an ironstone ball, Hae's Gill ironstone, Carluke/ 39, GYROLEPIS RANKINII, Ag, Ra;re. Upper coal measures-Oarluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal; upper limestonc- Swindridge, DaIry, in limestone shale, along with marine shells; lower limestone-Braidwood and Oarluke, in shale overlying the coal of the main limestonc; Rae's Gill, Oarluke, in iron. stone. Portions of the body, with the scales in position, and plates of thc head. 2

40. HELODUS L,EVISSIMUS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures--O"rluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal; lower limestone-Oorriebul'll, in limestone shale. Single teeth. 4l. H. MAM1>lILLARI8, Ag. Rare. Upper lime"tone-Gare; Oalderside and Broomhouse, High Blantyre, in lower shale bed; lower limestone-main limestone, Scul­ liongour, Oampsie; Auchenskeoch; Shiels Quarry, East Kilbride, in limestone. Single teeth.

42. H. PLANUS, Ag. Rare. Lower limestone. Langside, Beith, in shale and limestone. Single teeth. 43. H. SIMPLEX, AU. Rare. Upper coal measures. Oarluke, in shale overlying the Virtue vVell and Drumgray coals.

44. LEPTACANTHUS JENKINSONI, ~~I'Goy. Pal. Foss., pI. 3, G., figs. 14-16. Very rare. Upper limestone. High Blantyre, in clayband ironstone. Single spine. 45. MEGALICTITHYS COCCOLEPIS, J. Young, M.D., and J. Thomson. Brit. Assoc. Report, 1869, p. lO2. Very rare. Upper coal measures. Upper part of the head, jaws with teeth, and scales, in the Quarter and Airdrie blackband ironstones; scales in a mussel-band ironstone about seven fathoms below the Splint coal, Shotts; Oarluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal. Its position in the Shotts district is about the horizon of the Oambuslang marble. 46. M. HIBBERTI, AU. Ul'e, pl. xix., flu. 2, scale. Upper coal measures-Palace Oraig and Au'drie blackband ironstones; Oarluke, in shale and ironstone above the Drumgray C01>1. The remains

1 DR. GfWSSART doubts if the true G'. tuV(JC'I/.latl.l8 OCCllrs in the upper coalllleasurcs. Any examples which he h[\,8 seen frOln this group of beds, sta.ted to be such, appeared to him to be simply tuberculated foyms of G. jOI'!lW8ttS.

2 DR. G RO~SART finds ill the Shotts district the remains of a (Jyrolepis in tho bhulc aboyo tho Virtue 'Vell awl Drumgray coalH, which he thinks may belong to a. species different from a. Rcmkinii. The same remarks apply to a specimen und in the shale above the DllmgTay conI, Carlukc, and lUI'. J 01111 Young has found the lower jaws and tcdh of nnother .spedes in the lO\Yei' POSl:lil irollstol1e, Koppoch pits. O~' THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 73

of this fish are found in nearly all the bituminous shales associated with the coal beds, and in the ironstones and accompanying shales of the upper coal measm'es. lIlr. James Thomson, F. G.S., possesses a specimen from the Quarter blackband ironstone, measuring four feet six inches in length, which shows the jaws, the entire vertebral column, and part of the caudal fin. Dr. Young has fully described a very complete skull found in a mussel-b,md ironstone at Swinhill colliery, near Larkhall (see Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, Vol. iii., p.202). Very perfect skulls occur at Carluke in the bed quoted above, in which also are found jaws, vertebral, scales, and teeth; upper limestone-scales usually in small ironstone nodules at Gare, Robroyston, and Boghead; middle ironstone series-single teeth in the shale overlying the lower Possil ironstone, Cadder; lower limestone -scales in the shale of the lower bed of limestone, Langside and Broad­ stone, Beith; gill-covers and scales in the Entomostracan oil shale, and scales in the maTine limestone shale, Craigenglen; Barraston, Cam psie, in clay-band ironstone; scales iu the limestone shale, Brockley; Corrie limestone, Arran, scale in the interior of Productu8 giganteus; Carluke, in ~hale above calmy limestone in ironstone nodules. 47. IIi. RUGOSUS, J. Young, M. D., and J. ThoJnson. Brit. .Assoc. Report, 1869, p. 102. Very rare. Upper coal measures. Quarter, blackband ironstone. Heads showing the upper part of the snout, jaws with teeth, and scales. 48. MESOLEPIS, sp. Upper coal measures. Carluke, in the roof of the Drumgray coal. Dr. Rankin's collection. 49. ONCHUS, sp. Upper coal measmes. Carluke, in the roof of the Drumgray coal. Dr. Rankin's collection. 50. ORACANTHUS MILLERI, Ag. Very rare. Lower limestone. Roughwood, in limestone. Single spine. 51. O. MINOR, Ag. Very rare. Lower limestone. Langside, Beith, in limestone. Single spine. 52. ORODUS CINCTUS, Ag. Very rare. Upper coal measmes-Carluke, in shale above the Drum­ gray coal; lowerlimestone-Auchlochen, near Lesmahagow, in calcareous shale. Single teeth. 53. ORTHACAKTHUS CYLIKDRICUS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures. In the roof of the Splint coal at New­ mains, and Newton, Cambushtng. Single spines.

54. PALLEO.NI~Cl1S DUVERNOY], AU. Very rare. Middle ironstone series. Possil, in the lower blackband ironstone. Nearly complete specimens of this and tho following species of Pala;oni~cu8 have becn found. 74 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

55. P. EGERTONI, Ag.

Rare. Upper coal measures~Scales in shale and ironstone, Palac~ Oraig; scales in shale above the Virtue 'Veil and Drumgray coals, and in several shale beds between the latter and the Slaty-band ironstone, Shotts; Oal'luke, in shale above the Drumgray coal; middle ironstone series~lower blackband ironstone, Possil.

56. P. l\IONExSIS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures. Airdrie and Shotts, in the same beds and condition as P. Egcj·toni; Oarluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal.

57. P. ORNA'l'ISSIMUS, Ag.

Rare. Upper coal measures~Oarluke, in the same beds as the preced­ ing species; lower limestone~part of fish with head bones, in calcare­ ous shale, Hae's Gill, Oarluke.

58. P. ROBIso:n, Hibbert.

Rare. Upper coal measUl'es~Scales in the shale beds below the Drumgray coal, Shotts; Oarluke, in the shale above the Drumgray coal; micldle ironstone series~Keppoch Hill pits, in tho lower Possil iron­ stone, and bituminous shale; lower limestone~Oraigenglen, in the Entomostracan oil shale.

59. P. STRIOLATUS, Af}. Rare. Upper coal measures~Oarluke, in the shale above the Drum­ gray coal; middle ironstone series~Keppoch Hill pits, in the lower Possil :ironstone.

60. P. \VARDII, Huxley. Very rare. lIIiddle ironstone series. In lower Possil ironstone, at the pit neal' the Oanal aqueduct.

61. PETALODUS HASTINGSIlE, Owen. Ul'e, pl. xix., jigs. 7, fl. l\Ioderately common. Upper limestone~Limekilnburn; Gare; Bog­ head, Newtield, Oaldersidc and Oapelrig, in the lower bed of shale; lower limestone- -Oarluke, in the first calmy limestone; Oraigenglen, in marine limestone shale; Beith quarries, in limestone and shale; Auchen­ skeoch; Bogheacl, Lesmallagow; Shieh, East Kilbride, in shale; Games­ hill Quarry, neal' Dunlop. Single teeth.

62. P. PSTTT.'Clt

6:,. P. RRC'I'US, AU. Rare. Upper limestone~Gare; Orchar(l; lower limestone Howrat, in limestone; Beith, limestones and sh"les, in the proportion of one to twelve of P. Hastin[Js;rc; Braehea(l, Busby, in limestone shale; main limestone, Sculliongour, Crtmpsic; Shiels, East Kilbride. Single teeth. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 75

64. P. SAGITTATUS, Ag., M'Coy, Pal. Foss., pl. 3, I., figs. 2, 3 .. Rare. Upper coal measures. Carluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal; upper limestone-Brankamhall, in the lower shale bed; Eoghead; lower limestone-Auchenskeoch; in shale at Thorntonhall and C1'oss­ house. Single teeth.

65. PETRODU::; PATELLIFORMIS, JJf'Coy. Pal. Foss., pI. 3, G., figs, 6, 7, 8. Very rare. Upper limestone. Robroyston, in limestone shale, a single example (J. Young).

66. PLATYSOMUS DECLIVUS, Ag. Very rare. Lower limestones. Scales in the Entomostracan oil shale, Braehead, Busby.

67. P. GIBBOSUS, Ag. Very rare. Upper coal measures. Roof shale of the Drumgray coal, Carluke. Dr. Rankin's collection.

68. P_ PARVULUS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures. Scales, and parts of the fish, in the shale above the Virtue ,Yell, upper and lower D1'umgray coals, and in several shale beds between the latter and the Slaty··band ironstone, and in the Slaty-band itself, Shotts; Carluke, in the shale above the Drumgray coal.

69. PLEURODUS AFFINIS, Ag. Rather rare. Upper coal measures. Palace Craig ironstone, Airel1'ie; Shotts, in the shale above the Drumgray coal, and in several shale beds between it and the Slaty-band ironstone; Carluke, in the same bed as the preceding species; Quarter ironstone. Single teeth.

70. P. RANKIN II, Ag.

Common. Upper coal measures. Ca1'luke, along with P. (~tfin;s. Single teetb.

71. P

72. P. ANGUSTUS, Ag. Rare. Upper coal measures. Carluke, in the shale above the Drum­ gray coal. Single teeth.

73. P. OBLIQUUS, Ag., M'Coy, Pal. Foss., pI. 3, I., fig. 5. Rare. Upper coal measures. Carluke, along with P. an[!ustus; upper limestone-Gare; Boghead, in the lower shale bed; lower limestone­ Brockley, in limestone shale; Langsiue, Beith, in limestone; Craigen­ glen, in marine limestone shale. Single teeth.

74. POLYRHIZODUS PUSILLUS, JJf'Coy. Pal. Foss., pI. 3, K., fig. 2. Very rare. Lower limestone. Auchenskeoch. Single teeth. 76 O~ THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

75. P. RADIOANS, Ag. P. magnus, M'Coy, Pal. Foss., pI. 3, K., figs. 6-S. Very rare. Upper limestone-Boghead, in lower shale bed; lower limestone-Craigenglen, in an impure limestone band. Single teeth.

76. PLEURACANTHUS GIllBOSUS, Ag. l\Ioderately common. Upper coal measures-jaws, with teeth, and spines (some of the latter seven inches in length), in shale above the Splint, Virtue ,Vell, and Drumgray coals, Shotts, also in the Shotts gas cOeLl, and in shale beds beneath it; Palace Craig ironstone, Carnbroe; Carluke, in the shale above the Drumgray coal; Newton, Cambuslang, in the roof shale of the Splint coal; middle ironstone series-Bishop­ briggs pits, in the upper Possil ironstone shale. Teeth, spines, and dermal tubercles. It is now ascertained that the tooth called Diplodus giubosus, Ag., and the spine Plcuracanth118 icel'issinW8, Ag., belong to the same fish. Dr. Rankin has a specimen, colledell many years ago, which proves this. It is also noticed by 1\11'. Salter in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey (Iron Ores of Great Britain, part 3, p. 224).

77. PSAMMODUS rOROSUS, Ag. Rare. Upper limestone-Arden, in limestone; Boghead and Calder­ side, in the lower shale bed; Kirktonholm, East Kilbride, in the cement limestone; lower limestone-Rae's Gill, Carlnke, in shale; Brockley, in limestone shale; Balglass Burn, Campsie, in limestone shale; Beith, in the lower bed of limestone; Gameshill Quarry, near Dunlop. Single teeth.

