35 Merantau: Sebuah Pilihan Atau Keterpaksaan? Studi

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35 Merantau: Sebuah Pilihan Atau Keterpaksaan? Studi IJSSE: Indonesian Journal of Social Science Education Volume 1, Nomor 1, Januari 2019 MERANTAU: SEBUAH PILIHAN ATAU KETERPAKSAAN? STUDI SUPIR ANGKUTAN KOTA PERANTAU BATAK ANGKOLA-MANDAILING DI KOTA BANDUNG AZHAR RIYADI Mahasiswa Pascasarjana Antropologi UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia JL. Bukasumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Email: Abstract: Merantau: A Choice or Force? A Study of the Anggola-Mandailing Batak City Transport Driver in the City of Bandung. Life in the world of overseas certainly requires a lot of adaptation, especially regarding differences in cultural background. As a Batak Angkola- Mandailing certainly faces the issue of identity as a Batak who must be able to adapt to the dominant Sundanese culture in the city of Bandung. As a Batak, even though living abroad is still bound by the social system rather than with little concession. Choosing as a driver is the most possible choice because social networks are more likely. Life as a nomads is not the final choice but as a choice between, although not a few are also resigned because it is difficult to return to the area of origin. Abstrak: Merantau: Sebuah Pilihan atau Keterpaksaan? Studi Supir Angkutan Perantau Kota Batak Anggola-Mandailing di Kota Bandung. Hidup dalam dunia perantauan tentu membutuhkan banyak adaptasi terutama menyangkut perbedaan latar belakang budaya. Sebagai seorang Batak Angkola-Mandailing tentu menghadapi persoalan identitas sebagai Batak yang harus mampu menyesuaikan dengan budaya Sunda yang dominan di Kota Bandung. Sebagai seorang Batak, walaupun tinggal di perantauan tetap terikat dengan sistem sosial dalihan na tolu dengan sedikit kelonggaran. Memilih sebagai supir merupakan suatu pilihan yang paling memungkinkan karena jaringan-jaringan sosialnya lebih memungkinkan. Hidup sebagai perantau bukanlah pilihan yang final melainkan sebagai pilihan antara, walaupun tidak sedikit juga yang pasrah karena sulit untuk kembali ke daerah asal. Kata Kunci: Supir Angkutan Kota, Perantau, Batak Angkola-Mandailing PENDAHULUAN kehidupan yang lebih baik. Orang Batak di Orang Batak cukup dikenal sebagai perantauan biasanya hampir di streotipe- suku perantau, hingga tak mengherankan kan dengan berbagai macam profesi, jika orang Batak banyak ditemui di mulai dari pengacara, rentenir, tukang berbagai kota besar maupun kota kecil di tambal ban hingga supir angkutan kota. tanah air. Kehidupan yang dirasa keras di Sedikit banyak ada benarnya juga dengan daerah asal menjadi alasan sehingga argument tersebut, walaupun tidak ada harus merantau demi mendapatkan data yang mencatat tetapi memang jika Azhar Riyadi: Merantau: Sebuah Pilihan atau Keterpaksaan? 35 IJSSE: Indonesian Journal of Social Science Education Volume 1, Nomor 1, Januari 2019 kita bepergian dengan menggunakan supir. Dalam kesehariannya, mereka angkutan umum di kota besar seperti masih menggunakan bahasa dan tutur Jakarta dan Bandung kita mungkin akan sapa Batak Angkola-Mandailing dalam terbiasa mendengar logat Batak yang berkomunikasi sesamanya. Walaupun keras dan khas tersebut. Atau juga jika memang sistem sosial orang Batak yang kita melihat pemberitaan baik di Televisi dikenal dengan “dalihan na tolu” memang ataupun media cetak terkait masalah sudah agak longgar dipraktikkan. Dalihan hukum misalnya, maka kita akan na tolu secara harfiah bermakna tungku menemukan nama-nama Batak yang yang memiliki tiga buah kaki, masyarakat bertindak sebagai pengacara dari pihak- batak melambangkan struktur sosialnya pihak yang bertikai tersebut. dengan alat untuk memasak yakni tunggu Orang Batak sendiri secara umum yang memiliki kaki tiga. Karena dalam terbagi atas beberapa sub-etnis yakni masyarakat Batak dikenal tiga unsur Toba, Karo, Pakpak-Dairi, Simalungun penting dalam kehidupannya yaitu mora, serta Angkola-Mandailing (Andaya, 2002), kahanggi dan anak boru. namun diantara setiap sub-etnik itu Dasar pengelompokan dalihan na tolu biasanya ada pertalian marga satu didasarkan atas perkawinan dan garis dengan yang lain. Misalnya marga keturunan (Simanjuntak, 2006:100). Mora Pasaribu di Toba misalnya masih adalah istilah kepada kelompok pemberi dianggap berkerabat dengan marga istri (bruid gevers), (Sinaga, 2007: 16). Harahap di Angkola-Mandailing atau Dalam kehidupan masyarakat Batak dengan Damanik di Simalungun begitu Angkola-Mandailing, kedudukan mora juga dengan kelompok-kelompok marga sangat dihormati, karena posisinya lainnya, sehingga orang Batak tetap sebagai kelompok pemberi istri, sehingga meyakini bahwa mereka satu keturunun. mora adalah tempat meminta nasehat Bahasa yang digunakan oleh diantara dan petunjuk dalam masyarakat batak masing-masing sub-etnik juga sebenarnya Angkola-Mandailing. Anak boru adalah agak berbeda, bahasa Toba dengan kelompok