Invertebrate Assessment

Parkside Regeneration LLP

Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

FPC-ARP-ZZ-XX-RP-YE-00006

Issue | 13 November 2015

This report takes into account the particular instructions and requirements of our client. It is not intended for and should not be relied upon by any third party and no responsibility is undertaken to any third party.

Job number 237135-00

Ove Arup & Partners Ltd 6th Floor 3 Piccadilly Place Manchester M1 3BN United Kingdom www.arup.com

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Job title Former Parkside Colliery Job number 237135-00 Document title Invertebrate Assessment File reference PW-CDE Document ref FPC -ARP-ZZ-XX-RP-YE-00006 Revision Date Filename FPC -ARP-ZZ-XX-RP-YE-00006.docx Issue 13 Nov Description Issue 2015

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Contents

Page

1 Introduction 3 1.1 Purpose of this Report 3 1.2 Sources of Information 3

2 Methodology 4 2.1 Field work 4 2.1.1 Sweep netting (to target aerial invertebrates and those in vegetation) 4 2.1.2 Grubbing 4 2.1.3 Pond dipping 4 2.2 Target taxa 5 2.3 Desktop study 5

3 Overview of the Site 6 3.1 Site Location 6 3.2 Site History 7 3.3 Site Description 7

4 Species Results 8 4.1 Species Identified On Site 8 4.2 Species Of Importance Identified On Site 16

5 Discussion 17 5.1 Introduction to analysis 17 5.2 Assemblages of importance 18 5.2.1 BATs (Broad Assemblage Type) 18 4.2.2 SATs (Specific Assemblage Type) 19 5.3 Species of importance 20 5.4 Site summary 20 4.4.1 Site assessment 20 5.4.1 Site evaluation 22

6 Recommendations 23 6.1 Mitigation 23 6.2 Scrub fringe 23 6.3 Invertebrate (butterfly) banks 24 6.4 Perennial swards 24 6.5 Super abundances 25 6.6 Juxtapositions and interfaces 26 6.7 Lush ponds 26

Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

6.8 Further surveys 27

7 References 28

Tables

Figures

Figure 1 - Site Location

Appendices

Appendix A Red Data Book

Appendix B Criteria for defining invertebrate sites of significance.

Appendix C Butterfly bank design

Appendix D ISIS (2010)

Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Executive Summary

Ove Arup and Partners Ltd (Arup) were commissioned by Parkside Regeneration LLP (PRLLP) to undertake an invertebrate survey to inform the masterplanning process of the Former Parkside Colliery (FPC) site which is located within the Newton-le-Willows area of St Helens, Merseyside. An invertebrate survey, which involved six survey visits, was undertaken within areas of suitable habitat, during appropriate weather conditions in May, June, July and August 2014 by Conops Entomology Ltd. The survey found a complex (and extensive) range of habitats and features on site which led to a long list of invertebrate Broad Assemblage Types (BATs). The site can be divided into two main invertebrate broad assemblage types; ‘scrub edge with grassland’ and ‘wetlands’. These habitats are made up of relatively common or local invertebrate species with none of principal importance. In terms of Specific Assemblage Types (SATs), of highest value was the ‘rich flower resource’ which had 16 invertebrate species associated with it. There were two invertebrate species of importance recorded on the site: a scavenger water beetle Helochares lividus; and the cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae. It was deemed unlikely that the site would support many more species of principal importance or those listed on the Red Data Book. Based on the results of the 2015 surveys, the species composition is largely concentrated around the scrub fringe/grassland interface, flower-rich swards and wetland features that can be compartmentalised as lush ponds with open water and marshy grassland. Many invertebrates require a range of features and habitats to fulfil their complex lifecycles and as such the juxtaposition of these habitats and features are of high value and it is where all these habitats are in close proximity that they are recommended for retaining. Where this is not possible then new, suitable features are recommended for creation. The scrub fringe is recommended for retention or creation of new scrub planting. Where scrub needs to be planted, it should provide a long flowering season. It is suggested that invertebrate/butterfly banks would add variety and valuable habitat to the site. It is recommended that the dense flowering perennial swards/patches should be retained. Where they cannot be retained or translocated, new areas should be created to replicate the features and species currently present on the site. The site has an important rich flower resource. Sowing high-density patches of flowers, translocating key turfs or retaining this feature wherever possible is recommended. The report recommends retaining the wetland areas or creating alternative closely linked lush ponds with a variety of profiles and drawdown zones to support a variety of invertebrate species. In turn this will help support local populations of insectivorous species such as bats. No further surveys are recommended at this time.

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

1 Introduction

Ove Arup and Partners Ltd. (Arup) has been commissioned by Parkside Regeneration LLP (PRLLP) in relation to the masterplanning of the Former Parkside Colliery (FPC) site which is located within the Newton-le-Willows area of St Helens, Merseyside.

1.1 Purpose of this Report The purpose of the report is to summarise the survey and assessment features of invertebrate interest and assemblages of importance which are pertinent to the habitats present at the Former Parkside Colliery site, prior to possible development.

1.2 Sources of Information This report uses field data and reporting by sub-consultant Conops Entomology Ltd., provided to Arup under cover of its report number 05.30.03.15 dated 28/08/2015.

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

2 Methodology

The invertebrate surveys were undertaken by Andy Jukes, at the time of surveying, Andy had 18 years ecology experience and was recognised as a professional entomologist (fellowship to the Royal Entomological Society). The survey works were undertaken using the following methodology.