7S. P. RUGOSU8, Ag. Rare. Lower limestone. Roughwood and Langside, Beith, in the lower bed of limestone; Shiels Quarry, East Kilbride. Single teeth, some of which, from the Beith limestone, measure four inches in length, and three and a half in width.

79. RHIZODUS HIBBEltTI, Ag. Uj'c, pl. xix., fig. 4, jail", Upper limestone -Capelrig, E. Kilbride, teeth in the lower shale bed; Auchinbeg, teeth in shale underlying the limestone; middle ironstone series- Teeth, and portions of jaws, some of the former measuring fom' and a half inches in length above the bone of the jaw, are not uncommon in the Possil lower blackband, and in the overlying coaly shale; teeth in shale above the clayband ironstone, and main coal, , Dairy; teeth in shale above the chtyband ironstone, Highfield pits, Dairy; lower limestone-scales in the Entomostracan oil shale, Craigenglen; scales and teeth in claybfwd ironstone, Barraston, Campsie; scales in the main limestone, Sculliongour, Campsie; teeth in the limestone at the Linn of Ibldernock, associated with Entomostraca. None of the remains of this fish have been observed in the strata of the upper coal measures.

SO. R. rOR'l'LOCKII, AU· Rare. Upper coalmcasures-scales in the shale above the Drumgray coal, Car1ukc ; in the Shotts gas coal, Dr. Grossart has founa ten inches OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 77

of a vertebral column with scales adherent, and its scales are found in nearly all the ironstones and shales of the Shotts district; lower lime­ stone-large scales in the Entomostracan oil shale, Braehead, Bnsby, and in the shale overlying the main limestone at Duntocher.

81. RHIZODOPSIS GRANUL~TCS, AU. Salter, 11em. Geol. Surv., Iron Ores of South "Vales, pI. i., figs. 1-9; J. Young, M.D., Quart. Jomn. Geol. Soc., Vol. xxii., p. 596. Upper coal measures-scales in all the bituminons shale beds in the Shotts district, and a jaw, with teeth, found in the shale above the Virtue 'Yell coal; scales in shale above the Drumgray coal, Carluke; upper limestone-Gare; Orchard; Boghead; Auchinbeg; lower lime­ stone-Craigenglen, in the marine limestone slmle; Campsie, in a black shale overlying the Hosie limestone; Carluke, in the first calmy lime­ stone. In the shales of the limestone series its scalcs are usually preserved in nodules of cby ironstone. 82. RHo1IBOPTYCHIUS, Huxley, 8p. J. Young, M.D., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 186B, p. 604. Upper coal measures. Head, scales, jaws, teeth ancl vertebrre, in the Palace Cmig honstone, Airdrie and Carnbroe. The Andersonian Museum contains a sbb of this ironstone, with the whole vertebral column and the upper p"rt of the cranium. It is a common species in the blackband ironstones of the upper coal measures. 83. STREPSODUS SAUROIDES, AU. J. Young, M.D., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1866, p. 602. Moderately common-Upper coal measures. Palace Craig, Quarter, and Ahdrie blackband honstoncs; Shotts, in shale above the Splint, Virtue 'Yell, Drumgray, and Shotts gas coals, and in shale beels from the latter to the Slaty-band honstone; Carluke, in shale above the Drumgray coal; lower limestone-Rae's Gill, Carluke, in ironstone. The remains found consist of jaws, teeth, rib bones, scales, and vertebrre. 84. TRISTYCHlUS ARCUATUS, AU. Very rare. Middle ironstone series. 'Yoodside pits, in the west end of Glasgow, in a bituminous shale. Single spine. Agassiz's typical specimen is in the Andersonian 1\1 useum.

Reptilia.-The only other class remaining to be noticed in this paper is the Reptilia, remains of which have only been identified as such during thc last few yearR. One specimen from the Carluke coal field, Parabatmchus Colei, described as a reptile by Professor Owen in 1853, has now been discovered by Dr. Young to have been founded upon a Rmall upper jaw, probably of the fish Megalichthys Hibberti. So far as yet discoyered, all the reptilian remains in our coal field occur in connection with the Airdrie and Palace Craig 78 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS blackband ironstones, which are evidently of fresh-watet' orIgm, as indicated by the fish and other remains found in these beds. No reptilian remains have yet been detected below these ironstones, or in any of the fresh-water strata that lie below, and alternate with, the marine limestone series. Their range, so far as known, is confined to the higher beds of the npper coal measures within certain limited areas in the Lanarkshire basin. 1 As the discovery of reptiles in our coal fiel,l is of such recent date, a closer investigation of the various fish-bearing beds may leacl to their detection in other strata; for the carnivorous habits of the carboniferous reptilia would probably lead them to frequent the sftme waters as those in which the fishes lived. Their remains would thus become mingled together in the same stratulll after death. Such being the case, and with the bodies of fish and reptiles broken up into fragments in the beds, we can eftsily see how, before the characters of the car­ boniferous reptilia became known, specimens were allowed to lie in collections, under the impression that they were portions of saurichthyiall fishes allied to the lWegalichthys and Rhizodus. I am in hopes, therefore, that to the list of known genera and species from our western coal field other remains of reptilia will be added, by a more correct identification of specimens already found, as well as by the future discovery of others.

REPTILIA.

1. A~THRACOSAURUS RUSSELLT, Huxley. Very rare. Upper coal measures. Airdrie and Qu,wter blackband ironstones. Upper portion of skull, with teeth, rib bones, and vertebr",.

2. Loxo1>uU ALLThIAC'fNI. IIuxley, sp. Very rare. Upper coal measures. Carluke, in the roof shale of the Drumgray coa.l; Pala.ce Craig ironstone, Carnbroe.

;~. l\IEGALERPETON PLICIDENS, J. Young, "V.D., and J. Thomson. Very rnre. Quarter blotckband ironstone.

4. M. SIMPLEX, J. Young, "'J.D., an(l J. Thomson. Very mre. Q'Hlrter blackband ironstone.

5. PT~:IWPLAX CORNUTA, llancock and Atltey. Very mre. Upper coal measnres-Qunrtol' blackband ironstone, lower i"w with teoth, in the Huntcri,m Museum; middle ironstone

1 Since these rcm,uks were written, two "peeies of reptiles h"ve been found in the lower ]inH~Htono N81'ics ono by Dr. Hankin, in tho Uae's Gill ironstone; the othoL' by 1\[ r.. Ta,BlOB rrhmnson, in the EntOlllostracan oil shale, Brachead, Dusby. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 79

series-Carluke first coal in micaceous shale, and in shale above Cannel coal; lower limestone-Rae's Gill, Carluke, in ironstone.

6. P. BREVICORNIS, J. Young, JJI.D., and J. Thomson. Very rare. Upper coal measures. Quarter blackband ironstone, jaw; lower limestone-Braehead, Busby, in Entomostracan oil shale. Teeth.

7. PHOLADERPETON, H1{xley, 8p. Part of skull, jaws, rib bones, and scutes, in the Quarter blackband ironstone, and in the Palace Craig ironstone, Carnbroe. In bringing these observations to a close, I have only further to add in the way of summary:- 1st. That all the varions classes of fossils met with in the carboniferons strata of other parts of the world are nearly all represented in our beels by characteristic genera" vVe seem, how .. ever, to want many of the species found in similar strata in other countries; while, on the other hand, there occnr species in the strata of our western Scottish coal field that have not been found elsewhere. This shows that while there are forms which have had a wide geographical range in the seas of the carboniferous period, there were at the same time others which were confined to com­ paratively local tracts-a fact which is clearly illustrated by the distribution of the present fauna of our ;,;eas. 2nd. That many of the genera and species of our marine fossils are more abundant in thc shale-beds that alternate with the lime­ stones than in the limestones themselves. In this respect, thcre­ fore, their distribution in our beds is somewhat different from that which obtains in most countries. 3rd. That there are certain classes of fossils in our coal field which are never found associated in the same strata with marine types; they are therefore indicative of the brackish and fresh­ water origin of the beds in which they occur. 4th. That the occurrence of these brackish and fresh-water beds at various stages, alternating with the marine limestone series in our western Scottish coal field, affords clear proof of the changes that were taking place over large tracts during the deposi­ ti.on of the beds. At one time these existed as sea-bottom; at another, as estuaries or wide fresh-water lakes; and again, as broad extensions of land surface, over which flourished the luxuriant vegehttion that now forms our coal seams, until another depression of the land again brought the waters, with their characteristic organisms, over these tracts. All this is 80 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS clearly indicated by the study of the fossils; and the gradual silting up of lake and sea bottom, with the alternate upheaval and depression of the coal area, is seen to have been many times repeated during the formation of our carboniferous limestone series. Our upper coal measures, on the other hand, are evidently of land and fresh-water origin, and indicate a very long period during which the sea seems to have been completely shut out by barriers from covering these areas. Its return, however, for a short interval is shown by the thin stratum at Drumpark, containing marine shells. Had the sea been oftener over the area of our Scottish coal basin during the deposit,ion of the upper coal measures, it could not have failed to have recorded its presence by other beds of marine origin; but I know of no other instance than this in which characteristic marine fossils have been found higher than the slaty-band ironstone of the Lanarkshire coal field.

TABLE OF THE CLASSES, GENERA, AND SPECIES OF FOSSILS RECORDED IN THE PRECEDING CATALOGUE.

CLASSES. GENERA.. SPECIES.

1 PLANTE, - - 25 90 2 FORAMINIFERA, - 1 2 4 3 Hl"DROZOA, 1 2 4 ZOOPHYTA, - -- I 22 59 5 ECHINODERMATA, - - - I 6 15 6 ANNELIDA, 4 7 7 CRUSTACEA, - - - 19 71 8 INSEOTA, - -- 2 2 - 36 9 POLYZOAJ - - 11 10 BRACHIOPODA I - - 15 50 11 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, - - 28 J-27 12 PTEROPODA, - -- 1 1 13 GASTEROPODA, - - 15 75 14 CF.PHALOPODA, - - 6 46 15 PISCES, - - - 40 84 16 REPTILIA, - 5 7 TOTAL, -- - 202 676 INDEX TO THE LOCALITIES.

UPPER COAL MEASURES.

AVON, BANKS OF THE, near Hamilton. Shales in the first precipitous cliff, left bank of the A von above the bridge. NeUi'optais gigantea, N. Loshii, Sphenopteris Hi&bertii, Lepidodendron ouovatwn, and Calamites. BAILLIESTON. Springhill coal pits. Plants are very abundant in the roof shale, and in ironstone nodules above the Pyotshaw coal. Alethopteris hetnophyllia, Cyclopteris dilatata, l{e'tci'OptcTis

gigantea, Pecopteris dentat(l J Sphenopteris uilatata, S. Hiiningh(wsi, Astel'ophyllites lougijolia, A. tubeJ'culata, Cala/nites nodosus, Sphenophyllwn Schlotheimii, Lepido­ strobEs pinaster, Tl'igonocarpuJr/; ol'(!t-/un; fish spines in the shales of the Splint coal. . Coal pits between Bellshill and . Plant-remains in the roof of the Main, and fish remains in the roof of the Splint coals. BELLO WATER, I mile E. of Lugar Station. A nth l'acosia robusta form a bed 18 inches in thickness. CARMYLE. Coal pit near Carmyle Mill. Ferns in an arenaceous shale, and GYI'({canthusjoriJwsus, Pleu?'acanthusgibbosus, Flew'orills, and Ctenoptychiuspectinatu8, in a bituminous shale, overlying the Splint coal. CARNBROE. Ironstone pit, No. 10. The roof shale of the Palace Craig il'onstone contains Pholadel-peton, Fteroplax cornuta, Antln'acosa1o"Hs RU8selli, LOXOml/LCC AllJ/LaHnii, Megalichthys Hibberti, M. coccolepis, }rI. ?~UrJOSHS, Acanthodes JVal'dii, RhoMboptychills, Strepsodus sa1ci'Oides, Rhi:;orlopsis mi}w1', R. ?1/'UjO)', GYJ'acanth'us jOtl!WSHS, G. tFb(,I'C1tlaiEs, PleuJ'acanthus gibbosus, Ctenacanthu.s ',najo/', Cladodus, Ctenodtts ci'istatu8, C. tube?'cu(atu.3; also several Rpecies of Lepidost)'obus, Antlwapalc/3l1wn Gl'Ossw,ti, and Anthl'acosia. Mr. James Thomson has found in this hed three palatal teeth, Pleurotlus Rankinii, P. a.tJinis, and a Ilelodus embedded together in a mass of shagreen. CASTLEHILL, 1 mile N. of Carluke. Coal pits. The remains of between thirty and forty species of fishes have been found in th bituminous roof shale of the Drumgray coal at this locality, also remains of th reptile LOXOJnIlUt, Lepidodendron elegrms, and Lepidostl'obi occur in the ironstone intercalated with the shale. The Kiltongue coal is also wrought, the roof shale of which is full of vegetable rema.ins. G 82 ON THE OARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

CLELAND, 4 miles S. W. of Shotts Kirk. Ooal pits. Fish-remains, AnthTacosia and Anthracoptera in the roof of the Splint coal. FERNIGAIRE, I mile N.E. of Hamilton. Coal pits. Lcpidodendl'on obo'vatum and other plants in the roof of the llain coal; Sigillaria oculata, S. nodosa and Calalnites in the floor of the Splint coal, and Neuropteris, Aletlwptais, Asterophyaites~ and several other species of plants in a reddish coloured shalo above the Splint coal.