penerima istri (bruid nemeers). Angkola-Mandailing sebenarnya cukup Dalam hubungan bermasyarakat, anak dekat, namun Toba dengan Karo dan boru akan sangat menaruh hormat Pakpak cukup jauh, sementara kepada moranya, dan sebaliknya mora Simalungun banyak kosa kata yang mirip akan senantiasa menyayangi anak dengan Toba tetapi cara penyampaianya borunya. Sedangkan dalam sebuah horja mirip dengan Karo. Di perantauan orang (pesta) dan kegiatan-kegiatan adat Toba kemudian diistilahkan sebagai lainnya, fungsi dari anak boru adalah “orang utara” sementara Angkola- sebagai parkobas atau pelayan. Mandailing sebagai “orang selatan”. Sedangkan dalam keadaan perselisihan, Daerah Dago bagian utara kota posisi anak boru adalah sebagai juru Bandung terdapat sebuah Terminal damai (Sinaga, 2007:15). Unsur ketiga angkutan dalam kota yang dilintasi dari dalihan na tolu adalah kahanggi yakni setidaknya beberapa rute angkutan, salah saudara dan semarga (Simanjuntak, satu rute angkutan kota tersebut adalah 2006:100). Walupun tidak memiliki marga rute Kalapa-Dago cukup banyak orang yang sama saudara seibu dan pareban Batak Angkola-Mandailing yang menjadi juga dimasukkan kepada kelompok Azhar Riyadi: Merantau: Sebuah Pilihan atau Keterpaksaan? 36 IJSSE: Indonesian Journal of Social Science Education Volume 1, Nomor 1, Januari 2019 kahanggi. Kedudukan diantara kahanggi karena peneliti dengan para informan adalah setara sehingga dalam kehidupan memiliki latar belakang etnik yang sama, bermasyarakatnya adalah saling menjaga bahkan sebagian dari supir angkutan kota dan menghormati diantara sesama tersebut memiliki daerah yang sama kahanggi. Sedangkan dalam sebuah horja dengan peneliti. Walaupun tidak memiliki (pesta) adat, posisi kahanggi adalah kesulitan dalam hal berkomunikasi, suhut atau tuan rumah penyelenggara namun peneliti sedikit kesulitan untuk pesta. bekerja secara objekyif, unsur subyektif Berbicara mengenai orang Batak di sebagai sesama orang Batak tentu ada Bandung, mereka tetap dianggap sebagai dan disitulah yang saya rasakan sebagai kelompok etnik jika terjadi pelestarian salah satu seni menjadi seorang identitas sehingga memperlihatkan batas antropolog. perbedaan dengan kelompok lain (Barth, Pengamatan dan sejumlah wawancara 1998) dalam hal ini budaya Sunda. yang dilakukan pada minggu ketiga dan Pendefinisian identitas sendiri tidak lagi keempat Desember 2014 dan untuk ditentukan oleh tempat, karena seseorang melengkapi data ditambah dengan telah keluar dari kebudayaan asalnya, wawancara tambahan lewat telepon. sementara ditempat baru seseorang tersebut belum melakukan integrasi HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN (Abdullah, 2006). Tulisan ini akan Kehidupan Rantau Supir mengulas bagaimana sekilas gambaran Dari Terminal ke Terminal: Dago dan kehidupan para supir angkutan kota Kebun Kalapa tersebut, para supir angkutan kota Sebagai kota besar, kota Bandung dan tersebut merupakan salah satu kelompok sekitarnya memiliki peluang ekonomi yang yang sudah tidak lagi hidup dalam budaya cukup besar, baik itu di sektor industri, asalnya dan sementara mereka juga perdagangan, jasa hingga pariwisata. belum berintegrasi dengan kebudayaan Industrialisi yang berkembang juga Sunda dengan pertanyaan (1) Bagaimana memberi peluang ekonomi yang lebih baik mereka mempraktekkan sebagai Batak tentu memberi daya tarik banyak orang Angkola-Mandailing di dunia Rantau; (2) untuk melakukan urbanisasi serta mencari Bagaimana para supir menentukan kesempatan ke kota-kota besar (Kitagawa pilihan-pilihan profesi di dunia Rantau?; dalam Koyano (ed), 1996) seperti halnya dan (3) Bagaiamana mereka memandang kota Bandung. Di samping itu, kondisi dunia rantau? alam yang masih sejuk membuat kota ini tetap nyaman untuk dijadikan tempat METODE PENELITIAN tinggal. Padatnya penduduk kota dan Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cukup tingginya mobilitas warganya kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi, membuat keberadaan angkutan umum peneliti ikut terlibat dalam keseharian tetap penting, walaupun harus diakui kehidupan para informan yakni sebagai semenjak biaya kredit sepeda motor lebih supir angkutan kota. Wawancara terjangkau telah memberi dampak yang dilakukan di sela-sela para supir menarik cukup besar terhadap pengguna jasa dan atau beristirahat. Tentu penelitian angkutan kota menjadi lebih sedikit, seperti ini memiliki kesulitan tersendiri, Azhar Riyadi: Merantau: Sebuah Pilihan atau Keterpaksaan? 37 IJSSE: Indonesian Journal of Social Science Education Volume 1, Nomor 1, Januari 2019 seorang supir Bang SH menuturkan tidak narik (bekerja) atau yang baru bahwa “inda taromo be pambaen ni gok selesai juga lebih memilih bercengkrama na kareta i sannari” yang diterjemahkan di sekitar Terminal dibanding langsung kira-kira menjadi “sudah tidak dapat pulang ke rumah. Sehingga suasana diandalkan lagi (penghasilan) akibat Terminal cukup
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