DOCSLIB.ORG

Submission to the Inquiry Into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Submission to the Inquiry Into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 815 Submission to the Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Document Control Sheet Description This is a submission to the Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria on marine ecosystem and environmental science and governance matters. Keywords Ecosystem decline, marine ecosystems, marine science, scientific standards, ecosystem based management, EIA, EES, monitoring and evaluation, marine knowledge framework, oversight and auditing, environmental responsibility, Victorian marine natural values. Citation Edmunds M (2020). Submission to the Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria. Australian Marine Ecology Report No. 568. Melbourne. Amendments Version Section Date Amendment Details 1 All 30-08-20 Submission Distribution Copy Holder Section/Organisation 1 EPC Legislative Council Environment and Planning Committee 2 Library Australian Marine Ecology File Project Package Report Version Approved Date Issued 1 568 01 Managing Director 31-08-20 31-08-20 Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd [email protected] www.marine-ecology.com.au ABN 87 090 556 595 © 2020 by Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd, all rights reserved. Copyright subsists in all Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd deliverables including magnetic, optical and/or any other soft copy of these deliverables. This document may not be reproduced, in full or in part, without written permission from Australian Marine Ecology or its Client. R568-01 Australian Marine Ecology 2 of 46 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 815 Contents 1 Submission ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Submission Details ......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background .................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Marine and Coastal Submission .................................................................... 1 2 Decline in Marine Ecosystems ............................................................................ 2 2.1 State of Knowledge ........................................................................................ 2 2.2 Port Phillip Bay ............................................................................................. 2 2.3 Port Phillip Heads ......................................................................................... 5 2.4 Westernport .................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Corner Inlet .................................................................................................... 8 2.6 Gippsland Lakes............................................................................................. 9 2.7 Open Coast Habitats ...................................................................................... 9 3 Adequacy of the Legislative Framework ......................................................... 12 3.1 Fishery Act ................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Environment Protection Authority Act......................................................... 13 3.3 FFG Act ....................................................................................................... 15 3.4 EES Act, VCAT and Planning Approvals .................................................... 16 3.5 Marine and Coastal Act ............................................................................... 18 4 Protecting and Restoring Ecosystems .............................................................. 19 4.1 Monitoring Environmental Status ................................................................ 19 4.2 Management Responses ............................................................................... 20 4.3 Ecological Impact Assessment ..................................................................... 20 4.4 Building Ecological Knowledge .................................................................. 21 5 Management in Context of Climate Change ................................................... 23 5.1 Reducing Emissions ..................................................................................... 23 5.2 Regulating Green Industries ........................................................................ 23 5.3 Managing Resilience to Climate Change .................................................... 24 5.4 No Recovery – Preserve Existing Natural Capital ...................................... 25 R568-01 Australian Marine Ecology 3 of 46 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 815 5.5 Management and Scientific Directions ........................................................ 26 5.6 Now or Never ............................................................................................... 26 6 Upholding Connection to Country ................................................................... 27 6.1 Incorporating Indigenous Knowledge ......................................................... 27 6.2 Indigenous Science Programs...................................................................... 27 6.3 Co-Management and Stewardship ............................................................... 28 7 Related Matters – Scientific Aspects ................................................................ 