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Penggambaran Etika Jawa Dalam Relief Wiracarita Ramayana Di Candi Prambanan, Jawa Tengah

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Penggambaran Etika Jawa Dalam Relief Wiracarita Ramayana Di Candi Prambanan, Jawa Tengah PENGGAMBARAN ETIKA JAWA DALAM RELIEF WIRACARITA RAMAYANA DI CANDI PRAMBANAN, JAWA TENGAH SKRIPSI Untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah pada Universitas Negeri Semarang Oleh Mufti Riyani NIM 3101401013 FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL JURUSAN SEJARAH 2005 PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING Skripsi ini telah disetujui oleh Pembimbing untuk diajukan ke sidang panitia ujian skripsi Prodi Pendidikan Sejarah, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Semarang pada: Hari : Tanggal : Pembimbing I Pembimbing II Dra. Ufi Saraswati, M.Hum Dra. Rr. Sri Wahyu S, M.Hum NIP. 131876209 NIP. 132010313 Mengetahui Ketua Jurusan Sejarah Drs. Jayusman, M.Hum NIP. 131764053 PENGESAHAN KELULUSAN Skripsi ini telah dipertahankan di depan Sidang Panitia Ujian Skripsi Jurusan Sejarah, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Universitas Negeri Semarang pada: Hari : Tanggal : Penguji Skripsi : Drs. Abdul Muntholib, M.Hum NIP. 131813653 Anggota I Anggota II Dra. Ufi Saraswati, M.Hum Dra. Rr.Sri Wahyu Sarjanawati, M.Hum NIP. 131876209 NIP. 132010313 Mengetahui: Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Drs. Sunardi, M M NIP. 130367998 PERNYATAAN Saya menyatakan bahwa yang tertulis di dalam skripsi ini benarbenar hasil karya sendiri, bukan jiplakan dari karya tulis orang lain, baik sebagian atau seluruhnya. Pendapat atau temuan orang lain yang terdapat dalam skripsi ini dikutip atau dirujuk berdasarkan kode etik ilmiah. Semarang, Agustus 2005 Mufti Riyani NIM 3101401013 MOTTO DAN PERSEMBAHAN ♠ Haluslah agar kau tak terlihat, misteriuslah agar kau tak teraba, dan kau akan kuasai nasib lawanmu. (Sun Tzu) ♠ Kehormatan adalah mempertahankann apa yang kita yakini, bukan apa yang kita tau (Penulis) Akhirnya selesai juga…. Ini ku persembahkan kepada: 1. Bapak dan ibu serta adik-adikku yang memberi terlalu banyak cinta, agar aku dapat belajar bagaimana bertanggung jawab pada hidup dan pilihanku. 2. ‘Wisanggeniku’ atas api yang bakar otak dan hati tuk mau berevolusi, atas sekelumit ‘gambaraning jagad’ yang banyak berarti, maaf hanya ini…..! 3. Super Zupper: mba Inung , fiska , Dani. Untuk hari- hari yang mengharu biru. 4. Dwi-ku, untuk hari-hari yang habis denganku. 5. Mahluk-mahluk manis penghuni ‘Griya Arga Tika’, terima kasih kehangatannya. 6. Teman-teman seperjuangan di sejarah ’01 dan almamaterku. KATA PENGANTAR Segala syukur kehadirat Tuhan YME, atas izin dan kekuatan yang diberikan kepada penulis sehingga penyusunan skripsi yang berjudul “Penggambaran Etika Jawa Dalam Relief Wiracarita Ramayana Di Candi Prambanan, Jawa Tengah”, akhirnya dapat terselesaikan juga. Dalam usaha ini, kiranya hambatan dan kesulitan dapat teratasi dengan bimbingan, saran, dorongan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, dalam kesempatan ini, dengan rasa hormat, perkenankanlah penulis menyampaikan terima kasih yang mendalam kepada: 1. Dr. H. A.T. Soegito, S.H, M.M, Rektor Universitas Negeri Semarang. 2. Drs. Soenardi, Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial. 3. Drs. Jayusman, M.Hum, Ketua Jurusan Sejarah 4. Dra. Ufi Saraswati, M.Hum, Dosen Pembimbing I, atas segala kesabaran dan perhatiannya dalam proses bimbingan dan penyusunan skripsi ini hingga dapat terselesaikan. 5. Dra. Rr. Sri Wahyu Sarjanawati, M.Hum, Dosen pembimbing II, yang telah memberi bimbingan dan pengarahan dengan penuh ketelatenan sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan. 6. Dosen-dosen Sejarah, FIS, UNNES, terima kasih untuk bekal ilmunya. 7. Bapak, ibu, adik-adik dan keluarga besarku, atas do’a yang tak putus- putusnya. 8. Keluarga besar Tampingan, Kendal: Abah Abdul Mujib dan keluarga, ayah Jati, Mas Yanto dan keluarga Mbah Yah, Mas Kis, Mba Navi dan Fia anakku, Mas Har dan keluarga, Mas Win, Mas Tulus, Pak Kuntarno, cah-cah Lumbung dan cah-cah FERARI. Terima kasih untuk cinta, sokongan, wejangan dan do’anya. 9. Teman-teman baikku: Mundri (besar badan gak boleh kecil hati ya!), temen di ‘PPL Zone’ atas nama cinta, sobat di KKN-nanku, Tatang (terima kasih suamiku, he…he..), Pipit ‘lombok abang’, mbak Ninik, dan semua teman yang lupa kusebut tapi mungkin tetap di hati. 10. Bu Jum, Mba Retno, Bu Nur, Mba Darsih CS dan Mas Surono, terima kasih bantuannya. Penulis hanya dapat berterima kasih dan berharap semoga kebaikan semua pihak tersebut mendapatkan imbalan dari Alloh SWT. Dalam skripsi ini, disadari masih banyak bagian yang belum sempurna, oleh karena itu, kiranya kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun sangat diharapkan. Semoga Skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan dunia pendidikan. Semarang, Agustus 2005 Penulis ABSTRAK Mufti Riyani. 