GARRION GILL, 2~ miles N.N.W. of Carluke. Bellside ironstone, bituminous shale and light brown ironstone in open section.

GILLHEAD BRIDGE, 2~ miles N.N.W. of Carluke. Kiltougue mussel-band in bed of burn, containing Anth1'acosia and fish-remains. GREENHILL, 2 miles S. 'V. of Shotts Kirk. Coal and Ironstone pits. Fish-remains, AnthTacosia, Anthl'(tcoptcl'a, and Entomostraca, in shales of the Virtue Well coal, and Kiltongue mussel-band. HARESHAW, 2 miles S. W. of Shotts Kirk. Ironstone pits. Fish-remains, Anthracosia, Antll'i'acopteT(1" and Entomostraca in the Kiltongue mussel-band. JERVISTON, Ii mile S. of . Coal pits. Pleurodus, Pleuracantlms, and Gyracantkus in the roof shale of the Splint coal. LAW, 2 miles N.W. of Carluke. Coal pits. Fish-remains, in the roof shales of the Splint and Virtue Well coals.

LUGAR. Coal and Ironstone pits. AIlthnt.Cosia, Calamites, and ferns.

NEWARTHILL. Coal and Ironstone pits.

PtCi'oplctx CO'i'iW(((., lIfegalichthys Hibbel'ti, M. coccolepis, Rhomboptychi1.cs, scales and spines of Acantho(lcS TVw'dii, Cwlaca.. ntJ-w.8 leptB)'lIS in the roof shale of the Palace Craig ironstone; Antli)'acosi,a, Anthracoptera, and fish-remains in the shales of the Splint and Virtue Well coals, which are nearly wrought out in this district.

NEWMAINS. Coal pits. In the roof of the :Main coal, SigUlaJ'ia oculata, S. o1'ganum, S. renijm'inis, LepidodendJ'Oil oboratwn, L. StCl'nbergii, L. elegans, Ulodend'J'on minus, TJ'igonocarpu1n ol~atl0n, and other plants; in the roof the Splint coal, Gyracanthus, Ctenacanthgs, Orthacanthu8 cylindJ'icus, Ctmollus t1(berc,datus, C. i'iiibricahcs, Climaxodw, hnbricat·us, and various other fish-remains; in a light-coloured shale succeeding the latter, SigillCLJ'ia nodosa, and in ironstone nodules, Astcrophyllites longijoz,;,a, Neni'opteris gigantea, Alethopteris, and CalCLJdit6s.

NEWTON, 2 miles N.E. of Cambuslang. Coal pits. Roof shale of the Splint coal, with OTthacantlras cylindl'icNS, Pleuracanthus gibbosus, CtenacantTuu; vrcris, C. ))i,aJor, and Anth'J'acos'i(~ Urii, SjJ-tro'rbis ca?'bonariu8, and S. /teUctaes in mussel-band ironstone. PALACE UHAW, 1 mile S. of Airdrie. Ironstone pit. The same observations apply here as to Uarnbroe. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 83

PLAN, 2! miles W. of Kilmaurs. Ironstone pits. Plants, Anthracosia and fish-renmins in ironstone and shales. PROVANHALL, 3 miles N.E. of Glasgow. Coal pits near the . Fish-rem_ains, Entomostraca and crushed Anthracosia, abundant in a thin band of bituminous shale; plant-remains in other shales. QUARTER, 1 mile from Quarter Road Station. Ironstone pits. Reptilian and fish-remains in a bed of coaly shale, between a thin seam of coal and the overlying ironstone. SHETTLESTON. Coal pits. Fish spines in roof shale of the Splint coal, associated with Anthmcosia, Anthra­ COiJ1JjCf., alld A'ltliracopteJ'((. SHOTTS IRON 'YORKS. Coal pit.

The Drunlgray coal is wrought at this locality under the nanle of the H Furnace coal." Palatal teeth are very abundant in the roof shale, which MSo contains a species of .. ZIJcsoZcpis. SHOTTS KIRK. Coal pit, in immediate neighbourhood of Kirk. Fish-remains and Antlii'C{Cosia in the roof shale of the Shotts Gas coal. Several good fossils are contained in some shale beds beneath this coal, but cannot be got at except when pits are being sl'lnk to the Slaty-band ironstone. RUTHERGLEN. Coal pits.

GYi'acanthus jOTJJWSnS in roof of Splint coal; SphenophyllulIz eroswn, Pinnula1'ia

capillacca, Sphenopteris latijolia j Asieropltyllites gJ'anclis, Cyclopteris dilatata, Lepido­ dtiul}'on selaginoicles, Keiuopteris, etc., in an overlying light-coloured grey shale. These plants and several other species were obtained plentifully during the sink­ ing of the Shawfield pit a few years ago.

STEVENSTON. Sandstone quarry and Coal pits. Ferns are abuud,mt in one of the roof shales; Calamites, Ulodend1'on maj'U8, LyginodendJ'on Lmulsbu1'gii, Lepidodendron oboratu1l1" TrigonocarpltJn oblongwJ1, and T. at'attOn, etc., in Stevenston quarry. SWINRILL, 2! miles E. of LarkhalL Seed-cases of a plant in roof of Virtue Well coal; Megalichthys in mussel-band ironstone. WATSTON, 1 mile S. E. of Stonehouse. Ironstone pit. Ple!wacantlw8, PleErodu8, Rhizodopsis, and masses of shagreen, in shale overlying the ironstone; Sphenoptais C1'enata in another of the shales. WOODHILL QUARRY, 2 miles W. of Kilmarnock. Sandstone Quarry. Ironstone nodules in shale above the sandstone contain Pecoptais abbl'eviata and other ferns; also two remarkable species of Myriapods, and some limuloid crustaceans, nOlle of which appear to have been discovered elsewhere in the Scottish cool formation.

WOODSIDE, 2 miles S. E. of Larkhall. Coal pit. Calam.ites nodosus, Pecoptais laciniata, Sphenopte1'is excelsa, S. polyphylla, and SphenophyUwn Schlotheimii, in the blue sbales above the Splint coal; AnthTctCoptem and other shells. 84 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

UPPER LIMESTONE SERIES. ARDEN QUARRY, Thornliebank. Limestone and shale. Brachiopoda belonging to the genera Tere/rratula, Athyrw, Spirifera, R"lIncho'Ml!a, and Productus; Pinnaflabel!iformiB, Euomphalus, Orthoceras, Nautilus i1'l.gen.s, and N. nOdiferus, Cochliodus, and Psammodu8~' the fossils in the shale are usually in indifferent preservation; spiral univalves and lamellibranchiata are represented by very few species. A bed of alUnllnOUS shale underneath the limestone contains the carapace valves of Estheria punctatella, and small bivalve shells belonging, or closely allied to, Naidites, Modiolopsis, and Pte1'onites. AUCHINBEG QUARRY, 3 miles S. of Lesmahagow. . Limestone and shale. The limestone contoJns Brachiopoda, Nautili, fish palates, etc.; the shale contains Productus, At"1I'';s, and Lingula, and bivalve shells of the genera Axinus, Ca?'diomorpha, Leda, Nucula, Area, Mytilu8, Myalina, Sang'Uino~ lites, and Solenopsis: one or two small Goniatites. and the carapace of lJithyrocaris tenuist,·iat"s. Besides the shale-heaps in the quarry there are others at the old worltings close adjoining. BA NTON, near Kilsyth. Limestone, containing Brachiopoda and large Nautil •.

BASHAW, l~ mile N.E. of Carluke. Gare limestone and shale. Old shale heaps at open section.

BELSTON Bum., l~ mile N.E. of Carluke. Belston Burn limestone. Open section by side of private railway near the end of the cutting nearest Castlehill, and in an exploratory pit at the same place; G'rijftthides Eichwaldi, Athy?-is am,bigua, Lingula squa'1l'l.i/mmis, Orthis resupinata, Rhynchonella pleu'todon, Streptol'hynchu8 cl'enistl'ia, Aviculopecten, Pteronites, Canu­ la'ria, Bumnphalu.s; P1'oductU8 latissimus is found above a small coal seam, in clusters oddly folded on each other. The fossils are in bad keeping in soft, dark shale, but distinct, and can be easily preserved by careful manipulation. BELSTON PLACE BURN, I! mile N. of Carluke. Slaty-band ironstone. Open section in burn wrought by day-level mine, but the place is now only noted by shale heaps. The ironstone is a mass of flattened plants, and the shale below much the same. Shells and remains of fishes dis­ tinctly pronounced enough, but few in number. BENHAR, 3 miles E. of Shotts Kirk. Slaty-band ironstone. Fish-remains, marine shells, and crustacea. BISHOPBRIGGR. CO'tglen lim.. tone in Coltparlc Quarries-The fossils are not well preserved, but the overlying black shale contains Goniatites, small spiral univalves, and Lingula. Bishopbrigg8 sandstone-Trunks of Lepidodend'ron, etc. Ce'm,ent li11i.estone-Ortlw­ ceras, Pinna, Saii.guinolites, and a few Brachiopods in the uppermost thin band. BOWERTRAPPING. Limestone Quarry, 3 miles N.E. of DaIry, near Wheatyfaulds ironstone pit. Limestone. Brachiopoda, about twenty species, the most characteristic being Tereb1'atula hastata, var. v€sicularis, .Athyris am,bigua, Spir1J'era trigrnzulis, S. U1'ii, Rhynchonella pugnus, Orthis 1'esupinata, St1"eptorhynchu8 crenistria, yare senilis, Prod'uctus cora, P. latissimus, P. scabriculus, and P. sinuatu8, Euomphalus, Nati­ copsis, and PlatycerCUJ. The Trilobite, G1'iJfithides mesotuberculatu8, is abundant, but in detached parts, perfect specimens being rarely obtained_ The overlying bed of sandstone contains the impressions of Cawla-galli. O}' THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 85

BOGHEAD, 2 miles S. of Quarter Road Station.