29 7.1 Information Needs ........................................................................................ 29 7.2 Trends in Science Practices ......................................................................... 29 7.3 Professional Scientific Capital .................................................................... 30 7.4 Standards and Ethics ................................................................................... 30 8 Opportunities and Recommendations.............................................................. 32 9 Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 33 10 Appendix A – Curriculum Vitae ........................................................................ 34 R568-01 Australian Marine Ecology 4 of 46 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 815 Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline - Submission 1 1 Submission 1.1 Submission Details Submission to: The Committee Manager Standing Committee on Environment and Planning Parliament House, Spring Street East Melbourne, VIC 3002 This submission was prepared by: Dr Matt Edmunds Principal Ecologist Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd 82 Parsons St, Kensington, VIC 3031 Contact: 0407 088 840, [email protected] 1.2 Background This submission was based on direct observations and scientific studies of Victorian marine ecosystems since the mid 1990s and recent work on compiling, centralising and reviewing all available scientific marine imagery and data bases for the Government’s Marine Knowledge Framework. Dr Edmunds has first hand experience of many of the ecosystems and changes over the last three decades, as well as changes with historical data. This includes being involved with the subtidal reef and intertidal reef long-term monitoring programs, as well as conservation and impact assessment and monitoring for seagrass, sediment and deep sponge garden habitats. Dr Edmunds has considerable experience in the processes of environmental and impact assessments, monitoring and the processes around protecting the sustainability of marine ecosystems and matters of conservation significance. He has varied experience in the application of science for supporting planning and decisions for good environmental outcomes. A curriculum vitae is provided in the Appendix. 1.3 Marine and Coastal Submission This submission presents information to the Standing Committee on Environment and Planning with respect to scientific observations and professional experiences in the marine and coastal environments. This submission highlights present issues and opportunities for improvement. Because of time constraints with another major EES review occurring at the same and COVID-19 stage 4 restrictions, this submission is somewhat rushed and is lacking in the provision of supporting evidence and citations. More detailed information and citations can be provided on request. R568-01 Australian Marine Ecology 5 of 46 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 815 Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline - Decline in Marine Ecosystems 2 2 Decline in Marine Ecosystems (a) The extent of the decline of Victoria’s biodiversity and the likely impact on people, particularly First Peoples, and ecosystems, if more is not done to address this, including consideration of climate change impacts. 2.1 State of Knowledge The following is a general overview of decline of marine ecosystems in Victoria, but is by no means complete or comprehensive. It should be acknowledged that there are large knowledge gaps in our present understanding of marine ecosystems in Victoria. There have been few standardised ecological long-term monitoring programs. These were being confined to the abalone stock assessment program that included some other reef species, subtidal reef monitoring program and intertidal reef monitoring program. Standardised ecosystem monitoring was discontinued in 2015 (the abalone program continued but measures only abalone species). There have been sporadic large-scale investigations, but
Load more

Recommended publications
  • By Tilly Reynolds and Caitlin Griffith
    By Tilly Reynolds and Caitlin Griffith VICTORIAN NATIONAL PARKS ASSOCIATION The Victorian National Parks Association (VNPA) helps shape the agenda for creating and managing national parks, conservation reserves and other important natural areas across land and sea in Victoria. The VNPA works with all levels of government, the scientific community and the general community to achieve long term, best practice environmental outcomes. The VNPA is also Victoria’s largest bushwalking club and provides a range of information, education and activity programs to encourage Victorians to get active for nature. REEF WATCH Reef Watch is a citizen science program run by the VNPA. The program encourages divers and snorkellers to monitor marine life at their favourite dive sites. The project has been developed by the Australian Marine Conservation Society and the Marine and Coastal Community Network. Reef Watch co-ordinates a number of marine conservation programs, including ‘Feral or in Peril’ and the Great Victorian Fish Count. In 2012 Reef Watch won the 2012 award for Excellence In Education from Victoria’s Coastal Council. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VNPA: Chris Smyth, Caitlin Griffith, Heath Rickard, John Sampson, Victoria McClellan (volunteer). Parks Victoria: Mark Rodrigue, Shannon Hurley, Stephen Tuohy, David Langmead, Jessica Strang and Pete Hay, Rob Hemsworth, Chris Hayward. Coastcare Victoria: Philip Wierzbowszki. Museum Victoria and Redmap Victoria: Mark Norman, Dianne Bray, Julian Finn, Robin Wilson. Ecologic: Sharon Blum-Caon. Participating groups:
