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© Andrew Thorpe 1997, 2001, 2008, 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6– 10 Kirby Street, EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identifi ed as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE Palgrave in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in , company number 785998, of 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave is a global imprint of the above companies and is represented throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the , the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–1– 137– 40983– 6 hardback ISBN 978–1– 137– 40982–9 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

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Contents

Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations ix

Introduction 1 1 Creation and Early Years, 1900– 14 8 2 The Surge to Second- Party Status, 1914– 22 36 3 and Collapse, 1922– 31 59 4 Remaking the Party? 1931– 39 83 5 The Impact of the Second World War, 1939– 45 103 6 The Attlee Governments, 1945– 51 119 7 Searching for a New Direction, 1951– 64 141 8 Wilson in Power, 1964– 70 162 9 Labour in Crisis? 1970– 79 185 10 Down and Out? 1979– 87 209 11 Modernization and , 1987– 97 230 12 New Labour in Power, 1997– 2007 257 13 Moving beyond Blair, 2007– 15 285 Conclusion 304

Appendix 1: Seats and Percentage of Votes Won at General Elections, 1900– 2010 319 Appendix 2: Labour Party Leaders 321 Appendix 3: Labour Cabinets 322 Notes 336 Bibliography 367 Index 391

vii

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Introduction

When the Labour Party was formed (as the Labour Representation Committee, LRC) in 1900, its prospects were unclear. Yet it sur- vived, and, by the early 1920s, it had eclipsed the Liberal Party as the main opposition to the Conservatives. Periods in government followed, but they were often punctuated by long periods in oppo- sition, and even – in the 1930s, 1950s and 1980s – predictions of demise. Such predictions proved unfounded, however, and 1997 marked the first of three successive general election victories. Even defeat in 2010 was met with a sense that the circumstances had been exceptional and that it had taken a Conservative– Liberal Democrat Coalition to put Labour out of office. And although Labour’s experience of government at national level was episodic for much of its first 110 years, its dominance of the since the early 1920s has been close to total. Rivals have come and gone, but no organization has been able to mount anything like a credible and sustained threat to Labour’s pre- eminent position on the progressive side of British politics. By studying it, we can learn a lot, not just about the party itself but also about British politics, and indeed society, more generally. Before 1945, Labour was unable to win a parliamentary major- ity. The LRC elected two MPs at the general election of 1900, and 29 at that of 1906, after which it changed its name. Although the party continued to develop down to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, it was still not a major party; indeed, the Irish Nationalists won about twice as many seats as Labour at the two general elections of 1910. Labour participated in wartime Coalition governments from 1915 onwards, but in 1918 adopted a new constitution which made it more independent of the Liberals and, having withdrawn from the Lloyd George Coalition, won 57 seats at that year’s post- war general election. In 1922 it became the main Opposition party, with 142 seats, and Ramsay MacDonald was elected the party’s first ‘leader’. Rapid progress

1

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2 A History of the British Labour Party followed, with Labour forming minority governments in 1924 and 1929. However, the first lasted only nine months, while the second, battered by economic slump and political difficulties, collapsed in August 1931. MacDonald formed a ‘National’ gov- ernment with Conservative and Liberal support, which went on to trounce Labour at the polls. During the 1930s there was lim- ited recovery, but a further election was lost in 1935, and Labour would almost certainly have been defeated at the next election as well had not the Second World War intervened. In 1940, however, the National government fell and was replaced by a Coalition under , in which Labour had more than a fair share of ministerial posts. As in 1914– 18, war suited Labour very well, and the party’s fortunes improved markedly in the next few years. At the first post- war election in 1945, led Labour to a landslide victory, and his government went on to implement significant reforms. In 1951, however, Labour was defeated, and, after further defeats in 1955 and 1959, was even- tually out of office for 13 years, leading to considerable debate as to whether Labour would ever win again. However, it returned to power under in 1964 and was re- elected by a very healthy margin in 1966. By 1970, though, Wilson’s government was widely perceived to have failed, and Labour was consigned once again to opposition. Rather fortuitously, perhaps, Labour returned as a minority government in February 1974, and that October was re- elected with a tiny overall majority. A difficult term in office, first under Wilson and then under , ended in defeat, and the victory of the Conservatives under in 1979 ushered in a long period of opposition. The general election of 1979 was to prove the first in a sequence of four successive general election defeats for Labour. In opposition, it tried various strategies, but ’s efforts ended in heavy defeat in 1983, while was defeated conclusively in 1987 and more narrowly in 1992. By the latter year, which saw Kinnock’s retirement, a major programme of party reform was under way; under John Smith (1992– 94) reform continued, and the Conservative government floundered. When succeeded Smith in 1994, he accelerated the pace of reform, rebranded the party ‘New Labour’, and went on to win a

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Introduction 3 sweeping victory in 1997. Labour won a further landslide in 2001, and even in 2005, after eight years in office and tarnished by an increasingly unpopular war in Iraq, Blair was able to lead his party to another comfortable majority. When suc- ceeded Blair in June 2007, it seemed that he could look forward to the future with confidence. However, such confidence proved misplaced, and his inability to lead Labour to victory at the 2010 general election led to the formation of a Conservative– Liberal Coalition under . In opposition for the first time in well over a decade, Labour turned to , although at the time of writing it remained unclear whether he would be able to lead it to victory in 2015. Naturally, these vicissitudes of electoral and political fortune have led to some wildly varying prognostications as to the party’s likely future. In early 1997, the party could point to only five peri- ods in government, totalling fewer than 20 years. Ten years later, it seemed to be ensconced in power, perhaps for years to come. But, of course, there had been hubristic statements about future domi- nation earlier. In the aftermath of Labour’s 1929 victory, claimed that Labour was ‘the miracle of politics’ which was looking forward to rolling back the remaining ‘bastions of reaction’.1 In April 1946, backed by a huge Labour majority and with the Conservative opposition under Churchill in disarray, the Labour minister Sir Hartley Shawcross claimed that ‘we are the masters at the moment – and not only for the moment, but for a very long time to come’.2 And Wilson claimed, more than once, that Labour had become ‘a natural party of government’.3 On the other hand, there had been times of real gloom as to the future. Before the First World War, many had questioned the purpose and prospects of the party; in 1908 Ben Tillett had launched a fierce attack on what he saw as the timidity and failure of the parliamentary party.4 In the aftermath of 1931, there were those who doubted the party’s future prospects, and much of the pressure for collaboration with Liberals, Communists and others in the 1930s stemmed from a pessimistic reading of Labour’s elec- toral potential.5 The defeats of the 1950s led to academics asking the question ‘Must Labour lose?’.6 And the 1970s and 1980s were replete with doomsday- type predictions that Labour was finished, or at least had no serious chance of ever again forming a majority government.7

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4 A History of the British Labour Party

The vicissitudes of Labour’s history have obviously contrib- uted to the great fluctuations in its historiography. So too have the political predilections of historians, political scientists and others writing that history. When we add into that the fact that some sources have become available much earlier than others, we can begin to understand why the historiography of the Labour Party is both so rich and so complex. On the first variable, books published in the late 1940s in anticipation of the party’s golden jubilee tended to be celebratory in tone, portraying the party’s development and success as, to some extent, the inevitable corol- laries of democratization.8 However, even sympathetic accounts emerging in the late 1950s and early 1960s, like Henry Pelling’s Short History (first published in 1961) offered rather more cau- tious findings.9 As the party seemed to move into crisis in the late 1960s, even historians broadly sympathetic to the Labour project began to strike a more pessimistic note.10 On the other hand, however, it was noticeable that there was a much more upbeat feel to the volumes published around the time of the party’s centenary in 2000, reflecting the victory of 1997.11 The second variable has been the political outlook of the writ- ers involved. Scholarship on parties of the left is a more compli- cated business than many people allow. Some historians see their task as studying the Labour Party’s past in order to prescribe its future. This construction of politically useable narratives is an important driver of interpretation of Labour’s history, and is not without very considerable value, but it is important that it is recognized for what it is. It is usually associated with the Marxist left, and classic works in this tradition include those of , John Saville and David Coates. For Ralph Miliband, Labour’s commitment to parliamentary meant that it was hopelessly compromised as a vehicle for the achievement of , although he was a lot vaguer on what he thought would be better.12 Saville offered fiercely critical polemics attack- ing just about everything that Labour managed to achieve in his lifetime.13 And Coates, a formidable scholar, has spent more than three decades critiquing Labour’s leaders, past and present, from a left standpoint.14 To the right of Labour, on the other hand, and others have attacked the party as a rather unnatural construction which served to divide the ‘progressive’ left and allowed the Conservatives to dominate twentieth- century

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Introduction 5

British politics.15 These tendencies led the editors of one of the centenary volumes published in 2000 to observe that, ‘[m]eas- ured against absolute standards or the agendas of others, Labour has inevitably been regularly condemned’, and they set out instead to ‘offer a more positive evaluation … by judging Labour against its own aims and values, and against what might reason- ably have been expected’.16 This was a refreshing approach: and while historians cannot completely free themselves from their own subjectivities, they can try to guard against them, and control for them. The quest for a useable past is not only confined to those outside or on the fringes of the party, of course. For example, the narrative of Labour’s early 1980s ‘extremism’ was at least partly a construc- tion by centre- right figures seeking to justify their subsequent politi- cal project of ‘modernization’.17 What is most noticeable about these narratives is that they are often ferociously defended when questioned, as could be seen, for example, in the strong criticisms that followed from and when Kenneth Morgan’s 2007 biography of Foot advanced the notion (also put forward in this volume) that Foot’s leadership of the party ( 1980– 83) was not wholly without merit.18 The third variable referred to above is the availability of sources. Published sources, like manifestoes, memoirs and the like have always been freely available, as were the most valuable published sources of all, the party’s annual conference reports, which included reports of various committees, financial and mem- bership information, and so on. Beyond that, however, material has become available to historians somewhat haphazardly. The party’s own national- level archives were opened to researchers in 1960, but listing of them did not begin until 1972, making work on them very difficult.19 The public records, essential for the periods when Labour was in government, were subjected to a 50- year rule until 1967, and a 30- year rule thereafter, and although in more recent years freedom of information legislation has made it possible to release material earlier, it is still the case that the great bulk of material only becomes available three dec- ades after it was produced. Politicians’ diaries, meanwhile, are one of the richest sources available to the political historian, but it is not for the latter to decree the production of such documents, and even where they exist, it is sometimes many years before