Old limestone qua.rries 011 the farms of Boghead, Craigendhill, and Burnhead. Upper lilll€stone bands with A L'i.culopecten and Anondf!, corrugata; black shale \vith Spirz(erct UJ'ii and Goniatites LOO11A'yi; a thick bed, in some places eight feet, of soft earthy shale, very rich in fossils, as a reference to the Catalogue will show. The shale in SOlne places is as full of crinoid stems, small corals, pieces of polyzoa, and broken shells as a congloruentte is of gravel. SOlle of the more characteristic fossils of this deposit are-O,'thocel'Os undatum. and O. lc/!/."is (the O. sup€J:ficie s'Ulcata and the O. supci:ticie lelli of Ure), Bdl(i'opho!~ Duchastellh, PleuTotomaria Yvanii, Leptodolnlts costellat'Us, A 1.'iculopecten SO'lcerbii, Discina nitida, Cl'ania quadrata, Lia[Jula mytiloides, Cllo,tetes Hardrensis, Diastopora 'inegastoma, Cer;oporcc inte1'POJ'OSa, Stmopoi'a twnida, Hy(l)'cionoCl'inl~S glooulal'is, and the cup plates of several other species of crinoids. The black shale contains limestone pebbles, which appear to have beem bored either by an annelid or a gasteropod, probably by the latter. All the halos are cup-shaped, and vary in size from a pin-point to ~th of an inch in diameter. Sometimes only two or three holes are visible on a stone, while others are literally covered with them. These pebbles are found in the sarnc shale, though rarely, in the Newfield, Broomhouso, and Auchintibber section, but at all the other localities they are common, and can be found in abundance if sought for. The earthy shale varies much in its fossils. At Burllhead farm, encrinites are few, while shells are very numerous and in good preservation; at Craigendhill the slmle is often very barren, except in that taken out of the day-level mine, under the farm­ house, which is full of fOBoils, identical with those of Xewfield; at Boghead farm there are scarcely any at all in some parts of the shale; in other parts they occur in immense numbers. The reason of these differences is not vel'S obvious, but probably the organisms lay in patclles and not in regular beds, over the old sea-bottom.

BRAIDWOOD GILL, 2 miles S. of Carluke. Maggy ironstones. Open face east of sandstone quarry, and also nearly opposite Samson's Slingstone. BRANKAMHALL QUARRY, 1 mile N.E. of East Kilbride. Limestone and shale. Lower fossiliferous shale bed, containing the same fossils as at Newfield and Broomhouse. This locality is the Laurieston of Ure, and one of the localities from which he got his Kilbride fossils. BROCK'S HOLE, 1 mile E. of Carluke. Maggy ironstones, originally worked by day-level ll1ines, now old shale heaps. Sel"J.Julites me,dbl'ctnaceus, PrOdl{ctFs scabricIIZI!S, Spij'ij"uinct cr'istatn, var. octojJlic(~t(f, St)'eptoi'hYI~clws cl'enisti'ia, and scale~ of PalawniscHs:and ]I,[egalichiliys. The fish­ remains are well-preserved, the shells mostly as casts in ironstone, in lllOst instances thickly-bedded, like slates on a roof.

BROOMHOVSE QUARRY, l~ mile S. of High Blantyre.

The beds here are f\. continua.tion of the Newfield section. There are several heaps of the upper black shale in diffe"ent parts of the quarry, and one large mound of the 100ver grey shale, which is very prolific in the characteristic f03sils of the deposit. BROWNTOD, near Limekilnburn Toll-bar. Limestone and shale. The shale fossils consist chiefly of AstTCeOpO)'a cyclostOJlla, and small cup cnralR, crinoids, polY7.oa, Spil';feJ'ino, Stl'ophomcnct ,'hombo~do.lis, var.) t[i.'ttoJ'tu. Rctzin J'(!(liu[i;;;, Oi,this 1'C,Wllilwta, PJ'OclHCtus l(mgi.'Jpinu<.~, Discil/Cl lIitida, Li.n[!ll{a lu/ltiloidls, Nacul(f., giMosu, Leda, AJ:.'il/1/,.,?, Aviculopectcn Simplex, PlotpccTas Tetustu8, Bellc1'ophon U)'ii, Coltuluria quwlJ'tsulc(fta, Pleuj'Qtomal'ia Nantill, and small Orthoceratites. The fossils here appear to be almost specificall; identical with those of Gare, ncar Carluke. 86 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

CALDERSIDE, 2 miles S. of High Blantyre. Calderwood cement mines. The limestone has not been much searched for fossils; it is, however, known to contain some of the larger Cephalopoda, such as Poteriocel'as and Actinocaas giganteU11t. The upper black shale is much thicker here than at Newfield, but neither the grey shale nor the lower bed of lime· st.one is visible in section. There are one or two small hillocks of the former however, near the bed of the Calder, from which beautiful examples of Coch: liodus magnu8 have been collected, as well as Kirkbya Urii and Ptwolutina lobata, in very perfect preservation. The interesting fossil fruit Tl'igonocarpurn, Gloagianuyn was derived from the upper blo.ck shale. CAPELRIG QUARRY, 1 mile N.E. of East Kilbride. Limestone and shale. Lower shale bed with same fossils as at the adjoining quarry of Brankamhall. The upper black shale bed is also present, containing its peculiar group of organisms, and the bored limestone pebbles. CASTLECARY. Limestone Pits, close to the Railway Station. The fossils peculiar to this linlestone are Actinoccras giganteum, loi"rautilus hLgens, N, do)'s(('lis, and a few Brachiopoda, snch as Ort.his 1'esu,pinata, P)'oductu;:; semiretic~ ulatus, and p, lJunctatus. It also contains Productus undatus, Ambonychia vetusta, and a large Axinu·s axinifo}'fnis (f), but these are very rare. CHAPEL, 2 miles S. of Carluke. Maggy ironstones, in open face bdgh up the bank above Dud's Well. CUB'S GLEN, 1 mile S.E. of Lugar Station. Section of indurated shale, limestone, and trap. Fossils not in good keeping. SUepfOi'hynchus crenistria, O/,this 1'esu,pi.nata, loi..... uc·ula gibbosc(" Leda atten1f.ata, Conulw'ia quadrisulcata. Portions of the shale and limestone are enveloped in the trap. DARN LEY, near Toll-Bar, 1 mile S. W. of Kinnishead Station. Same limestone and fossils as at Arden. In the old quarry there are a few small shale heaps from which a few badly-preserved fossils may be had; but in the new quarry-recently opened-better opportunities for res~arch are afforded. Ure refers to this locality as one where he had seen good specimens of Strept01'h1/nchu8 cTenistl'ia. DAVJELAND, on road between Thomliebank and Eastwood Toll·Bar. Same limestone as at Arden, but the shale above it is more fossiliferous. Encrinite stems are abundant in some parts, frequently wounded, and show­ ing signs of wear before they were embedded; St1'ophomena. distorta frequent, sometimes perfect, especially the young shells; PlntyccJ'as 'vetustus sometimes large; Proci'UcWs sClilirct'ic11latus, Spirifera trigona lis, and all the other Arden fossils. The Esthe1'i(( p1tnctatell(~ shale uccurs here, as at Arden, but it is seldon1 exposed, DRUMBOWJE, 1 mile W. of Shotts Kirk. Ironstone pits. Slaty-band ironstone. Same beds as at Benhar and Goodhock Hill. GARE, 2 miles N.E. of Carluke. Old sh,'le heaps at limestone quarry section. The shalos of the Gare, of all tbe localities in the upper limestone, Hre the richest in fossil orga.nisms, of which there aTe a large number of species in a state of fine preservation, The following may be regarded n.s the typical forms;-StenoporC{. tWlt'ida, Zaphrcntis Pkillipsi, AstJ'ccoJ.)OTa c?Jclosto})w" Hydrcionocrinus [llounlnJ'is, Potcriocrinns crassus, Serpulites mcmbra.nactus, Spiroi'bis CCI,f?CIYI.tuS, Lcpc1'ditict Okeni, GltrJi-thi'ic8 }JlCsotu()CJ'culat-Hs, CcriopoJ'a, Din,stopo'l'n mcg({Slo/iW, Fcnestella, AthYJ'is ambigna, Chonctes Ha1'd1'ensis, Craniaqt~(Ull'ata~ lJiscina nitida, Lingula Scoticc~, L. ')JlytUoidcs, Orthis1'cs'npinata, P1'O­ ducttt8 longispiwus, RhynchoncUa PHfjn.U8, Spirifcl'ina. octojJlicata, StrcJ.J toThynchu8 OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 87

cl'cnistria, Stl'ophmne:ilct distol'ta, A ricHlopecten simplex, Al'ea LacoJ'dail'wna, Cai'· diomol'pha oblonga, Leda attenuata, RIiCHlu gibbosa, N. lceccroslno!t, ConttlaTia QlwdJ'lwicata, Dwtalil!ln pl'ise/llll, Eulima Phlllipsicma, Loxonema c1[J'viUnea, L. scala)'oidea, Afacl'Ochcilu8 llIichotianus,PleutotollW ria Jdonil ijcI 'ct, P. COlI traria,P .Bened­ iana, Platyceras '~'etustus, Bellel'Oplwn UJ'ii, B. LcreillcaJws, Actinocaas gigantenm, CY1'toceras GesneJ'i, C. ·unguis, Goniatites Gibsoni, G. sti'iolatus, },rrwtill!s globat-ns, N. nodi./aHs, N. Qltct(ii'atlts, OJ,thoceras atienl.(atwll, O. sEbccntrale, and the scales of Rhi:;:odopis minor. There are also nlarge number of species, some exc8edingly rare, belonging to the va.rious groups of which these, at this locality, nlay be con­ sidered as the representatives. 'The -variety of encl'inite stems and their condition at once excite the attention of the collector who for the fir!:;t time explores the shale heaps of the Gare. \Vhile some retain thei.r markings a.s perfect as in the living state, others are swollen from injuries received while living, or bear parasites, such as Crania, DlClStOPO]'(I, and the circular bird's-nest-Iooking coral, AstJ'a?opo1'a cYClOSt01Mt., or like the limestone pebbles of the East Kilbride shale, they are coyered with round holes, the work of some spiral rnollusk. The Rhells are in a beautiful state of preservation, and many of them seem to have served as the nuclei of ironstone nodules. GARNKIRK. Limestone pits and mines. Limestone, with PToductus, Spit'i/6I'ct., Athyris, N(l1!tilu.~, and Oi'thocems. The same beds are worked at and Bedlay. GILLFOOT, 2! miles S. of Carluke. Belston burn limestone. Open section in a small stream. This fine section has not been explored, although "ery promising.

GLENBOIG FIRE-CLAY QUARRY, 2 miles E. of Garnkirk. Cement limestone. Little is known about the fossils of these beds; there is a layer of Stl'tptorhyncltus c1'enist!'ia, however, about a foot in thickness, but few are extractable, and none a.re good. GOLDCRAIG QUARRIES, 2 miles E. of Kilwinning. Limestone and shale. Streptorhvnchus c/'enisti'la.. very commOll, Crinoid stems and finger-joints are abundant ill the shale, The linlestonc is now mined, so that the locality is not so good a field for collectors as it used to be, but some of the shale heaps still yield a few fossils to an experienced searcher.

GOODHOCK HILL, 1 mile W. of Shotts Kirk. Ironstone pits.

Fish-remains. Cccl((cantlws leptlU'Hs, etc., AlltllJ'(~pC!lctni,On Gi'osscutli, and marine shells in the Slaty-band ironstone

HIGHFIELD QUARRY, 2~ miles N.E. of DaIry.

Limestone and shale. Crinoid st€lns and finger-joints of Pot€J'iocl'iJH~s abundant in the shale heaps, also Bainlia clu'fa val', pleae/a, P)'oductus longispinHs, and P. latissi1J~'U8. KIRKTONHOLM, at East Kilbride Railway Station.