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphical Framework for the Devonian (Old Red Sandstone) Rocks of Scotland South of a Line from Fort William to Aberdeen
    Stratigraphical framework for the Devonian (Old Red Sandstone) rocks of Scotland south of a line from Fort William to Aberdeen Research Report RR/01/04 NAVIGATION HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS DOCUMENT ❑ The general pagination is designed for hard copy use and does not correspond to PDF thumbnail pagination. ❑ The main elements of the table of contents are bookmarked enabling direct links to be followed to the principal section headings and sub-headings, figures, plates and tables irrespective of which part of the document the user is viewing. ❑ In addition, the report contains links: ✤ from the principal section and sub-section headings back to the contents page, ✤ from each reference to a figure, plate or table directly to the corresponding figure, plate or table, ✤ from each figure, plate or table caption to the first place that figure, plate or table is mentioned in the text and ✤ from each page number back to the contents page. Return to contents page NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Research Report RR/01/04 Stratigraphical framework for the Devonian (Old Red Sandstone) rocks of Scotland south of a line from Fort William to Aberdeen Michael A E Browne, Richard A Smith and Andrew M Aitken Contributors: Hugh F Barron, Steve Carroll and Mark T Dean Cover illustration Basal contact of the lowest lava flow of the Crawton Volcanic Formation overlying the Whitehouse Conglomerate Formation, Trollochy, Kincardineshire. BGS Photograph D2459. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Ordnance Survey licence number GD 272191/2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Point Nepean Forts Conser Vation Management Plan
    Point Nepean Forts Conservation Management Plan POINT NEPEAN FORTS CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN Parks Victoria July 2006 This document is based on the Conservation Plans for the Point Nepean National Park Fortifications (1990) and Gun Emplacement No. 1 (1988) prepared by the Historic Buildings Branch, Ministry Of Housing and Construction, reviewed and updated for currency at the time of creation of the new and expanded Point Nepean National Park in 2005. ii CONTEXT This Conservation Management Plan (CMP) for the Point Nepean Forts is one of three Conservation Management Plans for historic heritage that have been prepared and/or reviewed to support the Point Nepean National Park and Point Nepean Quarantine Station Management Plan, as shown below: Point Nepean National Park and Point Nepean Quarantine Station Draft Management Plan Point Nepean Forts South Channel Fort Point Nepean Quarantine Conservation Conservation Station Draft Conservation Management Plan Management Plan Management Plan The Conservation Management Plan establishes the historical significance of all the fortification structures centring on the Fort Nepean complex area, as well as Eagles Nest and Fort Pearce, develops conservation policies for the sites as a whole as well as their individual features, and provides detailed strategies and works specifications aimed at the ongoing preservation of those values into the future. The Conservation Management Plan for Point Nepean Forts supports the Point Nepean National Park and Point Nepean Quarantine Station Draft Management
    [Show full text]
  • Laura's Beach and Paddleout Plan
    Laura’s beach and paddleout plan Need: • Pen and paper x 30 • Yarn • Bingo sheets • Boards • Wetties • Tent • Flag WELCOME to Frankston and the beautiful Port Phillip Bay. I’m Laura Alfrey and I’m a lecturer... Acknowledgment of country We are very lucky to have a formal welcome to country later but for now I’ll acknowledge that we are stood on the traditional lands of the Boon Wurrung and Bunurong people of the Kulin nation and I wish to acknowledge them as Traditional Owners. I would like to pay my respects to their Elders, past and present, and the Elders from other communities who may be here today. The land of the Boon Wurrung and Bunurong people extends from the Werribee Creek in the north to Wilson's Promontory in the east. DRAW MAP ON SAND The traditional culture of Indigenous people is characterised by strong recognition and valuing of the roles of elders and traditional customs, such as reciprocity and a shared vision of community. At the heart of this conference is community and we hope that this meeting today is the start of our version of the IWS community, a group of women surfers who have come together to learn from each other and harness our strengths for good. Back to the map… Surf breaks/Map Places of interest: • Melbourne • The heads of the bay (Portsea and Queenscliffe) • Out west to the Great Ocean Road and home of Bells Beach • On the Mornington Peninsula: • Westernport/facing Phillip Island - point leo, shoreham and flinders • Back beaches - Gunnamatta, Rye • In the bay - south channel fort - part of a network of fortifications protecting the narrow entrance to Port Phillip.