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6 A History of the British Labour Party they become available. Finally, local party records have been very much under- utilized in the past. This is beginning to be recti- fied, although much remains to be done, both empirically and methodologically.20 The shifting historiography can be illustrated by using Ramsay MacDonald as a case study. In 1938, at a time when memories of the 1931 ‘betrayal’ were still fresh and Labour was still stuck in opposition to a National government that most Labourites despised, MacDonald’s former parliamentary private secretary, Macneill Weir, published what was to remain for many years the only full- length biography covering MacDonald’s whole life.21 Based on the author’s own (rather prejudiced) recollections, conversations with other Labourites who were hardly likely to be sympathetic, and a reading of the available evidence, it was a vitriolic denunciation of the former leader. Naturally, Weir was unable to use party records, and still less government ones; the most ‘inside’ sources available to him were published memoirs which, at this stage, were pretty uniformly hostile to the ex- premier.22 Although Lord Elton responded soon afterwards with a pro- MacDonald book covering his life down to 1919, he never completed a volume covering the remainder of his life, and so it was Weir’s that became the standard work.23 The publication, in the 1950s, of further ‘insider’ accounts, in the form of ’s memoirs and Beatrice Webb’s diaries, merely seemed to prove Weir right in his assertions that MacDonald was a vain, rather ineffectual figure whose commitment to the party was tenu- ous, at least by the later 1920s.24 However, both Dalton and Webb were unusually antipathetic towards MacDonald even before 1931, and the publication of their recollections further skewed the historical record. The year 1977 was to see the publication of Marquand’s out- standing, and far more favourable, biography of MacDonald.25 In part, the difference was down to training: Marquand was a graduate in History, whereas Weir had had no such advantage. Politics was also important: Marquand was a right- wing Labour MP who believed that MacDonald’s political instincts had been broadly correct, and that it was important to reclaim him for the party, and in particular for its moderate wing. The book was also affected by the context in which Marquand was writing. The strug- gles of Labour governments in the 1960s and 1970s showed how

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Introduction 7 difficult government could be, and how hard it was to keep the Labour Party united, especially in time of economic difficulty. The parallels with MacDonald’s own battles were obvious. In addi- tion, Marquand had access to MacDonald’s own extensive collec- tion of papers, as well as the public records and the party archives. All of this offered a much fuller view of the complexities of the problems MacDonald had faced, while his own diaries and letters offered new insights into his own thinking. It was little wonder that Marquand offered a much more sympathetic – though by no means uncritical – view of MacDonald than Weir had done. This is just one illustration of how Labour Party historiogra- phy has developed. It shows how complicated and vexed a pro- ject it is to attempt to offer a single- volume history of the party. Nonetheless, historians have a duty to try to put forward such treatments, and to interpret the past for a broader public, as well as to offer an introduction to those students and academics who will (hopefully at least) go on to read much more deeply into the subject; and it is in that spirit that the book is offered. A clear understanding of the Labour Party is a vital component of any attempt to understand twentieth- and twenty- first century Britain more generally.

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Index

Abbott, Diane, 297–8 asylum seekers, 264 abortion, 173, 179 Attlee, Clement, 2, 81, 100, 163, 177, Abrams, Mark, 152, 160 255, 313 Abyssinia, 91, 94, 95 in PLP leadership 1931–5, 83 Adamson, William, 52, 55, 81, 97 acting leader, 91 Addison, Christopher, 76, 120, 130 elected leader, 92–3 Adonis, Lord (Andrew), 296, 300 and Munich Crisis, 97–8 affluence, 141, 150, 153, 160, 163, 229 ill during 1939, 103, 104 Afghanistan, 273, 292, 315 in War Cabinet, 106 Africa, 134, 139 and Morrison, 107 ‘agreement to differ’ (1975), 193 on policy, 111 agricultural workers, 60, 63 at 1945 election, 117 agriculture, 59, 76, 78 as Prime Minister (1945–51), 119, air raids, 111 120, 122, 137, 138, 139 Alexander, Albert V., 72, 92, 95, 104, as leader after 1951, 142–3 108, 120 retirement, 146–7 Alliance, Liberal–SDP, 215, 217, 218, Australian Labor party, 218 219, 220, 222, 227, 228, 229, Austria, 94 235, 305, 306 Amalgamated Engineering Union Bad Godesberg, 154 (AEU), 109 balance of payments, 122, 123, 125, Amalgamated Society of Engineers 126, 165, 183, 197 (ASE), 10 Baldwin, Stanley, 60, 61, 71, 72, 78, Amalgamated Society of Railway 90, 91 Servants (ASRS), 8, 9, 17, 32 Balfour, Arthur James, 21, 312 Amalgamated Union of Engineering Balkans, 258 Workers (AUEW), 187, 197, 213 Balls, Edward, 294, 297, 298, 299 Amritsar Massacre (1919), 56 Balogh, Thomas, 168 Anglo-Soviet Alliance (1941), 107 Bankers’ Industrial Development ‘Anomalies’ Act 1931, 78–9 Corporation (BIDC), 73 anti-social behaviour orders ‘bankers’ ramp’, 80, 91 (ASBOs), 272 banking, 87, 112, 287, 289 appeasement, 94, 102, 106, 263 Bank of England, 73, 100, 123, 124, Appleton, W. C., 39–40 259, 262 Argentina, 216 Barber, Sir Michael, 269 Armed Forces Day, 292 Barnes, George, 23, 28, 43, 50 Ashdown, Paddy, 253, 264, 297 Bartlett, Vernon, 98 Asquith, H. H., 27, 38–9, 40–1, 42, 43, Basnett, David, 213 51, 57 Battersea, 67

391

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392 Index

Beckett, Margaret, 230–1, 237, 243, as party leader 1994–97, 2–3, 230, 244, 245–6, 249, 258 240, 245–50, 251–6 beef, 251 as Prime Minister 1997–2001, 3, 230, Belgium, 36 257–67 Bell, Richard, 17, 18 as Prime Minister 2001–05, 3, 268–78 benefits, 30, 49, 62, 77, 79–80, 128, 151, as Prime Minister 2005–07, 278–80 201, 219, 231, 255, 263, 292 retirement of, 278–9, 280–4, 286 Benn, Tony, 214 Blears, Hazel, 294 in 1959 election, 151 ‘’, 299 as minister 1964–70, 163, 164, 171 Blunkett, David, 237, 249, 257, 258, 269 in opposition 1970–74, 187, 190 Blyth, 192 as minister 1974–79, 192, 193, 194, Bolsheviks, 47 195–6, 199 bombing, see air raids in opposition 1979–83, 209, 212, 213, Bondfield, Margaret, 72, 77 215–16, 217, 220 Boundary Commission, 130 in opposition 1983–92, 220, 232–3, Bristol, 59, 92, 136 236–7 British Aerospace (BAe), 196 Benn, William Wedgwood, 72, 120 British Gas, 247 Berlin Blockade (1949), 132 The British Labour Party (1948), 125 Bernstein, Eduard, 20 British Leyland (BL), 196 Bevan, Aneurin, 156, 157, 186 British National Oil Corporation before 1945, 98, 104, 109 (BNOC), 196 as minister 1945–51, 120, 122, 127–8, British Petroleum (BP), 200 129, 137–8 British restaurants, 115 in 1950s, 143–4, 146, 147–8, 154, 155 (BSP), 31–2, 40 death of, 155 British Union of Fascists (BUF), 75, 99 Bevanites, 143, 147, 148 Brown, George Beveridge, Sir William, 113 in opposition 1951–64, 146, 148, Beveridge Report (1942), 109, 111, 157, 158 112, 240 as minister 1964–68, 163, 164, 165, Bevin, Ernest, 163, 174 166, 167, 174, 176 as leader, 53, 54, 65, 74, later career, 186, 213 86, 87, 91, 93 Brown, Gordon support for Attlee and hostility before 1997, 243–5, 253–4 towards Morrison, 93, 120 as Chancellor 1997–2007, 257, 258, as minister 1940–45, 106–7, 108, 110 259, 261, 262, 268–9, 271, 274, as 1945–51, 119, 275, 276, 277–8, 280, 314 120, 122, 132, 134, 137 as Prime Minister from 2007, 3, Birkenhead, Lord, 52 285–97, 298, 299, 301, 303, 308, , 59, 61, 71, 92, 111, 136, 217 311, 312, 315 birth control, 68 Browne, Cedric, 247 ‘Black Friday’ (1921), 54 BSE, 251 Black sections, 232 Buckingham Palace, 61 ‘Black Wednesday’ (1992), 238–9, 251 budget, 63, 74, 77, 78, 79, 113, 120, Blair, Tony, 285, 287, 290, 291, 292, 303, 127, 147, 197, 199, 200, 271 305, 307, 311, 312–13, 314, 315 building, 50, 112, 129, 142, 173, before 1992, 231, 233 270, 314 in opposition 1992–94, 243–5, 294 Bulgarian Horrors, 273