Calderwood cement, wrought in mines .. Ps(onmod /~s POJ'OSHS, ActilwcClY(s gigante'l' ill, CYl'tocem,s l'HgOSUlJ~, and At'lCulopectl'!' in the limestone; whole colonies of ..Alwlniu COJ''i·1tgatn in the shale, along with Lola (ltt(Jl1wta and a lew other bivalyes. The upper black shale seen in the other parts of the section at Newfield, Calder­ side, Brankamhall, and Capelrig re;l.ppears nea,r this locality in cliffs which rise from the bed of the burn running south of Kilbride Kirk. LICKPRIVICK, 2 miles S. W. of East Kilbride. Calderwood cement and shale-hardly any section visible. The following are among the fossils collected from the old shale heapfl:-P/,odl.'clns lOI~gispiIJ'l.ts, 88 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

coarse ribbed variety, abundant, other brachiopods rare; Nucula gibbosa and Leda attenuta common as casts; py-ritized pieces of plants common, and sometimes well marked. 1tfr .. James Bennie found here a test of Dithyrocaris with teeth in situ. (See Geol. Mag. Vol. II., pI. xi., fig. 6.) Bored pebbles are found in great ahundance and perfection; they often occur as nodules COll­ taining coprolitic matter, but in every case they wet'e pebbles, or ill that condition when bored. There are many nodules proper or native to the shale, but of course they are never bored.

LIMEKILNS. Old Limestone Quarry near Limekilns House, East Kilbride.

The lower part of the section is obscured by debris, but from a few small shale heaps, fossils corresponding with those of the lower shale bed of Capelrig and Newfield have been found; BeZlrichia multiloba and one or two species of Cythere have been obtained in the shale washings, as well as KiTkbya Urii, which was originally derived by Ure from this locality. LIl\IEKILNBURN TOLL BAR, 1 mile W. of Quarter Road Station. Old shale heaps, containing thc same fossils as at Browntod. Fish palates of several species have been found here. The encrinites in the shale are often split and waterworn, and they frequently bear the parasitical coral, Astrceopora cydostolna. LINN SPOUT, 1 mile S. W. of DaIry. Limestone and shale. Alveolitesseptosa, PJ'oductusscabriculus, CypricaTdi(1, and other bivalves, EUOinphalus crotalost011"l-U8, MCCoy, and Esthel'ia punctatella. LYLESTONE QUARRY, 3t miles E. of Kilwinning. Limestone and shale. Crinoid remains, Brachiopoda, bivalves and spiral univalves. The old shale heaps are becoming grass-grown, hut will still repay a visit. MUIRFOOT BURN, near New Cumnock Station. Sections of ironstone, limestone, and shale. BelleToplwnDwnontii, B. [hii, Leda, Nuculo, Edmondiu, LiIJu", Adc-ula, A-viculopecten (11.~plicicosta, Rhynchonella pugnus, Orthis rcsupinata, Chonetes Hardren.sis, Lingula mytiloides, and Discina nitida.

NEWFIELD QUARRY, I! mile S. of High Blantyre. Depth of section about 30 fect. During the working of the lower post of lime­ stone within the last few years, the following organisms, in very perfect keeping, have, among others, been obtained out of fresh blocks of the super­ incumbent bed of shale. These in other parts of the same section at Boghead, Brankamhall, Or Capelrig, are found in a more or less fragmentary condition among the disintegrated material. TIranching masses of Stenopol'a tU11Hda, the long prehensile fingers of PoterioCl'inus, sheets of Fenestella, and some of the pinnatcd forms of Polyzoa, perfect specimens of Trilobites, coiled up or lying extended in the shale, and long pieces of the tubes of Serpulites. The typical fossils of the deposit at this locality, in addition to the foregoing, are:-Hydreiono­ cl'inuI globula1'is, II. Scoticus, Beyrichia bitgberculata, Kirkbya UJ'it) CeJ'iopora, and Diastopo)'a, Athyj·i.s wnbi,g'ua, Chonetes Ha,J'(lrcnsi,s, Ci'nnia quadrata, Disciita nitida, Ling1.da JJlytiloides, P}'oductus lOJl[jlSj)inns, P. scmireticulatHs, Rhyyu:hondla plc({J'O(lon, Spirifcra Ii"w((tn, S. tri[Jonalis, Sj)ll'ij'O'lJ1rt octopUcata, l'eJ'ebratula hastata, Ednwildia rnt{is, Axhws a:t'il1ifo},lI~i,'{, ]JljJetcite8 snlcnta, San[!1.d'fwlitts 'vai'iabili.~, A'l..'icnlopectcn jl.lI1.lJrwws, Plenl'otomaJ'ia contl'aria, }.[1ftchisonia Ul'ii, O}'thoceJ'a,~ lrevis, Petalodus Hctstingsice, and Cochliodus magwus. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 89

ORCHARD QUARRY,4 miles from Glasgow, on New Kilmarnock Road. Cement limestone, with few fossils, chiefly casts. Some of the shale beds are very fossiliferous, the following being the more common:-Poteriocl'inus crassu8, Bail'dia sUbCyUnd1·ica., Cythere cuneola, Beyrichia bituberculata, B. radiata, Kirkbya Perm.iana, KiJ'kbya annecten8, teeth of IJithyrocaris, AthY?'is am:bigua, Lingula mytiloides, Productus costatuI;, Spi?-ijera lineata, Strepto'rhyn.cku8 cTenistl'ia, Cypricar­ dia acuticarinata, Leda attenuata, L. longirostris, Nucula ludnifor1n.is, Euomphalus carbonarius, Pleurotmnaria Ftenoyana, P. monilifera, P. Yvanii, BelleTophon Leveil­ leanus, Actinoceras giganteu?n, 01'thoceras 8ubcentrale, Cochliodus magnus, and the scales of Rhizodopsis minor.

ROBROYSTON. Old Limestone Quarries and Ironstone pit, 11J mile N. of Broomfield Bridge, Caledonian Railway, Garngad Road. The fossils quoted from this locality in the Catalogue have been obtained from three different sources ;-lst, from old shale heaps near tbe farm of ; 2nd, from old shale heaps half-a· mile N.E. near HilThead farm; and, Srd, from shale at an ironstone pit close by the latter locality, in the spring of 1863. At the first of these two places the larger number of the typical fossils are specifically, and, as regards their state of preservation, identical with, those of the Gare beds:­ Zaph?'entis Phillipsi, Poteriocrin'Us, Venn:dia minutct., Lepe?'ditia Okeni, Grijfithides rnesotuberculatus, Iliastopora 1negastoma, Chomte8 Hardrensis, Crania quadrata, Discina nitida, Lingula mytiloides, 01,this ?'e8upino,ta, P?'Od'Uctu8 longispin'Us, P. sen~ireticulatus, Rkynchonella pugnus, Streptorhynchus cre:nistTia, Cypricardia c?'ebri­ costata, Leda attenuata, Nucula gibbosa, N. lineata, Conu1aria quadrisulcata, Chiton hwmlis, Loxonema scalaroidea, Macrocheilus lrlichotianus, Murchisonia striatula, rleu'"lotmnaria Benediana, P. contraria, r. mon.ilijera, P. striata, a beautiful little undescribed Naticopsis with sharp flexuous ridges and deep sutures, Bellel'oplwn Urii, B. dec'ussatus and var., B, Let'eiUeanus, Cyrtoce?'Ct8 Gesneri, C. unguis, Goniatites paucilob'Us, G. striolatus, Nautilus nodifaus, and N. qlCadratus. The shale brought up during the sinking of the pit to the Possil ironstone was passed through about 500 feet from the surface. It contained two species of Lingul" in their natural vertical position, Goniatites, two species of Cardiomorpha, Leda, Nucula lucini­ jormis, Solenopsis 'minor, and the carapace of IJithYl'ocal'is tenuist?'iatu8. The same shale has been found eastwards of Bishopbriggs, in sinking pit shafts to the Possil blackband ironstone. There are a number of old shale heaps a little to the east of Robroystonmansion­ house, from which the same fossils may be had, especially the encrinites, as at the first two places mentioned above.

SKITRIDGE GILL, Carluke.

Maggy ironstones. Open section from below the Linn. SORN, 4 miles E. of Mauchline Station. Limestone and shale. Petalodus, P?'oduct'l18 latissimus, P. longispings, Choneted Hardrensis. Belle1'ophon Urii, Lithodendj'onjasciculatum, and L. junceum.

SWI:NDRIDGE QUARRY, 3 miles N.E. of DaIry.

Limestone and shale~ Productus latissimus, Leda attenuata, Nucula gibbosix, .Deatalimn priscVf}n, D. inol'natmn, Macrocheilns jusifol'lrl-is, Murchisonia st1'iatula, Bellerophon dec'ussatus, B. Ul'ii, Gyrolepis Rankinii, and Cochliodus magnus.

WESTERHOUSE, 3 miles E.N.E. of Carluke. The Gare limestone and shales, and a good locality. It is about a mile directly to the eastward of Gare, and is reached by crossing over King's Law, and keeping by the side of a wire fence, which extends nearly to the old quarry openings. 90 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

WHITESHAW, t mile W. of Carluke. The Gare limestone, formerly worked by pits, but this locality is all but turned to agricultural purposes, and maybe soon obliterated altogether. The occurrence of this lime at Whiteshaw is only important in a physical sense. A huge dyke brings the Gare beds back to the west, or throws them on to the east. WHITESHAW BRIDGE, I mile W. of Carluke. Maggy ironstones, seen in the bed of the burn and in side of railway cutting. WILLIAMWOOD, near Clarkston TolL Orchard limestone and shales Not wrought at present, and old shale heaps levened and planted. Finely-preserved specimens of Kirkb.'IJ(f., Perul-ictna, and K. a:nnecter/,s, the plates of a Chiton and Cochliodus magnus, were found in the shale, also encrinite stems, in excellent preservation. A little crow -toed looking organism. considered by some to be the young crinoid, but more probably Palceocoryne, was frequcntly found attached to the stems.

MIDDLE IRONSTONE SERIES.

AUCHINHEATH, 3 miles N. of Lesmahagow. Gas coal and Ironstone pits.

Palceonisc~{8, Megulichthys, Plants and Ostracoda in the blackband ironstone, Lepidodend)'on, Cala1nites, Myalina, and scales of fishes in the shale above the overlying gas coal. BARKIP, 3 miles E. of DaIry. Coal and Ironstone pits, and Sandstone Quarries. Teeth of Rhizodus, spines of Gyracanthus, and teeth of Cladod"s in the black· band ironstone; plant-remains in the sandstone. BISHOPBRIGGS. Ironstone pits. Lepidodendron elegans, Ostracoda, and jaws and scales of G2!1'olepis in the upper Fossil blackb~nd ironstone. CADDER DISTRICT. Ironstone pits. The same observations apply to this district as to Bishopbriggs. GLENMUIR WATER, 5 miles S.E. of Lugar Station. Bed of shale containing two species of Sphenopteris in great profusion. GOVAN DISTRIC'r. Ironstone pits. MUTchisonia sf1'iatgla, AXi.J1US Oi'bic'ularis, A 'uicglopecte'rt, Lingu..la squmnijormis, and other marine shells in the shales above the Govan ironstone.

HALL HILL, 3~ miles N. E. of Lesmahagow. Lingula Scotica, in an ironstone shale 15 feet above the gas coal. HIGHFIELD, 2 miles N.E. of DaIry. Ironstone pits. RhlZod1JS and other fish-remains, and plants in the shale above the clayband ironstone.

IWKERl>IANN, l~ mile W. of Paisley. Ironstone pits. Bellc/'ophon Dmnontii, B. Ui'iiJ Plew'oto1nw'ia, .Dentccliwn, Myacites sulcata, Edincrndia, Pinna spatula., A thY1'is, ProductHs, and several other marine shells in a bed of grey shale overlying the Govan ironstone, also, in one instance only, Pygoceplwll(s lInxleyi in a clay ironstone nodule from one of the shales. Ling~~la, ,''iq1tamijonnis is very abundant in a semi-bituminous shale. 'OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 91

JORDANHILL, 2!i miles W. of Glasgow. Ironstone pits, Possil, and Govan series. Fish-remains in some of the blackbands, Lingula and Mya,lina in the shales. KILSYTH DISTRICT. Ironstone pits. Plant remains in the sandstone, and fossils of the ironstones and shales similar to those found in the Possil and Govan blackband ironstones. , 2! miles W. of Glasgow. Ironstone pits. The same bands of ironstone as at J ordanhill. NETHERTON, 1 mile S. of Caldwell Station. Ironstone pits. Brachiopoda and fish-remains in the shales.

