SECTION 6

POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE’S NATIONALLY IMPORTANT MARITIME RESCUE HERITAGE

Australian Historic Themes:

3. DEVELOPING LOCAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ECONOMIES

3.16 Struggling with remoteness, hardship & failure 3.16.1 - Dealing with hazards and disasters

8. DEVELOPING AUSTRALIA’S CULTURAL LIFE

8.1 Organising recreation 8.1.4 - Enjoying the natural environment

8.2 Going to the beach

8.5 Forming associations 8.5.2 - Helping other people

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Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 2 SHIPPING MISHAPS AT PORT PHILLIP HEADS

The danger of striking the often-uncharted rocks and reefs at The Heads was the ever-present cause of numerous shipwrecks. Many vessels tore open their hulls on the rocks at both Point Lonsdale and Point Nepean, and were either wrecked at those locations or foundered inside the Bay as water filled their hulls. Some ships sank as a result of collisions and some ran aground on sandbanks and were subsequently destroyed by storms. Vessels that could not be removed became shipwrecks (also known as “total constructive losses”), while successfully removed vessels were termed 'strandings'.

The first documented shipwreck at The Heads occurred in 1840, when the cutter Prince Albert went ashore at Port Phillip Heads. Since then innumerable shipwrecks and strandings have occurred in the area, with the hulks of over 95 wrecks lying within 10 km of The Rip, both inside and outside the Bay. The proximity of the wrecks to the coastline, popular resorts and other essential services has led to a rich historical documentation of these events, along with an extensive collection of images of vessels ashore on shallow reefs at both sides of The Heads (Duncan 2006, p 215).

Limited navigational services initially contributed to numerous strandings of vessels, particularly inside the bay where vessels often grounded on the constantly changing sandbanks and uncharted rocks. Historical research has identified well over 100 strandings or collisions. The first stranding in Port Phillip occurred in 1831 before the establishment of any permanent European settlement, when the cutter Lively washed ashore. The first stranding positively identified inside the study area occurred in 1839, when the cutter Superb went aground in the West Channel. (Duncan 2006, p.215)

Port Philip Bay is known for its extremely wild and changeable weather patterns. There are many instances of fishing boat losses, along with their crew. Accurately predicting the weather was therefore an essential aspect of survival for bay users, especially the fishermen who frequented the dangerous shore areas in pursuit of catches.

It is without doubt that The Rip is one of the most dangerous stretches of water in the world, accounting for many lives (and near mishaps) amongst the Queenscliff community, and the location of which required specialist knowledge of its intricacies and irregularities. The Rip was often spoken of in reverential terms by many mariners, “many mariners venturing through The Rip breathe a long sigh of relief when they are safely through its terrors” (Dod 1931, p.39). Many feared the crossing but were forced to accept it as an occupational hazard. One informant summed up the fishing community’s perception of The Rip: “Was The Rip dangerous? Christ yeah! Especially in a south-west wind and a big break … with the tide and a break coming behind you. A few boats got sunk there. I wasn’t too happy sometimes coming through I tell yeh!” (Duncan 2006).

Fishermen therefore used alternate routes to mainstream traffic whenever the weather was boisterous. Smaller channels inaccessible to later vessels were used ashore of Lonsdale and Corsair Rocks in certain weather conditions to avoid the full effect of the tide or seas (Duncan 2006, p.203).

GEOMORPHOLOGY INFLUENCE ON MARITIME ACTIVITY Influence of Tides, Currents and Weather – Essential knowledge

Port Phillip Bay was formed when the Pleistocene coastal plain and tectonic depression was flooded to form a semi-encapsulated bay over 60 km wide at its extremities (Bird 1964:35). A horseshoe shaped underwater chasm up to 95 m deep straddles the entrance to Port Phillip Bay and is locally known as The Wall. The area was originally strewn with isolated uncharted pinnacles which often rose to within a few metres of the surface. These pinnacles were usually discovered by vessels striking them, and were often removed by blasting upon discovery of efforts to construct a safe channel through the Heads (Anderson 1997a: 7-8).

A series of sand and mud banks form a delta from the former archaic Maribyrnong River mouth beginning approximately 5 km from The Rip and extending in a 5 km radius. The reduction in current velocity (and subsequent deposit of waterborne sediments) associated with tidal changes and channel narrowing at The Rip have produced an extensive sandbank delta. These banks are interspersed with up to six naturally occurring channels, cut by the former river course and tidal influences. The sediment in this area is highly dynamic, and, as shown in the following bathymetric chart of The Heads. Only two channels of sufficient

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 3 width, the West and South Channels, offer primary reliable courses for safe navigation. A third, Coles Channel, is navigable only through regular buoyage updates (Bird 1964, p.138).

Bathymetry of Port Phillip Heads 2011 – Source www.ourcoast.org.au The Port Phillip Heads area is known for its often unpredictable conditions, and is considered extremely dangerous. The semi-enclosed topography of the Heads entrance constricted the tidal water flow either outside or inside the inlet (dependent on high or low tides), leading to a disparity of water levels of Port Phillip Bay and ocean outside (Bird 1964, p.9). The tidal influx is delayed by the narrow entrance, as only a restricted amount of water can flow through the inlet at any one time.

The water levels inside Port Phillip Bay are therefore alternately higher or lower than the ocean sea level outside dependent on the nature of the tide. The water flow continues until equilibrium is achieved midway between high and low tides, when currents slow and reserve to produce the period known as “slack water”. However, slack water at The Heads actually occurs midway through the oceanic tidal stream, usually three hours after the tidal change and this is the opposite of the generally expected rule where slack water occurs concurrent with the change of tide (Anderson 1997, a7).

Model of Tidal Influences at The Rip. HW = High Water, LW = Low Water (Anderson 1997a7) Furthermore, the water flow through the entrance to Port Phillip Bay is funneled through a 3.5 km wide entrance, locally known as The Rip, resulting in a severe tidal current of up to 7 knots. Tidal waters are known to hit the edge of The Wall (the edge of the underwater Rip chasm) and are redirected upwards towards the surface and along the wall, resulting in unpredictable eddies and whirlpools, and currents directed towards the shore (Yule 1876, p.271; Loney 1989, a1). The tidal flow also runs slightly athwart the entrance with great force, which was constricted for at least half of its width by shoal reefs and pinnacles on either side, and added to a confused sea and tidal rip. When sailing vessels attempted to navigate The Rip against a strong ebb tide, the vessels were often swept against the eastern peninsula, especially as the oceanic wind frequently eased off as the tidal water was reached, leaving the vessels unmanageable. The combination of the tides with a shallower approach reef outside the Heads and a very

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 4 deep chasm inside meant The Rip was often subject to high confused seas, especially in a south west gale (Yule 1876:305). Although ocean swells do not enter Port Phillip due to the narrowness of the entrance, wind generated waves are a constant danger within the Bay (Bird 1964, p.13-14).

In ‘Wrecks on the Reef – A Guide to the Historic shipwrecks at Port Phillip Heads’, Heritage Victoria writes: “The Rip can, at times, take on the appearance of a giant washing machine, especially when the wind and the tide are in opposition. For example, with on onshore south-westerly wind and on outgoing ebb tide, the result is a stream of steep, choppy waves with no apparent pattern or order. These waves can reach huge proportions, sometimes breaking all the way across from Point Lonsdale to Point Nepean in south-westerly gales. Viewed from the air, the area of water affected by the Rip, even on a calm day, can be clearly seen as a confused choppy stream that can extend up to three kilometres out into Bass Strait. Whirlpools and eddy currents add to the confusion, and it is amazing that more soiling vessels were not wrecked as even today modern powered vessels can encounter serious difficulty in the Rip. Incidents involving recreational craft occur on a weekly basis. The incoming flood tide tends to flow in from the west over Lonsdale Reef, while the outgoing ebb tide flows out and around Point Nepean eastwards towards Cape Schank. A typical pattern, for example, is that a vessel attempting to enter or leave Port Phillip Bay on an ebb tide will end up in (or on) the Nepean Reef area, having been forced by the set of the current in thot direction. Between 1901 and 1987 the Port of Melbourne Authority (PMA), now known as the Victorian Channels Authority (VCA), undertook blasting operations to widen and deepen areas in the Rip to make the navigable entrance safer by removing pinnacles to make the channels a consistent depth” (Heritage Victoria 2006, p.7).

Submerged features in The Rip (Detail AUS Chart 143) (Duncan 2006, p.81)

Mariners arriving at The Rip therefore faced multiple unexpected environmental dangers. Masters unfamiliar with the unique tidal discrepancies often attempted to enter The Rip at high or low tide (the anticipated slack water period) and the strong currents usually swept the vessels towards the shore where they were wrecked. In the founding days of the colony, most vessels were of limited draught, and therefore

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 5 had adequate clearance to safely navigate through the field of pinnacles in The Rip. However, with the influx of international and other non-local vessels during the Victorian gold rush, many larger deeper drafted ships often struck the submerged rocks (see cross section of The Rip below), and as vessel losses increased dramatically, The Heads at Port Phillip Bay became notorious as a shipwreck trap. (Duncan 2006, p.79)

Cross section of The Rip (Source Heritage Victoria 2006, p.8)

SHIPWRECK SITES ON HERITAGE VICTORIA’S DATABASE

Thirty-one of the 120 shipwrecks known to have occurred within a 10 nautical mile radius of Port Phillip Heads are thought to be within the MNP in Point Lonsdale and Point Nepean (Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 77 Victorian Embayments Bioregion Marine Natural Values Study 2006). The aerial photo below shows the main historic wrecks in the precinct of the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve based on the Victorian Heritage Register (photographs of some of these wrecks are in Section 10).

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 6 The Victorian Heritage Register list of wrecks in the immediate Point Lonsdale vicinity are:

 ANONYMA Location: Point Lonsdale beach, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S32  BLACK BOY Location: Mushroom Rock, Port Phillip Heads, VHR Number S76  CONSIDE Location: Lonsdale Reef, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S140  DAVID Location: Point Lonsdale, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S167  ELIZABETH Location: Point Lonsdale, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S248  GANGE Location: Lonsdale Reef, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S282  GEORGE ROPER Location: Lonsdale Reef, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S286  GLANEUSE Location: west of Point Lonsdale, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S290  HOLYHEAD Location: Lonsdale Reef, Port Phillip heads VHR Number S326  SACRAMENTO Location: Lonsdale Reef, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S601  THETIS Location: Lonsdale Reef, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S667  YARROW Location: Lonsdale Reef, Port Phillip Heads VHR Number S747

SAVING LIVES – THE KEEPER’S ROLE

The intrinsically dangerous nature of The Rip has meant there has been a significant link between the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse and the lifeboat service which operated around The Heads. Since lighthouse keepers started working at Point Lonsdale they have been instrumental in initiating or even participating in rescues.

A review of newspapers since the 1870s shows the critical role Point Lonsdale Lighthouse keepers have played in rescuing people in and around Port Phillip Heads. Some examples of the importance of such service in relation to serious maritime incidents are:

“Sir, the loss of the barque Eliza Ramsden and other vessels has suggested to me the great want of an experienced and responsible night watchman at the signal station at Queenscliff and Point Lonsdale. In the case of the pilot cutter Corsair, when on shore on Nepean Reef, a number of rockets and blue lights were shown, but failed to attract the attention of any one, and one boat had returned to Queenscliff, bringing the tidings of their own disaster The other boat, containing two pilots and one seaman, had a narrow escape from being drifted into the Rip and swamped, while those in her must have perished, but had the signals of distress been answered, it would have reassured all on board, who would, no doubt, have waited for the services of the lifeboat” (The Argus 31 July 1875, p.5)

“The wreck of the Glaneuse in 1888, Mr Hanby, the lighthouse keeper, telephoned in to Queenscliff urging for the despatch of the lifeboat, and also for the information of the wreck of the vessel to be telegraphed to Melbourne. Both were attended to, and the lifeboat was despatched from the 'Cliff to the assistance of the shipwrecked people” (Geelong Advertiser Monday 4 Oct 1886, p.3).

“The Gange, which is an Austrian clipper barque of 1019 tons register, whilst attempting to make the passage between the Heads without a pilot, headed right in shore and struck on the outer reef off Point Lonsdale, about 30yds from the locality where the four-masted ship George Roper was wrecked four years since, and half-a-mile from the wreck of the Glaneuse… The Gange ran on the reef with a great crashing sound, which startled the look-out men at the Point Lonsdale lighthouse, and it is assumed that the iron hull of the vessel was penetrated by the rocks directly she struck, for guns were fired from the vessel, and rockets sent up from her decks, with the view of calling for aid. Mr Frank Dunk, the lighthouse keeper, at once aroused his assistants, telephoned to Queenscliff for the life-boat, and fired off signals to let those on board know that everything was being done on shore for their rescue. The life-saving apparatus was quickly got in position, but not used, as it was found not to be urgently required, whilst the intense darkness prevented a view of the position of the vessel being obtained. The life-boat at Queenscliff was speedily manned by fishermen who, under the charge of Mr Dickson, put off to the rescue of those on board the barque at 11.45 p.m.”(Geelong Advertiser Monday 25 July 1887, p.3)

However, despite endeavours things did not always go according to plan. “Mr Turner, the Commissioner of Customs, has been making an enquiry into the reason why the Queenscliff life- boat did not go to the rescue until three hours after the first rocket was fired. And the result shows up the usual departmental bungling. The Point Lonsdale lighthouse keeper promptly telephoned to

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 7 the Queenscliff post office and kept repeating his messages at short intervals. An hour afterwards a telegraph operator going home past the residence of Superintendent Dickson called in and remarked “I may as well tell you that Point Lonsdale telephones that rockets up from the ‘Craigburn'”. Mr. Dickson promptly got out his crew who were waiting alongside their boat, and set off to the wreck. The official apathy which could treat a message from the wave-beleaguered ship in such a studiously cool cushion is almost beyond comment” The Prahran Telegraph Saturday 23 May 1891, p.4.

“The ketch W. J. Taylor went ashore near Point Lonsdale… About four o'clock this morning intelligence was received, by telephone, from Point Lonsdale, that a vessel was ashore on the reef which has proved so fatal to the George Roper, Holyhead, and other inward bound vessels. The alarm bell was rung and in response to its warning notes the life beat crew quickly mustered at the station…an endeavour was made to land in the vicinity of the spot where the French barque Glaneuse came to grief. From this intention they were prevented by noticing the lighthouse keeper at the Point waving to them to go back. Following his signal, they once more returned to the Rip, where they were picked up by the lifeboat's crew” (Weekly Times Saturday 29 December 189, p.23).

“COLLISION OFF THE HEADS - WYRALLAH SINKS IN FIVE MINUTES - SIX MEN MISSING… The first intimation of the tragedy was an SOS. message flashed from Dilkera to the lighthouse at Point Lonsdale. The keeper replied, asking what assistance was required I “SOS" came back from the Dilkera, and then the message, "Thanks. Goodnight” Rain was falling steadily, and in the inky darkness nothing could be seen from the shore. At the time of the collision a strong ebb tide was running, and this, it is thought interfered with the Wyrallah. The smaller vessel seems to have been caught broadside on, and it is believed, was cut in two after the crash. The Wyrallah is lying in 70 feet of water right in the Rip. Although lifeboat crews were working against almost overwhelming difficulties throughout the night, the great majority of Queenscliff residents knew nothing of the tragedy until next morning. Lifeboat's Hard Fight - The lifeboat, In charge of L. Hoppen, was speedily manned, as soon as the wreck bell was rung, but the tide and a strong wind handicapped the men. An hour elapsed before they reached the scene; about two and half miles away. The crew has never worked harder. The military launch, Mars, under Coxswain Mouchemore, also went to the rescue, but after steaming about until four o'clock, she returned without having sighted any of the missing men. Splendid work was done by the searchlight crew at Point Lonsdale, j After the warning was given a car had to be obtained and the electricians driven out three miles. Forty minutes after the alarm the searchlight's rays were playing on the scene” Weekly Times Saturday 12 April 1924, p.5.

“A ship is believed to be in distress two miles south-west of Barwon Heads. Sound signals were, heard by ear by a fisherman on shore. The first signal was heard at 6.15 p.m. and thereafter several others were heard. The sounds appeared to be one long and two short sounds but the S.O.S. is three short, three long, three short, though there are other distress signals used by ships. Following the receipt of the news of signals the Barwon Heads policeman called out a motor lifeboat… The Royal Garrison Engineers at Point Lonsdale will use the garrison's searchlight to assist the rescue work if necessary. Up till nightfall no rockets bad been reported. The rain was too dense to see the flag signals. Lighthouse watchers reported that the visibility, was so bad that they were unable to see anything”. The Daily News (Perth, WA) Saturday 5 Jan 1935, p.1.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 8

“24 Men Lost: Minesweeper Sunk near Melbourne Collided with Liner in Port Phillip Bay CANBERRA, November 21 — The Minister for the Navy (Mr. Hughes) announced in the House of Representatives to-day that the minesweeper H.M.A.S. Goorangai was lost with all hands when it collided with a 10,000 ton passenger and cargo vessel at 5 o'clock last night near Queenscliff in Port Phillip Bay… The trawler was making across The Rip and was in the South Channel when she was struck amidships. The liner immediately hove to and three blasts from her siren announced that a collision had occurred and that she was putting about. The siren signals were quickly followed by distress flares and sirens. These were quickly picked up at Point Lonsdale lighthouse, and although the Queenscliff lifeboat was quickly manned a valuable half hour was lost when the boat became stuck fast in the sand and the crew had to wait for the rising tide to carry it clear… The searchlights at Point Nepean, Queenscliff and Point Lonsdale stabbed the darkness in a search for the location of the minesweeper and to guide rescue ships to the spot. In addition to the Queenscliff lifeboat the pilot steamer Victoria, a naval cutter from Swan Island, the military launch Mars, and a private motor launch joined in the search and for hours the rescue boats vainly circled the sunken minesweeper hoping to find survivors” The Telegraph Thursday 21 November 1940, p.1.

“RACING YACHT WRECKED… Violent storms raged along the Victorian coast, causing heavy damage… It wrecked the racing yacht Merlan on its way back to Geelong after the Hobart-Sydney yacht race… Four fishermen put into raging seas around the Point Lonsdale lighthouse in a 10ft dinghy this afternoon to rescue the crew of four of the racing yacht Merlan. The Merlan was west-bound towards The Rip on her way back from Hobart after competing in the Sydney-Hobart yacht race. While wallowing in heavy seas a wave swung her on to a reef and her bow was holed… The Point Lonsdale light keeper saw the Merlan strike the reef, and immediately called the Queenscliff lifeboat, which put to sea within a few minutes. The lifeboat was unable to get near enough lo the Merlan to rescue the crew. The marooned men inflated a rubber dinghy and attempted to row to the lifeboat. However, immediately, the dinghy was launched a wave swamped it and threw the men into the sea” The Sydney Morning Herald Monday 17 January 1949, p.1.

This wreck incident was witnessed by Victorian Premier Hollway who, with his wife Sheila, had a holiday house in Point Lonsdale until his death in 1971.

“Three Safe After Sea Swamps Boat… A soldier from the Queenscliff army staff college swam ashore through heavy seas and two others were pulled from the water after hazardous rescue attempts, following the capsize of a tiny yacht near Point Lonsdale today… They were sailing a 12-foot Pup class boat and were about 50 yards from Lighthouse Point when rough waves overturned the craft. There was a strong ebb tide at the time. Pte' Hudson swam ashore, and his two companions remained clinging desperately to the small craft. Their plight was spotted from shore, and also by Mr. Tony Jurgins, who was sailing to his fishing grounds. Mr. Jurgins changed course towards the overturned boat, and with Mr. D. Lee, lighthouse keeper - who also hurried to the rescue - picked up the two men and took them back to Queenscliff. Messrs Jurgins and Lee ignored the great risk when they sailed their boats through the dangerous area near the rocky point” The Age Mon 11 December 1950, p.1.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 9 “Youth Dies In Battle With Surf… A young University student was drowned and 11 others were swept 150 yards out in heavy surf at Point Lonsdale at the entrance to Port Philip Bay. This afternoon Ambulance men treated three other students for more than half an hour before reviving them. The drowned student, Anthony Ryan, 17, of Ivanhoe was spending a week's holiday with about 100 other members of the Newman Society of Victoria at the Toc H camp, Point Lonsdale. With four other students, Ryan was caught in a treacherous ebb tide and swept out in heavy breakers. Six other students who went to their aid were trapped in the undertow. Two Point Lonsdale life savers, who were alone on beach patrol, dashed out with belts and lines and were joined by a university student, while other students manned the reels. Meanwhile, the Point Lonsdale lighthouse keeper [Mr. Norman Hunt) signalled the pilot steamer Akuna, which sent a lifeboat a help in the rescue” The Advertiser Tuesday 17 Mar 1953, p.1.

“Two Melbourne men… were rescued yesterday after a strong ebb tide had carried their small dinghy through the Rip into Bass Strait. The two had left Sorrento in a 10ft. dinghy with an inboard motor, but exhausted their supply of petrol in a two hour fight to get back to Sorrento. At 1.30 p.m. Mr. E. Dickins, on watch at Point Lonsdale lighthouse, saw them drifting out through the Rip stern first. They were waving a shirt lied to an oar. Simultaneously they were noticed by the patrol of the Point Lonsdale Surf Club and the surf boat went to their aid. The lighthouse keeper also signalled the pilot boat Wyuna, which changed course to go and help” The Argus Mon 14 January 1957, p.3.

In May 1960, there was a very serious event in which lighthouse keepers’ advice was ignored and three Commandos drowned. No 2 Commando Company was carrying out its annual camp at Lonsdale Bight between 6th and 21st February 1960. As a culmination of earlier training, an exercise in raiding techniques was planned involving an across-water approach and a raid on “enemy target” at Portsea. The party comprised 68 officers and men carried in canoes and inflatable power driven boats, accompanied by two DUKWs, a workboat and a tug for control and safety purposes. Conditions encountered during the

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 10 attempted water crossing were much more unfavourable than had been expected as in the evening the weather worsened quickly. A gale-force southerly wind of 40-50 kmh arose and the roaring ebb pushed the commandos into the steep breakers of the Rip tide race. They were immediately in a fight for survival, and soon, almost all of the kayaks capsized and swamped, leaving scores of heavily equipped commandoes in battledress (not wetsuits) struggling for their lives in the black turmoil. Many of the men were picked up by their accompanying DUKW amphibious safety craft, only to then have the big landing craft swamped and sunk.

Warrant Officer George Drakopolous and the driver of his amphibious DUKW, Eddie Meyer, both drowned when their vehicle sank. Eight of the commandos were rescued in Bass Strait after being picked up by the Toscana, an Italian ship. Private Roger Wood helped each of the others board the Toscana safely, but was washed off the rope ladder by a large wave into the sea. His body was never found. Through very poor visibility, Queenscliff rescue craft including the pilot boats, battled the conditions for hours, searching for men who were near death after treading water for hours in the maelstrom.

In challenging conditions that risked their own craft and their crews, the local sailors picked up as many exhausted men as they could find. Pilot George Simpson of the pilot vessel Akuna, was to be awarded an MBE for his outstanding seamanship on that terrible night.

An investigation found that before the exercise start, a Warrant Officer had misunderstood a message from the Lighthouse and had not therefore, accurately relayed it to his Officer Commanding. At 6.05 pm the Lighthouse Keeper had telephoned the Unit to warn that care should be taken due to the ebb tide. This information was not passed on to the Officer Commanding. The critical findings of the Coroner were directed towards the plotting of the course and the failure to pass, or the confusion in passing, messages on the day of the exercise.

On the events of the day itself the Coroner has referred to two messages from the Lighthouse. The first of these messages was found by the Coroner to have been misunderstood by the recipient, and the second was received in the Unit but not relayed to the Officer Commanding. (Parliamentary Papers 1960). "On behalf of the Army in Victoria I extend my grateful thanks to the Lighthouse Service, for everything done on that fateful night" (Edgar 1960).

The Coronial Inquest heard evidence from keepers Keith Pridham and Ernest Dickens that they took all reasonable steps to brief the Army on the risks of the crossing. Dickens radioed for assistance to the Akuna, Toscana, Waimea, Age and the Queenscliff lifeboat, each of which played a role in saving lives. As Charles Richardson, senior assistant lighthouse keeper said at the inquiry, there was no doubt if Mr

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 11 Dickens had not taken the steps he did when the con- voy got into trouble “things would have been different” (The Age 31 May 1960, p.7).