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Index 393

Burnham, Andrew, 297–8 Leicester, South (2004), 277 Burt, Thomas, 9 Crewe and Nantwich (2008), Bush, George W., 272, 273, 274 290, 293 Butler Report (2004), 277 East (2008), 290, 294 by-elections by period: cable and wireless, 124 (1900–14), 18, 21, 24–5, 27, 28, Callaghan, James, 2, 222, 236, 289, 312 31, 34 in leadership election 1963, 158 (1918–29), 52, 57, 69 as minister 1964–70, 163, 164, 165, (1929–31), 77–8 170, 179 (1931–39), 85, 91, 93, 98 in opposition 1970–74, 186, 189 (1939–45), 104 as minister 1974–76, 191, 193, 194 (1945–51), 135, 142 as Prime Minister 1976–79, 194–5, (1951–64), 142, 150–1, 157 196–7, 198–9, 200, 203, (1964–70), 162, 164, 178, 183 204–5, 207 (1970–74), 190 in opposition after 1979, 209, 210, (1974–79), 201, 203 211, 212, 213, 219 (1979–87), 215, 218, 228, 232, 244 Cameron, David, 3, 279, 286, 288, 291, (1987–97), 233, 251, 252 295, 297, 300, 301, 303, 306 (1997–2007), 267, 277 Campaign for (since 1997), 290, 293 (CDS), 156 specific: Campaign for Labour Party Democracy Clitheroe (1902), 18 (CLPD), 187, 211 Wakefield (1902), 18 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Barnard Castle (1903), 21 (CND), 150 Woolwich (1903), 21 Campbell, Alastair, 250, 258 Colne Valley (1907), 25 Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 21, Jarrow (1907), 27 24, 27 Attercliffe (1909), 27 Campbell Case (1924), 63–4, 67 Woolwich East (1921), 55, 57 Campbell, J. R., 63 Oxford (1938), 98 Campbell, Menzies, 297 Bridgwater (1938), 98 Canada, 122 Leyton (1965), 164 canals, 49 Hull, North (1966), 163 capital levy, 49, 60, 65, 69 Carmarthen (1966), 178 capital punishment, 173 Hamilton (1967), 178 , 59 Rhondda, West (1967), 178 ‘Caretaker’ government (1945), 115 Caerphilly (1968), 178 Carter, Jimmy, 207 Warrington (1981), 215 Castle, Barbara, 157, 164, 164, 165, 169, Crosby (1981), 215 170, 181, 192, 195, 249 Glasgow, Hillhead (1982), 215 Catering Wages Act 1943, 108 Beaconsfield (1982), 244 cement, 136 Birmingham, Chamberlain, Austen, 52 Northfield (1982), 217 Chamberlain, Joseph, 18–19 Bermondsey (1983), 217–18 Chamberlain, Neville, 103, 105–6, 312 Darlington (1983), 218 Chanak Crisis (1922), 56 Staffordshire, Mid (1989), 233 Chelmsford, Lord, 61 Brent, East (2003), 277 Cheney, Dick, 275

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394 Index

Chevaline, 203 Communist Party of Great Britain , 201 (CPGB), 3, 54, 55, 63, 64, 67, child poverty, 270 70, 84, 87, 88, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, China, 132, 138 105, 111, 147, 317 Christ That Is To Be (1903), 15 Commonwealth, see Empire/ Chrysler UK, 196 Commonwealth Churchill, Winston, 2, 3, 52, 53, 98, Commonwealth Immigrants 106, 107, 115, 116, 117, 119, Act 1968, 180 141, 145 communitarianism, 247 Citrine, Walter, 86, 87, 105 Comparability Commission, 205 civil aviation, 124 Confederation of British Industries , 254 (CBI), 196, 287 civil service, 126, 130, 165, 177, 194, conscription, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 195, 199, 313 94, 110 Clarke, Charles, 227, 269, 285, 294 ‘consensus politics’, 113–15 ‘class dealignment’, 160, 183, 229 Conservative governments Clegg, Nick, 295–6, 296–7, 300 (1900–05), 21 Clinton, Bill, 262, 272, 274, 277 (1923–24), 60, 61 Clydeside, 31, 44, 96 (1924–29), 66, 71 Clynes, John R., 50, 52, 55, 57, 62, 72, (1951–55), 141–2 80, 81, 92 (1955–59), 145, 147, 150–1 coal, 9–10, 26, 32, 39, 46, 49, 52, 54, (1959–64), 156, 159 63, 65, 72, 77, 83, 84, 87, 100, (1970–74), 185–6, 189, 191, 207 121, 124, 192, 222, 225, (1979–83), 216 304, 306 (1983–87), 221–3 Coal Mines Act 1930, 72, 77 (1987–92), 233–4 Coalition governments: (1992–97), 238, 247, 251, 254–5 Asquith (1915–16), 1, 38 Conservative Party, 10, 43, 78, 106, 111, Lloyd George (1916–22), 1, 38, 43, 116, 127, 141, 142, 238, 247, 45, 50–1, 55, 56, 57, 317 251, 252, 267, 286, 288 Churchill (1940–45), 2, 105–8, constituency Labour parties (CLPs), 5 111, 115 in interwar period, 48, 55, 67, 68, 80, Conservative–Liberal Democrat 97, 99, 100 (2010– ), 1, 3, 285, 297, 299, in Second World War, 104, 105, 300, 303 106, 111 Cold War, 119, 122, 131, 134, 140, 252, in 1945–92, 143, 150, 180–1, 182, 273, 274, 283, 315 187, 206, 213, 214, 215, 217, Cole, G. D. H., 32, 68, 85, 86, 89, 221, 226, 232 125, 131 since 1992, 237, 241, 248, 249 colonies, 62, 134–5, 148, 315 Constituency Parties Movement, 99–100 Combination Acts 1799 and 1800, 8–9 constitutional reform, 130–1, 177–8, Commission on 260–2, 312–33 (Borrie Commission), 240 convertibility crisis (1947), 120, 123 , 36, 97, 134, 252, 308 Cook, Arthur, J., 70, 75 Communist Information Bureau Cook–Maxton Campaign (1928), 67, (Cominform), 132 70, 233 Communist International Cook, Robin, 243, 249, 257, 258, (Comintern), 64, 97, 132 269, 275

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Index 395

Co-operative movement, 8, 16–17, 31, Dell, Edmund, 199, 204 45, 46, 51, 62, 182 de Leon, Daniel, 31 Co-operative Party, 45, 51–2, 72 Delors, Jacques, 231 Co-operative Women’s Guild, 182 Democracy versus Dictatorship (1933), corruption, 19, 64, 76, 131, 178, 238, 316 96–7 cotton, 60 Democratic Federation, 12 Council of Action, 53 Denaby Main and Cadeby Case Council of Foreign Ministers, 131–2 (1903–06), 17 Council for , 213 Deputy Prime Minister, Office of the Cousins, Frank, 154, 163, 164, 165, 171 (ODPM), 269 crime, 174, 207, 245, 254, 262, 272 Derby, 17, 66 Cripps, Sir Stafford , 84, 306 in 1930s, 81, 83, 88, 91, 97, devaluation 98–99, 155 (1949), 123 in Second World War, 104, 107 (1964–67), 135, 164, 165–8, 169, 170 as minister 1945–50, 119–20, 122, development areas, 172 123, 125, 134, 137 development councils, 126–7, 139 Crooks, Will, 21 , 178, 192, 202–3, 204, 205, Crosland, Anthony, 144, 149, 163, 164, 253, 260–1, 264, 313, 316 172, 186, 189, 192, 194, 195, Dewar, Donald, 260 199, 203, 236 Diana, Princess of , 258 Crossman, Richard, 144, 148, 163, 165, ‘direct action’, 53, 65 167, 180 disabled people, 264–5 Crow, Bob, 317 divorce, 173 Crowther Commission on Wales and dockers, 10, 53 , 178 Donovan Commission (1968), 169 Czechoslovakia, 94, 132 Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, 159, 162 Dover, 116 Daily Herald, 55 ‘dream ticket’, 221 , 64 drugs, 254, 262 Daily Telegraph, 249, 293 Duncan Smith, Iain, 276 Dalton, Hugh Durbin, Evan, 86, 90, 101–2 in interwar period, 72, 81, 86, 87, 92, Durham, County, 21, 57, 84, 244 95, 97, 100 Durham Miners’ Association, 18 in Second World War, 104, 108 as minister 1945–51, 119, 120, 123, East Anglia, 71, 139 124, 133 Economic Advisory Council (EAC), 74 in 1950s, 143, 146 Economic Affairs, Department Darling, Alistair, 287, 290, 294, 298, of (DEA), 163, 164, 165, 299, 301 168, 171, 177 Dawes Plan (1924), 62–3 Ede, J. Chuter, 108 Deakin, Arthur, 107, 144, 147 Eden, Anthony, 98, 107, 145, 147, 312 defence, 34, 73, 85, 94–6, 104, 138, 143, Edmonds, John, 236, 241 148, 150, 155–6, 160, 174–5, 176, education, 21, 24, 49, 62, 75, 76, 77–8, 203, 211, 214, 219, 224, 231–2 96, 100, 112, 114, 129, 145, 149, Defence Regulation 1AA (1944), 110 151, 160, 172–3, 201, 219, 223, Defence Regulation 58A (1940), 110 267, 270, 271, 278, 283, 312, de Gaulle, Charles, 176 314, 316