POSSIL DISTRICT. Coal and Ironstone pits. Large teeth and jaws of Rhizoclus in blackband ironstone and adherent coaly shale, also, Lingula 8quwnijo'J'mis of large size; several species of Palceoniscus, Acantlwdes sulcatus, and a G!frolepis in the ironstone and bituminous shale.

REDDANS, l~ mile W. of DaIry. Ironstone pit. Teeth, scales, and spines of fishes in the ironstone and shales.

SKATERIGG, 2~ miles W_ of Glasgow. Same beds as at and Knightswood.

LOWER LIMESTONE SERIES.

AUCHENCLOICH, 2~ miles W. of . Limestones and shale in natural section. Corals, Crinoids, Brachiopoda, and spiral shells.

AUCHENMADE QUARRY, 3~ miles S.E. of DaIry, on road to Stewarton, by Bowertrapping farm. Limestone and shale. Cup corals, masses of Lithodendron, Crinoids, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, teeth of Cochliocf'Us, Petalod~£8, and fish-bones.

AUCHMEDEN QUARRY, 2~ miles E. of Lesmahagow. Limestone and shale. Corals, Crinoids, and Brachiopoda.

AUCHENSKEOCH QUARRY, 2~ miles S.E. of DaIry. Extensive section of limestone and shale. The former contains many species of Brachiopoda, and the usual fossils found in the lower limestones of northern

Ayrshire, while the shales are remarkably profuse in large cup coralst Encrinites of several species, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, and fish palates. The more common are­ Syringopora l'W1H(losa, which often composes thin bands in the shale, Heterophyllia ang'l.tlata, Amplexw, Henslon'i, crushed tests of Archceocidal'is Urii, Poterioc}'inl~s, the long slender tubes of SCi'lJlila paI'oJlela, Cerio]Jora intc'i]Jorosa, Polypo)'(J, papillata, SulCOTetepo'J'a parallela, Vincnlaria, St)'eptol'li.yncli..us cl'enistl'ia, which may be said to be the prevailing brachiopod, its compressed valves glistening on nearly every slab of the shale, a few bivalves, spiral shells, and Cephalopoda, Cochlioclus, Petalodns, and other palatal teeth.

AUCHREN QUARRY, l~ mile E. of Lesmahagow. Limestone and shale. Brachiopoda, CoraLs, and Crinoids. 92 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

ARRAN. Limestone and shale at Corrie and at Salt Pans, on north shore, containing a great abundance of Pl"Oduct'ios giganteus and other Brachiopoda, bivalve and univalve shells, Crinoids, and Corals, all, however, in an indifferent state of preservation. BALGLASS BURN, ! mile S.W. of Lennoxtown. An outcrop in the bed of the stream of ironstones and shales, beneath the Campsie main limestone. Crinoid stems and prehensile fingers, Serpulites, Trilobites, Brachiopoda, and Psaml1wdu8 POT08US. BALGROCHAN BURN,! mile N. of Lennoxtown. A very limited cxposure of a bed of limestone, almost entirely made up of the crushed shells of Spil'ijera duplicicosta, shale with clay ironstone nodules con­ taining a few species of Brachiopoda, and the rare OrthoceTas linealc. These bed~ underlie the main limestone of the Campsie valley, and are believed by Mr. Young to be the equivalents of the "shelly" limestone of the Carluke district. BASHAw, 1 mile N.E. of Oarluke. Main limestone, formerly wrought, but pit now closed. BIRKWOOD QUARRY, 2 miles N. of Lesmahagow. Limestone and shale. Brachiopoda and Crinoids. BRAEHEAD QUARRY, ! mile N. of Eaglesham Road Station. Thick-beddcd limestones and shales. The limestone is not very fossilifcrous; it contains, however, Lithodendron j'nnceu1n, Alt'eolites septosu, and a few species of Brachiopoda. Some of the shales contain fish-bones, scales, and teeth, and one bed is almost entirely made up of the crushed valves of a small Entomostracan, with scattered fish scales and coprolites. BOGHEAD QUARRY, 3 miles S W. of Lesmahagow. Limestone and shale. Alveolitcs dep'f'essa, Fistulipora minor, LUhostrotion decipiens, and many other rare corals, some of which. such as Lomdaleia 1"ugosa and SY"ingopora reticv,lata, are found in grea.t masses branching throughout the limestone, which also contains a number of species of Aviculopecten. BROADSTONE, 2 miles S.E. of Beith.

Thick-bedded limestones and sh~les, exposed in extensive quarry section. Corals, Crinoids, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, and fish palates are the prevailing organisms, of which the following are among the more conspicuous:-Amplexus coralloides, Clisiophyllum. bipartitum, C. tUTbinatum, CyathophyUura paracida, Lithode:ndl'onjuncegm, Michelinia tenuisepta, Zaphrentis cylindrica, Hydreionocrin'lts g~obl'"laris, Rhodocrinus uniartkulat'u,s, several species of Polyzoa in the shales, Athyris Royssii, Orthis Michelini, Productus costatus, P. jimbriatus, P. semireticu.latus, P. spinttlosus, Spirifercc glaIJra, S. duplicicosta, Te1'ebratttla hastata, Modiola elon­ gala, Edmondia 'l"udis, large PsammodHs rugos1u~, Amphicentr'um g'ranulosU1n, Ctenoptychi11s set'l'atHs, Cochliodus lnagn'l.{S, C. acatEs, Cladodus 1nirabilis, Petalodus, and Helael"s. The fossils are easily extracted from the limestones, but the shales yield the largest number of fossils in perfect preservation. BROCKLEY, 6 miles S. of Lesmahagow. Limestolle and shalc, cxposed in section on the banks of the Ponniel Water. Some of the old shale heaps on the left bank, in ascending the stream, are very fpll of well-preserved fossils, such as Hetel'ophyllia, Stenopo'ta, Fa1)Osites, and some of the smaller corals, Crinoid beads, a large Spirorbis usually detached, a consider­ able number of Entomostraca in most exquisite condition, of which Beyrichia bitubel'cmata and KiTkbya Pern~iana are the mOElt abundant, Polyzoa in frag­ ments, but well preserved, or incrusting shales and crinoid stems, Terebratula OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 93

hastata and its varieties, Athyris Royssi1:, frequently covered with its fringes of delicate spines, Spirifera t1'igonalis, S. lineata, S. m'ii, a few bivalves, but they are very rare, and so are also spiral shells, Cephalopoda, and the remains of fishes. BRAIDWOOD GILL, 2 miles S. of Carluke. The strata exposed in open section at this interesting locality are-I, The Lingula Ironstone of Rankin, seen at the Linn below Samson's Slingstone with fossils well preserved, but subject to injury by the shale being sulphurous­ pyritic. This stratum, which has yielded many species, is found all over the district, and is passed through in sinking pits to the Rae's Gill ironstones. 2, The Lingula Limestone, seen in the bed of the burn, three or four yards below Samson's Slingstone, fossils moderately well preserved. 3, The First Calmy Limestone, in which fossils are finely preserved, but in some instances difficult to separate from the limestone. 4, Raes Gill Ironstone-fossils well preserved, and easily freed from the shales or ironstones. 5, The Second Calmy Limestone, with well-preserved fossils in ironstone balls, but few in the limestone itself. This bed is exposed in open section at Headsmuir, and at one time, when the Main Limestone was worked, open-cast localities were numerous, but now it is only got at in sinking pits. 6, The Main Limestone, now wrought in pits over alarge semi-ciTcle in the district. The fossils, principally shells, are chiefly casts, the more horny species only retaining the shell. A large number of species has been collected from this bed.

CARTLEBURN, l~ mile N. of Kilwinning. Limited quarry section of the upper Broadstone limestone, very full of Brachiopoda. COLDGREEN GLEN, 3 miles S.W. of Kilbirnie. Section of limestone and shale on the Paddock Burn. Corals and Brachiopoda.

1 CORRIEBURN, 3 miles N.E. of KirJcintilloch. Limestone, shale, ironstone, and sandstone. The principal fossils of Corrie­ burn are, corals, one of which, LUhode'IUlron jascicnlatum, forms a distinct band, several species of Polyzoo, including the rare PtylopO'i'a pluma, Prod'HctEs Youngi­ anus, Al'icttlopecten, jimbJ"iat1ls, A. gran{)stts, Ptel'(YI'l-ites persuZcatus, Conocanlil.cfJ1 alijoJ"me, a bed of j.,Iyalina crassa, and a few fish palates. A number of finely­ preserved Brachiopoda have been found in the white shale overlying the coralline limestone. The superior attractions of Corrieburn are, however, its illustrations of physical geology, as seen in the uptilted sedimentary strata, interbedded traps, and volcanic ashes, the effects of the igneous forces on some of the sandstones and limestones, the evidences of ice-action in the great deposits of clay, contain­ ing striated boulders, and its lofty scaur of clay ironstone and shale which rises from the eastern burn. CRAIGENGLEN, 2 miles S. of Lennoxtown. Sandstone, limestone, clay ironstone, and limestone shale. Fish-palates, Ortkoceratites, some with coloured bands, spiral univalves, Lameliibrancbiata, Brachiopoda, Polyzou., Entomostraca, Annelida, Ecbinidffi, Crinoidea, Corals, and Foraminifera, in the limestone and shale, and fish opercula and scales, in the Ento­ mostracan oil shu.le. The strata of this locality, among those in the lower limestone series of the West of Scotland, contain the greatest assemblage of specie8, and which exist in the most perfect stah~ of preservation, Some of the more striking fossils are, the Melania-looking Loxone'ina rugijera, a magnificent spiral, MacTOcheilu,8 imbJ'icattts, Venus elliptica, Modiola elongata, CypTica1'dia stTiato~ lamellosa, Cal'dwnwrpha oblmlga, Axinu8 axinifo1'rnis, Area 1'et'iculata, Tenbratula

1 See Mr. John Young's paper, published in Vol. I. of the Transactions, for a description 0 Corrie burn and the other fOBsil-bearing strata of the Campsie district. 94 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

hastuta, showing the intimate shell-structure, Producius punctatu8, and Spi1'ije1'a Urii, both frequently covered with their delicate spines, and the complete detached parts of A1'cha?ocidaris UTii. It is the only locality which has yielded the plates of Chitonellus. Some of the fossils, although perfect, are too fragile to be removed from their matrix in the shale, but may be rendered perfectly secure by a little cfireful manipulation. This is especially so wjth the valves of A'l..'iculopecten and many of the other Conchifera,

CRAIGIE, 3 miles S, of Kilmarnock. Quarry section. Limestone with Corals and p.)'OriUCtu8 giganteus; ironstone balls overlying limestone contain Rhynchonella plel1l'odon in abundance, and SpiTijera trigonalis; shale above contains the single valves of Spi'J'ij'era trigonetlis in large numbers, Pm"cellia arm.ata, Ostracoda, and corals; upper band of limestone with AthYl'is wnbigEo" in thousands, along with two species of Vincularia.

CROSSFORD, 2 miles S. of Braidwood Station. Limestone and shale in quarry section. Corals, Crinoids, Brachiopoda, and other shells.

CUNNINGHAM BEDLAND, 2 miles N. W. of DaIry.

The upper Broadstone lime~tone in quarry section, containing the usual fossils. This limestone decomposes rapidlYl and many corals, Producti, and spiral shells are thereby obtained in fine alto-relievo, Bands of a dark-coloured limestone and intercalated shales, lower in the section, which crop out at the water's edge, contain Avicnlopectcn and PteJ'onites. The various trap phenonlcna exhibited in the sections near this point, and for some considerable distance up the Rye \Vater, are of a llighly instructive character, and are well worthy a long summerday'sexcur­ sion.

DEN, 3 miles N. of Lesmahagow. Limestone and shale, in quarry section, containing Corals and Brachiopoda.