This single event is a powerful example of the knowledge the lighthouse keepers have about local conditions and their role in providing sound advice to prevent disasters.

SAVING LIVES - THE LIFEBOAT SERVICE

The intrinsically dangerous nature of The Rip has meant there is a significant link between the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse and the lifeboat service which operated around The Heads. Since lighthouse keepers started working at Point Lonsdale they have been instrumental in initiating lifeboat rescues or even participating as crew members.

From the earliest days of immigration Australian authorities were vitally concerned with saving lives from the many shipwrecks around the continent, but it took the Australian gold rushes of the 1850s and 1860s, with subsequent dramatic increase in shipping disasters to stimulate the manning of lifeboats at points along the South Australian and Victorian coasts. Lifeboat stations were established in Victoria in the late 1850s at Port Phillip Bay, along with Portland, Port Fairy, Warrnambool and Port Albert.

Until the 1850s the pilot service was required to maintain a second whaleboat ready to assist ships in trouble. Whaleboats of that era were clinker-built, that is, the lower edge of each plank overlapped the upper edge of the one below it; these boats could have been double-ended or square-sterned (Loney 1989, p.ii).

Because of the enormous number of shipwrecks, the Government realised the need to control this important service. For the next 123 years there were only four lifeboats under State government control in the area. The first lifeboat was put into service at Shortland Bluff (Queenscliff) in 1856. It was moored off the Customs Quarters as there was no shed or jetty and was manned by crew from the Health, Customs and Pilot Boats. This first boat was an "ordinary ship's lifeboat".

The second lifeboat, a new and improved vessel, was built in 1859 and a shed was provided at the pier in Queenscliff. The crew comprised a Coxswain, Bowman, Superintendent, and ten oarsmen (boatmen) who were mostly fishermen. With a capacity of up to 50 people it was anticipated that this boat would greatly assist in saving lives in treacherous seas. This official Queenscliff lifeboat was moved to the newly built Point Lonsdale pier in 1890, but it was found to be too heavy to winch from the water (Roddick, p.3).

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 12 From the beginning, the importance of efficiency through regular practice was realised and monthly practices were held. The crew's duties were checking, washing and repairing gear, painting of rockets and rocket stations at Point Lonsdale and Point Nepean and sailing on Port Phillip and outside The Heads when the wind and tide allowed. In the early days under oar and sail, the lifeboat was taken outside The Heads when the wind and tide allowed. "It was the wreck of the Gange, in 1887, that the lifeboat men leapt to mind as heroes. The barque, had foundered on the rocks at the back beach at Point Lonsdale. The captain had not spotted the pilot schooner and drifted haplessly onto the reef. She was "a full four miles" from the lifeboat tied up at the Queenscliff pier, as one of the crew's champions, W.M.L.Baillieu, reported. It was pitch dark when they started, and the night was one of the roughest. The crew had to row into squalling south westerly and flood tide. Baillieu watched from the Point. For some time all eyes from Point Lonsdale were upon the lifeboat, which could be followed by a small light she carried, and the general questions put to each other were – would the lifeboat face The Rip and attempt to get to the wreck?"

It took an hour for the crew to row as far as the Point Lonsdale cemetery, and another two hours before they were as close to the Gange as they dared. At 1 a.m. the Gange loomed up as an

"indistinct black mass thrown into relief by the white seas breaking over her stern, the angry surf as white as milk around her". "As they approached they could hear cries on deck, but see no one. The Gange was listing and grinding on the rocks, and the surge around her made it impossible to approach. The lifeboat went to her stern to back up within hailing distance but to no avail. They called out to the ship that they had to wait until morning, but did not know as they hauled off, if they had been understood". The sea was smashing the stern, the wheel and the decks of the Gange, with the water "boiling up out of the cabin skylights, as though it could not find resting place beneath." Whoever was still on board would have to have installed themselves in the rigging, or on the poop deck. And the waters flowing over them were the cold seas of July."

The speaker was Thomas Dickson, giving an account of how the crew went to the rescue of crew on the Gange. (Hill 2004, p.171). The wreck of the Gange had two other impacts directly affecting Point Lonsdale. Firstly, the Government had a large self-righting third lifeboat built (the third lifeboat), and secondly, the time taken for the lifeboat crew to get from Queenscliff to Point Lonsdale was deemed unacceptable.

“The loss of the Gange in 1887 highlighted the necessity for a lifeboat to also be stationed at Pt Lonsdale after time was lost rowing from Queenscliff (some 5km away) to the wreck. A new and larger self-righting lifeboat was purpose built along with a dedicated pier and lifeboat shed. However, when the Pt Lonsdale pier proved inadequate for the size of the new vessel, it was exchanged with the Queenscliff (lifeboat) and the new lifeboat was housed in the shed…on the Queenscliff Steamer The Queenscliff Sentinel Pier” (Duncan & Gibbs 2015, p.55). 3 Jan 1885, p.1

The new jetty was constructed in 1890/91 by Turnbull Brothers. In the images below the lifeboat and a shed for a larger lifeboat can be seen at the end of the pier. The lifeboat shed was destroyed in a storm. A smaller shelter for sightseers and fishermen now exists at the end of the pier as it is today.

Extract from VGG No.52 27 June 1890

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The fourth and last lifeboat the Queenscliff, was a Watson class motor driven boat designed by the Royal National Lifeboat Institute in England. It was commissioned March of 1926. With two separate 100-gallon fuel tanks it had a range of 300 miles. By this time the crew came from all walks of life and were paid a "retainer" by the government.

The Lighthouse Keeper was officially the Superintendent of the Lifeboat, appointed by the Victorian Government. As the Government's representative he was responsible for all reports and safety of the men and the lifeboat. The coxswain (or helmsman, who steered the boat) was in charge of the crew and the boat while at sea (Roddick 1996, p.3).

Local Point Lonsdale resident, Mr. G. T. (Rod) Last lifeboat being launched with crew Roddick was in the Lighthouse Service at Point (QHM PH216) Lonsdale (including Queenscliff), for 34 years from 1946 to 1979). He was the senior lighthouse keeper during those years and Superintendent of the Lifeboat from 1960 to 1979. A brief reading of a random selection of the diary notes kept by Rod Roddick, and compiled into a book "The Diary of a Lifeboat", can provide a much greater understanding of the role of the keeper and men who assisted in saving the lives of seamen in the treacherous conditions of Port Phillip Bay.

Over 123 years several generations of families were in the lifeboat service. The longest serving member spanned 50 years of service. The next eight members ranged in length of service from 35 years (1883 – 1919) to 43 years (1887 – 1930) (Roddick 1996, p.6). As noted in the section above dealing with the role of the lighthouse keepers, there have been numerous example of the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse keepers working with the lifeboat service, at both Lonsdale and Queenscliff, to effect rescues and save lives.

The Queenscliff lifeboat service was discontinued in 1976, although the shed used to house the motor lifeboat survives.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 14 SAVING LIVES – THE POINT LONSDALE ROCKET HOUSE

As was discussed in Section 5, ‘fog rockets’ were deployed at Point Lonsdale as a method of advising mariners about navigational danger. In addition to these warning rockets, rockets or mortar were used as an alternative to lifeboats for the rescue of shipwreck victims. These devices could be launched from shore so, in some respects, they could be more effective than lifeboats, particularly in surf or fast-flowing currents. As early as August 1866, The Argus reported the Chief Harbour Master visiting Point Lonsdale to inspect the mortar and rocket apparatus, with the rockets tested to nearly 400 yards.

Point Lonsdale Rocket Shed - Current condition

Specially constructed houses, which were quite small, were needed to store both warning and rescue rockets/mortars in dry and secure conditions, hence most rocket sheds were built of stone or brick to ensure that the contents were kept dry. Several were built along the Victorian coast, including:  Queenscliff in 1869 (the Queenscliff lifeboat crew carried rockets as early as 1856)  Point Nepean  Warrnambool (1864)  Portland (1858, replaced 1885)  Port Albert (1877)  Port Fairy (1886)  Lakes Entrance (1890)  Port Campbell (1891)  Sorrento (1891).

The extant rocket house at Point Lonsdale was built 1889 and replaced an earlier building nominated as the “mortar-house” as referred to in the above article from The Argus of August 1883 stating how the Queenscliff lifeboat had landed at Lonsdale, checked the gear and tested a rocket and a mortar.

Extract from VGG No.100, 27 September 1889 The 1889 rocket house may for a time have been used for the storage of explosives used to blast a navi- gation channel near the lifeboat jetty and shed (built 1890).

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The rescue equipment comprised of small devices which ‘fired’ rockets attached to lines of rope from shore to a stricken vessel. Shore anchored rope methods ranged from a simple line along which people could drag themselves in hand-over-hand, or by which other ropes could be hauled in and a double line set up to establish an over-and-under line (one for your feet while you held on to the top one to walk your way back). Alternatively survivors on the ship were instructed to fix one line to the ship’s mast then a second line was run out on which a breeches buoy was attached. The breeches buoy was like a pair of trousers in which survivors would Detail of incorrectly titled ‘Old Signal Station, Back beach, Queenscliff’ actually Point Lonsdale 1863 by Elizabeth sit as they were then hauled above the water to Gray. Source SLV (see Section 10 for entire image) shore.

There are frequent references to rockets being used in rescue attempts, sometimes successfully, but in the majority of cases they were not considered the most reliable method of sending out a line to the target. (Best 2002). The Australian Town and Country Journal of 14 Jul 1883 (p.12) reported that when the Blackboy went onto Mushroom Rock (north of Lonsdale Reef), attempts to use rocket lines failed. However, there are specific examples of the rocket gear being used successfully at Point Lonsdale such as the wreck of the Glaneuse in 1886. The Age reported “the rocket apparatus was got in order and by a well-directed shot another line was thrown to the ship with a paper tied thereto, containing instructions in the French language of what steps should be taken to land the men. This rope was fixed to the mizzen mast, and upon it was shortly afterwards slung a life buoy, on which was suspended a bag by means of a traveller rope. The crew were from time to time hauled along this from the vessel to the shore”. (The Age 4 October 1886)

The use of fog rockets stopped in 1911 but the rescue rocket equipment continued being deployed as late as 1949 as shown in the adjacent article from The Argus during rescue efforts as part of the loss of the Merlan, witnessed by the Victorian Premier, Tom Hollway.

The Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Rocket House is on the Victorian Heritage Da- tabase. The citation states “While there are rocket sheds at three other Victo- rian light stations the rocket shed at Point Lonsdale is the only one located in close proximity to a lighthouse.” (http://vhd.heritagecoun- cil.vic.gov.au/places/1693). Rocket shed location on Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 16 SAVING LIVES – THE EVOLUTION OF SURF RESCUE AT POINT LONSDALE

As noted elsewhere, the saving of lives from the ocean was an active duty by volunteers along the coast dating back to the 1860s. Efforts were primarily directed at ship wreck victims with rocket stations on the west coast manned by volunteers established in Queenscliff in 1869 (although the Queenscliff lifeboat crew carried rockets as early as 1856), Warrnambool in 1864, Port Fairy in 1866, Point Lonsdale in 1886, Port Campbell in 1891 and also Split Point at Aireys Inlet the same year. The lighthouses at Cape Nelson, Portland, Cape Otway and Point Lonsdale were also equipped with rocket gear (Best 2002). However, gradually attention turned to rescuing members of the public who got into difficulty while swimming in open water.

In the book “50 Years and More: A History of Surf Lifesaving in Victoria”, Allewyn Best described how in the mid-19th century, public bathing commenced with establishments such as Melbourne's first enclosed swimming baths, 'Mr Riddle's Baths' for men built on the south side of the Yarra in January 1844. The focus on open water bathing soon shifted to the seaside. Sea baths became the accepted alternative for daytime bathing activities. By the turn of the century there were 14 sea baths from Williamstown and Port Melbourne to Brighton. Country coastal towns also built sea baths in the most sheltered parts of their harbours: such as Lakes Entrance, Warrnambool, Portland and Geelong. After 6 pm, if the weather was still warm, people could legally take to the water on open beaches but were encouraged to wear something in order not to offend by nudity. The idea that everyone, particularly children, should he taught to swim slowly took hold. medical theories that promoted swimming as a healthy exercise and proclaimed that visiting the seaside and breathing the ozone was a way of restoring energies depleted by Camping at the Lighthouse Reserve 1905 (wooden work. lighthouse visible) Source Hill 2004, p.115

The growing popularity of swimming and boating in Australia, as in England and Europe in the late 19th Century, increased the number of drownings and brought a focus on lifesaving. The Royal Humane Society was the first body to turn its attention to educating people in techniques to resuscitate the 'apparently drowned'. The Society was first established in England in 1774. In 1874 a branch of the Society was established in Melbourne. Only three years later, concerned about the high rate of drownings in the state (153 males in 1875), mostly in rivers and lakes but increasingly in beach areas, its Melbourne founder John Stewart urged that all school children should he taught how to swim and should learn also the society's lifesaving method, the Sylvester method (Best 2002). The high risk of drowning at Point Lonsdale is well demonstrated in the adjacent article from The Argus 1 August 1882, p.7 which list the numerous Victorian Humane Society awards issued associated with rescuing endangered people, albeit unsuccessfully.

Increased beach use increased with greater public transport. Railways also began to connect inland country towns with Bathing in the rock pools under the Lonsdale coastal settlements such as Warrnambool or Portland, and Lighthouse 1910 Source Reid 2014, p.11

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 17 reached down to Queenscliff via Geelong, and the Mornington Peninsula via Frankston. From 1885 the Victorian Railways Department actively promoted tourism in Victoria, publishing its first tourist guide in 1885 and, soon after, opening Victoria’s Tourist Bureau. Victorians, seeking the delights of nature, stayed in hotels or guest houses, or met for family picnics by the sea (Barnard 2003, p.55).

In 1889 the 'Swimmers Life Saving Society' was formed by members of amateur swimming clubs in England in order to concentrate on teaching life saving techniques to the growing number people taking up swimming in baths and bays. Two years later it simplified its title to the 'Life Saving Society' and in the following year, 1892, began issuing its first awards.

An Australian branch opened in 1894 in Sydney with a Victorian branch opening in December 1904 (the same year as the Society was given its royal charter to become the Royal Life Saving Society). The Society's program included training swimmers and teaching the rudiments of water rescue and resuscitation methods. The first system of progressive certificates and awards was the Elementary Certificate, Proficiency Certificate, Bronze Medallion and the Honorary Instructors Certificate. The highest award was the Bronze medallion (Best 2002). The Society was active in helping beach life saving clubs form, again mostly from the ranks of the swimming clubs which had headquarters in the beach sea baths, not ocean beaches (Best 2002). An important technical innovation of the period was the reel:

“In 1914 the Royal Life Saving Society of Victoria began "... several experiments with forms of reels with life lines for surf rescue work"... Prior to the reel being taken up by beach life-saving clubs, beach rescue training involved both 'towing', that is, rescuing a person unaided according to the society's methods, or taking out a lifebuoy and line which adorned most beaches at the time... The reel "made for efficient rewinding and unimpeded paying out of the line during rescue as it did away with the possibility of the line becoming entangled and thus holding up the beltman on the way out"... Once the reel was adopted by the Royal Life Saving Society in 1914, it promoted its placement on beaches - with or without clubs trained to use them - with zeal” (Best 2002).

Several events coincided to put Point Lonsdale at the forefront of surf live saving in Victoria at the time. In parallel with the deployment of the reel, a drowning incident at the Point Lonsdale captured the public’s attention given its tragic elements. On 3 January 1914, Will Seabrook (despite being a good swimmer) drowned while tried to rescue Muriel Hunter who had become engaged only the previous day. Earlier in the day Will and Tom Seabrook and Arthur David were practicing life-saving and discussions had been held about the possibility of conducting a carnival to raise money to purchase life-lines and reels for the beach. Seabrook was then a captain in the Victorian Scottish Regiment Association and he was buried at the Brighton General Cemetery following a military funeral at the Malvern Presbyterian Church. Seabrook’s father had lost his wife and six of his ten children.

As a consequence of the Seabrook tragedy, “The first mention of a lifesaving shed being built at a Victorian beach is in 1914, when a life-saving station, complete with life-saving apparatus and an ambulance first aid station, was built at Point Lonsdale on the ocean beach opposite Glaneuse reef” (Barnard 2008, p.64).

Point Lonsdale became the first ocean surf club to have the new reel device positioned in its own building on the beach: Seabrook Memorial now housed in the PLSLC club rooms Image: Tony Baenziger “Soon, after adopting the reel in 1914, the society was requested to organise the erection of a 'life- saving station' at Point Lonsdale, to be known as the 'Seabrook Memorial', following "...a surf bathing disaster at Point Lonsdale on 3 January 1914, by which Mr William Thomas Seabrook lost his life in attempting to rescue Miss May Hunter". The station, designed by an architect and fitted out with "up-to-date life-saving apparatus including a complete ambulance first-aid station" was built "on the ocean beach, opposite the Glaneuse Reef, about a quarter of a mile west of the Point Lonsdale lighthouse" (Best 2002).

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 18 As a result of the Seabrook and Hunter drownings, Point Lonsdale’s reputation as a dangerous beach for surf swimming became established, which only increased pressure for better life saving facilities for the public (resulting in the equipped hut at The Steps beach).

The Seabrook Lifesaving Station was located within the area proposed for National Heritage listing. The building was demolished as part of WW2 defence works. The Point Lonsdale Surf Lifesaving Club is now the custodian of the Seabrook plaque and regards the event as a key moment in the development of the area’s lifesaving operations.

The Royal Life Saving Society of Victoria kept the surf beach clubs within its organization for another 26 years, from 1918 when it grouped them under the title of the Victorian Surf Bathers' Association until 1947 when it was transferred to the newly formed Victorian State Centre of the Surf Life Saving Association of Australia (Best 2002).

Seabrook Lifesaving Station proximity to Point Lonsdale Seabrook Lifesaving Station (QHM) Lighthouse (QHM)

Members of the Point Lonsdale Lifesaving Club 100th anniversary of the Seabrook event demonstrate the reel at the opening of the Seabrook Image: Tony Baenziger Lifesaving Station in January 1915 (Reed 2014) Between the wars, local foreshore reserves were increasingly given over to campers and by the late 1930s there were camping grounds on the Bellarine Peninsula, at Queenscliff and Portarlington. The increasing popularity of camping coincided with increasing use of motor cars in the years between the two world wars. Improved roads also made distant resorts more accessible. By 1933 there were 31 beach-based clubs, and 30 pool-based clubs affiliated to the Royal Life Saving Society. Many of the life-saving clubs became dormant during the World War II, particularly those on coastal beaches outside of Port Phillip Bay.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 19 The growth of clubs in the post-World War II era reflected not only the rising popularity of surf beach bathing, but also the increasing number of visits to coastal settlements by a growing and ever more affluent Victorian population, with time for annual holidays and motor cars to get them there. The number of caravan parks grew and motor-inns began to jostle with guest houses in some Victorian resorts. Wealthier Victorians were building their own holiday homes or fibro beach shacks. (Barnard 2003, p.58)

Once again, Point Lonsdale was at the forefront of Victorian surf lifesaving. In 1946, the Williamstown Swimming and Life Saving Club wrote to the Borough of Queenscliffe, suggesting that there was a need to establish a Surf Life Saving Club in Point Lonsdale. In March 1947, the Progress Association wrote to the Borough of Queenscliffe, requesting that the club be permitted to occupy the Seabrook Memorial, adjacent to the ‘Step’s Beach’ at Point Lonsdale and the Council agreed.

By the following season, the Point Lonsdale Surf Life Saving Club had access to a clubhouse at the top of the sand dune, overlooking the Step’s Beach. Following an approach by the Borough of Queenscliff Council to the Royal Life Saving Society of Victoria, a meeting to form the Point Lonsdale Surf Life Saving Club (PLSLSC) was held on 3 November 1947 and on 21 December 1947 the club became the fourth to join the fledgling Surf Life Saving Victoria which had formed on 9 January 1947 (Best 2002).

In the early days of the Club, many members travelled to and from Point Lonsdale and without The first 1947-48 PLSLSC R&R team at the Lighthouse access to reasonable accommodation. The Toc Reserve 1947 (Johnson 1987, p.71) H wardens, Gordon and Emma Anderson allowed members to use facilities on the Lighthouse Reserve. This was an excellent example of the community’s adaptive re-use of the Army P1 huts on the Lighthouse Reserve.

The Club’s lifesaving efforts have been critical in saving lives. In March 1953, a mass rescue alarm was raised by the Lonsdale Lighthouse keeper. Eleven students were swimming at the unpatrolled (Glaneuse) Surf Beach. Fortunately, some local life savers were found and ten of the students were retrieved from the heavy surf but one of the students drowned. Two lifesavers, Mr Jim Howden and Mr Fred Moore received the Outside the first PLSLSC clubhouse January 1952 Bronze Medal Award of the Royal Humane (Johnson 1987, p.70) Society for their gallant efforts. Since its early days commencing below the Lighthouse Reserve: “The Point Lonsdale club has had a long and distinguished history in Surf Life Saving Competition. In the first season, competitors attended every Surf Carnival that was conducted along the Victoria coast. In the first Australian Championships attended by the Club in 1948, a Rescue and Resuscitation team (the first ever from Victoria) represented the club at Manly. The successful competition areas in the early years were those of Rescue and Resuscitation, Surf Swimming and the March Past. Point Original ‘Steps’ club house (with wartime barbed wire) 1950. Lonsdale was the first Victorian club to L-R: Phil Bennett, Judge Sir Adrian Curlewis, Jim Roulson, Alec Lowe. Image Harry Windmill (Best 2002)

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 6 – Maritime Rescue - Page 20 receive a place in the Australian Titles, when Mr Des Webb gained a third place in the Senior Belt Race Title. Since formation, there have been over 90 Victorian Titles won in these areas. As time went on, the club’s major successes were in the area of Surf Boats. The club has achieved outstanding results in this area, making the Club the most successful in Victoria and one of the most successful in Australia, in the area of Surf Boats. Point Lonsdale was the first Victorian (and in fact the first club outside of NSW) to win a Senior Men’s Surf Boat title at the Australian Surf Life Saving Championships.” (Bellarine Historical Society website).

The task of accessing the surf beach at ‘The Steps’ was one of the most difficult in Victoria as there was no road access. This made it exceptionally difficult to get equipment to the patrolled beach – particularly the surf boat which needed special wooden rails and considerable effort to ensure the public received a fully effective lifesaving service.

In a major initiative which had ramifications for Victorian lifesaving, during 1965 the Point Lonsdale Surf Life Saving Club and in particular John Turner, Harry Windmill and others, commenced a surf-oriented junior program that marked the beginning of junior activities which eventually evolved into Surf boat, the Alex Lowe II, being dragged the celebrated Nipper up 'The Burma Road' at Pt Lonsdale in 1960 (Photo 'The Age' in Best 2002) program. A decade was to pass before a state-based Junior Association was established but many lifesavers gained their grounding at a junior level based on this Point Lonsdale training model (Best 2002). Ramp up The Steps beach for boat access (Johnson 1987, p.119) In 1964 the PLSLSC clubhouse moved from the Lighthouse Reserve to new purpose-built premises on Ocean Road. Nevertheless, the Club continues to operate on the beach and water around the Reserve.

The Club maintains a log of rescues and since formation in 1947, there have been a remarkable 1,743 officially recorded rescues, by volunteer surf life savers and paid lifeguards at Point Lonsdale, during rostered patrols to 2015. This does not include rescues performed out of the normal patrol area, at times other than patrol periods, by members as part of other surf rescue Improvements to clubhouse at The Steps beach c.1960 services or rescues which have not (PLSLSC website) been officially recorded. If these were all added, the figure would be several hundred higher. Thousands of First Aid cases have been performed, and many more thousands of rescues have been prevented, by the advice and warnings given to beach users (PLSLSC website).