    [Show full text]
  • Final General Management Plan, Wilderness Study, and Environmental Impact Statement June 2013
    Fort Pulaski National Monument National Park Service Georgia U.S. Department of the Interior Final General Management Plan, Wilderness Study, and Environmental Impact Statement June 2013 Front cover photo credits, clockwise from top left:National Park Service; Tammy Herrell; David Libman; David Libman General Management Plan / Wilderness Study / Environmental Impact Statement Fort Pulaski National Monument Chatham County, Georgia SUMMARY President Calvin Coolidge established Fort Lighthouse and the other is known as Pulaski as a national monument by Daymark Island. Finally, in 1996, Congress proclamation on October 15, 1924, under the passed a law that removed the U.S. Army authority of section 2 of the Antiquities Act Corps of Engineers’ reserved right to deposit of 1906. The proclamation declared the dredge spoil on Cockspur Island. entire 20-acre area “comprising the site of the old fortifications which are clearly This General Management Plan / Wilderness defined by ditches and embankments” to be Study / Environmental Impact Statement a national monument. provides comprehensive guidance for perpetuating natural systems, preserving By act of Congress on June 26, 1936 (49 Stat. cultural resources, and providing 1979), the boundaries of Fort Pulaski opportunities for high-quality visitor National Monument were expanded to experiences at Fort Pulaski National include all lands on Cockspur Island, Monument. The purpose of the plan is to Georgia, then or formerly under the decide how the National Park Service can jurisdiction of the secretary of war. The best fulfill the monument’s purpose, legislation also authorized the Secretary of maintain its significance, and protect its the Interior to accept donated lands, resources unimpaired for the enjoyment of easements, and improvements on McQueens present and future generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Parkwatch #248 March 2012
    march 2012 No 248 $7.00 People caring for nature The quarTerly jourNal of The Vic ToriaN NaTioNal Parks associa TioN Saving the sea INSIDE • Marine conservation • VNPA 60th anniversary • Control burning • Cattle grazing • Darebin Parklands • Tributes … and more Inside VNPA 60th anniversary: Tidal River lodges in 1953. Control burning threatens biodiversity. Does it save houses? See p. 12. PhoTo courTesy Dse See p. 14. PhoTo: Geoff cary Strathbogie Ranges CMN members, part of the Central Victorian Discover Chiltern-Mt Pilot NP. Biolink project, discover the Ranges’ geology. See p. 26. PhoTo: Geoff Durham See p. 16. PhoTo: jaNeT haGeN Remember Lake Mokoan? It’s now the Winton Wetlands. See p. 28. PhoTo: scott harTViGseN Julia, aged 8, likes planting at Darebin Parklands. VNPA pioneer Ena Stewart, then aged 88, enjoys a Tiger Moth See p. 32. PhoTo: DPa flight in 2004. See tribute p. 34. People caring for nature e N i V e President D fred Gerardson e director matt ruchel tt administration officer amy Dyer o:be level 3, 60 leicester street, T Contents carlton, Vic. 3053. ho P abN 34 217 717 593 Telephone: (03) 9347 5188 facsimile: (03) 9347 5199 e-mail: [email protected] ‘NaTioNal’ Parks NaTioNal iN Name oNly by matt ruchel 5 web: www.vnpa.org.au frieNDs of beware reef moNiTor mariNe life 6 VnPa’s Vision by Don love we share a vision of Victoria as a place with a diverse, secure and healthy natural environment NeeDeD – a coNserVaTioN VisioN for VicToria 8 cared for and appreciated by all.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Road with President Woodrow Wilson by Richard F
    On the Road with President Woodrow Wilson By Richard F. Weingroff Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 2 Woodrow Wilson – Bicyclist .................................................................................. 1 At Princeton ............................................................................................................ 5 Early Views on the Automobile ............................................................................ 12 Governor Wilson ................................................................................................... 15 The Atlantic City Speech ...................................................................................... 