2005. Penggambaran Etika Jawa Dalam Relief Wiracarita Ramayana di Candi Prambanan, Jawa Tengah. Jurusan Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Semarang. 174 halaman. 8 lampiran. Kata Kunci: Etika Jawa, Relief Wiracarita Ramayana Masyarakat Jawa selalu meletakan etika sebagai barometer untuk menyatakan seseorang disebut wis Jowo sebagai tanda kemengertian pada identitas Jawa. Unsur etika digambarkan dan diajarkan melalui peninggalan kebudayaan yang berada di tengah-tengah masyarakat Jawa, salah satunya melalui Candi Prambanan dengan relief penting Wiracarita Ramayana. Permasalahan yang akan dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1). Bagaimana bentuk etika dalam kehidupan orang Jawa?, (2). Bagaimana penggambaran relief wiracarita Ramayana di Candi Prambanan? (3). Bagaimana etika Jawa yang digambarkan pada relief Candi Prambanan?. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1). Mengetahui bagaimana bentuk etika Jawa, (2). Mengetahui bagaimana penggambaran relief wiracarita Ramayana di Candi Prambanan (3). Mengetahui bagaimana etika Jawa yang digambarkan dalam relief wiracarita Ramayana di Candi Prambanan. Manfaat yang di peroleh dari penelitian ini antara lain: (1). Memberi sumbangan bagi pengembangan keilmuan, khususnya kajian relief , (2). Menjadi bahan pertimbangan dan motivasi bagi usaha pelestarian nilai-nilai budaya bangsa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah (historical method) dengan langkah: (1). Heuristik atau pencarian jejak sejarah. Sumber yang dipakai berupa sumber benda berupa relief dan sumber tertulis, (2) Kritik sumber, baik ekstern maupun intern, (3) Interpretasi, yaitu dengan menghubung-hubungkan fakta yang saling terpisah antara tampilan relief dengan kajian litertur mengenai etika Jawa. (4) Tahap historiografi, data dirangkai dan hasilnya akan disajikan dalam bentuk naskah. Pendekatan semiotika digunakan untuk intepretai data. Semiotika adalah ilmu mengenai tanda dan segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengannya. Bidang kajian semiotik yang diterapkan adalah kajian kode budaya. Relief wiracarita Ramayana merupakan tanda yang memunculkan konotasi untuk kemudian di interpretasikan berdasarkan pengalaman empiris masyarakat Jawa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa masyarakat Jawa memaknai etika dalam bentuk budi pekerti. Konsep dasar etika Jawa adalah kaidah hormat dan rukun. Penggambaran relief wiracarita Ramayana di Candi Prambanan, cenderung mengikuti naskah Hikayat Seri Rama dalam sastra melayu. Alur cerita menunjukan pengguanaan bentuk uttarakandha. Tampilan rukun yang banyak di gambarkan dalam relief adalah perilaku rembug, lung tinulung, guyup, gotong-royong, layat serta tepo saliro. Kaidah hormat yang paling menonjol diwujudkan dalam tata krama duduk. Kaidah ini diajarkan melalui pituduh (nasehat) dan wewaler (larangan). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penulis mengajukan saran: pengkajian lain diharapkan dapat membantu memelihara dan melestarikan nilai-nilai budaya Jawa. Relief wiracarita Ramayana pada Candi Prambanan diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media budaya dan media pembelajaran. DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... i PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING.................................................................... ii PENGESAHAN KELULUSAN ...................................................................... iii PERNYATAAN............................................................................................... iv MOTTO DAN PERSEMBAHAN .................................................................. v KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... vi ABSTRAK....................................................................................................... viii DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... ix DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................... xi DAFTAR ISTILAH ......................................................................................... xii BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 1 B. Rumusan Masalah .................................................................... 7 C. Tujuan dan Manfaat ................................................................. 7 D. Ruang Lingkup penelitian ......................................................... 8 E. Kajian Pustaka ........................................................................... 13 F. Metode Penelitian ..................................................................... 17 G. Sistematika Penulisan......................................................... …. 28 BAB II KEADAAN UMUM DAN SEJARAH CANDI PRAMBANAN A. Lokasi Candi dan Masyarakat di Sekitar Candi Prambanan 1. Letak dan kondisi geografis ................................................... 30 2. Lingkungan masyarakat ......................................................... 32 B. Sejarah Candi Prambanan.........................................................
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