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SECTION 7

POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE’S IMPORTANCE AS PART OF INDIGENOUS TRADITION

Australian Historic Themes:

2. PEOPLING AUSTRALIA

2.1 Living as Australia’s earliest inhabitants

2.6 Fighting for land 2.6.2 - Displacing Indigenous people

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Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 7 – Indigenous Tradition - Page 2 Indigenous Australians exclusively occupied Victoria for at least 50,000 years before the first non- Aboriginal migrants arrived. Aboriginal people used coastal routes to spread southward along the continent as far as Tasmania which was, at that time, connected to the mainland. Victorian Aborigines were able to witness great changes in the coastline. Though geological and climatic changes altered the Victorian landscape many times over hundreds of millions of years, Aborigines witnessed the formation of Bass Strait by rising sea-levels about 10,000 years ago. Kulin people handed down stories of the formation of Port Phillip Bay, with its narrow opening at Port Phillip Heads, about 8,000 years ago (Barnard 2008).

The earliest evidence of Aboriginal occupation is dated to the mid to late Holocene, approximately 5 000 years ago (Goulding 2006a). Aboriginal groups exploited the resource rich areas on the coastal margins and wetlands, moving seasonally between the coast and the productive basalt plains of the hinterland (Goulding 2006a; Parks Victoria 1999). Coastal resources were central to Aboriginal economies and some sites demonstrate an increasing trend towards intensified exploitation of marine resources, higher population densities and social change during the late Holocene (Cane 1998).

The coastal zone of western Victoria encompasses the traditional country of a number of Aboriginal people, including the Wathaurong people of the Geelong area. The Wathaurong people have lived within the region for more than 25,000 years (Wathaurong Aboriginal Co-operative 2017). The Wathaurong people tell of times when Port Phillip Bay was a dry plain, interspersed with small rivers - the Werribee and Yarra Rivers). It was a rather featureless plain and easily walked across to reach Point Nepean. The Wathaurong fought with the tribe that inhabited Point Nepean, the Bunurong. They tell of catastrophic ocean flooding that resulted in today’s body of water being formed.The name Wathaurong (Wadda-Warrung) is a Basic map of the five Kulin alliance recognised tribal name which consisted of some 25 clans that nations. Source Wikipedia forms part of the Kulin Nation of Aboriginal people.

The traditional boundaries of the Wathaurong people were from the Werribee River to a creek between Torquay and Lorne and from Bass Strait to the Great Dividing Range, hence the Wathaurong people were the first inhabitants of the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve precinct. In Australian Aboriginal mythology, Bunjil is their creator deity. Bunjil was their moiety. The Wathaurong belonged to the Kulin nation. “There were five Kulin groups that shared the belief in the spiritual creator Bunjil the eagle. Bunjil is believed to have shaped and moulded the natural landscape and provided plants and animals. Bunjil also established the laws and bonds that connect people to their Bunjil plaque at Point Lonsdale Lighthouse country. Traditionally these laws enabled people to live in harmony with society and in balance with the environment.” (Chappell, Haines, Oliver, Roberts & Wilson 2010, p.8)

Based on historical land use and geomorphological processes, it is likely that in situ Aboriginal cultural heritage is present in the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve. Prior to European arrival, the area was rich in natural resources. The hinterland around Point Lonsdale provided a sustainable hunting ground and the coastal areas provided shellfish, mussels and oysters and there is evidence of a number of shellfish middens at the Lighthouse Reserve. Fresh water was anecdotally available at Frog Hollow, part of the Lighthouse Reserve precinct. Frog Hollow 1956 (Toc H buildings in distance) Source: A. Sutherland

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Additionally, there are a number of references to a stone-lined water well used by the indigenous Wathaurong people. Such references suggest that the water well is located in the present carpark or turnaround area. The Queenscliff Maritime Museum has a detailed survey map of the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve with a notation on it about the location of the aborigine's water well.

‘…perhaps they drew it (water) up from the aborigine’s well where the coaches used to turn’ (Dunn 1949)

The QMM has a detailed survey map of the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve with a notation on it about the location of the aborigine’s water well. (red highlight)

While it has been stated previously that early Europeans had much difficulty locating a water supply at Point Lonsdale, there are newspaper articles dated 1860 announcing the discovery in the vicinity of good and sustainable supplies of fresh water the result of artesian boring. WELL Aerial photo to right shows a fenced off small rectangle in the car turnaround area. (Pratt 1920). A contemporary photo of the turning area indicates the possible site of the well.

A search of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) was conducted in September 2015 by Ecology and Heritage Partners P/L for sites within a geographic area defined by boundaries of the Borough of Queenscliff LGA, encompassing Swan Island, and the townships of Queenscliff and Pt Lonsdale.

The authors emphasize their report is an opportunity to provide a broad understanding of the study area and to identify potential areas that may contain Aboriginal sites and to identify relevant legislative implications. Aboriginal cultural heritage may occur anywhere in the landscape and it is important to note that the assessment of likelihood is based on the balance of probability. The search identified a total of 32

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 7 – Indigenous Tradition - Page 4 registered Aboriginal Places within the geographic area – see following map (the red arrow indicates the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve).

These sites consist of a total of 38 site components comprising four site component types. The difference between the number of sites and number of site components is because several sites contain two or more site component types.

In terms of Aboriginal places, one Aboriginal Historical Reference was identified within the geographic area – this is 12.9-4 Balla-Duik (Point Lonsdale). This reference is a 'named place', and appears to relate to a generalised location, rather than a specific place.

The reference is described as being "(o)n the Bellarine Peninsula east of Ocean Grove”. The reference cites a newspaper article (Ballarat Star, 8 June 1864) which states that a Lara property owner, J.L. Currie, had procured the meaning of place names from Aboriginal people in the south western part of the state. In the account, the Aboriginal word 'Balla-Duik' refers to present day Point Lonsdale. The article states that: (t)he prefix Balla signifies the elbow~ as in Balla-rat, Balla-reen (Bellarine); the two latter names are given in connection with there being large gathering places for tribes~ and signifying -reclining on the elbow- resting places (Ballarat Star, 8 June 1964).

The Ecology and Heritage Partners report shows that by far the most prevalent Aboriginal site types in the geographic area are shell midden sites, accounting for almost three quarters of the recorded site component types. Stone artefact sites, comprising either artefact scatters, including isolated artefact sites, are the second most prevalent, although these only account for 1696 of the site components. Aboriginal human burials and earth features are also represented. The middens are largely protected by not having publicised their location.

European engagement

In terms of the interaction of the Europeans with Aboriginal people in the Point Lonsdale area, one of the earliest to do so was William Buckley He escaped from the Sorrento settlement in December 1803, lived with the Wada Wurrung Balug people for over thirty years (Clark 1990; Goulding 2006a) and was accepted Buckley as one of their own. He was given a wife to whom he had a daughter (Clark 1990; Tipping 1966). In 1835, William Buckley surrendered himself to a visiting party of European settlers and received a pardon from Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur (Tipping 1966; Morgan 1852) Legends have grown up around his name, and “his weary circuitous wanderings from Sorrento to that unromantic hole at Point Lonsdale, still known as Buckley’s Cave (Finn, Edmund Ch.1 p.3)

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Buckley reported that there were occasional white visitors to Port Phillip during these years, but he was afraid to give himself up until July 1835, when he overheard the Aboriginals plotting to rob a visiting ship and murder the white intruders. He surrendered to the party under John Wedge at Indented Head. At first he had forgotten his own language, but he was identified by the tattoo mark on his arm, and the initials ‘W.B.” Wedge, who thought he would be a valuable intermediary, obtained his pardon from Lieutenant- Governor (Sir) George Arthur.

John Tice Gellibrand (1786 – 1837), a Londoner, came to Van Diemen’s Land in March 1824 with an appointment as first attorney-General to the Colony. He was a driving force in the formation of the Port Phillip Association. A group of pastoralists who laid claim to large tracts of land in the Port Phillip District. Gellibrand averred that the ‘Tribes are most peaceably disposed’, (and) implied that they fully understood the nature of the agreements made by them in return for distribution of food supplies, blankets and tools. Gellibrand found Buckley tense and irritable, attributing his state of mind to the effect of his solitary life with an aboriginal tribe for so long. It is also possible that Buckley was aware of his role as translator and intermediary, and that the treaty ceremony was a farce since it was conducted among men who did not speak each other’s language. A situation with many players that had become extremely complex. (Hill, 2004)

Gellibrand expressed great hope for a pleasing outcome (from the perspective of the settlers) conciliated by Buckley as an: ‘Instrument in the hands of providence in working a great moral change upon the aborigines’. Buckley did not want land, or sheep, but he was clearly keen to negotiate a secure position for himself and one from which he could perhaps assist the aboriginal tribes he had come to know so well, and was, to observers, held in high esteem.

As the ambiguous process unfolded Buckley later recounted that he felt that neither the Aboriginals nor the whites trusted him entirely. Unhappy and disillusioned, he left for Hobart in December 1837. He became assistant storekeeper at the Immigrants’ Home, and from 1841 to 1850 was gate-keeper at the Female Factory. He retired on a pension of £12 to which the Victorian government added £40 a year. Buckley died at Hobart on 30 January 1856. His several accounts of his life with aboriginal people for thirty two years, provide a valuable window on aboriginal life and customs. It is a particularly valuable account of the complexities of first contact in the Port Phillip District and the role of the settlers. Referring to letters written by Buckley refuting erroneous and exaggerated stories of his life, published in The Argus and The Geelong Advertiser in later years, Barry Hill observed: “It showed that right until the end. Buckley was assertive, intelligently self-conscious, aware of the deep significance of his own tale, and cognizant of the no-man’s land colonization had made of his true feelings”. (Hill 2004, p.21)

Several early settlers reported visits by groups of men, women and children and that Aborigines speared fish from the reef below Shortland Bluff while others watched from up on the Bluff. Many years later, George Admans claimed that regular gifts of blankets and stores were made by the lightkeeper on behalf of the Government generally positive relations with settlers:

“Walking out towards the Narrows on my second Sunday, I thought I could hear persons talking I listened for a while. And found the sound was coming from the beach. I then made over the sandbank through the bush, and discovered they were natives coming to the Bluff … I found it was their usual visit to the lighthouse keeper, Mr Foy, to supply them with blankets and stores on behalf of the Government. They were accustomed to remain for a few days and before leaving to entertain us by giving a corroboree. After paying us a few visits we found them trustworthy; we would lend them our guns, supply them with ammunition, and they would return with a good supply of wild ducks and other game. They also speared butterfish and crayfish and we would give them food in return. In 1853 the tribe numbered about 100, in 1867 all had passed away” (George Admans, Diaries 12 March 1853, Geelong Heritage Centre).

With the declaration of the Point Lonsdale area as a Battery Reserve, it seem the presence of Aboriginal people diminished considerably. A cultural heritage master plan carried out by TerraCulture P/L on behalf of the Department of Justice in 2013 states:

“The presence of Wada Wurrung people in the area continued to be written about, mostly in government correspondence, until they were forced onto mission stations such as at Buntingdale or until their integration into the broader community. As an indication of their decline Clark records:

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 7 – Indigenous Tradition - Page 6

‘Fyans noted that when he arrived in the Geelong district in 1837 he was ordered to assemble all the Aboriginal population to receive gifts. Assisted by William Buckley all the Aborigines within 30 miles of Geelong were assembled, amounting to 297 men, women and children. Each received a blanket and a portion of flour. In 1858 Fyans considered that no more than 20 of these 297 people were alive.’ (Clark 1990: 299)

In 1861, the surviving Wada wurrung were gathered onto a parcel of land at Mt Duneed, the Duneed Reserve, on which a ‘shelter hut’ had been installed (Clark 1990: 300). The remnant population, which around this time appears to have numbered eleven people, were encouraged to stay at the Duneed Reserve and were prohibited from staying in the Geelong Township after sundown. There is considerable historical detail on the fate of particular individuals. According to Clark the last ‘full blood’ Wada wurrung balag who was known as ‘King Billy….whose Aboriginal name was Waurn Bunyip or Worm Banip died at the Geelong hospital on the 11th of November 1885’ (1990: 306). In relation to other Wada wurrung clans Clark records the demise of Billy Leigh of the Yaawangi (You Yangs):

‘Billy Leigh, purported to be the last of the Yawangi (sic Yaawangi) clan, died on the 9th of August 1912. Billy had been adopted by Fredrick Armytage and his wife, the owners of Wooloomanata Station. He was baptized and confirmed in the Trinity Church of England in Lara, and when he died the Armytages erected a memorial above his grave in the eastern cemetery in Geelong.’ (Clark 1990: 335)

Wadawurrung post-contact history continues to this day and Wadawurrung people are represented by the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation and continue the tradition of caring for country.” (TerraCulture 2013, p.26)

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Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 7 – Indigenous Tradition - Page 8

SECTION 8

POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE’S STRONG ASSOCIATION WITH GROUPS AND PERSONS OF IMPORTANCE

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Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 2 WILLIAM BUCKLEY

William Buckley (1780 - 1856) was known as the ‘wild white man’. Along with two companions, he escaped from the first ill-fated attempt to establish a settlement in Port Phillip. Buckley was born at Marton, near Macclesfield, Cheshire, England, the son of a small farmer. He was reared by his maternal grandfather, who sent him to school and apprenticed him to a bricklayer. He joined the Cheshire Militia, and later the 4th Regiment. Because of his great height, 6ft 6ins (198 cm) he became pivot man of his company. In1799 he served in the Netherlands and was wounded in action. After his return to England he was convicted at the Sussex Assizes on 2 August 1802 for having received a roll of cloth knowing it to have been stolen, and was sentenced to transportation for life.

He was taken to Port Phillip in April 1803 in the Calcutta with the party under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins, and there he and two companions absconded from the camp. Fearful, weary and hungry, they sent signals of distress to the Calcutta from the other side of Port Phillip Bay, but they were not noticed. Buckley’s friends turned back and were not heard of again. He fed on shellfish and berries, and was befriended by Aboriginals of the Wathaurong tribe, who believed the big white stranger to be a reincarnation of their dead tribal chief. He learnt their language and their customs, and was given a wife, by whom, he said, he had a daughter (Clark 1990; Tipping 1966). In accounts of this three decades of his life, Buckley notes that his first permanent resting place was at Nooraki (Mount Defiance) where he constructed a shelter and stayed for several months (Morgan & Flannery 2002, p.26). For thirty-two years he lived mostly in a hut that he built near the mouth of Bream Creek on the coast of southern Victoria (Tipping, Marjorie J, 1966).

Buckley said there were occasional white visitors to Port Phillip during these years, but he was afraid to give himself up until July 1835, when he overheard the Aboriginals plotting to rob a visiting ship and murder the white intruders. He Gordon & Gotch 1880 (Source SLV) surrendered to the party under John Wedge at Indented Head. At first he had forgotten his own language, but he was identified by the tattoo mark on his arm, and the initials ‘W.B.”

Buckley received a pardon from Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur (Tipping 1966, Morgan 1852). Wedge, who thought he would be a valuable intermediary, obtained his pardon from Lieutenant-Governor (Sir) George Arthur. John Batman employed him as interpreter at a salary of £50 and he later became government interpreter. Legends grew up around him and “his weary circuitous wanderings from Sorrento to that unromantic hole at Point The first settlers discover Buckley by Frederick Woodhouse 1861 Lonsdale, still known as Buckley’s Cave” Source: http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/182149833 (Finn, Edmund Ch.1 p3).

John Tice Gellibrand (1786-1837), a Londoner, came to Van Diemen’s Land in March 1824 with an appointment as first attorney-General to the Colony. Gellibrand’s interest in the pastoral occupation of the Port Phillip District began when, with John Batman, he was an applicant for a grant of land. His application was refused, but his interest remained. He was a driving force in the formation of the Port Phillip

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 3 Association. During one of his regular journeys to Port Phillip district that he spent time with Buckley. Gellibrand wrote in his diary on February 1st 1836

“I had this morning a long conversation with Buckley and explained to him fully the desire of the Association (Port Phillip Association) in every respect to meet his view and to make him Superintendent over the Native Tribes for the purpose of protecting them from aggressions and also acting as an interpreter in imparting to them not only the habits of civilisation but also of communicating Religious Knowledge” Joseph Tice Gellibrand, Memorandum of a Trip to Port Phillip (Bride 1969).

Gellibrand averred that the ‘Tribes are most peaceably disposed’, (and) implied that they fully understood the nature of the agreements made by them in return for distribution of food supplies, blankets and tools. Gellibrand found Buckley tense and irritable, attributing his state of mind to the effect of his solitary life with an aboriginal tribe for so long. It is also possible that Buckley was aware of his role as translator and intermediary, and that the treaty ceremony was a farce since it was conducted among men who did not speak each other’s language. (Hill 2004). A situation with many players that had become extremely complex. (Hill 2004) Gellibrand expressed great hope for a pleasing outcome (from the perspective of the settlers) conciliated by Buckley as an: ‘Instrument in the hands of providence in working a great moral change upon the aborigines’. Buckley did not want land, or sheep, but he was clearly keen to negotiate a secure position for himself and one from which he could perhaps assist the aboriginal tribes he had come to know so well and was to observers held in high esteem. Gellibrand’s account of a trip with Buckley to Geelong is revealing. His diary entry for February 5th, 1836, several days in to their journey to Geelong, reads:

“We started very early this morning under the expectation that we should see the Natives and in order that they should not be frightened I directed Buckley to advance and we would follow him at a distance of a quarter of a mile. Buckley made towards a native well and after he had rode (sic) about 8 miles, we heard a cooey and when we arrived at the spot I witnessed one of the most pleasing and affecting sights. There were three men five women and about twelve children. Buckley had dismounted and they were all clinging around him and tears of joy and delight running down their cheeks.”

But Buckley was confused in his loyalties, and felt that neither the Aboriginals nor the whites trusted him entirely. Unhappy and disillusioned, he left for Hobart in December 1837. He became assistant storekeeper at the Immigrants’ Home, and from 1841 to 1850 was gate-keeper at the Female Factory. He retired on a pension of £12 to which the Victorian government added £40 a year. On 27January, 1840 he had married Julia Eagers (also known as Higgins), the widow of an emigrant, at St, John’s Church of England, New Town. She had two daughters. Buckley died at Hobart on 30 January 1856. He has generally been represented as a person of low intelligence, but his easy assimilation into an unfamiliar way of life may also suggest that he was intelligent, astute, adaptable and courageous.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 4 ALFRED DEAKIN

Alfred Deakin (1856-1919) barrister, journalist and Prime Minister, was born on 3 August 1856 at Collingwood, Melbourne. Australia’s Second Prime Minister, (1903-1904), was also the fifth, (1905-1908) and the seventh (1909-1910). Deakin first visited Point Lonsdale in the 1880s and resided there intermittently Point Lonsdale between years 1907/8 - 1919.

Deakin was often referred to as “the constructor”. his work in building soundly on the nation’s constitutional foundations is evident a century later. Perhaps the finest speaker in the Australian parliament’s first century, Deakin’s love of learning informed his political life. (National Archives of Australia 2017)

In the early years of the new Commonwealth of Australia, the United States of America was generally regarded admiringly by Australians as a democratic model to emulate. His high regard, coupled with a shift in international relations, led Alfred Deakin to invite the United States Fleet to visit Australia, including Melbourne and Sydney, during its goodwill world tour of 1907-09.

This shift came about through the decision of Great Britain to withdraw its major warships from the Pacific to the North Sea. By 1906 there were no British battleships or cruisers in the Australian region and Japan had emerged as a major power after it destroyed much of the Russian Navy in the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. The growth of Japan was regarded with trepidation in Australia which saw itself as a bastion of white settlement in the Pacific.

Deakin decided to invite the so- called great White Fleet (sixteen white painted battleships) to visit Australia as a way of countering Japanese influence in the Pacific. Significantly, he made his invitation without consulting Britain and the Colonial Office which caused some degree of displeasure in British diplomatic circles. However, the visit was enormously successful; large crowds of people lined the shores of Point Lonsdale and attended functions to welcome the American sailors into Melbourne, Sydney and The Great White Fleet’s 1908 visit to Melbourne - From the Stereocard Albany (www.deakin.edu.au). series The American Fleet in Australia Private collection – Andrew Sutherland

“We live in hopes that from our own shores someday a fleet will go out not unworthy to be compared in quality, if not in numbers, with the magnificent fleet now in Australian waters.” Alfred Deakin 1908 (Jose 1987)

The Deakin family had a very strong association with Point Lonsdale. Deakin and his wife Pattie developed the property “Ballara” at Point Lonsdale both as a place of relaxation and contemplation (see image to right). Its construction coincides with an important time in his life.

The property is also historically important for its continuous occupation by the Deakin family since the time of its construction, primarily for the same purposes for which it was built (Victorian Heritage Council).

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Alfred Deakin 1913 by Arthur Woodward Arthur Woodward painting Alfred Deakin at Point portrait of Deakin at Point Lonsdale Lonsdale (Deakin University archive) overlooking The Rip (in Brett 2017)

Alfred Deakin at Point Lonsdale front beach (Deakin University archive)

Alfred and Vera Deakin at Point Lonsdale Lighthouse beach (Source Harley archives)

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 6 LORD KITCHENER

Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 - 5 June 1916), was an Irish-born British Field Marshal and proconsul who won fame for his imperial campaigns and later played a central role in the early part of the First World War.

Kitchener won fame in 1898 for winning the Battle of Omdurman and securing control of the Sudan, after which he was given the title “Lord Kitchener of Khartoum”; as Chief of staff (1900-02) in the Second Boer War he played a key role in Lord Roberts’ conquest of the Boer Republics, then succeeded Roberts as commander-in-chief - by which time Boer forces had taken to guerrilla fighting and British forces imprisoned Boer civilians in concentration camps.

Following an earlier invitation by Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, Field Marshal Viscount Kitchener visited Australia in 1909 to inspect the existing state of defence preparedness, and advise on the best means of providing Australia with land defence. Deakin, by then Minister for Defence, accompanied Kitchener to Queenscliff before departing to his own house at Point Lonsdale. Kitchener, stayed in Queenscliff at ‘Hopewell’, the holiday home of Sir Simon Fraser (the uncle of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser).

Due to Kitchener’s interest in terrestrial defences, a firing display was undertaken by artillery in the Queenscliff and Point Nepean forts at targets towed through The Heads. Kitchener’s assessment of Queenscliff’s defences was favourable and the summary of his wide-ranging tour was incorporated into his 1910 “Report on the Defence of Australia”. This report strongly recommended Australia boost its Citizen Forces through a universal compulsory military training program, which commenced in January 1911 and ran until 1929

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 7 The Kitchener Camp at Queenscliff - Weekly Times Saturday 22 January 1910

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 8 RICHARD ARMSTRONG CROUCH

Richard Armstrong Crouch (1868-1949), politician and soldier, was born on 19 June 1868 at Ballarat East, Victoria. Richard, from the age of 6, attended Mount Pleasant State School under the brilliant headmastership of W. H. Nicholls. In 1885 his father moved the family to Melbourne. In 1887 Richard began the two-year articled clerks' course at the University of Melbourne, winning the Bowen Prize for an essay on economic co-operation in 1889. He was awarded the Supreme Court Judges' prize in 1891; next year he was admitted as a barrister and solicitor and commenced practice as a solicitor in the city.

At the first Federal election in 1901 Crouch as a Protectionist won the seat of Corio in the House of Representatives. Only 32, he was the youngest government member and was obliged to second the adoption of the address-in-reply. At this time he was a friend of Alfred Deakin. He retained his seat with good majorities in 1903 and 1906 but was defeated in April 1910 along with other supporters of Deakin. He had served briefly as a chairman of committees, gained recognition as a wit and a radical, and once was outspoken on the delicate matter of lavish allowances for the Governor-General.

Crouch enthusiastically supported new trends in Australian defence policies. He had been commissioned in April 1892 in the 2nd Infantry Battalion. From July 1903 he was a captain in the 6th Australian Infantry Regiment and commanded the Prahran Infantry Militia. He approved of the Australian National Defence League which advocated compulsory military service and while overseas in 1911-12 contributed an important article on national service to the official British Army Review (1912). On his return to Australia his many articles on defence included warnings on the military might of Germany. Crouch was promoted major in 1908 and in July 1912 commanded the 56th Infantry Battalion (Yarra Borderers). Promoted lieutenant-colonel in February 1913, on 16 March 1915 he was given command of the 22nd Battalion, Australian Imperial Force.

Crouch, whose support for national service had stopped short of advocacy of compulsory overseas service, now set his mind to opposing conscription. As Victorian branch president of the Returned Soldiers' No-Conscription League he worked against W. M. Hughes during the referenda campaigns of 1916 and 1917. Encouraged by J. H. Scullin, he joined the Labor Party and in 1924 was chosen to represent Australia at the International Federation of Trade Unions Education Conference in Oxford.On his return he became an active leader of the Labor movement in Victoria. His presidential address to the 1928 Easter conference of the Victorian party was a plea for national unity and a restatement of the concept most dear to his heart, 'Australia for the Australians’.