20 Post Roads ......................................................................................................... 20 Good Roads ....................................................................................................... 21 President-Elect Wilson Returns to Bermuda ........................................................ 30 Last Days as Governor .......................................................................................... 37 The Oath of Office ................................................................................................ 46 President Wilson’s Automobile Rides .................................................................. 50 Summer Vacation – 1913 .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Victorian Heritage Database Place Details - 26/9/2021 SOUTH CHANNEL FORT
    Victorian Heritage Database place details - 26/9/2021 SOUTH CHANNEL FORT Location: PORT PHILLIP BAY, UNINCORPORATED Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number: H1502 Listing Authority: VHR Extent of Registration: Amendment of Register of Government Buildings Port Phillip Bay South Channel Fort, Port Phillip Bay (the whole of the structure and works contained in Certificate of Title Volume 6665, Folio 905). [Victoria Government Gazette No. G39 12 October 1988 p.3092] Transferred to the Victorian Heritage Register 23 May 1998 (2 years after the proclamation of the Heritage Act 1995 pursuant to the transitional provisions of the Act) Statement of Significance: South Channel Fort, constructed between 1879 and 1888, was designed by Colonel Peter Scratchley of the Royal Engineers using the 'Twydall Redoubt' principles of sand parapets to be the key fort in the network of the outer defences of Port Phillip protecting it from anticipated naval attacks in the late nineteenth century. The fort was intended to play a key role in holding enemy ships in a triangle of fire between Queenscliff, Point Nepean (or Point Franklin) and its own guns; and to lay, control and test the minefield in the South Channel. 1 The fort is an artificial island built up on 14,000 tonnes of bluestone boulders and concrete with sand overburden. It is 121.9 metres long, 76.2 metres wide and 6.4 metres high above sea level. The fortifications comprise a concrete and red-gum military dugout bunker system which is mainly underground with some areas breaking the surface as gun emplacements facing south and as a service yard facing north.
    [Show full text]
  • 7895 MP-Tour Map-10.Indd
    FRANKSTON FRANKSTON NORTHERN PENINSULA NORTHERN PENINSULA PENINSULA HINTERLAND PENINSULA HINTERLAND PENINSULA HINTERLAND PENINSULA HINTERLAND PENINSULA HINTERLAND PENINSULA HINTERLAND www.tyabbpackinghouseantiques.com.au H10 148 Ref: Mel #5,452% !24 #5,452% !24 #5,452% !24 #5,4 8428 5978 (03) Ah: 3216 5977 (03) Fax: 4414 5977 (03) Ph: MMorningtonornington PPeninsulaeninsula & SURROUNDS & SURROUNDS MEANDER MEANDER EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE 52% ! EXPERIENCE &//$ EXPERIENCE &//$ EXPERIENCE &//$ EXPERIENCE (%2)4!'% (%2)4!'% !##/- (%2)4!'% !##/- (% 24 !##/- 2)4!'% 7).% 7).% 7).% Day. Christmas & Friday Good Closed 10am ~ 5pm Thursday ~ Sunday, Public Holidays, Holidays, Public Sunday, ~ Thursday 5pm ~ 10am Hours: FRANKSTON ARTS CENTRE McCLELLAND GALLERY MORNINGTON ON TANTI MPRG – MORNINGTON PENINSULA LAKESIDE VILLAS AT MARION ROSETZKY GALLERY PORT PHILLIP ESTATE & KOOYONG RED HILL ESTATE THE LONG TABLE THE STABLES AT RED HILL Hundreds of new experiences + SCULPTURE PARK When visiting our bistro you will fi nd a most REGIONAL GALLERY CRITTENDEN ESTATE A working studio specialising in the The new Port Phillip Estate is an architectural Capture the Essence of the Mornington Set in the heart of wine country this wine Ideal for group bookings. The unique ‘Whilst visiting the Mornington Peninsula Art Gallery complex set in 16ha Sculpture tantalising menu on offer. After scrumptious Renowned for its collection of works on production of unique hand painted tiles. landmark and home to Kooyong and Port Peninsula at Red Hill Estate. bar/restaurant captures the essence of a true ambience gives you a home away from Quality appointments throughout ensure your You’ll experience our multi -award winning Mornington Peninsula experience. Seasonal checkout What’s On at the Centre; Park with over 60 major Australian sculptures.