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396 Index

Education Acts European elections (1944), 112, 114, 130 (1979), 202, 228 (1988), 223 (1984), 228 Education Bill 1931, 77–8 (1989), 233 Edwards, Alfred, 120 (1994), 243, 246 Egypt, 147 (1999), 267 eight-hour day, 15 (2004), 277 El Alamein, battle of (1942), 107 (2009), 290 electoral college, 209, 211–15, 220, 221, (2014), 302 225, 237, 241, 243, 246, 298, 302 European Free Trade Association electoral reform, 72, 130, 234, 239, 261, (EFTA), 166 264, 300, 313 , 315, 316, 317, 318 electoral truces prehistory of, 132, 133, 142 (1914), 37 British application for membership (1939), 103, 104–5, 111 of (1962), 157, 159, 186 electricity, 49, 108, 124, 131, 301 Labour governments of 1964–70 ‘embourgeoisement’, 152, 163, 229, 305 and, 162, 174, 176 Emergency Powers Act, 63 Labour and British entry into (1973), Empire/Commonwealth, 94, 119, 186–7, 188–90 133–5, 140, 157, 167, 174, 175, Labour governments of 1974–79 179–80, 308, 315 and, 192, 193, 197, 207–8 employment, see unemployment/ in opposition years (1979–97), 211, employment 214, 219, 223, 224, 228, 231, Employment, White Paper on (1944), 237, 238, 243, 246, 247, 251, 112–13 252, 254, 255 Employment Acts since 1997, 261–2, 267, 276, 277, 290, (1980), 222 292–3, 294, 302 (1982), 222 excess profits duty, 45, 46 (1989), 222 Exeter, 256, 270 Employment Protection Act 1975, 197 exports, 54, 65, 76, 86, 126, 142 Employment Relations Act 2000, 266 ‘Enabling Act’, 87 , 13, 24, 61, 118, 156 engineering, 10, 11, 44, 55, 109, 187 ‘fair shares’, 45 English regional assemblies, 260–1, 313 Falkirk, 57, 302 , 216–17 Falklands War (1982), 216, 217 Environment, Transport and the family allowances, 112, 173, 180; Regions, Department of the see also child benefit (DETR), 258, 269 fascism, 36, 94, 95, 97, 146 Equal Pay Act 1970, 181 , 67, 109, 307–8; see also women , 33 Ferranti, 196 ethnic minorities, 135, 180, 229, 232, Field, Frank, 263, 300 256, 277, 297, 315; see also race; Fife, West, 97 immigration Fifty Years’ March (1949), 125 Euro (single European currency), 262, financial crisis (1931), 78–80 271, 292–3, 308 Finland, 105 European Community, European First World War, 1, 3, 11, 26, 28, 35, Economic Community, 36–50, 58, 104, 110, 118, 122, see European Union 132, 180, 181, 251, 274, 304, 317

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Index 397

Flint, Caroline, 294, 300 ‘Gang of Four’, 213 focus groups, 253 gas, 124, 131, 228, 247, 301 Food, Ministry of, 45 General Agreement on Tariffs and foot-and-mouth disease, 267 Trade (GATT), 166 Foot, Michael general elections in 1950s, 144 (1874), 9 in opposition 1970–74, 186–7, 190 (1892), 14 as minister 1974–79, 192, 193, 194, (1895), 11, 14 195, 196, 202, 204 (1900), 1, 17 as leader 1980–83, 2, 5, 212–13, 216, (1906), 1, 8, 19, 21–2 217–18, 219, 220, 230, 300 (1910 Jan.), 1, 27 footwear, 11 (1910 Dec.), 1, 27–8 Ford, 204 (1918), 1, 50–1 foreign policy, 46–7, 56, 63, 72, 102, (1922), 1, 57, 59–60 108, 119, 120–1, 122, 131–3, 135, (1923), 60–1 140, 164, 174–6, 203, 262–3, (1924), 64–5 272–6, 283, 292–3, 301, 309, 315 (1929), 3, 71 Formula One, 266 (1931), 2, 3, 81–2, 83–4 foundation hospitals, 278, 282 (1935), 2, 91–2 France, 37, 94, 106, 133, 147, 159, (1945), 2, 115–18 176, 276 (1950), 135–7 franchise, municipal, 115, 130 (1951), 2, 139–40 franchise, parliamentary, 9–10, 30–1, (1955), 2, 145–6 42, 48, 182 (1959), 2, 150–2, 157 Franco, General Francisco, 94, 96 (1964), 2, 159–61, 164 Freeman, John, 138 (1966), 2, 162–3, 178 freemasonry, 93 (1970), 2, 178, 183–4 free trade, 18–19, 21, 27, 34, 42, 47, (1974 Feb.), 2, 179, 190–1 56, 57, 60–1, 63, 74–5, 76–7, 81, (1974 Oct.), 2, 192–3 90, 197 (1979), 2, 205–6 fuel and power, 87, 112, 120, 123, 264 (1983), 2, 218–20 full employment, Labour as party of, (1987), 2, 228–9 25, 49, 56, 77, 112, 113, 139, (1992), 2, 231, 233–5 165, 168–9, 200, 210, 237, (1997), 3, 4, 252, 254–7 309, 317 (2001), 3, 267–8, 281 Fulton Report (1968), 177 (2005), 3, 261, 271, 277–9 Future of Socialism (1956), 149 (2010), 3, 295–7 General Federation of Trade Unions Gaitskell, Hugh, 48, 221, 242, 248, (GFTU), 10, 38, 39–40 249, 302 General, Municipal and Boilermakers’ before 1945, 86, 90, 108 Unions (GMB), 236 as minister 1945–51, 123, 137–8 General and Municipal Workers’ in opposition 1951–55, 143, 144, 147 Union (GMWU), 213 as leader, 147–8, 149, 150–1, 153, General Strike (1926), 65–6, 67 154–7 general strike, as idea, 32, 87 death, 157–8 Geneva Protocol (1924), 63, 273 Gallacher, William, 97 George, Henry, 14–15 Galloway, George, 279 George V, King, 38, 61, 80

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398 Index

George VI, King, 119, 139 Hawke, Bob, 218 German–Soviet Pact (1939), 105 Hayden, Bill, 218 Germany, 12, 20, 36–7, 39, 40, 47, 56, Healey, Denis 62, 90, 94–5, 103–4, 105, 106, career before 1964, 111, 144 107, 111, 116, 117, 143, 154, as minister 1964–70, 163, 174 199, 238, 276, 310 in opposition 1970–74 , 186, 189 Gillies, William, 111 as minister 1974–79, 191, 194, Giscard d’Estaing, Valery, 207 197–200, 203, 207 Gladstone, Herbert, 19 in opposition 1979–83, 211, 212, 214, Gladstone, W. E., 15, 273, 284 215, 218, 219, 220 Glamorgan, 57 health, 49, 100, 112, 114, 127–8, 140, Glasgow, 46, 59, 70, 136, 149–50, 190, 173, 204, 267, 270, 278, 283, 312 215, 287, 290, 294 Heath, Edward, 162, 179, 183, 185, Glasier, Katherine Bruce, 30–1 187–8, 189, 190, 191, 193, 196, Glasman, Lord (Maurice), 299 201, 222 gold standard, 63, 65, 74, 78–80 Heffer, Eric, 216, 217, 220–1, 232–3, Good Friday Agreement (1998), 258 236–7 Gordon-Walker, Patrick, 163, 164, Henderson, Arthur 174, 179 career before 1914, 21, 23, 28, 34 Gould, Bryan, 236–7 in First World War, 36–40, 42, 43, , 66, 74–5, 90–1 47, 48 Graham, William, 72, 73, 76, 79, 80, 81 in opposition 1918–24, 52, 53 Grant, Sir Alexander, 64 as minister 1924, 62 Grassroots Alliance, 266 in opposition 1924–29, 65 Grayson, Victor, 25, 31 as minister 1929–31, 71–2, 73, 77, Great Yarmouth, 116 79–80 Greece, 56, 132 as leader 1931–32, 80–1, 82, Green Party, 296 85–6, 210 Greenwood, Anthony, 146, 156–7 after 1932, 86, 111 Greenwood, Arthur, 72, 77, 81, 92–3, Heseltine, Michael, 233–4 103, 104, 106, 120, 143 History of the Labour Party from 1914, Grey, Sir Edward, 47 A (1948), 125 Griffiths, James, 112, 128, 148, 163 Hitler, Adolf, 90, 94, 103, 105 Guardian, 255 Home Counties, 139 , 31, 32–3, 50, 55, 87, Home Guard, 111 89, 126 homelessness, 207 homosexuality, 173, 217–18, 271 Hague, William, 264, 276 honours, 41, 56, 280, 281, 282 Hain, Peter, 287 Hoon, Geoff, 287, 294–5 Halifax, Lord, 106 housing, 45–6, 49, 56, 62–3, 77, 117, Hall, George, 108 129, 139, 142, 173, 210, 224, Halsbury, Lord, 10 283, 312, 314, 316 Hardie, James Keir, 14, 17, 23, 47, 126 Housing Acts Harman, Harriet, 279, 286, 294, 297, 298 (1924), 62–3 Hart, Judith, 181 (1930), 77 Hartlepool, 239 Howard, Michael, 276, 277, 279, 306 Hattersley, Roy, 5, 198, 214, 217, 220–1, Howe, Sir Geoffrey, 233 232, 235, 265 Huddersfield Town Football Club, 159