Crouch won the Federal seat of Corangamite in October 1929 but lost it in the resounding defeat of Labor in 1931. He decided to forsake politics for philanthropy, travel, writing, and encouraging Australians to take a greater interest in their history.

In his later years Colonel Crouch lived with his sister Gertrude at Point Lonsdale, where his father had built a house in 1882. He never married. He died on 7 April 1949, leaving an estate valued for probate at £43,490, and was buried at Point Lonsdale. (McCallum 1981)

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 9 MAJOR GENERAL SIR JOHN MONASH (1865-1931)

A well-known Army officer linked with the artillery defence of Port Phillip Heads was Major-General Sir John Monash. Monash joined the Metropolitan Brigade of the Garrison Artillery which was engaged in port defence. He became a specialist in coastal artillery and was promoted to Captain in 1895 then became the commanding officer of Fort Nepean in 1897.

The left hand photograph below shows members of a Fort Queenscliff gun crew overlooking the entry to Port Phillip Bay and according to the Australian War Memorial, the soldier at the left holding the chart is John Monash. The right hand photograph shows Fort Queenscliff garrison personnel on parade at Fort Queenscliff - Captain Monash is shown mounted at the left end of the front row.

Monash’s biographer, Geoffrey Serle, saw the period at Queenscliff and Point Nepean as crucial to his success as commander of Australian Forces in World War 1. Monash’s outstanding ability resulted in him assisting with the visit of Lord Kitchener. It may be assumed that Monash had an involvement with Point Lonsdale given the military interconnectedness of Point Nepean, Fort Queenscliff and Point Lonsdale.

Further archival research is required on Monash’s military connections with Point Lonsdale but, as was noted in Section 5 regarding the construction of the Lonsdale lighthouse, he and his partner Joshua Anderson were extensively involved in the design and tendering of the new lighthouse.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 10 LIEUTENANT COLONEL CHARLES EDWARD UMPHELBY

Studio portrait of Charles Edward Umphelby in civilian dress prior to his enlistment for service in the Boer War. He started his working life in his father’s office and shortly after married Ann Austin, daughter of Thomas Austin of Barwon Park. Umphelby joined the Militia Garrison Artillery on 20 June 1881 and was appointed lieutenant in the Permanent Artillery in March 1885.

In 1894 he was promoted to the rank of major and three years later to lieutenant colonel. In addition to commanding the artillery he also commanded the Western District Garrison Artillery. In 1889, the Victorian Government sent him to England to undergo various courses of is instruction. He succeeded Major Daniell and took over command of the Queenscliff Fort in 1890. He was the senior Australian officer to die during the war (AWM photo dated 1899).

On Sunday 16 December 1900, the memorial tablet to Lieutenant-Colonel Umphelby was unveiled in St. George’s Church, Queenscliff, which was crowded with various branches of the military forces being well represented. Besides a large number of civilians there were present Major- General Downes, Colonels Hoad, Bingham, Otter and Ballenger, Lieutenant-Colonels Hall, Greenfield and Snee, Majors Appleton, ADCs Irving and Hanby. The officers and men of V.R.R.A.A. and Victorian Permanent Engineers, and the Queenscliff section of Submarine Engineers were also present. The service was conducted by Chaplains Wilkinson and Beattie, the band of the V.R.R.A.A. playing sacred music. The tablet, which is placed i the north end of the church was unveiled by Major General Downes, who said they had assembled to do solemn honour to one whose work was ended.

“In memory of the late lieutenant-Colonel Umphelby, Royal Australia Artillery, who died on 12th March, 1900, from a wound received during the battle of Drietfontein, Orange Free State, South Africa. The deceased joined the V.R.A. on 23 March 1885 and commanded from 1st August 1891, till 12 March 1900. He proceeded to South Africa in November, 1899, as a special service officer, and met his death while attached to the howitzer division of the Royal Artillery. This memorial is made by the officers, warrant officers, N.C.O’s and men of his regiment, in token of their sincere regard and affection.” (The Age 18 Dec. 1900, p.5)

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 11 SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS DRUMMOND JERVOIS

Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois (1821-1897), Governor, was born on 10 September 1821 at Cowes, Isle of Wight, the eldest son of General William Jervois (pronounced `Jarvis') and his wife Elizabeth, née Maitland. Educated at Dr Burney's Academy near Gosport, he entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1839. He studied for two years in the School of Military Engineering at Chatham where his work at the drafting board was renowned for its excellence.

Jervois was posted to the Cape of Good Hope in 1841. He began the first survey of British Kaffraria and was twice cited for the quality of his work. He commanded a company of sappers and miners at Woolwich and Chatham in 1849-52 and then went to Alderney. He became the commanding royal engineer for the London military district in 1855, assistant inspector-general of fortifications at the War Office in 1856 and lieutenant-general and director of works for fortifications in 1862.

Especially interested in the American civil war, Jervois twice visited the United States to examine its defences and travelled three times to Canada. He sketched the harbour defences of Portland and Boston from rowing-boats while disguised as an artist. In 1865-74 he lectured on iron fortifications and inspected British defences from Gibraltar to the Andaman Islands. In 1863 he was made C.B. and in 1874 K.C.M.G.

In April 1875 Jervois was appointed governor of the Straits Settlements, succeeding Sir Andrew Clarke, and his decisions irrevocably committed Britain to a place on the Malay archipelago. He distrusted Malays and had little respect for them; for the Chinese in Singapore he showed much sympathy and later strongly defended oriental migration to both Australia and New Zealand. In South Australia he was credited with having 'done much to modify unreasonable prejudice against Chinese labour'.

Early in 1877 Jervois was asked to survey the defences of Australia and New Zealand. Accompanied by Colonel Sir Peter Scratchley he completed his investigation of New South Wales defences by the end of May and planned to go to the other colonies. At Melbourne in June he was notified of 'promotion' as governor of South Australia, though in truth he was transferred because Lord Carnarvon at the Colonial Office was unhappy with his active interference on the Malay mainland. On 2 October Jervois arrived at South Australia from Melbourne in H.M.S. Sapphire and was sworn in.

The colony was in political crisis; when the Colton ministry resigned Jervois won general approval by resisting pressures to dissolve parliament and (Sir) James Boucaut became premier. For the rest of his term Jervois was 'singularly free of political complications' although he clashed once with the House of Assembly over representation. His term also coincided with good rainfall and unprecedented extension of agricultural land. He laid the foundation stone of the University of Adelaide and of the new institute and art gallery in 1879. (Binks 1972)

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 12 SIR PETER HENRY SCRATCHLEY (1835-1885)

Sir Peter Henry Scratchley (1835-1885), military engineer and colonial administrator, was born on 24 August 1835 in Paris, thirteenth child of Dr James Scratchley, Royal Artillery, and his wife Maria, née Roberts. Educated in Paris where his father practised medicine, he became a cadet at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, England, under the patronage of his father's school friend Lord Palmerston. He had indifferent health, but with the help of private tutoring he passed out first in his class in February 1854. Commissioned on 21 April, he served in the Crimean war in the 4th Company, Royal Engineers, until 11 June 1856 and won the Crimean and Turkish medals. From July that year to October 1857 he was employed on engineering works at Portsmouth. He then served in the Indian mutiny, was mentioned in dispatches three times and was awarded the Indian war medal with clasp.

Promoted to Captain in October 1859, Scratchley was given command of a detachment of engineers to erect in Melbourne defence works which he had designed. Arriving in the Ottawa on 13 June 1860 he reported on 21 September with detailed recommendations for the defence of Melbourne and Geelong. He considered the estimated cost of £81,200 as 'insignificant … when compared with the revenue, wealth and security of the people of the colony', but lack of funds prevented almost all construction. He served as engineer and military storekeeper and became honorary lieutenant- colonel of the embryonic Victorian Artillery. He supported a delegation to form a unit of Victorian volunteer engineers and the corps was formed at a meeting on 7 November 1860. To the public regret of Victorian ministers, he returned to England late in 1863.

He remained interested in Australian defences, claimed to have constantly considered Melbourne's security, and in 1865 wrote a report on South Australia's defence. He became a major on 5 July 1872, brevet lieutenant-colonel on 20 February 1874, lieutenant-colonel on 1 October 1877, and brevet colonel on 20 February 1879.

Scratchley returned to Australia on 8 March 1877 in the Tudor to join Sir William Jervois in advising the colonies on their defences. After Jervois was appointed governor of South Australia, Scratchley became commissioner of defences in 1878, covering in time all the six colonies and New Zealand. His plans were again thorough and were largely implemented, so that by 1885 he was satisfied that 'the colonies, excepting New Zealand, are fairly well prepared'. His ideas had changed little since 1860 although he was aware of technological improvements. He believed that land defence works should be near key ports, advocated torpedoes for offence and submarine mines for defence, supported the obstruction of shipping channels and argued for a limited number of paid volunteers, sufficient to repel minor invasions. At sea he favoured floating batteries and unarmoured gunboats with heavy guns, and opposed expensive ironclad vessels.

The clearest statements of Scratchley's views appear in the evidence he gave to the 1881 commission on New South Wales defences, of which he was vice-president and chairman of the military sub-committee. He retained his belief that threats to Australia were limited, because of British sea power: volunteer land forces with able officers were needed only 'to meet the contingency of the naval defences not meeting the enemy at sea'. Opposed to excessive copying of the system of training of British regulars, he argued that Australian fighting conditions would be different. Well aware of the difficulties of obtaining support for defence spending, he saw his central problem as the establishment of an effective force 'at the lowest possible cost’.

Scratchley retired from active military service on 1 October 1882 as honorary major-general, but was still employed by the Colonial Office as defence adviser for Australia. In April 1883 he visited England to consult the War Office on a general colonial defence plan and on 22 November 1884 was appointed special commissioner for the new British Protectorate of New Guinea, which was seen as an important shield for Australia. But he had little power and Sir Samuel Griffith argued that Scratchley had 'no legal

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 13 jurisdiction and authority of any kind'. With few men and limited funds, he found his short term of office marked by fruitless requests for regular contributions from disgruntled colonies.

Knighted on 6 June 1885, Scratchley reached Port Moresby on 28 August and shaped policies sympathetic to the natives. He believed that they had been maltreated and justified their murders of European adventurers. Convinced that 'New Guinea must be governed for the natives and by the natives', he planned to appoint chiefs representing British authority and tried to protect native land rights.

British authority and tried to protect native land rights. He discouraged private exploration but on his own second official journey to the mountain camp of H. O. Forbes, he contracted malaria and died at sea between Cooktown and Townsville on 2 December 1885. His body lay in state at his Melbourne home before being buried in St Kilda cemetery with military honours on 16 December. His remains were reinterred in the Old Charlton cemetery, Woolwich, England, on 30 April 1886.

Despite his long, waxed military moustache, his achievements and ideas were sometimes unusual for a professional soldier who believed that 'war is a stern necessity'. He resisted the formation of a military caste in Australia, compromised with the popular wish for economy in defence expenditure and gave promise of a humanitarian attitude in New Guinea administration quite out of keeping with his orthodox image (Anueduau, 2017).

Scratchley and Jervois’ inspection of Victorian defences

Sir William Jervois and Colonel Scratchley, together with Mr. Warner, Sir W. Jervois’s private secretary, accompanied by Colonel W A D Anderson, Captain Panter, Captain Stanley, Captain Snee and Captain Bull, left Melbourne on June 13 on a tour of Inspection of the bay, as part of the Australian Defence Mission.

“The SS Pharos was in readiness at the Sandridge town pier at an early hour. The weather as not at all promising at the outset of the voyage, and it was surmised by many that the trip would have been postponed, but as the barometer was rising in the morning the steamer was got ready, and Major Smith, the Minister of Mines and Education, was in waiting at the pier to receive Sir W. Jervois and party. As soon as the party arrived from Government house, the senior military officer’s flag was hoisted at the main, and a start was made. When the Pharos got clear she steamed quietly round the two piers at Sandridge, and proceeded at half speed along the sandy coast towards the mouth of the River Yarra, the contour of the land being closely examined by Sir. W Jervois and Colonel Scratchily. Passing the mouth of the Yarra, the Pharos proceeded close along the Williamstown shore, and a passing glance was given at the Nelson, and also at the Cerberus in dry dock. A short turn was made round the Williamstown batteries, in order to allow the two officers to make a survey of the defences of the bay on the western side. A full head of steam was then put on for a trip to The Heads.

Charts were in readiness, and for a time there was a great demand for them, together with dividers and compasses. The relative merits of the various headlands, and the possibility of their being properly fortified or held against an advancing enemy, were carefully canvassed and discussed. By the time luncheon was disposed of, the Pharos was getting close in to Queenscliff, and she was sent in dead slow, so as to allow Sir W Jervois and Colonel Scratchley an opportunity of scanning the position of Mud Island in connexion with its bearings to Point Lonsdale, Point Nepean and Queenscliff.

The steamer then went to the Queenscliff pier, and the party having proceeded to Adman’s Hotel, carriages were provided, and the officers drove out to Point Lonsdale, where they made a careful survey of the ground and measured the distances that guns might cover from that point. After returning to Queenscliff, a short visit was made to the three-gun battery. The guns consist of two 68-pounders and one 80 pounder, all in capital condition.

The Pharos got steam up early next morning, but the weather was so dirty and threatening that for a time the advisability of postponing the trip was discussed, and a suggestion was made that Geelong should be visited overland, and the inspection of the southern and eastern shores of the bay be deferred to some more favourable opportunity. Ultimately, however, it was resolved to carry out the original programme, and the party, therefore, proceeded on board the steamer, and the anchor having been lifted, she proceeded through The Heads in the direction of Point Lonsdale, so as to enable the inspecting officers to note the bearings of the three headlands forming the entrance to Port Phillip Bay. The Pharos then stood across towards Point Nepean, the intention being to end at the quarantine station and drive to the Point, but

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 14 Captain Anderson took the steamer so close along the shore that it was found unnecessary to land, and the horses with were in readiness at the quarantine ground were accordingly dismissed.

The steamer then continued her course past Portsea and Sorrento towards the South Channel, occasional stoppages being made to as to enable Sir William Jervois to take the bearings of the various points of advantage. At the end of the South Channel the steamer proceeded close to the “whistling” buoy, recently placed by the Harbour department close to No. 2 buoy as an experiment. This buoy however appears to be a failure, as with the fresh breeze blowing it was impossible to hear the sound of the buoy when to the windward of it , and therefore instead of cautioning the vessels off the sandbanks, they would be aground before the warning note from the buoy was heard. As soon as the South Channel was cleared, and the steamer’s head turned homewards, the full force of the wind and sea was experienced, and the Pharos began to pitch about in such an unpleasant manner as to test the seagoing capabilities of the party to the utmost, and before the end of the trip it was resolved if possible, to obtain the services of the S S Victoria for any future visit of inspection.

Sandridge was reached about 4 o’clock, the eastern shore of the bay having been closely followed. On a subsequent day Sir William envois and Colonel Scratchily inspected the Victorian Artillery in the square attached to the barracks. The men were under the command of Captain Stubbs and Lieutenant Nicholson, and the parade state showed that there were present four sergeants, two trumpets and 101 gunners, and having been inspected they were put through a series of company movements, all of which were performed in a manner that would have done credit to the Imperial force. Subsequent to the inspection, Sir Wm. Jervois and party proceeded to inspect the shore line of the bay from St Kilda towards Sandridge, and in doing so drove along the proposed military road fronting the beach, and made a passing inspection of the batteries. These batteries are, as a rule, in ruinous condition, owing to the drift having in some cases almost covered them, and in consequence of this it has been found necessary to dismount the guns in the central and lagoon batteries proceeding from St. Kilda, the first battery reached was what is known as the St. Kilda Rich Battery, where there are two 80 pounder guns and one 60 pounder gun. These are the only guns mounted, but they may be considered almost obsolete, and would be of no such use against a hostile force.

Proceeding along the beach, the central battery is reached. This is supposed to carry three 80-pounder guns, but as a matter of fact, the battery is in such a state owing to the sand-drift, that the guns have been dismounted, and with their carriages and platforms have been stored in rear of the battery. The same may be said of the lagoon battery, close to Sandridge, which should be the most effective, as a quick muzzle loading rifled gun and two 80-pounder guns were at one time in position, but for a like reason they have been dismounted and stored. There is another battery at the Fisherman’s Bend crying four old 68-pounder smooth-bore guns, which would be perfectly useless in the event of attack, but this battery was not visited.

Sir William Jervois and Colonel Scratchily were occupied on June 28 in inspecting the batteries on the Williamstown side of the bay, and also the turret-ship Cerberus. The party first proceeded to what is known as the Lighthouse Battery - that being the battery on the extreme left when looking down the bay. This battery has embrasures for eight guns, but at present there are only seven in position. One of the 9 in guns having been dismounted. The present armament of the battery should be two 9 in muzzle loading rifled guns, four 80-pounder smooth-bore guns, and two old 68-pounder smooth-bore guns. Out of these the only guns that would be of use for protecting the Cerberus and Nelson - should they be compelled to fall back under the attack of a hostile cruiser - are the 9 in guns; but as they cannot be traversed over an arc of more than 70 deg, an approaching vessel would be safe from their fire for 600 yards after she had passed the lightship. (Source: The Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Pencil Saturday 7th July, 1877 http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60607339?searchTerm=%22Inspection%20of%20our%20Defe nces%22%20Colonel%20scratchley%2013%20June&searchLimits=)

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 15 THE P1 HUTS AND THE COMMUNITY – CIVIC USAGE FOLLOWING WORLD WAR 2

It is important to recognize the community role the Army P1 huts played in the post WW2 period – in this context many groups and individuals formed a very close association with the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve.

At the end of the war the buildings were being used by Italian interns or prisoners-of-war (this has been detailed in Section 4). To older residents of Point Lonsdale, the presence of the Italians was a very special event which is still recalled fondly despite the circumstances which brought the Italians to the site. There is further research work required to identify the Italians who were housed in the P1 huts and capture their experiences especially as at the end of the war the POWs were sent home but many subsequently returned to Australia seeing it as a land of opportunity compared to poor post-war Italy (http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/bushtelegraph/italian-pows/5406596).

The Queenscliff Historical Museum has a history of the site by Bill Anderson which informs how the Toc H organization affected the lives of many who passed through its camp at Point Lonsdale. In 1946, the Toc H Benevolent Society took over the P1 army huts on the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve as a camp venue for children and young adults from all walks of life. The name Toc H was the army signalling code for Talbot House. In 1915 Talbot House (named after Gilbert Talbot, the son of the Bishop of Winchester, who had been killed at Ypres in July 1915), was established in Poperinge Belgium by Padre “Tubby” Clayton to provide a suitable atmosphere for soldiers where they could relax and find friendship and help forget the war. The Toc H is a Christian movement but has since its inception been an open organization, evident from a sign displayed within Talbot House which read: ‘All rank abandon, ye that enter here.’ It was a true ‘Everyman’s Club (Source http://toch.org.au/?page_id=5). The movement became successfully established in Britain and after it started in Australia in 1925.

By the early 1930’s, Toc H had been established in all Australian States and it was fortunate to have had the active support of all of the State Governors, church leaders and many prominent business people. There were active Branches in all of the Capital Cities and in many country towns. In Victoria, the organization reached seventy-five branches (Source http://toch.org.au/?page_id=5).

After WW2, the Toc H wanted to establish a camp that could run throughout the year the work of developing boys and girls of the city along lines which would ensure healthy minds and bodies. The Army P1 huts and associated facilities on the Point Lonsdale Reserve were identified as suitable and permission was given. On 10th May 1946, the first warden, Gordon Anderson, his wife Em, and son Bill arrived on the Reserve where they stayed for 14 years. By way of background, in WW2 Mr Anderson was transferred to an essential service occupation and employed by Handley Watch and Precision Instrument Makers in Richmond. The company was involved in the production of dial sights for 25-pounder guns as well as other wartime products. Gordon Anderson was appointed welfare officer for his co-employees who were working very long shifts. He acted as a liaison officer between management and employees and was involved in creating better working conditions, amenities and recreational activities.

During the war Gordon Anderson became involved in the Toc H movement which had set up a hostel to provide accommodation for overseas and interstate service men and women on leave. On a voluntary basis he cooked breakfasts for hundreds of the forces every Saturday and Sunday morning throughout the war years. It was these activities that lead the Toc H organisation to invite Mr Anderson, his wife and son to move permanently to Point Lonsdale and establish the Children's Holiday Camp.

Between May and October 1946 many voluntary hours of work were spent refurbishing the Army P1 huts. Most of the huts were basic corrugated iron construction hence a major task was the lining the walls and ceilings. Most workers travel from Melbourne in Geelong on Friday night and returned home on Sunday. Em and Gordon Anderson Toc H Children’s Camp c1950 Source SLV

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 16 catered and cook for the workers. Gordon Anderson received nominal wage from the Toc H organization but his wife Emma gave her services voluntarily. On the 11th of October 1946 the Toc H celebrated its Australian Birthday Festival at Point Lonsdale. The Children's Holiday Camp was officially opened on Sunday 13th October by his excellency Sir Edmund Herring, Lieutenant Governor of Victoria.

As part of the works program, the P1 huts were converted into four sleeping dormitories, a recreation room, a lecture room which incorporated at Chapel, a kitchen/dining room and a residence for the Andersons. The ablution blocks built by the Army needed little alteration. The camp could provide accommodation for 120 people.

The young people who occupied and the camp usually came through and established organisation or club. Some of the earliest groups were the YWCA, Girls’ Friendly Society of the Anglican Church, the Inter-school Christian Fellowship, Geelong Legacy Club and Try Boys Society. To make sure the camp was fully used, the Toc H widened the scope of its activities to include groups from tertiary institutions such as the Melbourne University Choral Society, Newman College, Melbourne University Physical Education faculty and the Young Farmers Club.

As was discussed in Section 6, the formation of the Point Lonsdale Surf Life Saving Club (PLSLSC) bought about another strong community association. The basis of the PLSLSC’s formation was the Williamstown Lifesaving Club. Members from the Bayside suburbs began spending their weekends at Point Lonsdale but accommodation was a problem as there were no dedicated Clubhouse facilities. Mr Anderson arranged for a Toc H hut to be made available during the Christmas school vacation each year so the lifesavers could have good accommodation and regular meals at moderate price. This is an excellent example of how important Mr and Mrs Anderson were to the local community. Mr 1957 Junior Red Cross conference from 14 countries Anderson was elected the first president of the PLSLSC, which also named its first surf boat the “Em Anderson”, which Mrs Anderson christened with champagne on the Point Lonsdale Steps Beach.

In the mid-1950s, the Toc H started an arrangement with a Kew Cottages to allow children with disabilities to use the Point Lonsdale camp. For many of these children it was their first holiday.

The Toc H camp became a focal point for the Point Lonsdale community. Ex-members of the armed forces who formed the local branch of the Returned Sailors' Soldiers' and Airmen’s Imperial League of Australia (RSSAILA) held meetings and it was also the venue for

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 17 weekly euchre parties to raise funds for various organisations. Clubs such as the Point Lonsdale Bowling Club held their annual dinner in the camps dining hall. Mr Anderson retired in 1959 after 14 years of service to the Toc H at Point Lonsdale. The Andersons moved to a new residence in Winterley Road, Point Lonsdale where they stayed until Mr Anderson died in 1964.

The Toc H buildings have had a significant involvement in the lives of thousands of people who lived, worked and holidayed there. Doubtless many groups and individuals would have a significant association with the area – soldiers, sailors, lighthouse staff, Italian POWs, Toc H workers and members of the dozens of groups and clubs which stayed in the P1 huts.

Unfortunately, the condition of the buildings has deteriorated considerably in the past 10 years but much of the P1 framing structure remains sound.