DUNTOCHER. The Campsie main limestone, wrought in pits, but as yet not productive in fossils. The underlying shale contains the large scales of Rhizoclus Portlocldi, and Leplodom'U,s costellatus, A section of shale at an old limestone quarry at Faifley contains Crinoids, Brachiopoda, and Goelz liod'Il,S.

GABROCHILL, 2! miles S.E. of Dunlop, Limestone and shale in quarry section. Brachiopoda have been found in the imestone, but as the quarry has only been recently opened, little opportunity has been afforded for research.

GALLOWHILL, i mile E. of Strathaven. Limestone and shale on banks of the Pomillen 'Vater find old quarry section. Corals, Spi'I'ijera, Polyzoa, (J-i'iffithides Eich waldi, Spi'l'ijem, U1'ii, S_ CU1-lukensis, Prod'nct'us giganteu8, Enornphalns ca)'uonw'ius, Plntpceras nel'itoides. FossH/:) ill tolerable abundance.

GAMESHILL, l·~ mile S.E. of Dillllop. Limestone and shale of the Deith section exposed in quarry. No minute search as yet, but~Corals, Crinoids, with Prodnclns ffigante/f,s, P. spi.n'Ulosu~, and SjJil'ije1'a have~been found, a.s well as fish-palates. OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 95

GARPEL WATER, Muirkirk. Limestone and shale exposed in quarry section, about a mile and a half above the Railway Bridge, and also to the east, along the face of Cairntable. Product,us giganteus, Spiri/era, Terebratula, CoraIs,and Polyzoa. The fossiliferous shale above the Railway Bridge belongs to the Uppe1' Limestone Beries. The strata at the Ironstone Pit No.1 belong to the Middle Ironstone series.

GAS WATER, 3 miles East of Lugar Station. Limestone and shale in quarry section. The upper bed of hard shale is filled with P)'oduct-us giganteu8 lying in their natnra,l position, with the ventral valve downwards. Other fossils appear to be very rare.

GLENMUIR QUARRY, 3 miles S.E. of Lugar Station. The same section as at Gas Water with the characteristic Pmductu8.

GWELT WATER, 5 miles S.E. of Lugar Station.

Section of limestone and shale with Proih~ctus giganteus, P. 1m'('Jicatu8, P. latissimus, ())'this resupinata, Mllacites sulcata. and erect encrinite stems.

HAIRMYRES. Station on East Kilbride Railway. There is hardly any section visible at the old workings from which Ure doubt­ less collected his fossils upwards of eighty years ago, as they are filled up with water, and the shale heaps are grass-grown. There is a small opening. however, a few feet in depth, in a field a short distance west of the station, and if the fossils seen on the weathered surface of the limestone be an indication of the contents of the bed throughout, it must be full of finely-preserved remains. It contains Naticopsis plicist?'"ia, N. 1:ariata, with coloured bands, .J.V't/l'chisonia 'l11(({ll'icOl'inata, and So!enimyapri1llcera. The overlying shale is almost entirely made up of patches of Poly zoa and crinoid stems.

HALLCRAIG BRIDGE, l~ mile W. of Carluke. The strata at this locality are-the Lingula limestone, seen in the burn below the bridge, and in an open section 1 mile S., in a small stream; its fossils are well preserved; the first Kingshaw limestone, with fossils in soft shale above and below the limestone, in the burn and railway side, in open section; fossils not well adapted for preservation; the second Kingshaw limestone, .... ith fossils, as in the first Kingshaw, but particularly in the shale below the limestone. Thefossils are also in the same condition, although some of the Natica and Pleul'O­ tmnaTia are well preserved, and leave the shale freely.

HALLERHIRST, near Stevenston. Old quarry section. Fossils are tolerably abundant among the shale heaps, but it is their condition especially which gives them a)cientific interest. With the exception of the Brachiopoda, the majority of which are worn-looking, with shells cracked in every direction, nearly all the shells exist as casts, many of them appearing to have been rolled as beach pehbles after they became fossils. The more common forms are-A1'chceocidaTis Urii, plates only, crinoid stems, G,.i,ffithides Bichwaldi, Athy,-is amuig1(a, with the spires silicified, Rhynchonella pleurodon, Spirifera lineata, Product'ES 1n1cricatus, Chonetes HardTensis, Sanguinolites, Edmondia, Cypricr.wclia, Nuculttgibbosa, a Bellerophon, Macrocheihr,s, Naticopsis, and Nautilll.. s quadratus.

HEADSMUIR, It mile S.E. of Carluke. First calmy limestone in open section of old workings.

HILL, I mile S. of Lesmahagow. Old limestone quarry. Crinoid remains in the shale heaps. 96 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

HILLHEAD, 1 mile E. of Carluke. This locality is inserted simply to record the existence of the Rae's Gill iron­ stone and the Hosie limestone. The old workings of the former are long dis~sed, and the section of the latter is obliterated by an overslip of earth. How RAT, 3'miles N. W. of DaIry, near Howrat Toll Bar, on Road. Limestone in quarry sections. Corals, Crinoids, Brachiopoda, and other shells, fish-palates and bones. HOWOOD, I mile W. of Milliken Park Station. Limestone and shale. Brachiopoda, Corals, crushed heads of Poteriocrinu8 M'Coyan1.J..8, not uncommon, as well as crinoid remains generally. KERSE GILL, Ii mile N. of Lesmahagow. Limestone and shale in quarry section, very fossiliferous. Brachiopoda and Corals. KILCADZOW, 3 miles E. of Carluke. The beds at this localityare-Rae's Gill ironstone, worked open cast, and the second calmy and main limestones, exposed in open section. KINGSHAW, I mile N.E. of Carluke. The first and second Kingshaw limestones occur here, but both are now lost sight of, except in the ironstone pits. LANGSTDE, 2 miles S. of Beith. Limestone and shale in quarry section, with the same fossils as at Broadstone. LANGSHAW, I mile S. E. of Carluke. Second Kingshaw limestone worked in pits, first cabny limestone in open section, the Rae's Gill ironstones in open section and in pits, and the main lime­ stone worked in mines. LANGSHAW BURN, I mile S.E. of Carluke. Lingula limestone, seen in the bed of the burn and in pits. MIDDLEHOLM, near Stockbriggs, 2 miles S. W. of Lesmahagow. Limestone and shale, with Brachiopoda and crinoids.

MILL BURN, ~ mile N. Eo of Lennoxtown. Marine limestone, clay ironstone, and fresh-water limestone, underlying the main limestone of the Campsie district. Teeth, spines, and other fish-remains, Lingula sqUa'inifOTrnis abundant in one of the shales, PrOd1tctus giganteu8 and Chonetes Buchiana in the limestone, but very rare; also a few bivalves and corals, Entomostraca in the fresh-water limestone. NELLFIELD BURN, 2 miles S.E. of Carluke. Outcrops of the shelly and Productus limestones, the former at the' Linn in the bed of the bum near Langshaw march, the latter farther up the burn at a second !Ann; and in the bed of the bum directly south of Nellfield farm house, and on the side of the railway embankment and tunnel, lower side, occur the Productu8 punct([tl[S ironstone beds, which are the lowest in the Carluke district, in which Dr. Rankin has found fossils. NETHERFIELD, 1 mile E. of Strathaven. Open section on banks of the A von, and mines. Main limestone, clay iron­ stone and shale. The shale contains Lithodendron junecum, L. irregulare, Cyclo- OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 97

phyllwn fnngites, Polyzoa of several species, SpiTijel'((' UHiJ S. CU1'lttkensis abundant, Cypricardia rh01nbea, Eumnphal7ts catbO'Jtw'ius of large size, and OTthocel'as lineale. Fossils abundant.

NETHERHOUSES, 1 mile S. of Lochwinnoch. Limestone in quarry section, containing Corals, Crinoids, and Brachiopoda, but not well preserved; good specimens are rare.

PUDDOCK BURN, 2 miles W. of Kilbirnie. Sections of sandstones, shales, and ironstones, from Kilbirnie to Dykes farm house, and from thence to near the source of the stream there are several sections of limestones and shales, which contain the usual fos~ils of the Beith limestones.

RAE'S GILL, 2 miles W. of Carluke. The strata of this locality are-the Lingula limestone, seen at the outcrop in a small stream south of Hallcraig bridge; the fil'st c8Jmy limestolle seen in open face at an old working, but here it is only about fifteen inches in thickness, while elsewhere in the district it is from four to five feet; the Rae's Gill iron­ stones, seen in open cast, and in old shale heaps; and the Hosie limestone, but it is covered up by shale through displacement of the banks. ROUGHWOOD, 2 miles S. of Beith. Limestone and shale in quarry section, very fossiliferolls. Two species of PalreocoP!/,ne, Corals, Crinoids, several species of PolyzorL, Brachiopodfl, C01Wc(o'(7h~ 1a, ...l(vacites sulcatus, and Modiol(~ elongat(l.- common in shale below the main limestone, a bed of plyalina ctassa, but specimens mostly crushed, large PS(I.iilliWd1!S i'UpOSHS and other fish palates, and the massive spine of Ol'acwlt7w8 Milleri. SHIELS, 2 miles S. W. of East Kilblide. Limestone and shale in quarry section. Corals, Pi'odllCtt(S gig(mteE8 and other Brachiopods, Petalodus rectus, HelodEs mWiiii"(i77cct'is and sundry other palates TTigonocarpwn have been found in a soft blue shale between the encrinal and the coralline limestone, and pieces of carbonized wood are coulmon, both to thc shale and limestones. SCULLIONGOUR, 1 mile N. of LennoxtoWll. Limestone and shale in quarry section, containing the crushed tests of A /'chcw­ ciuuris UrH with spines in .'lilt!., Se1'jJl!lites, Brachiopoda, Ariculopectcil, K(wtilu3, Goniatites, Cladodl~S 'Jnil'abilis, and scales of Rhizod1.'s.

SOUTH HILL, Campsie. Old Ironstone pit, 1 mile S. W. of Lennoxtown. This locality, frequently referred to in the Catalog-ue, is now obliterated. For many years, a shale which had been brought up in sinking the pit shaft to the Hosie limestone, which it directly overlies, yielded to collectors many a good fossil; but quite recently, operations were resumed for working both the limestone and the clay ironstone beneath it, and the unfossiliferous shales f1.CCODlpanying the latter have been brought to the surface, and piled up on the top of the fossil­ bearing shale, which will, probably, lie buried for ever under this lllass of unproductive rubbish. The same shale was l>rought up in the sinking of a pit at Barraston, and in another to the north-west of it, and similarly treated. Collectors shonld carefully watch the sinking of other pits along the plateau of the South Hill, for the shale in question contains a large number of rare and beautiful fossils, some of which, as casts, are coated with the sclphuret of iron, which gives them quite a metallic lustre, Tbe following are among the more typical forms:­ Nautilus quaclratl\s, rarely perfect, but not uncommon in pieces, some contain­ ing t.he body chamber and sinuated aperture; OTthoceJ'ClS cinctwn, O. pygmCEtOJ1, G01tiatites Gilbe'rtsoni, G. 1'esica. Bellerophon, Olrlhamii, PleW"ot01nuria conica val'. H 98 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

P. dec'l',ssa.tu8, Dentalium p'l'isc'U1n, NUCHla lucinijOJ'Jnis, N. l-ineata, N. gibbosa, Leda longi?'ostris, L. attemcata, Spirifera UTii, Chonetes Hardrensis, val'. , and a new Entoll1ostracan, the Polycope Youngiana of Jones and Kirkby.

THIRDPART, 3~ miles W. of Lugton Inn, ·and 4 miles S.E. of Beith. Limestone and shale, containing the fossils found in the lower bed of the Beith lime~tolle~, but they arc not so plentiful.

THORN, 1 mile N.E. of Carluke. Open section of the main limestone. The old workings of the Hosie, second calmy, and main limestones at J\1osside, a few hundred yards to the west, arc now elosed up.

THORNTON QUARRIES, near Eaglesham Road Station, East Kilbride Railway.