    [Show full text]
  • VNPA Nature Conservation Seview
    Report to Victorian National Parks Association H@qq THr FTrh @Turrq EPt Sr I#$ Wr v 6 vy! Australian Marine Ecology Abstract Review and analysis of marine and coastal conservation status and priorities in Victoria for the Victorian National Parks Association. Keywords Nature conservation review, Victoria, marine, coastal, threats, priorities, values, gap analysis, marine protected areas, conservation management. Citation Edmunds M, Mustoe S, Stewart K, Sheedy E and Ong J (2009) VNPA Nature Conservation Review: Marine Conservation Priorities and Issues for Victoria. Report to Victorian National Parks Association. Australian Marine Ecology Report 405, Melbourne. Amendments No Section Date Amendment Details 0.1 All 20-10-08 Draft outline 0.4 All 18-05-09 Restructuring of report 0.5 All 04-07-09 Revised draft with hazard analysis 0.10 All 18-04-10 Final draft for VNPA review. Distribution Copy Holder Section/Organisation 1 Library Australian Marine Ecology 2 Ms Paige Shaw Victorian National Parks Association 3 Mr Simon Mustoe AES File: 405-04-R0405-010 Version: 0.10 Pages: 203 Approved: Managing director, 18-04-10 Issued: 18-04-10 Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd www.marine-ecology.com.au ABN 87 090 556 595 © 2010 by Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd, all rights reserved. Copyright subsists in all Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd deliverables including magnetic, optical and/or any other soft copy of these deliverables. This document may
    [Show full text]
  • Popular Rhymes of Scotland : Original Poems
    POPULAR EHYMES OF SCOTLAND. RHYMES ON PLACES. Natural objects of a conspicuous kind, as mountains and rivers, attract the attention of the rudest people, and pro- bably are the lirst which receive names in the infancy of a newly-settled country. There is a disposition in Scotland, and probably in other countries, to work up the names of such objects in verse, sometimes with associated circum- stances, but often with little besides a bare enumeration or list. Thus arises a large class of what may be called Topo- graphical Rhymes. In some instances the ideas introduced are of a striking- and poetical nature ; and it is worthy of remark, that, even where the names alone are given in the versified list, there is usually a euphony in the structure of the verse, which makes it tell on the simple ear like a strain of one of our pastoral melodies. In other instances, these rhymes are curious on account of the grotesque words which they introduce to notice. It would almost appear as if the composers of such verses had addressed themselves on some occasions to select a set of the most whimsical names of places and men in their vicinity, for the amuse- ment of strangers. Another section of our topographical rhymes contain allusions to events of a public or private nature, or pre- dictions of events expected yet to come. Others relate to things for which the places were remarkable. ' ! — —— — POPULAR RHYMES OF SCOTLAND. BERWICKSHIRE. TWEED AXD TILL, The Tweed is, in g-eneral, a broad, shallow, clear, and rapid river, not ill-provided with fords.
    [Show full text]
  • Park Note: South Channel Fort
    South Channel Fort Visitor Guide South Channel Fort is a unique and highly significant 19th Century s artificial island. Built during the 1880s, it is part of the strategic defence network of Port Phillip. The island contains gun emplacements, a labyrinth of underground passages and magnificent panoramic e views over Port Phillip. It is also a breeding site for the White-faced Storm-Petrel and other important birdlife. t History Exploring the island Why an artificial island? Gun emplacements o It was built as part of the Colony of There are a number of gun emplacements Victoria’s military and naval strategy in whose function was for artillery defence the late 1800s. The triangle of defence of the shipping channel, artillery protection n included Fort Nepean and Fort Queenscliff. and defence against landings. South Channel Fort was constructed to illuminate the South Channel at Underground in the ‘Keep’ night and electronically explode mines k The layout of the underground keep is under attacking ships. As well as gun a labyrinth of passages, small lobbies, emplacements, the island also contains magazines and a kitchen, carefully r an underground keep and the footprint designed to ensure the safe and efficient of a now demolished barracks. handling of ammunition and gunpowder underground. It was constructed with How it was built a red-gum timber and mass concrete. The fort was built within a protecting Beneath the keep is the test room from ring of bluestone rocks which were laid which the minefield in the South Channel as a foundation. Concrete cylinders was controlled and tested.
    [Show full text]