International Youth Meeting, 1960

Current condition

International Youth Meeting, 1960

Current condition

c1970 – Toc-H buildings Point Lonsdale. (Source: QHM Archives)

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 8 – People & Groups - Page 18

SECTION 9

POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE’S SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE

Australian Historic Themes:

1. TRACING THE EVOLUTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENT

1.3 Assessing scientifically diverse environments

1.4 Appreciating the natural wonders of Australia

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 129

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Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 130 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve and the surrounding Crown Land proposed for inclusion in the area for National Heritage comprises approximately 15 hectares at the south-eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula, which in turn forms the southern coast of what is now Port Phillip Bay. Point Lonsdale is one of the Bay’s two 'Heads,' which comprise a 3.5 km-wide sandstone threshold eroded over millennia by the former course of the Yarra River. The Heads are an iconic feature of Victoria and formed a natural geomorphological line of defence to Port Phillip Bay (added to by a complex of fortifications at sites such as Point Lonsdale, Point Nepean, Queenscliff and South Channel Island).

The Heads form the site where ocean meets bay and mark “The Rip”, a 90 m deep incision that generates the water circulation patterns at the southern part of Port Phillip. These currents vary in extremes from 2.5 m/second at the Rip to 0.1 m/second at the Great Sands tidal delta and have shaped a diverse spectrum of marine habitats comprising reefs, dunes, shoals, intertidal platforms and the deep water column of The Rip. They have also formed an infamously treacherous waterway; there are numerous shipwrecks in the site’s adjacent waters and 120 within 10 nautical miles of the Heads. As has been discussed in Sections 4, 5 and 6 of this submission, the built heritage elements on the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve are integrally linked to the wider environmental setting.

The waters surrounding the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve have been protected since 1979 (as part of the Harold Holt Marine Reserves) and were proclaimed part of Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park in 2002.

The Heads figures within larger ecologies and wildlife corridors - the entrance of Port Phillip forms the eastern distribution limit for cold- water species from Western Victoria POINT LONSDALE and the western limit for warm-water LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE species from Eastern Victoria. It is also an internationally significant roosting and feeding area for resident and migratory seabirds from August to March.

Parks Victoria notes that Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park significantly contributes to the statewide park system as it contains some of Victoria’s most treasured marine and coastal environments, and is within easy access of Melbourne and Geelong. The park has outstanding environmental, cultural and recreational values. In relation to the zone abutting the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve, the Detail from Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park Management Plan foremost these values are: p84 parkweb.vic.gov.au  the incised entrance to Bay (the Rip) and the ‘Heads’  spectacular dive sites such as the Lonsdale Wall  intertidal rock platforms at Point Lonsdale  bottlenose dolphin populations  historic shipwrecks (covered in this submission in Section 6).

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 131 In addition to the Marine National Park, the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve and environs are in an area of rich ecological diversity. The western end of the area proposed for National Heritage listing abuts a coastal reserve which extends to Ocean Grove. Despite pressures, the coastal strip has resisted development as shown in the attached aerial image:

Aerial photograph of coast from Point Lonsdale to Collendina. Source Google Maps Area proposed for National Heritage listing shown in red. The significant environmental values of this part of the Bellarine Peninsula have been recognized with a series of State parks, reserves, wetlands and other legislated protected areas as shown on the map below.

Map detail from Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) & Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site Strategic Management Plan Parks Victoria 2003

GEOLOGICAL AND LANDFORM FEATURES

The Port Phillip Heads are exposed to considerable wind and wave forces. The coastal dunes and cliffs are susceptible to erosion from natural processes and recreational pressures. Some informal tracks in the Reserve have added to the occurrence of dune blowouts, which are an integral part of coastal processes. Stabilization and revegetation works have decreased the occurrence of blowouts in some vulnerable areas.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 132 The incised entrance to Port Phillip Bay is of State geological and geomorphological interest (Land Conservation Council 1996, Rosengren 1998. Yttrup 1998a) investigated geological conditions in the Reserve. The investigations identified five areas of significance as follows:

1. The back (ocean) beach comprises a vegetated Aeolian dunal system, which is subject to the normal processes of erosion through rainfall infiltration and runoff as well as windblown movement of sand. The back beach consists of a vegetated Aeolian dunal system, which runs the risk of blowouts occurring through uncontrolled pedestrian activity and associated vegetation removal.

2. The area immediately adjacent the Lighthouse comprises sea cliffs of cross-stratified Aeolian calcarenite, sea caves sea stacks and solution cavities. Sea and wind erosion are active processes partly mitigated by the seawall. Sea erosion is active in this area and it is apparent that the erosion is continuing despite the seawall.

3. The geology of the area from the Pier to the southern end of the Rip View car park is characterized by steep cliffs of cross-stratified Aeolian calcarenite with regular drainage gullies. There is also evidence of crack formation and erosion along planes of weakness. The potential exists for topples of blocks and slabs. It is expected that the trigger would be a large storm event, however, some blocks could collapse at other times. In addition, gully erosion will continue if action is not taken to better manage drainage.

4. Sea cliffs of Aeolian calcarenite overlain by variable calcified dune sands are characteristic of the coast from the southern end of the Rip View car park to the stairs at the northern end of the car park. This section is very similar to Area 3 above with a similar likelihood of topples. A number of collapsed overhangs and/or cavities were observed near the Rip View lookout stairs.

5. Sea cliffs and overlying dune sands extend from the stairs north of the Rip View car park around to the Point Lonsdale front beach. The overlying dunal calcareous sand is up to 4 metres thick in some areas and overlies loose highly erodible dune sand, which in turn overlies harder cross- stratified Aeolian calcarenite. This area is the most active and susceptible of all sections investigated with evidence of recent failure of the upper under-mined cemented sands. At the northern end of this section, there is evidence of large slabs of the cemented sands having fallen onto the beach below.

Natural dune mobility and progressive cliff erosion potentially threaten the stability of many existing and proposed built assets within the Reserve, including the lighthouse, cliff top path, Rip View car park. This necessitates ongoing monitoring of existing assets and consideration in planning and designing new assets. It may also prompt a decision to relocate or remove an asset. Government policy and good coastal engineering practice respects these natural dynamic processes, minimizing interference. Coastal erosion protection works are evaluated in a regional context, and the strategy is generally to retreat rather than to protect.

Overhangs by erosion of the underlying loose sand can fail by actual breakage of the section perpendicular to the bedding or by slab failure. Overhangs extending up to 4 metres into the cliff face exist in this area. Measurements indicate recent failures have occurred with a 2.5 to 3.0 metre overhang. These measurements provide an indication of the safe setback distance required from the cliff edge in this area. Active sea erosion of the lower Aeolian calcarenite is evident at a much slower rate.

Below the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse, a shore platform extends approximately 200m eastward of the cliffs forming an intertidal peninsula into Port Phillip Bay. Extending beyond the exposed platform towards the entrance to Port Phillip Bay, are reefs and intertidal islands which are remnants of the earlier stages of platform and cliff development here. The seaward part of the platform has very little slope and is studded with shallow abrasion and solution potholes. At the cliff base, the platform is an abrasion ramp up to 10 m wide sloping at 5o to 8o but interrupted by the variable dip of the limestone beds. The ramp is crossed by several shallow sinuous channels.is comprised mainly of Pleistocene raised coastal deposits of siliceous or calcareous sand which in places have been consolidated into stacks, shore platforms and cliffs where the land meets the sea.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 133 Source: Geological Survey of Victoria – Sorrento Sheet No. 858 Zone 7 - 1977 Along the Bass Strait coast are younger dunes, formed during the last 4 – 6,000 years of the Holocene period. These recent dunes were formed when the sea rose a metre or two above the present sea level. The processes of erosion and deposition which shaped the dunes are still active in the area, with ocean swells bringing eroded sand past Point Lonsdale into the Bay.

VEGETATION

The Bellarine Peninsula has been largely cleared of native vegetation. Most remnant vegetation has been modified through weed invasion and lack of natural regimes, including fire. Vegetation along the Point Lonsdale coast, as with many other coastal areas, has been changed by coast roads that give multiple dune access points, by clearing for car parks, buildings and other infrastructure, and by invasive species that have mostly spread from farms and gardens. Over many years, land managers have planted various indigenous species to prevent sand loss. The vegetation in the Reserve reflects this situation (Muir and Collinson 1997). Studies by Trengove (1992, 1998) indicate that the vegetation in the Reserve varies from local to regional significance. The main vegetation communities in the Reserve are outlined briefly below:

Moonah Woodland: Closed woodland dominated by Moonah (Melaleuca lanceolata). Understory includes a mixture of shrubs, groundcovers and climbers, grasses, sedges, herbaceous species and non-vascular plants. This community is listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 as a threatened community.

Moonah/Coast Tea Tree Shrubland/Woodland: Woodland dominated by Moonah and Coast Tea Tree (Leptospermum laevigatum). Understorey includes a mixture of shrubs, groundcovers and climbers, grasses sedges, herbaceous species and non-vascula plants. The percentage cover of moonah and Coast Tea Tree varies. It is likely that the Coast Tea Tree dominates in areas that have been previously disturbed.

Coastal Cliff Shrubland: Shrubland dominated by Coast Daisy Bush (Oiearia axillaris), Coast Beard Heath (Leucopogon parviflorus) and White Correa (Correa alba). Other plants include grasses, sedges, climbers, groundcovers and small shrubs.

Foredune: Grassland: Low open to closed grassland occurring on exposed foredunes. Comprised of indigenous and exotic species including tussock grasses ie. Coast Tussock Grass (Poa poiformis), rhizomatous grasses

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 134 and herbs ie. Coast sword sedge (Lepidosperma gladiatum) and Marram Grass (Ammophila arenaria), small shrubs ie. Austral trefoil (Lotus australis), and low growing tree species due to the exposed conditions ie. Coast Tea Tree.

The dune community and the coastal shrubland are of regional significance.

Overall, Trengove (1998) recorded a total of 150 species of which 66 are native and 84 exotic. The greatest disturbance to native vegetation and invasion by exotics occurs behind the front (Port Phillip Bay) beach, but even the more remote areas behind the back (ocean) beach are affected. He identified the occurrence of Coast Wirilda (Acacia retinodes var uncifolia) as being of State significance and 20 other species as having regional significance (see Appendix 3). Active management is needed in order to sustain the limited distribution of Coast Wirilda and about eight of the other species having regional significance.

Particularly following site disturbance, Coast Tea Tree tends to invade parts of the Reserve (eg closed Moonah woodland) beyond where it occurs naturally. Where this invasion is leading to loss of species diversity, appropriate management action should be taken. An unusual freshwater spring occurs in a depression behind the camp known as Froggy (or Frog) Hollow. The depression is characterized by a range of sedges and rushes, and provides habitat for birds and frogs (Fisher Stewart 1997). The area is greatly disturbed with introduced grasses, and willows and is surrounded by planted non-native species. Major threats to the vegetation in the Reserve include invasion by native (e.g. Coastal Tea Tree) and exotic species, soil disturbance from recreation activities, inappropriate fire regimes, and dune destabilization.

The Point Lonsdale Lighthouse & Foreshore Reserve Draft Management Plan lists the following species identified by Trengove (1998). State or regional significant species are those which are rare, uncommon or of limited distribution, or those which are taxonomically, biogeographically or ecologically interesting, or those which are not regenerating in sufficient numbers to maintain healthy population numbers.:

State Significant Species (1 Taxa)  Coast Wirilda Acacia retinodes var uncifolia

Regional Significant Species (20 Taxa)  Black-anther Flax-lily Dianella revoluta (non-glaucous coastal)  Coast Blown-grass Agrostis billardierei var billardierei  Dune Fescue Austrofestuca littoralis  Prickly Spear-grass Austrostipa stipoides  Creeping Coast Tussock-grass Poa poi form is var ram iter  Spinifex Spinifex sericeus  Sea Box Alyxia buxifolia  Satin Everlasting Helichrysum leucopsideum  Coast Bone-fruit Threlkeldia diffusa  Austral Trefoil Lotus australis  Slender Bush-pea Pultenea tenuifolia  Coast Swainson-pea Swainsona lessertifolia  Moonah Melaleuca lanceolata  Love Creeper Comesperma volubile  Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia ssp integrifolia  Coast Pomaderris Pomaderris paniculosa ssp parilia  White Correa Correa alba  Common Correa Correa reflexa  Thyme Rice-flower Pimelea serpyllifolia  Coast Twin-leaf Zvgophyllum billardierei

Environmental weeds: Trengove identified the following requiring control  Monterey Cypress Cupressus macrocarpus  Monterey Pine Pinus radiate  Montbretia (Coppertips) Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora  Freesia Freesia alba x leichtlinii  Agapanthus Agapanthus praecox

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 135  Century Plant Agave Americana  Smilax Asparagus asparagoides  Toowomba Canary-grass Phalaris aquatic  Kikuya Pennisetum cladestinum  Buffalo Grass Stenotaphrum subsecundum  Pig-face Drosanthemum candens  Ice Plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum  Periwinkle Vinca major  Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera  Ivy-leaf Groundsel Delaria odorata  Gazania Gazania sp  Purple Groundsel Senecio elegans  Stock Matthiola incana  Sea Spurge Euphorbia parilia  Dolochis pea Dipogon lignosus  Pelargonium Pelargonium X domesticum  Tree Mallow Malva dendromorpha  Sallow Wattle Acacia longifolia  Cape Leuwin Wattle Paraseriarithes lophantha  Giant Honey-myrtle Melaleuca armillaris  Privet Ligustrum vulgare  Sorrel (white flower) Oxalis sp obtuse  Sour-sob Ox alis pes-caprae  Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum  Myrtle-leaf Milkwort Polygala myrtlfolia  Sweet Hakea Hakea suaveolens  Italian Buckthorn Rhamnus alaternus  Cotoneaster Cotoneaster sp  Blackberry Rubus sp  Mirror Bush Coprosma repens  Boxthorn Lycium ferrocissimum

Abutting the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve, below the open coast’s high-water mark, intertidal and subtidal marine life was given greater protection via the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Parks in 2002. Intertidal reef flora is dominated by the brown algae, Neptune’s necklace, Hormosira banksii, host to the common periwinkle (Austrocochlea constricta), common warrener Turbo undulates and cart-rut shell (Dicathais orbita). Porter and Wescott found these molluscs were smaller in high-use areas and suggested that collection and trampling were changing community composition.

Crayweed (Phyllospora comosa) and common kelp (Ecklonia radiate) often form dense canopies on subtidal reefs, providing habitat for blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) and the southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) that were once plentiful on intertidal reefs. Intensive harvesting caused their numbers to plummet and intertidal collection is now banned in Victoria.

At the entrance to Port Phillip Bay, a deep canyon is draped in sponge gardens containing more than 270 species, with at least 115 endemic (Edmund). Dredging for the 2008 channel deepening project seemingly ‘exacerbated natural erosion processes, causing ongoing rubble formation and periodic rock falls into the canyon. Although this process is highly spatially confined, the canyon habitat is also highly spatially confined, making the threatening process more significant’ (Edmunds et al 2009). The authors also noted that the canyon’s ecological community structure changed after the dredging. The sponge gardens were later listed as threatened under Victoria’s Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.

Another threatened community, giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), was once extensive but is now found only in small patches on subtidal reefs at Point Addis and Barwon Bluff, having disappeared from The Heads, Lonsdale Bight and off Point Lonsdale (Threatened Species Scientific Committee). Key factors in its decline are rising water temperatures and reduced nutrient loads, due to climate change, and declining water quality.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 136 Rounding Point Lonsdale and entering Port Phillip Bay, the open-coast’s high cliffs, tall sand dunes and limestone reefs are replaced by a large tidal delta, narrow beaches, low-lying land and soft clay, silt, sand and gravel shorelines. Nearshore there is bare sand, occasional rocky reefs and extensive seagrass meadows: large areas of Amphibolis antarctica grow in Lonsdale Bight. Almost all Coastal Alkaline Scrub, including large areas between Point Lonsdale and Queenscliff and at Portarlington, and Plains Grassy Woodland and Grassy Woodland, are gone from this coastal section.

FAUNA

Muir and Collinson (1997) carried out a search of the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife database for Lonsdale Bight and the surrounding area. This gives an indication of the fauna likely to be observed within the Reserve or the adjacent marine area. Of the 96 species listed below, only 3 (2 introduced) mammals, 23 (2 introduced) birds, 1 frog and 1 reptile species have been recorded or are likely to occur in the foreshore vegetation or the beach.

Mammals:  Common ringtail possum Pseudocheirus  Black rat Rattus rattus  House mouse Mus musculus  Australian fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus  Common dolphin Delphinus delphis  Bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus  Killer whale Orcinus orca  Southern white whale Eubalaena australis  Echidna Tachyglossidae

Birds: Fifty-eight conservation listed shore or sea birds have been sighted in or in the immediate surrounds of Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park. Thirty-nine are recognized as threatened in Victoria, listed under the Fauna and Flora Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act 1988) or the Victorian Rare or Threatened Species (VROTS) list as shown in the survey map below by the Department of Sustainability and Environment.

Two species, the grey-tailed tattler Heteroscelus brevipes and the orange- bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster are regarded as critically endangered, the latter both in Victoria and nationally. Three birds are listed in Victoria as endangered, sixteen vulnerable and eighteen near threatened. Five birds are listed as vulnerable at both the state and national level, including the seabirds fairy prion Pachyptila turtur, northern giant-petrel Macronectes halli, and shy Thalassarche cauta, yellow-nosed T.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 137 chlororhynchos and black- browed albatross T. melanophris. Forty-three birds are recognized internationally under the Australia Migratory Bird Agreement with either China (CAMBA) or Japan (JAMBA). Calcarenite shore and reef platforms are regionally significant shorebird foraging habitats.

 Black swan Cygnus atratus  Grey teal Anas gracilis  Chestnut teal Anas castanea  Little penguin Eudyptula minor  Southern giant-petrel Macronectes giganteus  Northern giant-petrel Macronectes halli  Southern fulrnar Fulmarus glacialoides  Cape petrel Daption capense  Kerguelen petrel Lugensa brevirostris  White-headed petrel Pterodroma lessonii  Salvin's Prion Pachyptila salvini  Slender-billed prion Pachyptila belcheri  Fairy prion Pachyptila turtur  Short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris  Fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia  Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans  Black-brewed albatross Diomedea melanophris  Shy albatross Diomedea cauta  Grey-headed albatross Diomedea chrysostoma  Yellow-nosed albatross Diomedea chlororhynchos  Australasian Gannet Morus serrator  Black-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscescens  White-faced heron Egretta novaehollandiae  Little egret Egretta garzetta  Nankeen night heron Nycticorax caledonicus  Royal spoonbill Platalea regia  Yellow-billed spoonbill Platalea flavipes  Black kite Milvus migrans  White-bellied sea-eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster  Swamp harrier Circus approximans  Brown falcon Falco berigora  Australian kestrel Falco cencroides  Australian spotted crake Porzana fluminea  Bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica  Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus  Eastern curlew Numenius madagascariensis  Common greenshank Tringa nebularia  Terek sandpiper Xenus cinerus  Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres  Great knot Calidris tenuirostris  Red knot Calidris canutus  Sanderling Calidris alba  Red-necked stint Calidris ruficollis  Sharp-tailed sandpiper Calidris acuminata  Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea  Pied oystercatcher Haematopus !ongirostris  Sooty oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus  Black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus  Pacific golden plover Pluvialis fluva  Grey plover Pluvialis squatarola  Red-capped plover Charadrius ruficapillus  Double-banded plover Charadrius bicinctus  Lesser sand plover Charadrius mongolus

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 138  Greater sand plover Charadrius leschenaultii  Hooded plover Thinornis rubricallis  Great skua Catharacta skua  Pomarine jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus  Arctic jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus  Pacific gull Larus pacificus  Silver gull Larus novaehollandiae  Gull-billed tern Sterna nilotica  Crested tern Sterna bergii  White-fronted tern Sterna striata  Common tern Sterna hirundo  Little tern Sterna albifrons  Spotted turtledove Streptopelia chinensis  Orange-bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster  Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Chrysococcyx basalis  Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus  Brown thornbill Acanthiza pusilla  Red wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata  Singing honeyeater Lichenostomus virescens  New Holland honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae  Willie wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys  White-browed wood swallow Artamus superciliosus  Grey butcherbird Cracticus torquatus  Australian magpie Gymnorhina tibicen  Australian raven Corvus coronoides  Welcome swallow Hirundo neoxena  Silvereye Zosterops  Common blackbird Turdus merula

Frogs:  Common eastern froglet Crinia signifera  Eastern banjo frog Limnodynastes dumerilii  Spotted grass frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis  Brown tree frog Litoria ewingii

Reptiles:  Garden skink Lampropholis guichenoti  Glossy grass skink Pseudemoia rawlinsonii  Eastern bearded dragon Pogona barbata

The Reserve plays an important role in the conservation of particular fauna. The Hooded Plover (Charadrius rubricollis), listed on Schedule 2 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, is known to occur and nest on the ocean beach and low dune areas. In addition, there are records of the Little Tern (Sterna albifrons sinensis), which is also listed under the Act, but the area is unsuitable for nesting.

The Reserve also supports a diverse fauna, particularly of birds, which contributes to the biodiversity of the Bellarine Peninsula. These fauna are regarded as locally significant with the exception of species which have expanded their population andlor range since European settlement into urban or farmland habitats (e.g. Australian Magpie).

The beach area is used as a roosting area for birds but interference occurs from human use and the presence of dogs. The intertidal zone (outside the Reserve boundary) has been significantly affected by the collection of shellfish and marine invertebrates. The habitat values may be significantly diminished by the occurrence of exotic plant species.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 139 MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Marine Communities: The Point Lonsdale intertidal reef platforms contains the highest diversity of any calcarenite reef in Victoria with diverse and abundant algal assemblages on Lighthouse Reef. The deep undercuts in Lonsdale Reef contain algae communities more typical of deeper waters. The Port Phillip Bay entrance deep canyon marine community is one of two marine communities in Victoria listed under the FFG Act 1988. Part of the area occupied by the community falls within the boundary of the Point Lonsdale section of the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park. The community is dominated by sessile invertebrates, predominantly sponges, with ascidians, bryozoans, hydroids and corals. The biota is diverse in terms of the variety of sponges and other invertebrate forms present. The community occurs within a 100 metre deep submarine canyon at the entrance to Port Phillip Bay, in an unusual and spectacular physical setting.

The deep canyon community is characterized and differentiated from other communities by its species composition and their relative abundance. The community is considered to be different from other known deep reef communities in south-eastern Australia (Point Addis, Wilsons Promontory, Twelve Apostles) due to the relatively high cover of sponges (65 per cent on average), the abundance of erect hydroids (Nemertesia procumbens, Halopteris glutinosa, Halicornopsis elegans), the scarcity of gorgonian coral (Pteronisis spp.), the absence of the sea whip coral Primnoella australasiae, and absence of thallose seaweeds and coralline algae (Edmunds et al. 2007).

Species distribution information: An assessment of distribution, endemism and rarity of biota across the state found that Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park has three known endemic invertebrates and two molluscs presumed to be endemic (O'Hara and Barmby 2000; O’Hara and Poore 2000; O'Hara 2002).One hundred and four biota have been recorded or are presumed to be at their distributional limit in Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park (O'Hara and Barmby 2000; O’Hara and Poore 2000; Plummer et al. 2003). Three fish have been recorded and one presumed to be at the northern limit of their distribution in the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park (O'Hara and Barmby 2000; O’Hara and Poore 2000).

Six biota, including two species of red algae, two crustaceans and two fish have been recorded to be at their western limit of their distribution in the Marine National Park (O'Hara and Barmby 2000; O’Hara and Poore 2000). Sixteen biota, including algae, molluscs, urchins and fish, are presumed to be at their western distributional limit. Thirteen algae, mostly red, with two green and two brown algae, are recorded as being at the easterly limit of their distribution in the Marine National Park (O'Hara and Barmby 2000; O’Hara and Poore 2000). Sixty-three biota are presumed as being at the easterly limit of their distribution at Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park (O'Hara and Barmby 2000; O’Hara and Poore 2000).

Forty-eight species of algae are presumed to be at their eastern distributional limit in the Marine National Park and includes thirty- eight species of red algae, seven brown and three green algae. Seven fish and eight invertebrates, including four chitons are also presumed to be at their eastern distribution limit. Many species were first collected or only known from Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park. The chiton Bassethullia glypta occurs in Port Phillip Heads (type locality) along the shore from Sorrento to Portsea and at Shortland Bluff in Lonsdale Bay. It also occurs in Western Port Bay at West Head, Flinders and possibly near Stanley, northwest Tasmania (O'Hara and Barmby 2000). This chiton is considered very rare and restricted in distribution (O'Hara and Barmby 2000).