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Index 399

Hull, Kingston-upon-, 59, 129, 162 internationalism, 46–7, 63, 74, 82, 133, Hunt, Tristram, 300 157, 273–4, 316, 317–18 Hunter, Anji, 258 Iraq, 238, 272–9, 280, 282, 283, 292, Hutton, John, 294 299, 301, 312, 315 Hutton, Will, 252–3, 254 Ireland, 34, 56, 68, 177, 178, 308; Huysmans, Camille, 39 see also Hyndman, H. M., 12–14, 15, 38, 39–40 Irish Nationalists, 1, 27 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 179, 202 identity cards, 272 iron and steel, 87, 120, 122, 123–4, 139, immigration, 135, 153, 160, 179–80, 264 145, 151, 159, 170 imperial preference, 75, 78, 94 Ironfounders Society, 21, 61 imperialism, 12, 56, 94, 134, 315 Irvine, Alexander, 258 import controls, 165, 189, 197 Is the Parliamentary Labour Party a Incitement to Disaffection Act 1797, Failure? (1908), 3, 25 63–4 Italy, 91, 94, 95 (ILP) formation and early years, 8, 14, 15, Jamaica, 135 16, 18, 26, 31 Japan, 115, 122 in First World War, 40, 45–6, 47, 49 Jay, Douglas, 90, 108, 123, 154, 176 in period 1918–32, 61, 70, 78, 81, 84 Jenkins, Roy after 1932, 85, 97, 100, 104 in opposition 1951–64, 144 India, 56, 90, 119, 133–4, 315 as minister 1964–70, 163, 164–5, , 32–3, 50, 176, 183 89–90, 124–5, 144, 145, 189, in opposition 1970–74, 186, 189–90 196, 219, 318 as minister 1974–76, 191–2, 193, industrial policy, 65, 73–4, 100–1, 120, 194, 198 124–8, 151, 170–2, 195–7, 206 and SDP, 210, 213–14, 215 Industrial Reconstruction and commission on electoral reform, Corporation, 168 261, 264 industrial relations, 52, 107, 125, 139, , 78, 81, 308 169–70, 185–6, 231, 241, 309 Johnson, Alan, 285, 295, 299 Industrial Relations Act 1971, 188–9, Johnson, Lyndon B., 158, 174 192, 222 Johnston, Thomas, 75, 108 Industry Act 1975, 196 Joint Consultative Committees, Industry, White Paper on (1974), 192, 110, 125 195–6 Joint Statement on Productivity, Prices and inflation, 46, 54, 68, 122, 140, 156, 165, Incomes (1965), 169 167, 168–9, 172, 185–6, 187, Jones, Jack, 188, 197 188, 191, 197–8, 201, 203–7, Jones, Lord (Digby), 287 210, 222, 233, 234, 239, 247, Jowett, Fred, 20, 61 251, 255, 314 Jowitt, Sir William, 108 inheritance tax, 288 In Place of Fear (1952), 144 Kaufman, Gerald, 5, 213, 214 (1969), 169–70, 187 ‘Keep Left’, 132, 144, 195 interest rates, 54, 76, 233, 238, 247, Kelly, David, 276 251, 259, 262, 271 Kennedy, Charles, 264, 277, 297 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Kennedy, John F., 157–8 198–200, 207 Kenyan Asians, 180

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400 Index

Kettering, 52 (1917), 47–8, 49 Keynes, John Maynard, 74, 122 (Feb. 1918), 48, 49 Keynesianism, 101, 113, 149, 161, (June 1918), 49 185, 197, 200, 237, 246, 253, (Nov. 1918), 50 254, 292 (1922), 67 Kinnock, Neil, 2, 209, 246, 282 (1923), 61, 67 in opposition 1979–83, 212, 213, 215 (1924), 67 as leader 1983–87, 220–1, 224–7, 241, (1925), 65 242, 246 (1927), 70 as leader 1987–92, 230, 232–6, 239, (1928), 67, 69 240, 244 (1930), 75 after 1992, 243, 299 (1931), 84 Korean War, 137–8 (1932), 85, 89 Kosovo, 262, 263, 273, 274 (1933), 87–8, 89, 95 (1934), 87–8 Labour Churches, 15, 126 (1935), 91 Labour governments, 311–16 (1936), 97 (1924), 2, 61–5, 311 (1937), 97, 100 (1929–31), 2, 71–80, 81, 82, 86, 90, (1939), 98–9 102, 104, 108, 117, 121, 123, (1940), 105–6 167, 198–9, 311–12, 313 (1944), 112, 115 (1945–51), 2, 103, 108–9, 119–40, (1952), 143, 147 141, 145, 167, 177, 312, 313, 315 (1956), 148 (1964–70), 2, 160–84, 185, 186, 187, (1957), 148 206–7, 312, 313–14, 315 (1959), 154–5, 248 (1974–79), 2, 185, 191–208, 210, 312, (1960), 155–6 314, 315 (1961), 156 (1997–2010), 2–3, 257–97, 312, 313, (1963), 159 314, 315 (1970), 189 Labour, Ministry of, 39, 43, 72, 107, 110 (1972), 203 Labour Party (1973), 188–9, 203 agents, 55, 150 (1975, special conference), 193 annual party conferences, generally: (1976), 198 in 1910s, 41 (1979), 211 in 1920s, 66 (1980), 211–12 in 1930s, 87 (1981, special conference), in 1950s, 147 211, 213 in 1960s, 182 (1981), 215–16, 217, 224 in 1970s, 187, 211 (1982), 217 in 1980s, 215, 227, 232 (1983), 220–1, 226 since 1992, 241, 242, 282 (1985), 226 annual party conferences, specific: (1986), 227 (1900), 8, 15, 16 (1988), 232 (1901), 17 (1989), 230 (1904), 18 (1991), 240 (1907), 24 (1992), 240 (1911), 31 (1993), 240–1, 242, 246 (1916), 47 (1994), 247–8

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Index 401

(1995, special conference), 248 in 1931–39, 85–6, 87, 89, 91, 96, (2000), 282 97, 98, 100 (2002), 282 in Second World War, 105–6, 111, (2003), 277, 282 112, 115 (2007), 288 in 1951–64, 143, 144, 149–50, 155 (2008), 294 in 1964–70, 170, 180, 182 (2010), 297, 298 in 1970–79, 187, 188, 189, 205 (2012), 301 in 1979–87, 209, 211, 216, 217, (2013), 301 226, 227 (2014), 302 in 1987–97, 232, 240, 245, 248, constitution, 1, 36, 48–9, 67–8, 249, 254 154–5, 180, 217, 248 since 1997, 266 Clause Four of, 48, 56, 100, 154–5, (NPF), 156, 158, 248–50, 310, 311 241–2, 278 deputy leadership, 62, 93, 146, 148, in opposition: 157, 186, 190, 194, 212, 215–16, (1906–14), 23–35 221, 232, 237, 246, 257, 285, (1918–22), 51–8 286, 311 (1922–24), 59–61 finance, 8, 10, 11, 17–18, 26, 29, 31, (1924–29), 65–71 41, 43, 55, 74, 78, 84, 87, 102, (1931–39), 83–102 110, 135, 150, 222–3, 249, 254, (1939–40), 103–6 266–7, 278, 281, 293 (1951–64), 141–61 leadership elections: (1970–74), 185–91 (1906), 23 (1979–92), 209–56 (1922), 57 (2010– ), 297–303 (1935), 92–3 policy reviews: (1955), 147 (1956–59), 151 (1960), 156 (1987–89), 230, 232, 240 (1961), 156–7 programmes: (1963), 158 Memorandum on War Aims (1917), (1976), 194 47–8 (1980), 212 Labour and the New Social Order (1983), 220–1 (1918), 49–50, 63, 68, 69 (1988), 232–3 Labour and the Nation (1928), (1992), 236–7 69–70, 85, 87, 88, 101 (1994), 243–6 For Socialism and Peace (1934), (2007), 285–6 87–8, 100 (2010), 297–8 Labour’s Immediate Programme membership, 17–18, 24, 25, 26, 30, (1937), 100–1 43, 48, 49, 55, 66–7, 84, 99, 102, Labour’s Home Policy (1940), 109–111, 135, 145, 149–50, 181, 104, 111 182, 184, 211–12, 221, 222, 226, The Old World and the New Society 232, 233, 236, 241, 248, 249, (1942), 112 254, 265–6, 280–1, 282, 302 Full Employment and Financial National Executive Committee Policy (1944), 112 in First World War, 39, 41 Challenge to Britain (1953), 145 under 1918 constitution, 48–9 Labour’s Programme (1973), 188–9, in 1918–31, 53, 67, 68, 75, 79 195, 196, 197, 206–7, 224, 311

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402 Index

Labour Party – continued liberalism, 20, 22, 41, 145–6, 297 selection/reselection of MPs/ Liberals, Asquithian, 51, 57 candidates, 209, 211, 212, 214, Liberals, Lloyd George, 57 232, 241 Lib-Lab Pacts treasurership, 49, 70, 85–6, 100, 143, (1903), 19, 21, 22, 24, 34 148, 216 (1977), 201–2 women’s conference, 67, 68, 180–1 Lib-Labs, 16, 18, 22, 26, 28–9, 51 women’s sections, 55, 67, 180 licensing laws, 271 Young Socialists, 181, 226 life peerages, 130 Labour Representation committee ‘ Declaration’, 213 (LRC), 1, 8, 10, 11–23, 25, 31, Lincoln, 190 155, 316 Lisbon Treaty (2007), 293 Labour and , 95 , 59, 61, 71, 92, 149–50, Labour Solidarity Campaign, 217 214, 226 ‘labourism’, 19, 130, 214, 222 Livingstone, Ken, 237, 259, 260 Lancashire, 12, 18, 22, 26, 60, 71, 79, ‘’ programme, 70 96, 139, 152, 183, 191, 220 Lloyd George, David, 1, 26, 38–9, 40–1, Lancashire and Cheshire Miners’ 42, 45, 50, 52–3, 56, 57, 69, 71, Federation, 18 72, 76, 116, 255 land, 14, 49, 87, 112, 177, 192 local authorities, see local Lansbury, George, 20, 24, 33, 72, 75, government 81, 83, 86, 91, 93, 95 Local Authorities Enabling Bill, 90 Laski, Harold, 50, 68, 89, 90, 105, 112 local education authorities, 172, Law, Andrew Bonar, 34, 57, 60 201, 223 Laws, David, 297 local elections: Lawther, William, 147 (pre-1914), 28 League of Nations, 48, 62–3, 73, 94, (1919–22), 57 95, 273 (1930–39), 88, 91, 95 Lee, Jennie, 144 none during Second World War, 111 Lees-Smith, H. B., 106 (1945–51), 131, 136 Lehman Brothers bank, 289 (1955–59), 151 Leicester, 11, 85, 136, 277 (1966–70), 178, 183 Lend-Lease, 122, 132 (1982), 217 Lever, Harold, 190 (1983), 218 Liberal Democrat Party, 1, 239, 240, (1989), 233 252–3, 255, 260, 261, 264, 265, (1994), 242 268, 271, 275, 277, 279, 285, (1999), 265 292, 295–7, 300, 306 (2006), 280 Liberal Nationals, 115 (2007), 280 Liberal Party, 1, 2, 3, 9, 10–11, 15–18, (2008), 290 19–29, 31, 33–4, 37, 38, 40–2, 45, (2014), 302 47, 48, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, local government, 57, 62, 77, 79, 89, 63–5, 68, 69–70, 71–2, 74, 75–6, 90, 101, 115, 117, 128, 129, 130, 77, 78, 80, 82, 90, 92, 98–9, 115, 131, 145, 151, 173, 177, 204, 130, 136, 139, 140, 146, 153, 210, 223–4, 226, 232, 233, 260, 154, 155, 157, 160, 162, 190, 265, 270, 271, 280, 290, 312, 191, 192, 201–2, 214, 215, 229, 316, 318 304, 305, 306, 308 Local Government Act 1972, 177