The section here i~, with 801110 slight variations, the same as at Braehead, that at Thornton old,or No.2 quarry, being,however, the most typicaI. The following is the ~uccession of bed~, which :l.re cfLpped by about twelve feet of boulder clay:­ Limestone; black shale with oolitic nodules, aud AthyTi8, Spi.l"ijel'a, and 01,thi.g; limestone; ~oft black shale, lower half fire-clay, with Stigmal'ia roots; ash bed. with layer~ of impure limestone, or ironstone, the "band~tone" of the quarrymen, also with Stigmaria roots; grey shale; ~hale with square-edged, oblong nodules, coprf)lite~ and reptilian bones; black bituminous ~hale with fi~h scales; green shale with encrinal remains, crushed Spiri/aa, and fi~h scales; ironstone; fire­ clay; ironstone; Entomostracan oil-shale; black shale and fire-clay; impure lime­ stone; shale about two inches, with pa.latal teeth; lime~tone, with partings of shale; .oft blaek .hale; volcanic a.h-bed, full of large pebble.. The whole .ection is full of geological interest, from the indications which it affords of old land surfaces, lake and marine conditions, and of volcanic action evidenced by the ash-conglon1erates.

TIRFERGUS GLEN, near Campbeltown. Section of sandstone, bituminous shale and limestone, with a considerable number and variety of fossik A list will be found appended tu Mr. James Thom~on's paper on the gcology of this district, in the second volume of the Tra.n~actions.

W ATERLAND, 2 miles S. of Caldwell Station. Quarry section of limestone and shale, containing Coral~, CrinoidS, Brachiopoda, spiral shells, and fish palates.

W AYGATESHAW, 1 mile S. of Carluke. First calmy limestone in open ~ectlon; Rae's Gill ironstone worked in pits and open-cast, fossils in old shale heap~; Hosie limestone passed through in pits.

YUILDSHIELS, 2rniles E. of Carluke. Outcrop of the Productus limestone, close on the Old Red shale. on south bank of the burn; section pretty much earthed up.

CALCIFEROUS SANDSTONE SERlES.

ARRAN. Erect stun1p~ of 1arge trees along with other plants, showhlg well-preservod \voody strncture, c111bcdded in hurn trapperm ash, at Laggan Bay, on the north 8hore, nnderlying the carhoniferou8 linlestone of tIle island. O}' THE WEST O~' SCOTLAN O. 99

AUCHENTORLIE GLEN, Bowling. Bed.::; of impure coal and ca.rbonized wood showing structure, indurated shales containing coprolites, scales and teeth of ganoid fishes, are fuund interbedded bchvcCll the sheets of trap ill this glen, a.nd at other points in the Bowling rangc. The beds nre provisionally referred to this division of the carboniferous series. LINN OF BALDERNOCK, 3 miles S. W. of LemlOxtown. Estuarine or freshwater limestone lying under bedded trap, containing Ostra­ coda and fish-remains.

CRAIGMADDIE MUIR, near "Auld Wives' Lifts," 3~ miles S. W. of Lemloxtown. A bed.. of marine limestolle in an old opening lIndc!' the sandstone of the hill has yielded a few brachiopoiis and crinoid remains. ~\ few plants have been found in the sandstone at various points on the hill, but they a.re rare.

BALLAGAN LIl\1ESTONE SERIES.

AUCHENREACH GLEN, N. 'YV. of Dumbarton. Fish scales and plant remains in a grey flaggy sandstone at the heau of the glen, in the north-westcrn branch of the burn.

BALLAGAN GLEN, 3~ miles N. \V. of Lennoxtown.

LepidoctcJldi'on and other plant rcmains, ,vith ob~cure allllelid-like 111[Ll'kingfj, found in a grey f1aggy sandstone. FINTRY HILLS, near the Corrie of Balglass. Plant remains in a gTey f1aggy sandstone.

POSTSCRIPT.

IN preparing the General Catalogue of the Carboniferous Fossils of the "~ est of Scotland I have availed myself of the lists in the following papers, published in the Society's Transactions :- On the Geology of the Camps;e District. By John Young. On the Geology of the Campbeltowl1 District. By James Thomson, F.G.S. On the Entomostraca of the Carboniferous Rocks of Scotland. By T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S., and James ,V. Kirkby. Notes on some Fossil Crustacea, and a Chilognathous llIyriapod, from the Coal l\Ieasures of the ,Vest of Scotland. By Henry ,Yoodward, F.G.S. On the Upper Coall\Ieasures of Lanarkshire. By ""illiam Grossart. On the Carboniferous Sections of the Levern V"lley, . By Hugh lll'Phail. Sketch of the Carboniferous Basin of Dairy, Ayrshire. By Robert Craig. Notes on the section of the Strata in the Gilmorehill Quarry, etc. By John Young. I have also consulted the l\Ionograph of British Carboniferous Brachiopoda, by Thomas D,widson, F. R S.; the C"rboniferous :I<'lor", by E. ,I'. Binney, F. R. S. ; the Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology, by Professor Huxley, and Robert Etheridge, F.R.S.; and the lists inl\Ir. John R. S. Hunter's paper 011 the Geology of the C,wbolliferous Strata of Carluke, 1QO ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

printed in the Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society. Besides these sources of information, I beg to express my obligations to the following gentlemen who have rendered me their generous assistance in the preparation of the lists of the species, and the Index to the Localities:-I1Ir. Thomas Davidson, F.R.S.; IIII'. ,Villiam Carruthers, F.R.S., of the British I1Iuseum; Professor T. Rupert Jones, of the Royal I1Iilitary College, Sandhurst; Dr. D. R. Rankin, Carluke, who has allowed me the use of his valuable stratigraphical lists of t,he fossils in his own extensive collection; Dr. ,Villiam Grossart, Salsburg, Shotts; Dr. Robert Slimon, Lesmahagow; 1\1r. James Bennie, of the Geological Survey of Scotland; I1Ir. Robert Craig, Langside, Beith; IIIr. John Smith, IIIining Engineer, Lugar; I1Ir. J allies Thomson, F. G. S., who has allowed me access to his collection, and who has otherwise given llie much useful information; and to my coadjutor, I1Ir. John Young, for his careful revision of the whole of my portion of the work. For the species descriLcd or figured by the Hev. David Ure, our earliest Scottish PaLeontologist, I have to refer to Gray's Life of Ure, and critical review of his now famous and rather scarce book, "'l'he History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride," 18c5. J. A. ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA. Page] G, for" l'\IURCHSONI" read" l\IURCHISONI." -- 26. Alter the genus of Nos. 14 and 15 from "CypmmNOPHIR ,. to ,. POLYCOPE. " -37. K o. 4, for 4' ROYSII," read ROYSSII." -42. No. 37, for "S. CARLUKEN8IS," read "SPIRlFERA CAItLUKENHTS."' -6:3. No.2, for "CRYTOCERAH," read "CYRTOCEHAH."

INDEX TO THE GENE RA.

PAGE PAGE Acanthodes, 68 Ceriopora, 33 Actinoceras, 63 Chiton, 55 Actinocrinus, 21 Chitonellus, 56 Alethopteris, - 6 Chonetes, 37 Alveolites, 15 ChOluatodus, - 69 Am blypterus, 68 Cladochonus, 16 Ambonychia 45 Cladodus, 69 AmpbicentruID, 68 Climaxodus, Amplexus, 15 Clisiophyllum, 16 Anomia, 45 Cochliodus, 69 Anthl'ucoptel'a, 48 Crelacanthus, - 70 Anthracomya, Columnaria, 16 Anthracosaurus, 78 Conocardium, 50 Anthl'acosia, 48 C01l111aria, 54 Anthrapalren1on, 29 Crania, 38 Archreocidal'is, 20 CtenacanthllS, 70 Area, 49 Ctenodus, Athyris, 37 Ctenoptychius, 71 Asterolepis, 68 Cyathaxonia, - 16 Asterophyllites, 8 Cyathophyllum, Astrreopol':1, 16 Cyclophyllum, 17 Aulophyllum, - Cyclopteris, 6 Avicula, 45 eyeIns, 29 A viculopecten, Cypricardia, 50 Axinus, - 49 CYPl'idilla., 27 Cyrtoccras, 6:3 Bairdia, 25 Cythere, 27 Belinurus, 29 Cythel'clla, 28 llellerophon, 60 BeYlichia., 26 Dadoxylon, 12 Calamites, 8 Dendroptychius, 71 Cnrnarophoria., 37 DentalhlDl, 56 Cumpophyllnm, 16 Dinstopora, 33 Cardiornorpba, 50 Discopora, Cauda-galli, 6 Discina, 38 Coratodus, G9 Dithyrocaris, 29 102 ON THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS

PAGE PAGE Edmondia, 51 Mcsolcpis, 73 Entolllis, 28 Michelinia, 18 Entomoconchus, 1\fodiola, 52 Esthcria, 30 Myacites, - Eulinla, 56 1I1yalina, Euphobcria, 31 Mytilus, 53 Euomphalus, 56 l\IuYchisOllia, 58 Eurynotu8, 71 Eurypterus, 30 Naticopsis, 58 Nautilus, 64 Favosites, 17 N cuYopteris, 6 FfLvularia, 9 Sucula, 53 Fcncstclla, 33 Fistulipora, 17 Onchus, 73 Flcnlingites, - 9 Oracanthus, Orodus, - Glauconomc, 34 Orthacanthus, - Glossodus, 71 Orthoccras, 56 Goniatites, 63 Orthis, 39 Gorgonia, 34 Griffithides, gO Gyracanthus, 71 Palooocoryne, 14 Gyrolepis, 72 Pal::eoniscns, 73 Pecopteris, 7 Petalodus, 74 Halonia, 9 Petrodus, - 75 Helodus, 72 Pholaderpeton, 78 Hctcrophyllia, 17 Pinna, 47 Hydreionocrinus, 21 Pinn ulana, 9 Platyceras, 60 Involutina, 14 Platycrinus, 21 Platysomus, 75 Kirkby", - 28 Plcuracanthus, 76 Knorria, - 9 Pleurodus, 75 Pleurotomaria, 59 Leda, 51 Precilodus, 75 Leperditia, 29 Polycope, - 26 Lepidodendron, 10 Polypora, - 34 Lepidophyllum, Polyrhizodus, 75 Lepidophloios, Porccllia, - 61 Lepidostro bus, Poterioceras, 66 Leptacallthus~ 72 Poteriocrillus, - 21 LeptodoIDUS, 52 Prestwichia, 31 Lingula, 38 Productus, g9 Lithodendron, 17 Psamnlodus, Lithodomus, - 52 76 Pteronitcs, Lithostrotion, 18 48 Lophophyllum, Ptcroplax, 78 Lonsdalcia, Ptylopora, 34 Loxomma, 78 Pygocephalus, - 31 Loxonema, 57 Lygillodendroll. 11 RetziG., 41 Uhi 7.odopsis, 77 l\[acrochciluH, - 57 Rhizodns, 76 )Iactra, G2 RhoJoClillus, 22 lIIcgalerpctoll, - 7S l{honlb()ptychim;, 77 1I1cgalichihys, 7'2 Rhynchonella, 14 OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 103

PAGE PAGE Sanguinolites, - 53 Terebratula, - 43 Serpula, - 23 Textularia, 13 Serpnlites, Trigonocarpum. 12 Sigillaria, 11 Trochus, 60 Solenimya, 54 Tristychius, 77 Solenopsis, Turbo, 60 Spirifera, - 42 Spiriferina, 43 Ulodendron, 12 Spirorbis,- 23 Sphenophyllum, Venus, 54 Sphenopteris, Vermili't, 24 Stenopora, 18 Verticillopora, 35 Stignluria, 12 V in eu] aria, Strepsodus, 77 V olkmrtllllia, StreptOTltyncltus, 43 Strophomcna, Xylobius, 23 Sulcoreteporn, 35 ~'yringopora, 18 Zaphrentis, 19

560.941 N100 c.1 On the Carboniferous fossils of the

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