The microscopic brown algae Elachista claytoniae is only known on Sargassum basal leaves from Port Phillip Heads but is probably wider spread. The distributional limits of the biota listed in Table 7 may reflect intensive collection effort in Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park rather than actual Victorian distributions. Many areas of the Victorian coast have never been sampled and therefore biota ranges may be much greater than those suggested.

Fish: Under the Victorian Fisheries Act 1995 all syngnathid species listed as Protected Aquatic Biota. Nationally listed as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Spotted pipefish S. argus and Port Phillip pipefish V. phillipi abundant in Swan Bay seagrass beds (Plummer et al. 2003). The weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus has been recorded around Point Lonsdale (Edmunds et al. 2009b). Many other syngnathids are found in the park including the short- headed seahorse Hippocampus breviceps, big-bellied seahorse H. abdominalis and upside-down pipefish

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Page 140 Heraldia nocturnia, which are found on subtidal reef. Many species of pipefish also found in seagrass habitat (Edmunds et al. 2004a). Port Phillip Heads is considered an important stronghold for Victoria's population of the western blue devil fish.

Invertebrates: Shrimp Eucalliax tooradin and chiton Bassethullia glypta endemic to park and listed under the FFG Act 1988. Bassethullia glypta is very rare and has a restricted distribution. It occurs on the southern shore of Port Phillip Bay, from Sorrento to Portsea and in Lonsdale Bight. Also at Mushroom Reef Marine Sanctuary, Flinders.

Marine mammals and reptiles: Two Victorian conservation listed mammals, the southern right Eubalaena australis and humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae, have been observed in Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park. The nationally listed southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina and loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta have also been recorded in the Park. The southern right whale (E. Australis), humpback whale (M. Novaeangliae) and loggerhead turtle (C. Caretta) are listed as migratory under the Bonn convention.

Outside of the Heads in Point Lonsdale (and Point Nepean) is a possible habitat for the FFG Act 1988 listed threatened southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), although it is predominantly a migratory spe- cies found further offshore. Likewise the open waters off the Heads could potentially be used by the grey nurse shark Charcharias taurus which is listed as threatened in Victoria (FFG Act) and critically endan- gered nationally (EPBC Act). Juveniles of the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) are known to enter PPB and could be found in the waters of Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park. This species is regarded as threatened in Victoria (FFG Act) and vulnerable nationally (EPBC Act).

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SECTION 10

POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE’S NATIONALLY IMPORTANT AESTHETIC VALUES

Australian Historic Themes:

8. DEVELOPING AUSTRALIA’S CULTURAL LIFE

8.1 Organising recreation 8.1.4 - Enjoying the natural environment

8.9 Commemorating significant events 8.9.1 - Remembering disasters 8.9.2 - Remembering public spectacles

8.10 Pursuing excellence in the arts 8.10 - Enjoying the natural environment

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POINT LONSDALE’S OUTSTANDING AESTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS

The Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve is one of the ‘key’ tourist destinations of the Bellarine Peninsula. This Reserve is uniquely situated at the gateway to both the Great Ocean Road and Mornington Peninsula, and situated on headland of the Bellarine Peninsula. It is valued highly by the permanent population and the scores of national and international visitors. Digital technology sites such as ‘Trip Advisor’ have increased the visitation rates of international and national tourists, who have become aware of the unique aesthetic beauty and nationally important indigenous, maritime and military history of this Reserve.

The rock platform at low tide at Point Lonsdale provides an immediate connection to the sea and its turbulent capacity. The pier is another vantage point to experience The Rip. The coastal walk from Point Lonsdale to Queenscliff provides a spectacular vantage point and passes searchlight and gun emplacements.

Visitors also come to enjoy the fresh air, natural coastal walks and lighthouse tours. The high panoramic vantage points allow for spectacular 360 degree viewing as well as spectacular up close shipping viewing (including the prestigious Cunard cruise liners such as QE11 and Queen Mary 2.) During the summer months when the population swells from 3,000 to 15,000, the Reserve is the magnet that draws people to escape the busy crowded schedules of modern life. It is an unspoilt, undeveloped place of relaxation and passive recreation. In this busy crowded world, it is a unique place steeped in history, to experience solitude and peace.

It is the area that the first local pioneers walked and developed a love of the aesthetics of the area. The Crouch family was one of the first pioneer families in the 1880s. They took a horse and dray from Queenscliff, to escape the increasing development of Queenscliff. ‘As Queenscliff’s natural beauty began to be pruned and compressed, Mr. Crouch’s pioneering spirit turned more and more to the wild bit of coastline beyond. …a love of tramping …it did not take him long to discover the charm of Lonsdale’s shy and solitary ways’5 (p. 34 -35 A History of Point Lonsdale. N.A. Dunn 1949).

Later in the early 1900s, Alfred Deakin M.L.A., Australia’s first Attorney General and later Prime Minister, built a house in 1907-1908: Ballara in Point Lonsdale. This home still exists today. It is said that Mr. Deakin’s ‘tastes did not change with his high office. He loved and sought the unfrequented beauty of Lonsdale to the end of his life.’6 p. 47 N.A Dunn. ‘A History of Point Lonsdale. 1949’. Today, 100 years later, the appreciation of the aesthetics of strolling through the native vegetation in the lighthouse reserve, to witness and appreciate unsurpassed beauty, are still much valued by the community and wider community.

WRITERS:

Several authors have been inspired by the area around Port Phillip Heads. Authors such as Don Charlwood, who wrote the Australian classic “All the Green Year”, told of youthful carefree days clambering through the dunes and ti-tree.

In Henry Handel Richardson's classic book, "The Getting of Wisdom" a vivid description is given of a ferry trip that bypasses the lighthouse in the late 1800s: "Then the boat stood to sea again and sailed past high, grass-grown cliffs, from which a few old cannons, pointing their noses at you, watched over the safety of the Bay—in the event, say, of the Japanese or the Russians entering The Heads past the pretty township, and the beflagged bathing- enclosures on the beach below. They neared the tall, granite lighthouse at the point, with the flagstaff at its side where incoming steamers were signalled; and as soon as they had rounded this corner they were in view of The Heads themselves. From the distant cliffs there ran out, on either side, brown reefs, which made the inrushing water dance and foam, and the entrance to the Bay narrow and dangerous: on one side, there projected the portion of a wreck which had lain there as long as Laura had been in the world. Then, having made a sharp turn to the left, the boat crossed to the opposite coast, and steamed past barrack-like buildings lying asleep in the fierce sunshine of the afternoon; and, in due course, it stopped at Laura's destination."

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 3 Two now resident authors are Barry Hill and Beverley Farmer. Barry Hill wrote “The Enduring Rip, A History of Queenscliff”, 2005. In this book Hill aptly describes The Rip as a body of water that sailors from every point of the compass have learned to respect. He describes the significance of The Heads when he writes: “stand on the rock shelf at low tide at The Heads of Port Phillip. Put the Point Lonsdale lighthouse and Buckley’s cave behind you and look across the water to Point Nepean. Between these points – only two kilometres – is a stretch of water called The Rip, the significance of which is inseparable from the endeavours of white settlement in the Bay.”

Beverley Farmer is an author and resident of Point Lonsdale. She also uses local imagery in her works. In “A Stiff Wind”, Farmer writes: “Tide coming in, a tiff wind. Black shjp out, a white ship in. flash out on the grey water – a pilot boat catching the sun. The dunes have grown fine long green hairs all over – their skin shows through.”

Farmer was awarded the Patrick White Award in 2009. She won the NSW Premier’s Award for Fiction for “Milk” and was shortlisted for the Miles Franklin award for “The House of Light” Works that have been inspired by Point Lonsdale include “The Seal Woman” (1992) and “This Water: Five Tales” (2017).

AESTHETIC VALUES INFLUENCING ARISTS

Prominent Australian artists and photographers from the late 1850’s onwards have found the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve with its shipping and 360 degree views from various vantage points: southwards overlooking The Rip, Bass Strait, to the east towards Point Nepean, westwards to the Barwon Heads Bluff and towards the Otway’s, and north east to Port Phillip Bay, Queenscliff and Arthur’s Seat in the distance.

These distinctive and world-class geographical panoramas along with the unique location at the entrance to Victoria drew the interest and artistic creativity of many photographers and artists, such as the engraver, Robert Bruce, who worked for David Syme & Company, and published in 1870. Adjacent is the work of Samuel Calvert ‘At Point Lonsdale’, in 1886, drawn to the rugged windswept coastline of Point Lonsdale to report on a shipwreck.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 4 Some paintings have valuable historic value such as this painting by Elizabeth Gray who painted a scene of the flagstaff at Point Lonsdale in 1863, also showing the first Powder Magazine at lower centre.

Incorrectly titled ‘Old Signal Station, Back beach, Queenscliff’ actually Point Lonsdale 1863 by Elizabeth Gray. Source SLV The Point Lonsdale headland has been popular with artists, especially those focussing on shipping. John William Vellacott, 1855 – 1914, served as a cadet on board the HMS Worcester from 1868 to 1871. He then served in the merchant service. In1886 he arrived in Australia. He was a marine artist for Lord Brassey. His works include a painting of the SS Narrung off Point Lonsdale in 1900.

Arthur Gregory (1867 – 1957) was a prolific marine and pier head artist who painted extensively around Point Lonsdale and included the lighthouse in many of his works. He was the son of George Frederick Gregory who painted the Victoria Fleet in 1872. Gregory was marine artist to Lord Brassey K.C.B., Henry Loch M.C.M.B. the Victorian Navy and the Marine Companies. A watercolour of the “Gerard” is housed at the Queenscliff Maritime Museum. Some of Gregory’s works referring to Point Lonsdale are below:

The Loch Garry Coming Through the Rip The Majanka Off Point Lonsdale

Koonookara (Off Point Lonsdale) 1905 The Marrawah - Passing Point Lonsdale 1911

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 5

The S.S. Laranah 1915 Tambar 1930

The S.S. Marrawah, in the Rip

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 6 Henry Zanoni worked around Queenscliff and Point Lonsdale in the 19th and early 20 Century. Between 1895 and 1946 he painted dozens of ships, from sail to steam, on the walls of the fishermen’s shed in Queenscliff. The shed, now housed in the Queenscliff Maritime Museum, is amongst the most popular of attractions to the seaside township. Zanoni’s naïve style of painting is redolent of many traditional pier head painters and this one room is a rare example of such a distinct genre of popular art. Zanoni’s work has little in common with the elaborate seascape of the academic schools of marine art but his work is evocative and displays a skilful accuracy with solid attention to detail. This shed is now classified by the National trust and is on the Victorian Heritage Register Number H2074.

20th Century Artists:

Other artists who have enjoyed the scenic beauty and the creative inspiration of the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve and back beach were Sunday and John Reed along with Albert Tucker, Sidney Nolan and Joy Hester who visited Point Lonsdale in 1945.

Albert Tucker and Joy Hester were interested in photography and captured the wildness of the area. This group of artists (below left), enjoyed a day of carefree relaxation around the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve (SLV. Image H 220.98/126 s).

Albert Tucker, below right, with piece of driftwood, Point Lonsdale Christmas 1944, by Joy Hester, captures the aesthetic of the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve region, unspoilt and untouched as it is today (Source: Albert Tucker, State Library of Victoria H2010.72/57).

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 7

POINT LONSDALE – WORLD CLASS SHIP SPOTTING AND MARITIME OBSERVATION SITE

The origins of ship spotting lie in every port of the world. People along every coastline of the world, have watched for precious cargo to arrive, waited for an enemy fleet to appear, watched for an overdue fishing boat or gathered for dramatic maritime events.

The Point Lonsdale headland has long been the focus of people looking out to sea due to its strategic position and remarkable vista. The extent of middens throughout the precinct is perhaps indicative of how special the area was as an Aboriginal Place. The Victorian Heritage Database Report proposes that ‘Buck- ley's Cave’, a natural feature in the Point Lonsdale escarpment associated with William Buckley, was likely used by him as an observation point for passing ships (http://vhd.heritagecoun- cil.vic.gov.au/places/120963/download-report).

Almost from the earliest days of white settlement, Point Lonsdale became a destination to observe key maritime events. Today, the area is still highly valued for its unique aesthetics and is visited by international and national photographers who capture the timeless beauty of the area. Their works can be viewed on Facebook, You Tube and the Marine Traffic. The white timber pier is well utilised daily by photographers, site seers and fishermen who use this area for passive recreation.

Some of the earliest photographers were:

Johan Friedrich Carl Kruger. b. 1831: Kruger has been described as ‘one of the leading landscape photographers in 19th Century Victoria’ (NGV. Media Release 18/1/2012 ngv.vic.gov.au)1 An exhibition in Feb 2012 at the NGV, titled ‘Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscapes’, depicted iconic landscapes including Point Lonsdale. These photographs are of the Point Lonsdale Reserve area, depicting the first lighthouse, lighthouse keeper’s quarters, and wrecks of the George Roper and the Glaneuse. Kruger, from 1871 onwards, received International recognition for his landscape photography. He won a gold medal for the best collection of landscape views taken within 25 miles of Geelong Post Office (Design and Art online Version History 1192. Updated Oct. 19 2011. Website: daao.org.au). He used a method of photography known as albumen silver photography (NGV. Website: ngv.vic.gov.au). Many works, including the Point Lonsdale photographic works are curated at the NGV Melbourne.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 8 In July 1883, when the George Roper was wrecked off Point Lonsdale, below the lighthouse, Kruger rushed to photograph it. What made this photograph significant was the fact that he included images of sightseers on the beach. “These sightseers enhanced the composition and added to the drama of the image”’(ngv.vic.gov.au).

The photograph gave insight into the maritime and social history of Point Lonsdale at this time. Kruger also ‘was conscious that prospective buyers (of his photographs) should be clearly seen, so distinctly that the identity of each person could be identified’. This was noted in the (Geelong Advertiser 21 March 1881).5 In 1886, he also photographed the barque, Glaneuse 1886, being wrecked at Point Lonsdale.

One of his most prestigious commissions was from Lady Loch, the Governor’s wife. She accidentally encountered Kruger on an excursion to Point Lonsdale in 1885. She asked Kruger to take a view through the trees of SS Austral against the backdrop of Point Nepean (daao.org.au. Writer: Paul Fox).

The photograph of ‘Cottages and Lighthouses, Point Lonsdale’, which was a gift from Mrs. Beryl M Curl, to the NGV in 1979, is an important example of the clear detail of Kruger’s photographic works. This photo depicts the first wooden lighthouse, the telegraph house on the cliff; the stone foundation remains are still evident today, and the lighthouse keeper’s cottage below. The gentleman in the foreground on the right hand side has been clearly photographed so that he is recognisable and identifiable. “The combination of rich context, strong sense of time and place and distinctive creative expression make Kruger’s work so notable in history of Australian photography.” (NGV Media Release18/01/2012).

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 9 Lionel Ormerod: Ormerod who resided in Queenscliff in 1866, was also an important Australian photographer who photographed the lighthouse at Point Lonsdale. Omerod invented a new photographic process that ‘allowed portraits to be enlarged from carte de visite to any desired size, without losing their natural aspect’. (daoo.org.au Version created 1’1’1992. Updated Oct 19th 2011.)

Ormerod was commissioned by the Borough of Queenscliff to photograph 15 views of the town for the 1866 Intercolonial Exhibition. This included a photograph, which ‘captured the best of local coastal scenery, taking a magnificent piece of rock scenery at Ormerod: Signal Station & Wooden Lighthouse at Point Lonsdale 1866 Point Lonsdale’ (daao.org.au Biography. Paul Fox update 2011). This photograph was important because it showed the first signal mast flagstaff and first lighthouse at Point Lonsdale. It is a very important piece of social history as the people on the cliff are very clear and identifiable and give social context.

John H. Jones: John H. Jones was a Ballarat surveyor and architect who in the early 1860s photographed an extraordinary record of colonial Melbourne, the colony of Victoria including Point Lonsdale, Queenscliff. At a time when photographers were very few (in 1858, with a settled population of over one hundred thousand, Melbourne had only 12 photographers), these important early photographs survey the City of Melbourne and the major settlements of Victoria, inspired by the discovery of gold; and record the picturesque scenery of the colony through its natural wonders.

Capturing these important scenes would have been no easy feat for Jones. He would have travelled to Point Lonsdale on horseback, with his camera and with the constraints of the wet plate process (that demanded development on the spot). The number of exposures that have survived in very good condition is remarkable and the level of detail in his compositions is impressive. Jones’ work was acknowledged by the Melbourne Illustrated Post on 27 September 1862: “We have received a sample set of a series of photographed views for the stereoscope taken by Mr J.H. Jones of St. Kilda. The subjects of the pictures are exclusively Victorian, and have been selected with considerable judgement. Many of the most remarkable bits of wood and rock scenery in the colony are represented in the set, and some of our prettiest townships have also been reproduced. Mr Jones appears to us to have been completely successful in his attempt to procure available local subjects”.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 10 SHIP WATCHING AND PHOTOGRAPHY

The Point Lonsdale Lighthouse’s strategic position overooking The Heads has ensued it attracts crowds for major maritime events. The ensuing photographs may not be in pursuit of the art of photography but simply the capturing of a particular incident. The following are some images which capture the diversity of how photographers have responded in an indicative basic style to just a few shipping events at around the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse:

Wreck of The Holyhead 1887 – Unknown photographer Source: Heritage Victoria Wreck of The Gange 1887 – Unknown photographer Source: Heritage Victoria

Scuttling of the Milora off Point Lonsdale 1934 Unknown Photographer Wrecks the Glaneuse and the Holyhead off Point

Lonsdale 1889 – Source ANMM

Queen Mary II exiting The Heads past the Point Lonsdale jetty 2014 Image: Benjamin Daniels

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 11 THE CROWDS

Moyneux Party off to see Great White Fleet at Point Crowds at the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse, watching Lonsdale 1908 Source Museum Victoria MM 7208 the entry of the American Great White Fleet into Port Phillip Heads 1908 (Private Collection)

1910 – Tourists at the Reserve Source: Reid 2014, p.96

‘Crowds at the Lighthouse, Point Lonsdale awaiting HMS Repulse’ 1924, by S. Pollard. Source Museums Victoria

Watching the 1978 Melbourne—Devonport race (QMM)

Awaiting the 1988 Tall Ships arrival

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 12 Watching the 1988 Tall Ships arrival through The Heads

As technology has evolved so has photography at Point Lonsdale and the resultant sharing of images. Every commercial ship transmits a unique Automatic Identification System (AIS) signal that shore facili- ties and satellites relay around the world. The position of every ship, every minute of the day, can be ac- curately determined. Every shipping company, in every city of the world, watches the progress of their ships on computer screens.

The use of AIS has promoted the emergence of the new technically aware “ship spotter”. Companies have set up web sites dedicated to showing the location of every commercial ship in the world on anyone’s computer screen 24/7. So that public users can ‘see’ shipping arriving at their port of interest 50–100+ nautical miles out to sea. Linked to the icon of a ship on the computer screen, are photographs of each ship and the ports that it has visited. The photographs are taken by ‘ship spotting’ photographers in ports all around the world, or by maritime personnel working on-board ships, or at the ports of call. These people upload their photographs to the ship spotting websites.

The two most popular global public ship spotting websites are: https://www.marinetraffic.com and https://www.shipspotting.com. Numerous photographers at Point Lonsdale upload their images of ships to these websites. The photographs are taken daily from various vantage points on the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve. The best vantage points include the base of the Lighthouse, the base of the Flag/Signal pole and the end of the Point Lonsdale Pier. In January 2017 the BBC franchised production of Coasts Australia featured Port Phillip Heads and Point Lonsdale. The producers of the episode included two Point Lonsdale residents and keen ship spotters Graham Flett and Lester Hunt obtaining photographs of commercial shipping at ‘The Rip’.

Ship spotters at Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve also contribute to the World Ship Society (WSS). The Victorian Branch of the WSS produces monthly newsletters which include items about arrivals and departures, significantly increasing through The Heads.

“The Victorian branch of the World Ship Society uses Point Lonsdale on numerous occasions for the purposes of taking photos that are included in our monthly shipping newsletter as it is one of the best vantage spots available to the public. Our newsletter is used by many varying Government bodies, port corporations, shipping companies and other interested shipping enthusiasts with all sorts of information being readily available.” (Peter Grunberg Deputy Editor WSS Victoria)

For the technology aware ship spotter there is not only the opportunity to share photographs online but also videos. The massive increase in the use of social media and the ability for many people to take and upload video clips has produced dedicated video sharing websites such as YouTube and Vimeo. By way of example, in November 2016, a Point Lonsdale ship spotter recorded a video from the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve of the Spirit of Tasmania outbound during rough sea conditions. That video has had around 235,000 views. To view the video, click the link: https://vimeo.com/190404475

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 10 – Aesthetics - Page 13 Ship spotting in Point Lonsdale is a passion that continues to link a worldwide network of people, many simply have an interest in nautical photography others may be working full time in the maritime industry. The maritime industry is global and ever increasing in size. In this digital era, the ship spotters at the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve are not only in touch with other ship spotters worldwide, but are also linked into the activities and companies of the global maritime industry.

Spirit of Tasmania outbound passing Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve November 2016

As historian N A. Dunn, wrote in her 1949 essay, A History of Point Lonsdale:

“to all who know the rapture of Lonsdale’s surf swept shore, sting of its wind, salt of its flying spray, who rue each inch of shining sand claimed by the sea, each root unbarred along the unconquered cliffs, grieve to see a stick of brushwood cut. For all with such, Lonsdale’s destiny is safe”

These intrinsic aesthetic values, noted poetically in 1949, are still the highly treasured values held today by the local, national and international visitors to the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve.