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Index 403

London, 8, 10, 12, 22, 29, 36, 51, 53, Mann, Tom, 12, 14 57, 59, 61, 67, 71, 72, 78, 88, 92, markets, 15, 134, 142, 166, 167, 238 93, 101, 107, 115, 137, 164, 179, Marquand, David, 4, 6–7, 240 183, 199, 214, 220, 229, 234, Marshall Aid, 123, 133 237, 244, 254, 256, 259, 260, , 4, 12, 20, 31–2, 96, 154, 310 275, 279, 280, 282, 287, 306 Maudling, Reginald, 159 London County Council, 88, 107 Maxton, James, 67, 70, 84, 233, 244 London mayoralty, 259, 260, 282 May Committee on National Lord President’s Committee, 119 Expenditure (1931), 77, 79 Lords, House of, 17, 26, 27, 77, 91, 120, May, Sir George, 77, 79 130, 177, 205, 254, 261, 313 mayors, elected, 262, 313 lorry drivers, 204 Meacher, Michael, 220–1, 286 Luton, 153 means test, 100, 128, 201 Members of the European Macarthur, Mary, 38 Parliament, 249 McBride, Damien, 291 Members of Parliament McCluskey, Len, 302 expenses scandal, 293 Macdonald, Alexander, 9 payment of, 29 MacDonald, J. Ramsay, 1–2, 6–7, 82, 84, Merthyr, 17 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 101, 120, 126, Methodism, 77, 96 198, 199, 236, 240 Michael, Alun, 260 as secretary of LRC, 8, 16, 19–20, 21, middle class, 10, 12, 14, 15, 42, 47, 48, 22–3 59, 60, 92, 117–18, 121, 136, career 1906–14, 23, 24, 25, 28, 33–4 139, 155, 238, 245, 250, 265, in First World War, 37–8, 40, 47 305, 307 in period 1918–22, 52, 55 ‘Middle England’, 245, 250, 265 as leader 1922–23, 57, 59, 60 Middleton, James, 38, 111 as Prime Minister 1924, 61–5 Midlands, 22, 26, 51, 71, 92, 115, 152, in opposition 1924–29, 65, 68, 70, 71 153, 160, 183, 191, 193, 206, as Prime Minister 1929–31, 71–3, 220, 229, 234, 305, 306 75–80 Mikardo, Ian, 144 as National Prime Minister 1931–35, Milburn, Alan, 269, 278, 285, 80, 81, 90–1 288, 300 MacDonald–Gladstone Pact (1903), 19, Miliband, David, 285, 287, 290, 294, 21, 22, 24 295, 297, 298 McDonnell, John, 286 Miliband, Edward, 3, 285, 297, 298, McGuinness, Martin, 280 299–303, 210, 311, 313, 315 Maclean, John, 40 Miliband, Ralph, 4, 298 Macmillan Committee on Finance and Militant, 217 Industry (1929–31), 74 , 216–17, 226, 235 Macmillan, Harold, 97–8, 150, 156, military service tribunals, 45 157, 159, 172 Millbank Tower, 254 Major, John, 233–4, 238, 247, 251, 254– Milne, Eddie, 192 5, 258, 264, 266, 271, 273, 279 Miners’ Federation of Great Britain , 44, 136 (MFGB), 18, 22, 24, 25–6, 32, Mandelson, Peter, 227, 239, 245, 248, 51, 54, 70, 81, 97, 104 250, 258, 266, 269, 291, 294, Mintech, see Technology, Ministry 296, 300 of (‘Mintech’)

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404 Index , 113, 126, 141, National Left Wing Movement 149, 170 (NLWM), 67 Monmouthshire, 57 national minimum wage, 231, 253, 263, Morel, E. D., 47 266, 283, 309 Morgan, Rhodri, 260 National Plan, 162, 164, 165, 168 Morris, William, 13, 15 National Transport Workers’ Morrison, Herbert Federation (NTWF), 32, 53 before 1931, 3, 72, 81 National Union of General and in opposition 1931–39, 88, 89, Municipal Workers (NUGMW), 92–3, 97 51, 61, 147 in Second World War, 104, 107 National Union of Mineworkers as minister 1945–51, 119, 120, 121, (NUM), 147, 182, 225, 249 124, 131, 137, 138 National Union of Public Employees in opposition 1951–55, 143, 146, (NUPE), 204 147, 220 National Union of Rail, Maritime and Mosley, Sir Oswald, 72, 75–6, 155 Transport Workers (RMT), 317 Munich conference (1938), 94, 97 National Union of Railwaymen (NUR), Munitions of War Acts, 44 32, 52, 54, 61, 184 Must Labour Lose? (1960), 3, 152–3 National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), 31, 67 National Assistance Act 1948, 128 , nationalized National Board for Prices industries, 314 and Incomes, 169 in First World War, 46, 49 National Building Guild, 50 in period 1918–31, 52–3, 56, 60, 62, National Council of Labour (NCL), 86, 63, 65, 70 87, 96–7, 105 in 1930s, 85, 86, 87, 89, 100–1 national debt, 49 in Second World War, 112, 113, 115 National Enterprise Board (NEB), in period 1945–51, 119, 120, 121, 189, 196 122, 123–6, 127, 128, 131, National Federation of Women 136, 139 Workers (NFWW), 38 in 1950s, 144, 145, 149, 152, 153, National governments (1931–40), 2, 154–5, 158, 159 6, 80, 81, 83, 90, 92, 94, 95, 98, in 1960s, 162, 170–1 102, 116, 117, 193, 305 in 1970s, 196–7 National Health Service (NHS), 112, 1979–87, 210, 219, 223 114, 127–8, 130, 131, 138, 140, since 1987, 230, 246, 289 144, 151, 255, 263–4, 267, 270, naval disarmament, 73 278, 282, 291, 314 neoconservatives, 273, 283 National Industrial Relations Court, 188 Newcastle upon Tyne, 136 National Insurance Acts ‘New Deal’ programme, 259–60 (1911), 30 New Fabian Essays (1952), 144, 149 (1946), 128 New Fabian Research national insurance contributions, 271 Bureau (NFRB), 86 National Investment Board, 88, 89, 100 ‘new’ industries, 86 National Joint Advisory Committee, 110 New Labour, 2, 230–84, 286, 290, 292, National Joint Council (NJC) see National 297, 299, 301, 305, 309 Council of Labour (NCL) New Liberalism, 41 National Labour Party, 80, 84, 108 New Party, 75, 78

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Index 405

‘new unionism’, 10, 14 (1997–2001), 262, 264, 265, 267 New Zealand, 89, 237 (2001–05), 275, 277, 286 , 251 (2005–10), 286, 287, 289, 294 Next Ten Years (1929), 86 (2010–), 300, 303 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 39 Order 1305, 110, 121 Nigeria, 175 Orme, Stanley, 198, 200 ‘Night of the Long Knives’, 156 Osborne, George, 288 nonconformists, 23, 77 Osborne Judgment (1909), 26–7, 29 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Osborne, W. V., 26, 29 (NATO), 133, 140, 174–5, 203, Overseas Development, Ministry of, 211, 315 174, 176, 177 Northern Ireland, 179–9, 186, 191, 196, Owen, David, 189, 190, 203, 213–14 201–2, 258, 262, 274, 280 bank, 287, 289 pacifism, 40, 91, 94–5, 95–6, 102, 103, Northumberland Miners’ Association, 18 109, 316 Norway, 105 Paisley, Ian, 280 Notting Hill, 153 Pakistan, 134 , 153 Palestine, 78, 119, 134, 308, 315 , 84, 225, 306 Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) nuclear disarmament, multilateral, before 1906, 18 211, 219 1906–14, 3, 23, 24–5, 26 nuclear disarmament, unilateral, 148, in First World War, 37, 39, 41, 49 155–6, 203, 211, 219, 224, 228, 1918–31, 51–2, 53, 57, 75, 78 231–2 1931–39, 81–2, 83, 86, 87, 91, 92, nuclear weapons, 132, 140, 143, 160, 93, 95 175, 176, 203 in Second World War, 104–5, Number 10 Delivery Unit, 269 108–9, 111 1945–51, 120–1 Official Secrets Act 1911, 33 1951–64, 143–4, 147 oil, 185, 196, 207, 222 1964–70, 170 Olivier, Lord, 61 1970–79, 187, 189–90, 194, 198, 202 ‘one member, one vote’ (OMOV), 241, 1979–87, 212–13, 214–15, 221 246, 282 1987–97, 237, 240, 241, 243, 254 , 300 since 1997, 258, 261, 265, 275, Open University, 172 286, 299 opinion polls Passfield, Lord, see Webb, Sidney (1939–45), 107, 116 pay, see wages (1951–55), 142, 145 pay pause (1961), 156 (1955–59), 150 pensioner poverty, 270 (1959–64), 156, 157, 159 pensions, 24, 39, 43, 75, 76, 128, 151, (1964–70), 162, 170, 183 152, 173, 188, 192, 201, 205, (1970–74), 190 260, 263, 270, 282 (1974–79), 192, 202, 203, 204 ‘Pentonville Five’, 188 (1979–83), 215, 216, 217, 218, 219 Pethick-Lawrence, Frederick, 106 (1983–87), 224, 226, 227, 228 Petrograd, 39 (1987–92), 233, 234, 236 Peugeot, 196 (1992–97), 242, 246, 247, 248, 251, Phillips, Marion, 38 252, 255 Phillips, Morgan, 111, 149