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SECTION 11

MATRIX OF SHARED NATIONAL HERITAGE VALUES BETWEEN:

1. POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE 2. SHORTLAND BLUFF & FORT QUEENSCLIFF 3. POINT NEPEAN

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ATTRIBUTES THEME POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE QUEENSCLIFF, FORT QUEENSCLIFF & SHORTLAND’S POINT NEPEAN BLUFF Associated Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve Queenscliff township & harbour Quarantine Station sites Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park Fort Queenscliff Fort Pearce Various dune based fortifications on Crown land environs Shortland’s Bluff Fort Nepean (including the pier) Pope’s Eye (the Annulus) unfinished fort Fort Franklin Swan Island and Naval Waters South Channel Fort Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park Significance to Military KEY THEME: Australia 7. GOVERNING  7.1 Governing Australia as a province of the British Empire  7.7 Defending Australia o 7.7.1 Providing for the common defence o 7.7.2 Preparing to face invasion o 7.7.3 Going to war

“The interpretation of the coastal defences of Port Phillip Bay has historically been as part of global historical forces, and the structures have been understood as engineering feats based on the tradition of British military engineering. An understanding of the whole network of defences is important for the interpretation of their roles in the defending of Port Phillip Bay. In the past this has tended to be less important than the interpretation of each particular fortification, as if it is more important to understand the particular structure one is looking at, than why it is there. The fortifications of Port Phillip Bay are part of a larger cultural landscape stretching around the shores from Point Lonsdale and Queenscliff, through the city of Melbourne to Point Nepean. The geography of the bay is an important component of the defences and adds a scenic dimension to them. The fortifications of Port Phillip Bay need to be understood and interpreted as part of a network, not just as isolated engineering structures.“ “By 1890 Port Phillip Bay was regarded as the most heavily fortified port of British Empire in the Southern Hemisphere, leading to its title "The Gibraltar of the South". The geography of Port Phillip Bay encouraged the British engineers to adopt the coastal defence designs they were familiar with, achieving an almost perfect defence system. (Louise Honman) Maritime KEY THEMES: KEY THEMES: 2. PEOPLING AUSTRALIA 2. PEOPLING AUSTRALIA  2.4 Migrating  2.4 Migrating  2.5 Promoting settlement o 2.4.1 Migrating to save or preserve a way of life 3. DEVELOPING LOCAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ECONOMIES o 2.4.2 Migrating to seek opportunity  3.7 Establishing communications o 2.4.3 Migrating to escape oppression o 3.7.2 Developing electric means of communication o 2.4.4 Migrating through organised colonisation  3.8 Moving goods and people  2.5 Promoting settlement o 3.8.1 Shipping to and from Australian ports 7. GOVERNING o 3.8.3 Developing harbour facilities  7.1 Governing Australia as a province of the British Em-  3.15 Developing economic links outside Australia pire  3.16 Struggling with remoteness, hardship & failure  7.6 Administering Australia o 3.16.1 Dealing with hazards and disasters o 7.6.2 Controlling entry of persons and disease 7. GOVERNING  7.1 Governing Australia as a province of the British Empire Point Nepean is the site of the oldest, surviving, purpose-built, barracks-style, quarantine accommodation buildings in Australia, Point Lonsdale and Queenscliff provide critical maritime infrastructure integral to development of Australia as a nation and part of the as well as fortifications demonstrating the primary importance of British Empire. European discovery of the entrance to Port Phillip Bay occurred in 1802 when Acting Lt John Murray in command of coastal defence to the Australian colonies. As an island-nation, the Lady Nelson sighted the promontories now known as Point Lonsdale and Point Nepean. The imperative to develop the Port Phillip quarantine has played an important part in controlling the impact of District was made by forces outside of government and was to meet a growing need for land initially for the pastoral industry. The ship-borne diseases on Australia from the early 1800s. Point unlawful settlement by residents of Tasmania in the area around Melbourne in 1835 became the impetus of waves of settlers. One of Nepean is an historic landscape, which features a range of values the settlement groups (under John Batman) was the Geelong and Dutigalla Association, which was renamed the Port Phillip relating to both Victorian and national quarantine processes from Association in about March 1836. Much of that expansion was predicated on having an established sea route and a safe harbour at the 1850s and to the history of coastal defence from the 1870s. the destination. The raison d’etre for the establishment Melbourne and other key cities such as Geelong was the passage between Infrastructure integral to development of Australia as a nation and the Heads that promoted the initial illegal occupation. This pressure built a demand for navigational facilities at the Heads and made part of the British Empire. them significantly important to settlement. Without the ability to safely navigate the Heads, the course of Australian history would have Immigration and community health (nation building). been much altered. The role of Point Lonsdale and Shortland’s Bluff determined and shaped the history of Melbourne and Geelong Establishing reliable communications. thereby impacting Victorian history and even now continuing to be a force in its economic development. Point Lonsdale and Queenscliff were the site of the first Ship to Shore wireless transmission in 1901 when Jenvey messaged the St George, part of the fleet bringing the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall to Australia for Federation activities. Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve’s history provides a complete Ten historic shipwrecks are known to have occurred in the vicinity understanding of the evolution of the role and functioning of of Swan Island. The location of six of these wrecks are known lighthouses. The site demonstrated the compete transition of within Swan Island's naval waters. These wrecks contribute navigational technology from basic signalling in the 1850s to strongly to the maritime history of this part of Port Phillip Bay. current digital management of Australia’s busiest container port. The nineteenth century buildings possess a visual unity in their Lighthouse staff have been heavily involved in the protection of harmony of form, scale, materials and textures mariners and the rescuing of shipwreck victims since the 1860s. The Reserve was also instrumental in the establishment of a safe

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ATTRIBUTES THEME POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE QUEENSCLIFF, FORT QUEENSCLIFF & SHORTLAND’S POINT NEPEAN BLUFF swimming environment with the first surf beach-based facility, the precursor to the Point Lonsdale Surf Life Saving Club. The PLSLSC was one of the first in Victoria and started the first formal Nippers program. Cultural KEY THEMES: 2. PEOPLING AUSTRALIA  2.1 Living as Australia’s earliest inhabitants  2.4 Migrating (association with sense of arrival for migrants) 7. GOVERNING  7.7.3 Going to war (military going to/returning from service) 8. DEVELOPING AUSTRALIA’S CULTURAL LIFE  8.1 Organising recreation o 8.1.4 Enjoying the natural environment  8.2 Going to the beach  8.3 Going on holiday

The coastal environment was an important source of resources for Aboriginal people, resulting in a high concentration of Aboriginal archaeological sites along the coastal zone. The three headlands of Point Lonsdale, Shortland’s Bluff and Point Nepean provide an important reference points and memory markers. They generate significant locational points for cultural and collective memory particularly for holiday makers, immigrant entry into Port Phillip and those leaving Victoria e.g. soldiers during WW1, WW2, Vietnam. The Rip is a unique and iconic stretch of water. The three headlands, Lonsdale and Corsair Reefs and The Rip tell important story in the recreation, immigration, defence, economic narrative of the nation. Environmental KEY THEMES: 1. TRACING THE EVOLUTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENT  1.3 Assessing scientifically diverse environments  1.4 Appreciating the natural wonders of Australia

There are nine sites of regional or state geological significance in Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park. In Point Lonsdale the broad Pleistocene calcarenite shore platforms, cliffs and dune sequences in Lonsdale Bight are significant. In Point Nepean the shore platforms at the Heads and the sandy accretions of Observatory Point are significant. The Great Sands, including Mud Islands, to the north of the Heads are a sandy flood tide delta on a rocky platform that is of state significance. Swan Bay has three significant features, the tidal delta into the bay, its southern tidal flats and northern alluvial fans. Remnant coastal vegetation. Swan Island is the largest emergent sand accumulation feature in Remnant Moonah and coastal vegetation. Midden sites remaining from earlier Wathaurung occupation and Port Phillip Bay. It is an integral part of Swan Bay, an likely archaeological material. internationally significant wetland which is important as wader and waterfowl habitat CRITERION A Defence Geo-political and colonial defence needs drove the contemporary development of coastal fortifications at Melbourne from the 1870s. Port Phillip Heads defence infrastructure developed due to fears of The place’s foreign aggression. importance in “Shifting political alliances led to increased paranoia of a Russian invasion mounted from New Caledonia, when Russia and Britain came close to war in 1879 (Constantinople) and again in 1885 the course, or (Afghanistan). In 1879, the Queenscliff defences were upgraded and work began on the Swan Island and South Channel Forts and necessitated the relocation of the lighthouse keeper's quarters to inside pattern, of the fort's enclosure.” Australia’s The fortifications of Port Phillip Bay are part of a larger cultural landscape stretching around the shores from Point Lonsdale and Queenscliff, through the city of Melbourne to Point Nepean. The geography natural or of the bay is an important component of the defences and adds a scenic dimension to them. The fortifications of Port Phillip Bay need to be understood and interpreted as part of a network, not just as cultural history isolated engineering structures.“ (Honman) A defence battery was present on the Reserve as early as 1860. “Aspects of its defence use as part of a strategic outer line of defence of Melbourne’s ports and harbours since the 1870’s, following By 1897 a system of semaphore stations had been constructed at resolution by the British government that colonies with responsible government should bear the cost of their own defence.” Point Lonsdale, Gabo Island, Wilson’s Promontory and Cape Jervois-Scratchley reports of 1877 suggested that Port Phillip Bay should be defended by a battery and keep at Queenscliffe, a fort at Otway in order to quickly relay information to Melbourne via the Point Nepean and batteries at Swan Island and South Channel Island. telegraph system. “first shots of WW1 and WW2 fired from Point Nepean”. Both Fort Queenscliff and Pt Nepean involved The defence group of buildings at the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Fort Queenscliff, developed from 1860 onwards, is significant for Guns were in place by 1886 at Fort Nepean and in 1888, Eagles Reserve is of historical significance for the range of fixed defence its association with Australia's military history. Nest battery was implemented and new barracks erected at Fort structures within the site, reflecting the importance of the defence The Fort was the first and the primary defence site for Port Phillip Nepean. Fort Pearce was completed from 1910-1916 by the of Port Phillip Bay and the major cities of Melbourne and Geelong Bay and played a command role in relation to the other Commonwealth government, reinforcing Australia’s Empire role. during the duration WW1 & 2. Two search light emplacements, an fortifications around the heads of the bay. The first shot fired by Australian forces in WW1, from the batteries electric light directing station and engine house were constructed Swan Island and Naval Waters also contains a highly significant at Point Nepean, was at the German steamer 'Pfalz' on 5 August in 1914. Further defence structures were erected in response to cultural landscape, the Swan Island Defence Precinct, a 1914, demonstrating the geo-political importance of coastal the commencement of WW2. A new concrete emplacement, now combination of defensive works and batteries, constructed in defences, and Fort Nepean in particular, in protecting the Australian the engine shed, was constructed in 1941 and two gun 1879. Several known historic shipwrecks are also located within colonies as part of the British Empire. emplacements and a fire directing emplacement were added in this area, including the Mountain Maid (1856), Will O The Wisp Significant fortification sites include Fort Nepean, Eagles Nest, Fort 1942. The P1-type huts are of interest for their association with (1853), Countess of Hopetoun (1924), the Iza (1928), J-3 Pearce and Pearce Barracks, erected during five development the 7 Australian CRE [Works] division, the Australian Women’s Submarine (1926) and S.F. Hersey (1923). phases. Point Nepean, the first fort, was developed as follows: pre- Army Service [AWAS], and the Toc H organization. 1880 temporary fortifications; 1880-1886 5 emplacements; 1887- 1890 converted and extended to a combination of 10 observation

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ATTRIBUTES THEME POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE QUEENSCLIFF, FORT QUEENSCLIFF & SHORTLAND’S POINT NEPEAN BLUFF In 1943 an infra-red sentry beam was projected across the Heads posts and batteries; 1910-1915 reduction in armaments; and 1939- to warn of any incoming ships. 1945 conversion to hooded emplacements and other uses. Fort Nepean was known in the 1880s as Victoria’s ‘Gibraltar’ and in 1890 it was reported that Melbourne was the best-defended commercial city of the British Empire. In 1943 the first radar station in Victoria was established at Fort Pierce near the original defences on Nepean, while an infra-red sentry beam was projected across the Heads to warn of any incoming ships. Maritime With the later exploration of Port Phillip Bay and the consequent development of the towns of Geelong and Melbourne, safe navigation through the dangerous Port Phillip Heads was of critical importance. In the 1850s clipper ships exploited the strong winds and open waters of the Great Circle Route across the Atlantic and around Antarctica, with Melbourne as their first landfall. For a time Melbourne became Australia's busiest port: on most days in 1853 more than 300 ocean ships were anchored in Hobsons Bay. The surge in Melbourne's population and prosperity caused British authorities to send four companies of the 40th Regiment in 1852, to despatch the sloop Electra in 1853, and to transfer the military headquarters from Sydney in 1854. In that year Victoria became the first British colony to order a warship, and the sloop Victoria became the first Australian warship. Defence - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopaedia of Melbourne Online Improvements to navigational aids at Port Phillip Heads driven by the 1856 Lighthouse Commission, which manifested the first Inter- colonial Agreement on the provision of lights around Australia. The promontory at Point Lonsdale provided an obvious location for the placement of navigational guidance structures. Although a flagstaff had been manned from 1852 and a warning light shown, the first lighthouse was not erected until 1863 when the former timber leading light at Shortlands Bluff which had been constructed in 1853-54 was relocated to Point Lonsdale concurrent with the construction of the Black and White lighthouses on Shortland’s Bluff. Nearly 800 ships are believed to have wrecked off the coast of Victoria and only 40% have been located. The Heads is a key component of the shipwreck narrative and is the missing link between the recognition of the Great Ocean Road and Point Nepean National Heritage listing. The Point Lonsdale lighthouse is significant for its association with The Queenscliff lighthouses are significant for their association the development and establishment of navigational aids along the with the development and establishment of navigational aids Australian coastline following the 1856 Lighthouse Commission, along the Australian coastline following the 1856 Lighthouse which manifested the first Inter-colonial Agreement on the Commission, which manifested the first Inter-colonial Agreement provision of lights around Australia. on the provision of lights around Australia. Flagstaff manned from 1852. First lighthouse erected 1863 when The Black and White lighthouses were built in 1862 using the the former timber leading light at Shortlands Bluff which had been same bluestone stock, however the White one was painted to constructed in 1853-54 was relocated to Point Lonsdale. distinguish it in daylight. Lighthouse keepers' quarters [since demolished] were also The lighthouses with other navigational structures on Shortland’s constructed in 1857 and in 1889. The principal light station related Bluff demonstrate the importance of a system of navigational aids structures remaining on the Reserve are the lighthouse [1901-02], in a time when shipping was significance in maintaining fog horn shed which contains two rare compressors (The commercial links between Melbourne and Geelong and Britain Victorian Heritage Database erroneously refers to these and Australian colonial ports. Also relevant for transforming and compressed air storage tanks as “boilers”), 1891 explosives store managing natural resources in context of living from the sea. built later used as a rocket house (some of these Victorian The two lighthouses and two channel markers (Hume and Murray Heritage citations are incorrect). towers) are significant as a dominant feature in the landscape of The pier (jetty) was erected c1890 to house a lifeboat in Port Phillip Heads and surrounding region. The lack of accordance with the recommendation of the Commissioner of development on the Lighthouse Reserve and Fort has maintained Customs following the wreck of the barque Glaneuse in 1886 and the physical and visual context of the structures enabling the signal mast [1951]. comprehension of design intent. The lighthouse, tide signal mast and fog horn demonstrate the Exemplars of pre-digital (direct visual) navigation and provided importance of a system of navigational aids in a time when the first organized guiding lights to the entrance of Port Phillip Bay shipping was significant in maintaining commercial links between visible from sea. Melbourne and Geelong and Britain and Australian colonial ports. Also relevant for transforming and managing natural resources in context of living from the sea. The lighthouse and signal mast are significant as dominant features in the landscape of Port Phillip Heads and surrounding region. The lack of development on the Reserve and environs has maintained much of the physical and visual context of the structures enabling comprehension of design intent. Exemplars of pre-digital (direct visual) navigation and provided the first organized guiding lights to the entrance of Port Phillip Bay visible from sea.

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ATTRIBUTES THEME POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE QUEENSCLIFF, FORT QUEENSCLIFF & SHORTLAND’S POINT NEPEAN BLUFF Environmental Natural environment - The deep reef of Point Lonsdale is part of Built environment - Township grew up in support of military Built environment - Point Nepean Quarantine Station was the the Port Phillip Bay entrance deep canyon marine community occupation, streets laid out in classic British style with numerous second permanent colonial quarantine station and because of its which is conservation listed in Victoria. intact Victorian buildings. key role in the system from 1852-1980 represents a major part of The Reserve abuts the environmentally important Port Phillip Township expanded with availability of regular services enabling the national story of human quarantine from colonial times through Marine National Park tourism associated with sea-side recreation and health benefits, to the Commonwealth period of government. Point Nepean particularly in the Victorian era leading to the construction of high Quarantine Station and surrounds, in conjunction with North Head, heritage value buildings and civic infrastructure. The Victorian illustrates the evolution and development of quarantine practices Heritage Register nominates over 200 classified houses or employed at stations in other states. The Quarantine Station infrastructure such as: includes the oldest, purpose-built, barracks-style, quarantine Lathamstowe Rosenfeld accommodation in Australia, as well as seminal evidence of the Roseville cottage Ozone Hotel development of quarantine philosophy in Australia. Royal Hotel Roseville St George the Martyr & Parish Hall Warringah Natural environment – Point Nepean abuts the environmentally 22 - 26 King Street Queenscliff Station important Port Phillip Marine National Park Queenscliff jetty Post Office Pilots’ Cottages Santa Casa Seawall Former Methodist Church and Sunday School

Natural environment - The eastern and northern shores of the eastern arm of Swan Island are of significance as an example of active coastal depositional and erosional processes. Swan Island and Naval Waters is an integral part of Swan Bay, an internationally significant wetland, important as wader and waterfowl habitat. Swan Island is one of only two places with relatively pristine moonah woodlands. Swan Island retains relatively undisturbed coast tea-tree and coast beard-heath used by endangered orange-bellied parrot CRITERION B Defence The fortifications in the high coastal ridge facing south features a Fort Queenscliff fortifications and Shortland’s Bluff glacis slope “as part of the system of defence of Port Phillip Bay, best illustrates The place’s number of particularly unusual attributes, including a rare illustrate British military design and technology of the 1870s and British military design and technology of the 1870’s and 1880’s, possession of example of gun mountings, observation post, gun-crew rooms, 1880s. under the influence of Jervois and Scratchley and is therefore uncommon, ammunition supply and a small gauge supply rail track (refer Demonstrate influence of the reports of Jervois and Scratchley in rare.” rare or Malabar Headland NSW). 1877 i.e. function driven by strategic position as demonstrated by endangered the scale of the seaward defences and the contextual views aspects of The site contains several P1 huts which were once common but across Shortland’s Bluff to the south. Australia’s now becoming much rarer in their initial setting. Among other The Fort’s Commonwealth Heritage listing states the mass natural uses, these huts were used during WW2 to accommodate Italian unreinforced concrete and exposed and rendered brick vaulting or cultural prisoners/interns. of the seaward defences are on a scale rarely seen elsewhere history especially as view of The Heads still unimpeded. Involvement in First Shot of WW1 Maritime The fog horn shed is the only known fog horn shed at a Victorian The maritime structures in the Fort and Shortland’s Bluff are rare lighthouse and the equipment in the shed is rare in its original 19th Century Australian examples of an integrated approach to setting. port entry. The scale and costs associated with the construction While there are rocket sheds at three other Victorian light stations of expensive stone structures to house technically advanced the rocket shed at Point Lonsdale is the only one located in close British Chance Brothers lamps is indicative of the importance of proximity to a lighthouse. safe navigation to the nation. Environmental Natural environment - Parks Victoria states the PPH Marine Built environment - Queenscliff township still retains strong Built environment – Point Nepean Quarantine Station (1852) is the National Park is significant as it contains some of Victoria’s "most essentially intact Victorian and Edwardian character. second oldest, purpose-built, quarantine station in Australia, after treasured marine and coastal environments" with "outstanding North Head in Sydney (1832). It contains the oldest, purpose-built, environmental, cultural and recreational values" covering the Rip Natural environment - Swan Island and Naval Waters have rare barracks-style accommodation erected for quarantine purposes in and ‘Heads’, including: or threatened species as follows: Australia, pre-dating the oldest intact quarantine-related structures  intertidal rock platforms  flora such as rare bitter-bush, recorded from acacia reti- at North Head by sixteen years. The 1850s quarantine buildings at  numerous shipwrecks (Anonyma, Black Boy, Conside, nodes woodland and leptospermum laevigatum scrub Point Nepean also provide Australia's only relatively complete David, Elizabeth, Gange, George Roper, Glaneuse, Hol- (“the only other Victorian occurrences of the species are complex of quarantine buildings from the 1850s-1870s period, thus yhead, Sacramento, Thetis, Yarrow restricted to the heads area of Port Phillip Bay, Edgar, providing crucial insight into quarantine operations and Leptospermum laevigatum scrub (“The only other Victorian 1991”), coastal wirilda, devious sea-wrack, sea water- philosophies during a time when thousands of immigrants were occurrences of the species are restricted to the heads area of Port mat. rare or threatened. landing in Australia in search of wealth and new opportunities Phillip Bay Edgar, 1991”)  fauna such as orange-bellied parrot, little tern, Lewin's brought by gold. The Point Nepean Quarantine Station contains rail, fairy tern and swamp skink. seminal and rare examples of specific building types, functional groups and quarantine functions.

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ATTRIBUTES THEME POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE QUEENSCLIFF, FORT QUEENSCLIFF & SHORTLAND’S POINT NEPEAN BLUFF

Natural environment - Parks Victoria states the PPH Marine National Park is significant as it contains some of Victoria’s "most treasured marine and coastal environments" with "outstanding environmental, cultural and recreational values" covering the Rip and ‘Heads’, including:  intertidal rock platforms  numerous shipwrecks Leptospermum laevigatum scrub (“The only other Victorian occurrences of the species are restricted to the heads area of Port Phillip Bay Edgar, 1991”) CRITERION C General state Point Lonsdale, Point Nepean and Fort Queenscliff/Shortland’s Bluff are of archaeological significance for their potential to reveal significant artefactual remains pertaining to their use as a lightstation, The place’s signal station or defence-related infrastructure. Parts of the sites may have a high archaeological potential given they have been intensively used for defence and maritime purposes since 1840. The sites’ potential to buildings, engineering relics and other structures can demonstrate, within their fabric, examples of the evolution of construction technology, available materials and adaptation to suit local conditions yield during peace and wartime. information that Maritime The western section of the Port Phillip Marine National Park has There are 10 shipwrecks are known to have occurred in the The eastern section of the Port will contribute numerous wrecks. The following have Victorian Heritage vicinity of Swan Island. The location of three shipwrecks are Phillip Marine National Park has to an registration: known within Swan Island's naval waters: numerous wrecks. The following understanding  Anonyma Location: Point Lonsdale beach, VHR No. S32  Countess of Hopetown 1924/25 area known: of Australia’s  Black Boy Location: Mushroom Rock, Lonsdale Reef, VHR  J-3 submarine 1926  Prince Albert 1840  Tamar Maid 1866 natural or No. S76  S.F. Hersey 1923.  William Salthouse 1841  Hurricane 1869 cultural history  Conside Location: Lonsdale Reef, VHR No. S140  Thetis 1848  Rip 1873  David Location: Point Lonsdale, VHR No. S167  Mystery 1850  Corsair 1874  Elizabeth Location: Point Lonsdale, VHR No. S248  Isabella Watson 1852  Eliza Ramsden 1875  Gange Location: Lonsdale Reef, VHR No. S282  Conside 1852  Cheviot 1887  George Roper Location: Lonsdale Reef, VHR No. S286  Frisk 1853  Craigburn 1891  Glaneuse Location: west of Point Lonsdale, VHR No. S290  Sea 1853  Nowra 1891  Holyhead Location: Lonsdale Reef, VHR No. S326  Ontario 1853  S.S. Alert 1893  Sacramento Location: Lonsdale Reef, VHR No. S601  Non Pareil 1857  Sierra Nevada 1900  Thetis Location: Lonsdale Reef, VHR No. S667  Gil Blas 1859  R.M.S. Australia 1904  Yarrow Location: Lonsdale Reef, VHR No. S747  Anonyma 1859  Campbell 1914  ASA Packer 1861  S.S. Wyrallah 1924  Empress of the Sea 1861  H.M.A.S. Goorangai 1940  Iquique 1863  Time 1949  Pryde 1866 Environment Built environment - Point Nepean Quarantine Station and surrounds include archaeological sites functionally associated with quarantine uses, planning and layout and buildings, close to the shore at Ticonderoga Bay and to the site of the former jetty, which have the potential to add to our understanding of nineteenth century quarantine practices and procedures. In particular this relates to the formative period from the 1850s-1870s and to the potential for confirmation and interpretation of the archival record. The Quarantine Station’s contextual landscape includes the second cemetery near Observatory Point, as well as possible archaeological evidence of the Cattle Quarantine Station and the Leper Station. These sites have the potential to add to our understanding of the planning and layout of major quarantine sites in Australia. CRITERION D Defence The spatial relationships between Pt Lonsdale, Fort Queenscliff & Pt Nepean demonstrate the changing requirements of the defence forces over time, and combine to represent a very valuable example The place’s of a coastal fortification network developed over a period. importance in The strategic location and siting of fortifications conform with the General Guiding Principles employed under the Joint Naval and Military Committee for the defence of colonial ports by 1893, including demonstrating overlapping fields of fire from fortifications on headlands overlooking the approaches and channels and supporting barracks, all features recommended in the Jervois-Scratchley reports of 1877. the principal Functioning military post with all elements working toward the objective of defending the emerging nation. characteristics Fortifications based on line of sight firing. of: Essentially unimpeded views from each of the three headlands enables appreciation of the design intent of defence infrastructure planning. (i) a class of While Point Lonsdale had always been of strategic defence The seaward and landward defences, together with the other Fort Nepean (1882-1891), Eagles Nest (1888), Fort Pearce (1910- Australia’s interest dating back to early colonial times, it was the outbreak of elements of the site, all help to illustrate the evolution of military 1916) and Pearce Barracks (1911) at Point Nepean illustrate the the First Word War which prompted the construction of defence technology during the latter nineteenth and early twentieth characteristics of British military design and technology employed