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406 Index

‘Phoney War’, 104, 111 public works, 74–6 Pickard, Ben, 26 Purnell, James, 294 picketing, 9, 10, 187, 223, 225 The Purple Book (2011), 299–300 Plaid Cymru, 178, 191, 192, 202, 275, 296 quangos, 223 planning, 87, 88–90, 100, 101, 111–12, Quinn v. Leathem (1901), 17 113, 115, 124, 126–7, 158–9, 165, 172, 189, 195, 196, 314 race, 103, 135, 153, 160, 177, 179–80, Platts-Mills, John, 120 219, 229, 232, 256, 277, 279, 308 plural voting, 130 railways, 8, 9, 17, 30, 49, 53, 113, 121, Poland, 53, 94, 103, 105 124, 187 Political and Economic Planning Rainbow Circle, 20 (PEP), 111 rationing, 46, 127, 136, 139, 142 political levy, 29, 41, 66, 302 rearmament, 34, 94–5, 138, 143 Politics of Democratic Socialism (1940), 101 ‘Red Friday’, 65 poll tax, 223, 233, 234, 235 Redcliffe-Maud Committee, 177 polytechnics, 172 Redwood, John, 251 Ponsonby, Lord, 91 Reeves, Rachel, 251 Poor Law Commission, Minority referenda, 190, 193–4, 203, 205, Report (1908), 24 260, 262, 276, 300, 301, Powell, Colin, 275 303, 313 Powell, Enoch, 180, 193 Referendum Party, 251 Powell, Jonathan, 258 Reform Acts power, see fuel and power (1867), 9, 82, 146 Prescott, John, 232, 245–6, 249, 257, (1884), 9–10 258, 260, 269, 277 regional assemblies, English, 313 prescription charges, 173 regional policy, 101, 108, 171–2 Prevention of Terrorism Act 1974, 202 Reid, John, 269, 286 prices, 46, 65, 151, 159–60, 166, 169, religion, 13, 15, 115 185–6, 192, 207, 251, 263, 301; rents, 45–6, 62, 139, 173, 192, 201 see also inflation reparations, 62, 69, 73 prisons, 272 Representation of the People Acts Pritt, D. N., 105 (1918), 42 private finance initiative (PFI), 269, (1969), 182 282, 283 research and development, 165, 171 privatization, 219, 222, 223, 228, 247 Respect, 279 Profumo Scandal (1963), 159 Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act Progress and Poverty (1880), 14 1919, 44 ‘’, 4, 19, 20, 25, 28, 33, 37, , 20, 33, 141, 144, 151, 158, 41, 229 159, 161, 165, 172, 184, 186, protection see tariffs 208, 214, 224, 310 public corporation model, 89, 122, Rhodesia, 175, 176 124–6, 151, 170, 223; see also Rhondda, 32, 178 nationalization Right to Work Bill, 24, 25 public expenditure, 41, 52, 171, 173, road haulage, 124, 145, 151 175–6, 197, 199, 200, 207, 210, Robens, Alfred, 138 218, 228, 234, 271, 299; see also Robinson, Geoffrey, 266 budget Rochdale, 190

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Index 407

Rodgers, William, 156, 189, 198, 213, Sedgefield, 244 214, 215 Shackleton, David, 18, 23 Roman Catholics, 23, 68, 77–8, 81, 96, shadow cabinet, 143, 146, 147–8, 156, 178–9, 305, 308 158, 163, 186–7, 190, 209, 213, Rome, Treaty of (1957), 133 215, 227, 232, 237, 243, 244, Rose, Richard, 152, 160 298–9, 301 Rumsfeld, Donald, 275 Shadow Communications Agency, 239 rural areas, 55, 59, 60, 115, 139, 307 Shaw, George Bernard, 13 Russia, , 39, 47, 48, 50, 53, Shawcross, Sir Hartley, 3, 138 56, 63–4, 89, 94, 95, 105, 107, Sheffield, 27, 44, 111, 183, 234, 306, 316 117, 131–3, 134, 143, 154, 158, Shinwell, Emanuel, 92, 109, 120 232, 308 shipbuilding, 196 Ryder, Sir Donald, 196 Shipping Federation, 10 shop stewards, 44, 50, 110 Saddam Hussein, 271 Shore, Peter, 163, 176, 212, 217, 221 Saklatvala, Shapurji, 67 Short, Claire, 258, 275 Salisbury, Lord, 10 Short, Edward, 194 sanctions, 91, 176 Sierra Leone, 274 sanitation, 316 Silkin, John, 212, 215 Sankey Commission (1919), 52–3 single mothers, 264 Sankey, Lord, 52–3, 72, 80 Sinn Fein, 51 Scanlon, Hugh, 197 Skidelsky, Robert, 75 Scargill, Arthur, 225, 249–50, 317 ‘sleaze’, 238, 247, 251, 266, 281, 282 Schmidt, Helmut, 207 Smethwick, 179 school-leaving age, 75, 76, 77, 100, 114, Smillie, Robert, 38 129, 160, 172–3 Smith, Chris, 258, 271 school meals, 24 Smith, Ian, 175 science, 158–9, 171 Smith, Jacqui, 287 Scotland, 22, 26, 29, 51, 52, 57, 93–4, Smith, John 108, 152, 177–8, 183, 191, 192, before 1992, 214, 227, 230, 234, 235, 201–3, 205, 206, 209, 214, 227, 236–7 229, 236, 253, 255, 256, 260–1, as party leader 1992–94, 237–43, 244, 265, 267, 268, 279, 280, 301, 245, 246, 252, 282 302, 303, 306, 307, 313, 316 death of, 242–3, 244, 259 Party, 201 Snowden, Philip, 101, 126, 167, 198 Scottish National Party (SNP), 178, before 1924, 15, 18, 47, 52, 57 190, 191, 192, 202–3, 275, 290, as Chancellor 1924, 61, 63 294, 296 in opposition 1924–29, 65, 69 Scottish parliament, 260, 261, 280, 313 as Chancellor 1929–31, 72, 75, 79–80 Scottish Socialist Party (SSP), 268 in National government 1931–32, Scottish Workers’ Representation 80, 90 Committee, 22 Social Contract, 188–9, 192, 197, 200, seamen, 169 201, 207, 209 Second International, 36, 39 Social Democratic Federation (SDF), Second World War, 2, 44, 94, 102, 103–18, 12–13, 14, 16, 17, 31 181, 207, 222, 273, 312, 318 Social Democratic party (SDP), 185, ‘secret diplomacy’, 37 186, 213–16, 220, 229, 236, 240, Section 28, 271 305, 317

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408 Index social insurance, 112, 114 Stormont, 178–9 socialism, 4, 10, 12–16, 20, 21, 23, 25, strikes 26, 28, 30, 31–3, 48, 49–50, 59, by period: 62, 63, 65, 68, 70, 71, 81, 82–3, before 1900, 10, 15–16 84, 87, 88, 89–90, 100–1, 106, 1910–14, 30, 32, 34 117, 125–6, 142, 149, 158, 186, First World War, 44 210, 231, 250, 252, 310–11, 317 1918–22, 52–4 Socialist Labour Party (formed 1903), 31 1924, 63, 65 Socialist Labour Party (formed 1996), 1924–29, 65–6 250, 317 In 1930s, 87 Socialist League (formed 1884), 13 Second World War, 110 Socialist League (formed 1932), 85, 1945–51, 120, 121 88, 97 1951–64, 146, 150 Socialist Party of Great Britain, 31 1964–70, 169–70 social policy, 20, 24, 63, 127–30, 172–3, 1970–74, 185–6, 187–8, 190 177, 201, 231, 284, 314 1974–79, 204, 206 social reform, 24, 33, 49, 56, 111–2, 1979–97, 222, 225–6 117–18, 119, 121, 123, 172, 188, since 2010, 302 201, 317 by sector social security, 112, 128, 140 coal miners, 30, 32, 52, 54, 55, social services, 160, 173, 201 65–6, 187, 190, 225–6 Society for Socialist Inquiry and dockers, 10, 63 Propaganda (SSIP), 85, 86 lorry drivers, 204 South Africa, 21, 134 power workers, 187 southern England, 51, 92, 98, 115, public employees, 204 171, 183, 206, 229, 256, 268, railwaymen, 29, 53, 187 279, 305 seamen, 169 Soviet Union, see Russia transport workers, 63 Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands student fees, 265, 277, 282 (German Social Democratic Suez, 147, 148, 150, 175, 315 Party), 103, 154 sugar, 136 Spain, 95–6 Sun, The, 250–1 Spellar, John, 217 Sure Start, 270, 291 ‘stagflation’, 185 Sweden, 89 stakeholding, 254 syndicalism, 30, 31–2, 33, 87, 89 Stalybridge, 147 Syria, 301 State We’re In, The, 252–3 statism, 32, 43–6, 50, 68, 89–90, tactical voting, 256 101, 102, 126, 131, 178, 292, Taff Vale Case (1901), 17, 19, 311, 318 21, 23 Steel, David, 202 , 272 steel, see iron and steel Tanganyika, 135 sterling, sterling area, 79, 122–3, 132–3, tariffs, 18, 19, 21, 22, 27, 34, 41, 42, 56, 135, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 57, 60, 61, 63, 69, 73, 75–7, 78, 172, 174, 197–8 81, 90, 165–6 Stewart, Michael, 164, 174 Tatchell, Peter, 218 Stockholm conference, 39 Taunton, 115

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Index 409

Taverne, Dick, 189, 190, 192 (1935), 91 Tawney, R. H., 68, 69, 89 (1988), 231 taxation, 14, 20, 46, 49, 54, 63, 74, 79, trade unions, 304, 305, 307–8, 122, 151, 160, 166, 192, 197, 308–10, 317 201, 210, 216, 222, 223, 228, legal position, 8–11 230, 233, 234, 235, 238, 239, membership, 9, 13, 16, 24, 25, 246, 251, 260, 263, 270, 271, 29–30, 43, 50, 52, 99, 102, 288, 290, 291, 292 110, 135, 145, 183, 222, 282, Technology, Ministry of (‘Mintech’), 307–8 164, 165, 168, 171, 177 relations with socialists, 12–13, 14, telecommunications, 228 15, 16, 19 television, 150, 151, 219, 267, 278, 291, role in LRC, 8, 15–16, 17–18, 295, 296 19, 21 temperance, 25 role in Labour Party 1906–14, 22, 23, terror attacks 24, 25–6, 28, 29–30, 31–2, 33, New York (2001), 272 34, 43, 50 London (2005), 280 MacDonald’s view of, 28 Glasgow and London (2007), 287 and National Insurance Act textiles, 18, 30, 51, 59, 61, 78 1911, 30 Thatcher, Margaret, 2, 200, 201, in First World War, 38, 43–4, 45, 46, 206, 207, 209, 210, 216, 218, 47, 50 219, 222, 223, 228, 231, 233, and 1918 party constitution, 48–9 235, 248, 264, 271, 279, 300, in period 1918–22, 51–5, 58 305, 313 in interwar CLPs, 55 Thomas, J. H., 52, 54, 62, 65, 71–2, 75, and first Labour government, 61, 76, 79, 80 62, 65 Thomson, George, 190 and General Strike, 65–6, 67 Thorne, Will, 12, 14 and rationalization, 73 Thorpe, Jeremy, 191, 193, 202 and Labour government 1929–31, Tillett, Ben, 3, 13, 25 73–4, 78–80, 82 Tito, Josip Broz, 132 role in Labour Party in 1930s, 82, 84, tobacco advertising, 266 86, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, Tolpuddle Martyrs, 9 99, 100, 102 Trade Disputes Act 1906, 23–4, 222 in Second World War, 103, 104, Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act 106–7, 108, 109–10, 117 1927, 66, 78, 121 and 1945–51 government, 120, 121, Trade Union Acts 124, 135 1871, 9 and nationalized industries, 124–5 1913, 29, 30, 66 and immigration, 135, 180 trades councils, 29, 49 in 1950s, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, Trades Union Congress (TUC), 8, 9, 14, 150, 153, 154, 160 18, 24, 25, 26, 30, 37–8, 43, 53, and Labour government 1964–70, 54, 55, 65–6, 78–80, 86, 91, 109, 162, 169–71, 182, 184 113, 169, 170, 188, 198, 203–4 in early 1970s, 186, 187–8, 190–1 Trades Union Congresses and Labour government 1974–79, (1895), 14 192, 194, 195–6, 197–8, 200–1, (1899), 8 203–4, 205, 207–8

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410 Index trade unions – continued in period 1979–97, 210, 218, 221, in period 1979–83, 209–10, 211–12, 222, 226, 227, 228, 231, 237–8, 213, 214–15 247, 251 in period 1983–87, 220, 221, 222–3, and Labour government 1997–2010, 225–6 259, 266, 270–1 in period 1987–97, 231, 233, 236, unemployment benefit, 77, 78–80, 90, 237, 241, 243, 246, 248, 249–50, 128, 181 251, 252, 253, 254, 266 Union of Democratic Control (UDC), and Labour government 1997–2010, 37, 47–8, 61 266, 267, 278, 281, 282, 286 Union of Democratic Mineworkers since 2010, 298, 302 (UDM), 225 transport, 9, 63, 65, 87, 100, 112, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 283, 312 (USSR), see Russia Transport and General Workers’ Union Unison, 248 (TGWU), 54, 107, 147, 154, 163, Unite, 302 187, 188, 220, 248 United Kingdom Independence Party Treasury, 72, 79, 113, 120, 123, 131, (UKIP), 277, 290, 302–3 137, 163, 167, 195, 200, 243–4, , 138, 272–3, 274 262, 278, 289, 294, 297, 298 United States of America (USA), 12, Treasury Agreement (1915), 43 73, 119, 122–3, 131, 132–3, 134, Trevelyan, Sir Charles, 47, 77–8, 96, 98 137, 147, 157, 158, 166, 174–5, Triple Alliance, 32, 54 199, 203, 254, 262–3, 272–3, Turkey, 56, 132 274–5, 282, 283, 292, 315 2020 Vision, The, 285 Unity Campaign, 97 Tyneside, 196 universities, 160, 172, 277, 283 university seats, 130 Ulster Unionists, 75, 179, 201 unemployment/employment Varley, Eric, 193, 196 before 1914, 23, 24, 25 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 56 in period 1918–24, 49, 52, 54, 56–7, 60 Vietnam War, 174, 176, 203 and Labour government 1924, 63, 65 in mid-1920s, 68 wages and Labour government 1929–31, before 1914, 8, 30 72–7, 78, 79, 80, 81 in First World War, 43 in 1930s, 84, 90, 102 in period 1918–39, 49, 52, 53, 54, 63, in Second World War, 109, 112–13, 66, 70–1, 78, 81 116, 117, 118 in Second World War, 108 at 1945 election, 117–18 in period 1945–51, 122, 135, 139 and Labour government 1945–51, in period 1951–64, 145, 150, 156 119, 121, 122, 128, 135, 139, 140 in period 1964–70, 164, 169, 170, in period 1951–64, 141, 145, 150, 181, 182 151, 156, 159 in period 1970–79, 185, 188, 190, and Labour government 1964–70, 197–8, 200, 201, 203–4, 204–5, 165, 168–9, 171–2, 178, 181 207, 209–10 in period 1970–74, 185, 187, 191 in period 1997–2010, 231, 253, 263, and Labour government 1974–79, 196, 266, 283, 309 197, 198, 200, 201, 203, 206, 207 Wake, Egerton, 55

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Index 411

Wakefield, 18 in opposition 1970–74, 186, 187, Wales, 17, 19, 22, 25, 26, 51, 84, 92, 189–90 93, 98, 115, 139, 151, 163, 172, as Prime Minister 1974–76, 191–4, 177–8, 192, 202–3, 205, 206, 209, 195–6, 197–8, 206–7 212, 229, 251, 253, 255, 256, at 1983 election, 219 258, 260–1, 264, 265, 267, 268, Wilson, Woodrow, 274 279, 280, 282, 306, 307, 313, 316 Winchester, 116 Wall Street Crash, 73 ‘’ (1978–79), war debts, 69 204–5, 209–10 War Emergency Workers’ National Wolverhampton, 136 Committee (WEC), 37–8, 46 women, 52, 128, 222, 272, 307–8 water supply, 87, 136 and before 1914, Watford, 116 30–1, 34 ‘weapons of mass destruction’, 275–6 and Labour movement during First Webb, Beatrice, 6, 13, 24, 89 World War, 38, 42, 44, 45–6, 52 Webb, Sidney (Lord Passfield), 13, 15, and 1918 party constitution, 49 38, 40, 48, 49–50, 61, 82, 89, as Labour candidates at 1918 154, 250 election, 51 , 112, 130, 141, 149, 173, CLP women’s sections, 55, 67–8 210, 240, 314 marginalization of, in 1920s, 67–8 ‘welfare to work’, 262, 263 Labour women’s conference, 67–8, 181 Wellingborough, 51 and ‘Anomalies’ Act 1931, 78–9 Welsh Church Disestablishment, 25 in Second World War, 109, 110 Welsh Language Act 1967, 178 at general elections from 1945, 116, Welsh National Assembly, 260, 280, 313 136, 139, 146, 152, 160, 163, Welsh Office, 151, 177 183, 256, 268, 296, 307–8 West Indies, 135 and equal pay, 145 Westland Scandal, 227, 236 and government of 1964–70, 177, Westwood, Joseph, 108 180–1, 182 Wheatley, John, 61, 62, 69, 70, 96 plans for a Ministry of, 231 Wilkinson, Ellen, 108, 120 in Labour Party since 1987, 232, 237, Williams, Francis, 125 240–1, 258, 282, 286 Williams, Len, 149–50 MPs, 258 Williams, Robert, 53, 54 Woolwich, 21, 55, 57, 66 Williams, Shirley, 187, 189, 192, 194, workers’ control, see industrial 213–14, 215 democracy Williams, Tom, 108 Workers’ Weekly, 63workmen’s Williamson, Tom, 147 compensation, 24 Wilson, Harold, 2, 3, 222, 236, 257, working class, 9–11, 13–14, 15, 16, 19, 258, 302, 314, 315, 318 20–1, 23, 24, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, in Second World War, 108 48, 59–60, 61, 62, 68, 77, 79, as minister 1947–51, 120, 123, 126–7, 94, 96, 114, 117, 121, 128, 136, 135, 137, 138 139–40, 152–5, 160–1, 163, 179, in opposition 1951–64, 143, 149–50, 182, 198, 229, 246, 296, 304–5, 155–9, 160, 161 306–7, 308, 318 as Prime Minister 1964–70, 135, working families’ tax credit, 263 162–84, 186, 187, 206–7 workmen’s compensation, 24

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412 Index

World Disarmament Conference, 73, Young Plan (1929), 73 85, 95 youth, 117, 152, 176, 177, 181–2, 219, Wycombe, 116 229, 232, 255–6, 259–60 Yugoslavia, 132 XYZ Club, 87 ‘zero tolerance’, 254, 262 Yorkshire, 22, 25, 26, 84, 220, 229, 306 ‘’, 64 Yorkshire Miners’ Association, 17 Young, Michael, 111

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