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ATTRIBUTES THEME POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE QUEENSCLIFF, FORT QUEENSCLIFF & SHORTLAND’S POINT NEPEAN BLUFF natural or structures in the vicinity of the lighthouse. Two search light centuries. The magazines, gun emplacements, earthworks, sea from the 1870s to the early 1900s, overlaid by related development cultural places; emplacements, an electric light directing station and engine wall and Fort wall, seaward ditch/dry moat, keep, offices, during WW I and II. (ii) a class of house were constructed in 1914. Further defence structures were barracks, parade ground and other features, and the spatial Australia’s erected in response to the commencement of the Second Word relationships between all these elements all help to convey the natural or War. At the time the fortifications were built, armaments utilized changing requirements of the defence forces over time, and cultural line-of-sight firing and the predominant threat was from the sea, simultaneously combine to represent a very valuable example of environments hence most defences faced Bass Strait. a coastal fort developed over the period. The Fort was designed as a functioning military base with all elements working toward the objective of defending the emerging nation. At the time the Fort was constructed, armaments utilized line-of-sight firing, hence a clear view of Port Phillip Heads and the south channel was essential Maritime The views of navigational structures on both Point Lonsdale and Shortland’s Bluff (and the Fort) from the water retain a critical role in Quarantine Station demonstrates the principal characteristics of providing safe navigation. There has been little change in the built environment observable from shipping entering the Heads (other Australian quarantine stations in the nineteenth and early twentieth than the replacement of the Hume and Murray towers). The mariner’s view of these headlands has remained consistent for centuries. Main factors include the siting of the facility driven by generations should not be ignored, and in fact should be formally recognized as a heritage navigational line. Ample evidence is proximity to the sea given shipping was the primary mode of available to confirm the visual navigational guides are ‘mission critical’ to sailors. transportation. The site’s position was selected to enable the physical isolation of migrants. Environmental Built environment – Queenscliff based on the rectilinear town Built environment - The main precincts at Point Nepean Quarantine planning grid pattern regulations promulgated by Governor Station provide a unique insight into the architectural concepts and Darling in 1829 for the layout of rural townships landscape design techniques employed in quarantine stations in Australia. Individual quarantine functions and medical protocols and planning and layout enabled separation of social classes and isolation of more contagious conditions. It is important in representing quarantine practices in the 1850s and 1860s, a period in history when significant numbers of immigrants were arriving in Australia. The location of the Medical Supervisor's cottage dating to the 1850s, on a rise to the east of the main complex, emphasises the balance between separation of staff from potential infection and the need for authority and supervision. CRITERION E Defence “Fort Queenscliff possesses notable aesthetic qualities. It is Aesthetic prominently located on the coast and is a major element of the characteristics townscape, featuring a number of landmarks such as the lighthouse and the landward wall and keep. The wall and keep also provide a clear division between the military and civilian precincts of the town.” The view across Shortland’s Bluff from the Fort’s southern earthworks wall is world class and the view is unimpeded (other than the lighthouse and associated beacons) making it increasingly rare given coastal development. Maritime The Lighthouse is significant for its outstanding landscape value, The White and Black Lighthouses provide a typical and located on a dominant and dramatic portion at the entry to Port aesthetically pleasing example of an early 20th century lighthouse Phillip Bay. design. The Black Lighthouse is the only one in the Southern The tower possess a visual unity in its harmony of form, scale, Hemisphere - there are 4 in the world. materials and texture. The lighthouse is of a traditional design consisting of a shaft and capital and closely follows the form of many late nineteenth century Victorian lighthouses. The structure is mass concrete tower similar in construction to the earlier Point Hicks lighthouse. The structure is surmounted by a Chance Brothers lantern. Environmental Charles Dod (Early Memories of Queenscliff) likened the Heads Built environment - “The Fort is part of a wider heritage-listed and passage across the rocky pinnacles underneath to "their area, of about 20 hectares, which includes the Australian Army's fangs ready to tear any unfortunate vessel that came within their Command and Staff College, the Pilot Station and jetty, the whole reach" of the foreshore reserve, the old boat pier, the fishing jetty, the The rock platform and rugged cliff face provided an inspirational Anglican Church of St. George the Martyr, the Rectory, and setting for the colonial photographers such as Jones, Ormerod portions of Gellibrand, Stokes, Bridge, Bay, Hesse, Beach, King and Washbourne. and Learmonth Streets. This area exemplifies the unique As a result of the increasing tourism exposure of the region, the character of Queenscliff and its varied history as pilot station, Heads and its scenic environment continues to be one Australia’s fishing village, garrison town and holiday resort. It is said that in most featured landscapes and seascapes in print, film and digital no other area in Victoria is the entire history of a town or locality media.

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ATTRIBUTES THEME POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE QUEENSCLIFF, FORT QUEENSCLIFF & SHORTLAND’S POINT NEPEAN BLUFF The Heads is of outstanding value to the nation for its aesthetic so aptly displayed by its built form, its land use and its characteristics, in particular its scenic vistas experienced from the environment.” Lighthouse and surrounding lookouts as experienced by its many visitors and recorded in film, art and literature. CRITERION F Defence The site was the first site in Australia to have the ‘Magic Eye’ The Fort’s mass unreinforced concrete and exposed and Technical infrared beam technology deployed. rendered brick vaulting of the seaward defences are on a scale achievement rarely seen elsewhere. Linked to the seaward earthworks rampart embankment is the ditch immediately to the south which then runs through to the open area or ‘glacis’ of Shortland’s Bluff. This layout is based on conventional fort design which required the area around the Fort was cleared of vegetation to ensure line-of- sight firing was not impeded. Maritime The need to establish navigational marks and lines for ships was recognized in the “Report from the Select Committee on the Harbours of Melbourne and Geelong together with the Proceedings of the Committee and Minutes of Evidence” published January 1853. This Report identified that lights at both Point Lonsdale and Queenscliff were required “so as to mark the fair way.” Underpinning the siting of the three lighthouses at Port Phillip Heads was the extensive marine surveying undertaken on behalf of the Admiralty by Lieutenants T.M. Symonds and H.R. Henry of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, 1836, followed by Commander J.C. Wickham and Captain Stokes of HMS Beagle in 1842 and Mr. C.J. Polkinghorne, Master. R.N. in 1856. In the 1860s advanced scientific and technological methods were applied to calculating the safest way into Port Phillip Bay. This put Point Lonsdale, Shortland’s Bluff and the Fort at the forefront of the golden age of the construction of lighthouses around the Australian coast. Point Lonsdale and Queenscliff were experimental sites for the first Ship to Shore wireless transmission in 1901 when Jenvey messaged the St George, part of the fleet bringing the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall to Australia for Federation activities (noting further research is required on this event). Point Lonsdale Lighthouse is believed to have been the first reinforced concrete (Portland cement-based) building in Victoria (Lovell & Chen 2009). Environmental

CRITERION G Defence The P1 huts for a period in WW2 were used to house Italian Fort and the complex is of considerable social value to the local The place’s prisoners / interns. community. Further, as the Australian Staff College for more than strong or fifty years, the place is of strong social significance to numerous special From 1946, international charity and membership movement, Toc army officers who trained at the college. association with H, used the camp buildings as holiday accommodation for a particular children of former members of the services. The Toc H community or organization provided a very important social service offering cultural group recreational services to a wide range of the community who may otherwise not have had the opportunity. Maritime The hard fought campaigns to stop commercial development of the land around the Point Lonsdale lighthouse and Queenscliff white lighthouse give testimony to the social and historical attitude toward these iconic lighthouses held by the local community (refer Nobbys lighthouse listing in NSW). The three lighthouses are well known in the area and have social significance for mariners, tourists and the Bellarine community (refer Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse). Environment CRITERION H Defence Fort Queenscliff, Shortland’s Bluff, Pt Nepean Pt Lonsdale are significant for their association with leading military planners of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Given the intertwined for defence and The place’s navigation functions the zone would have been regarded as one area. special Lieutenant Colonel Peter Scratchley and Major General Sir William Jervois advised on Queenscliff's design and travelled the Australian colonies assisting with fortifications elsewhere. association with Another well-known Army officer linked with the artillery defence of Port Phillip Heads was Major-General Sir John Monash. Alfred Deakin had a great understanding of the area as Prime Minister in the life or works addition to his own extended period spent in the area. of a person, or Field Marshal Viscount Kitchener visited Australia in 1909 to inspect the existing state of defence preparedness, and advise on the best means of providing Australia with land defence. Alfred Deakin, by group of then Minister for Defence, accompanied Kitchener to Queenscliff before departing to his own house at Point Lonsdale. Kitchener, stayed in Queenscliff at ‘Hopewell’, the holiday home of Sir Simon Fraser persons, of (the uncle of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser). In April 1914 the Queenscliff Fort defences were activated again as part of the visit by the British Inspector-General of Overseas Forces, General Sir Ian importance in Hamilton. Hamilton was aware of the evolution of warfare and the role of new fighting techniques. He visited Queenscliff to inspect defence operations, including artillery and searchlights. VC winner, Australia’s Lieutenant William Joynt, commanded the 3rd Garrison Battalion at Queenscliff in the early 1940s. natural or Maritime Even after 150 years, many ships and small boats remain fully reliant on the navigational aids on the Pt Lonsdale and Queenscliff Immigration and quarantine story. cultural history headlands. Given their interconnected navigation functions, the Heads are regarded as one area by sailors. That the mariner’s view of Shortland’s Bluff has remained consistent for generations should not be ignored, and in fact should be formally recognized as a heritage navigational line. As was noted by City of London, view are highly valued because they make a significant contribution to people’s ability to understand and appreciate London as a whole. They are also highly valued because they allow a viewer to see significant historic and cultural landmarks in their landscape or townscape setting and to understand the relationship between them.

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ATTRIBUTES THEME POINT LONSDALE LIGHTHOUSE RESERVE QUEENSCLIFF, FORT QUEENSCLIFF & SHORTLAND’S POINT NEPEAN BLUFF In this case, the place is not only very special to sailors but also functionally critical. Also the Heads vista is culturally important for migrants who arrived, or servicemen & women who returned, by boat up to the 1960s. John Monash was involved in the design and tendering for the current lighthouse Environment A natural feature in the Point Lonsdale escarpment associated Cheviot Beach, on the southern shore of Point Nepean, is the place with William Buckley, who escaped from the first penal settlement from which an Australian Prime Minister, Harold Holt, disappeared at Sorrento in 1803 and lived for much of this time in a hut near on 17 December 1967. Breamlea, 23 kilometres away, until giving himself up in 1831. It is thought that he used the cave as an observation point for passing ships. CRITERION I Indigenous The coastal environment was an important source of resources for Aboriginal people, resulting in a high concentration of Aboriginal archaeological sites along the coastal zone. Sub-themes connect The place’s “Peopling Australia’s places and landscapes” and “Living as Australia’s earliest inhabitants”. Sea levels began to rise after 18,000 BP and it is likely that Port Phillip became inundated about 10,000 BP, importance as with the highest sea-level reached at about 5000-6000 BP (Sullivan, 1981:3). The time before inundation was remembered in Aboriginal oral tradition, with Aboriginal people recalling when Hobsons Bay part of was a kangaroo ground, and when the River Yarra went out at the heads before the sea broke in (Hull, 1858:12 cited in Sullivan, 1981:4). Indigenous  Western side of Port Phillip Heads: The coastal zone of the Bellarine encompasses the traditional country of the Wathaurung people of the Geelong area. This area continues to be of economic, tradition spiritual and cultural importance to these Aboriginal communities (Freslov 1998). The earliest evidence of Aboriginal occupation is dated to the mid to late Holocene, approximately 5 000 years ago (Goulding 2006a). Aboriginal groups exploited the resource rich areas on the coastal margins and wetlands, moving seasonally between the coast and the productive basalt plains of the hinterland (Goulding 2006a; Parks Victoria 1999). Coastal resources were central to Aboriginal economies and some sites demonstrate an increasing trend towards intensified exploitation of marine resources, higher population densities and social change during the late Holocene (Cane 1998). Further work on this is required.  Eastern side of Port Phillip Heads: During the Pleistocene, the Mornington Peninsula was a range of hills separating the drainage of the Port Phillip and Western Port trunk streams which flowed across the broad alluvial valleys present in these sunklands (Tardis Enterprises Pty Ltd, 2002:3). The Bunurong (also spelt Boon wurrung) people occupied Mornington Peninsula when the first Europeans entered Port Phillip Bay. Initial contacts with the Bunurong people around the Port Phillip Bay area probably occurred from the late 1790’s by sealers and whalers in Bass Strait (Tardis Enterprises Pty Ltd, 2002:23). Western Port, to the east, was reportedly regularly visited by sealers and in the 1820’s it was noted that a party of sealers living on Phillip Island had managed to carry off some Aboriginal women from the mainland (Sullivan, 1981:14). The first recorded contact with Aboriginal people in Port Phillip Bay apparently occurred on 17 February 1802, somewhere in the general vicinity of Sullivan’s Bay (Coutts, 1981: 25 referring to Boys 1935:11). About 20 Aboriginal people met Lieutenant Murray’s party, but following exchanges, there was a skirmish in which an Aborigine was killed. Six weeks later, Flinders, in HMS Investigator, entered Port Phillip Bay, unaware of the earlier visit, and stayed approximately two weeks (Sulli- van, 1981:13). Flinders had many encounters with Aboriginal people during the survey of Port Phillip Bay in late April-early May 1802 (refer Flinders Journal and Flannery, 2000).

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 11 – Matrix of Shared Heritage Values - Page 10

SECTION 12

REFERENCES

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 12 – References - Page 1

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Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 12 – References - Page 2 REFERENCE LISTING

Personal Diaries and Letters:  Matthew Flinders, Journal entry May 1, 1802 A Voyage to Terra Australis, 1814.  Edgar, (1960). Letter to Director of Lighthouses 10 February 1960 (QHM archives)

Reports:  Allom, Lovell & Associates, (1984). Queenscliff Urban Conservation Study, Geelong Regional Commission, Queenscliff Borough Council  Department of Natural Resources and Environment, (2000/1). Point Lonsdale Lighthouse and Foreshore Reserve Draft Management Plan, Victorian Government  Edmunds M, S. Mustoe, K. Stewart, E. Sheedy and J. Ong (2010), Draft Nature Conservation Review: Marine and Coastal Issues Paper. Report to Victorian National Parks  Fisher Stewart (1997). Borough of Queenscliffe Draft Land Use Strategy Plan.  Goulding, M. (2006a). Indigenous heritage values: National Heritage List desktop study of the Otway Ranges National Park, Coastal Reserves and Alcoa Lease, Victoria. Report to the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra, ACT.  Graham Brooks and Associates, (2001). NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan  Land Conservation Council (1987). Melbourne Area District 1 Review Final Recommendations, Victoria  Land Conservation Council (1996). Marine and Coastal Special Investigations Draft Final Recommendations, Victoria  Queenscliffe Historical Society (1999). Defence of the Rip – Infrared Beam Interceptor, Document 1121-9158  Rosengren, N. (1988). Sites of Geological and Geomorphological Significance on the Coast of Port Phillip Bay. MPE Vic.  Swartz, J (no date). Lighthouses in Port Phillip Bay, Marine Studies Centre  Trengove, M. (1992). The Vegetation and Management of the Coastal Remnants of the Borough of Queenscliffe on the Bellarine Peninsula, Victoria. Prepared for the Borough of Queenscliffe. Unpublished  Ytrupp, P, (1998a)., Geotechnical and Geological Considerations Associated with the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Coastal Precinct Study, Prepared for the Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Unpublished  Ytrupp, P, (1998b). Structural Considerations Associated with the Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Coastal Precinct Study, Prepared for the Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Unpublished

Books:

 Anderson, R. (1997). Wrecks on the Reef. Melbourne, Heritage Victoria  Barton, J., Pope, A. and S. Howe (2012). Marine Natural Values Study Vol 2: Marine Protected Areas of the Victorian Embayments Bioregion, Part 1 Port Phillip Bay. Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 77. Parks Victoria, Melbourne.  Best A. and contributors (2002). 50 Years and more – A history of Surf Life Saving in Victoria. Surf Life Saving Victoria, Melbourne.  Bird, E. C. F. (1964). Coastal Landforms: An introduction to coastal geomorphology with Australian examples. Canberra: Australian National University.  Blainey, G (1967). The Tyranny Of Distance, Sun Books, Melbourne  Blainey, G (1991). Our Side of the Country: The Story of Victoria, Pan Macmillan, Australia.  Brett, J (2017). The Enigmatic Mr Deakin, Text Publishing, Melbourne.  Bride, T. F. (1969). Letters from Victorian Pioneers, Heinemann, Melbourne.  Broeze, F. (1998). Island Nation: A History of Australians and the Sea, Allen and Unwin, NSW, Australia.  Buckrich J.R. (2002). The Long and perilous journey – a history of the Port of Melbourne. Melbourne Books, Melbourne.  Clark, I. (1990). Aboriginal languages and clans: an historical atlas of western and central Victoria 1800 – 1900, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 12 – References - Page 3  Department of Public Works - Ports and Harbours (1959). Sailing Directions for Victoria including Bass Strait 6th Edition, Government Printer, Melbourne.  Duncan, B. & Gibbs, M. (2015). Please God Send Me a Wreck, Springer, New York.  Dunn, N. (1949). A History of Point Lonsdale, The Hawthorn Press, Melbourne  Evans, W. P. (1923). Through The Rip, Rigby, Australia.  Frost, A. (2003), The Global Reach of Empire, The Miegunyah Press, Melbourne.  Goulding, M. (2006a). Indigenous heritage values: National Heritage List desktop study of the Otway Ranges National Park, Coastal Reserves and Alcoa Lease, Victoria.  Hassam, A. (1994). Sailing to Australia: Shipboard diaries by nineteenth-century British Emigrants, Manchester University Press, Manchester.  Heritage Victoria (2006). Wrecks on the Reef – A Guide to historic shipwrecks at Port Phillip Heads, Heritage Council of Victoria.  Hill, B. (2004). The Enduring Rip, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press.  Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty (1956). Australian Pilot Vol.II – The southern and eastern coasts of Australia from Cape Northumberland to Port Jackson, including Bass Strait and Tasmania 4th edition, Hydrographic Department, Admiralty. London.  Ibbotson, J. (2004), Lighthouses of Australia – Images from the End of an Era. Australian Lighthouse Traders, Surry Hills.  Jenks, E. (1891). The Government of Victoria, Macmillan & Co., London.  Johnston, I and Johnston J 1987, Black and Gold – The Story of Life Saving in the Borough of Queenscliff, A History of Point Lonsdale Surf Life Saving Club 1947-1987, Port Phillip Press.  La Nauze, J. A. (1965). Alfred Deakin: A Biography, Vol. 1 & 2, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.  Loney, J. (1989). Wreck and Rescue at Port Phillip Heads, The Queenscliff Lifeboat Preservation Society Inc., Queenscliff.  Loney, J. (1977). Wrecks in the Rip and Port Phillip Bay. Marine History Publications, Geelong  Morgan, J. (1852). The life and adventures of William Buckley: thirty-two years a wanderer amongst the Aborigines of the then unexplored country round Port Phillip, now the province of Victoria. Archibald MacDougall, Hobart, Tasmania.  Morgan, J. & Flannery T. (2002). The Life and Adventures of William Buckley: thirty-two years a wanderer amongst the Aborigines of the then unexplored country round Port Phillip, now the province of Victoria. Text Publishing, Melbourne, Victoria.  Muir, A.M., Collinson, M.H. (1997). Lonsdale Bight: Flora and Fauna Investigation, Prepared by Ecology Australia for Vantree Pty Ltd on behalf of the Department of Natural Resources & Environment. Unpublished.  Murdoch, W. (1999). Alfred Deakin: Prime Minister of Australia 1903-1904, 1905-1908, 1909-1910, Bookman Press, Melbourne.  Noble J. (1973). Port Phillip Pilots and Defences, Hawthorn Press, Melbourne  Pierce, M. & Peake, O. (2014). Diaphone Foghorn at Point Lonsdale Victoria - Saving ships from the dangers of The Rip in foggy weather, in Engineering Heritage Australia Vol.1 No.4 September 2014  O'Hara, T. and Barmby, V. (2000). Victorian marine species of conservation concern : molluscs, echinoderms and decapod crustaceans, Parks, Fauna and Flora Division, Department of Natural Resources and Environment  O'Hara, T. and Poore, G. (2000). Patterns of distribution for southern Australian marine echinoderms and decapods. Journal of Biogeography  Queenscliffe Herald (20013). Great News Stories of Queenscliffe 1853-2005. Queenscliffe Herald, Queenscliff  Quinton, K. (2011) Defending Port Phillip, Blurb Books.  Raison, E. T. (1887). Lighthouses at Port Phillip Heads, Queenscliff Historical Publications, Queenscliff  Reid, G. (1988). From Dawn to Dusk, MacMillan Australia, South Melbourne  Reid, J. (2014). Quintessential Queenscliff – A Pictorial History of the Borough of Queenscliff. Joval Publications, Queenscliff.  Reilly, D. (2006). La Trobe: the making of a governor, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.  Ritchie, G.S. (1967). The Admiralty Chart – British Naval Hydrography in the Nineteenth Century. Hollis and Carter, London.  Roddick, G. (1996). The Diary of a Lifeboat, Queenscliff Historical Museum, Queenscliff.

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 12 – References - Page 4  Rosengren, N. (1988). Sites of Geological and Geomorphological Significance on the Coast of Port Phillip Bay. MPE Vic.  Ruhen, O. (1976). Port of Melbourne 1835-1976. Cassell Australia, Stanmore.  Syme, M. (1984). Shipping Arrivals and Departures Victorian Ports 1798-1845, Vol l, Roebuck Society Publication, Vic.  Syme, M. (1987), Shipping Arrivals and Departure Victorian Ports 1846-1855, Vol ll, Roebuck Society, Melbourne.  Tait, J.E. (1982), A History of Fort Queenscliff. No publisher details.  Walker, D. (1981). Beacons of Hope – An early history of Cape Otway and King Island lighthouses. Deakin University Press, Warrnambool.  Williams P.J. and Serle, R. (1967). Shipwrecks at Port Phillip Heads since 1840. Maritime Historical Production, Melbourne.  Wright, R. (1989). The Bureaucrats’ Domain: Space and the Public Interest in Victoria, 1836-1884, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Articles:

 Wilson, J, (2012). Queenscliff Historical Museum Address 26 July 2012.

Unpublished Theses:

 De Maria, N. (2013). Point Lonsdale Lighthouse Heritage Report, Queenscliff Maritime Museum,  Duncan, B. (2006). The Maritime Archaeology and Maritime Cultural Landscape of Queenscliff: A Nineteenth Century Australian Coastal Community, James Cook University  https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/2050/  Marmion, B. (2009). Gibraltar of the South defending Victoria: an analysis of Colonial defence in Victoria. Australia, University of Melbourne https://minervaaccess.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/han- dle/11343/35156/115385_Marmion%20Final.pdf?sequence=1  Rando, G. (2005). Italo-Australians during Second World War, Some Perceptions of Internment. University of Wollongong. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=artspa- pers  Miller, P. (2007). A Little Marvel in Timber and Tin – the Military P1 Hut of the Second World War, available at

Websites:

 Agriculture Victoria http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/port- regn.nsf/pages/port_lf_sig_sites_pt_londdale

 Ahoy - Mac's Web Log [Online]. [29 October 2017]. Available from: http://ahoy.tk- jk.net/macslog/EarlyVisitsofRussianWarsh.html

 Art Gallery of New South Wales - Sidney Nolan https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/art- ists/nolan-sidney/

 Australian National Maritime Museum - Collections http://collections.anmm.gov.au/collec- tions;jsessionid=0072B6740EE252AF2581AFEF9DF504E4

 Australian War Museum Canberra Photographic Archives 1942) https://www.awm.gov.au/ad- vanced-search?query=Point+Lonsdale+

 Australian Dictionary of Biography - Buckley http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/bi- ogs/A010158b.htm

 Australian Dictionary of Biography - Crouch http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/crouch-richard-arm- strong-5831

 Context PL (Honman Reference). http://www.contextpl.com.au/wp-content/up- loads/2014/06/Louise-Honman-CV-2017.pdf

Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 12 – References - Page 5

 Collections.anmm.gov.au http://collections.anmm.gov.au/collections;jses- sionid=0072B6740EE252AF2581AFEF9DF504E4

 Deakin University - Great White Fleet https://www.deakin.edu.au/__data/as- sets/pdf_file/0007/243295/adfleet.pdf

 Design & Art Australia Online - Lionel Ormerod https://www.daao.org.au/bio/lionel-ormerod/

 Design & Art Australian Online - Kruger https://www.daao.org.au/bio/johan-friedrich-carl-kru- ger/biography/

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Pt Lonsdale Lighthouse Reserve – National Heritage Listing assessment Section 12 – References - Page 7