2.1 Field work Six survey visits were undertaken during 2015. Details of which are provided below:  08/05/15 – overcast to sunny, windy (15°C);  23/05/15 - overcast to sunny (15-18°C);  12/06/15 – sunny (18-21°C);  03/07/15 – sunny (17-21°C);  18/07/15 – sunny, windy (20-22°C);  18/08/15 – sunny, warm (16-19°C).

2.1.1 Sweep netting (to target aerial invertebrates and those in vegetation) The field surveys employed a number of methods to assess the overall quality of the site and the key features of interest. These methods are defined below: Capture using net – two methods (A&B) of capture were employed to maximise the collection of targeted material. A. Sweep samples: vegetation such as swathes of flowering plants, tall grass, nettle beds and scrub/hedgerows are swept for invertebrates located within the plant material. Material is then sorted within the net bag and key groups and species are collected for later examination.

B. Spot sampling: this is the preferred method of collection for the larger, more conspicuous insects such as bees and wasps and is used on flowering herbs such as common bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and yellow composites such as dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg) that help to supplement the sweep samples.

2.1.2 Grubbing Grubbing, which involves ground searching of bare ground and short turf including pond edges for surface running invertebrates, was undertaken intermittently during each visit and across suitable habitat. It was employed during each visit to search for surface running beetles and ground bugs.

2.1.3 Pond dipping All ponds were sampled during the surveys. The main water features sampled were the ephemeral and open/sunlit ponds as these frequently possess species of greater value. The ponds were sampled using a long handled pond dipping net

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

and where water was shallow, a hand held 15cm diameter sieve was used. The target taxa were recorded or collected for later examination.

2.2 Target taxa To appraise the site, several groups of invertebrates were targeted for recording using the range of methods outlined above. The groups used to assess the site are selected as they are positive indicators of habitat quality and can inform a surveyor about the site’s potential as an invertebrate resource. The key groups sampled and used for assessment include:  Aculeate hymenoptera (bees and wasps);  Lepidoptera (Butterflies and day-flying moths);  Syrphidae (hoverflies);  Dolochopodidae (Dolyflies);  Sciomyzidae (snail-killing flies);  The “larger brachycera” (robberflies, horseflies, soldierflies and allies);  Other small incidental Diptera “acalypterate” families;  Various beetle families including ground beetles, water beetles and leaf beetles;  Various heteroptera families including water boatmen. Other incidental records have also been included. All captured invertebrates are held for later identification, except for easily identifiable species, which were identified in the field and released. All representative material from the contract including nationally significant species are held within A. Jukes’s private reference collection.

2.3 Desktop study A data search was commissioned by Arup and analysed by Andy Jukes of Conops Entomology Ltd for any species of note. Details of the data search are located within the Former Parkside Colliery Ecological Appraisal (Arup, 2014). The results of the data search includes a limited range of invertebrates but does hold a number of dragonfly species including the black darter (Sympetrum danae), a localised species associated with acidic pools on heathlands and moorland and therefore not applicable to this site. Other species noted from the data search includes species that are common and generalist or those not applicable to the habitats present on the site, such as the black darter dragonfly.

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

3 Overview of the Site

3.1 Site Location The site is located at approximate Ordnance Survey (OS) National Grid Reference of the site is SJ 600 947, see Figure 1 below.

Figure 1 - Site Location

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

The site is located to the east of Newton-le-Willows on land adjacent to the A49 and M6 roadways approximately 6km to the north of Warrington Town Centre. The site is bordered by the A49 to the west, the West Coast Mainline railway in the north-west and the Liverpool to Manchester Railway to the north. To the east is the M6 Motorway and to the south is open countryside leading to Winwick and the M62 Motorway beyond. The FPC Site Boundary is shown on Drawing No. FPC-ARP-Z0-ZZ-SK-ZX- 00001. This drawing outlines the site boundary plotted on current OS digital mapping provided for the project.

3.2 Site History The Former Parkside Colliery Site and surrounding area was originally developed as a hunting park before its enclosure as pasture and coppice in the seventeenth century. A battle was fought at Newton Park during the Civil War in 1648, where a Scottish, Royalist force was defeated by a Parliamentarian army led by Cromwell. In the eighteenth century a farm was established there. In 1830 the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened to the north of the Park, and from the 1950s, this was developed as and formed part of the Lancashire Coalfield. The colliery opened in 1964 and colliery activity ceased in 1991. The M6 motorway was constructed during the 1960s. The surface installations and buildings were decommissioned and demolished to ground level in 1993. It is not known what date the fields to the west of the colliery continued to be in agricultural use.

3.3 Site Description The principal habitat mosaic is that of bare ground, hard standing, early successional mosaics, wetland features including pools, scrub, coarse grassland, secondary woodland and ruderals which display a range of niches and features such as flower-rich foraging and structural variation.

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

4 Species Results

4.1 Species Identified On Site The table below summarises the species identified on site, the survey date first identified and the UK status. UK status was derived from Recorder 3.3 (Ball, 1994). Recorder 3.3 is a biological recording collection, collation and reporting package. As part of the application, each UK species has been assigned a status. (See Appendix A for Red Data Book (RDB) definitions.) Scientific name Vernacular Name Date first UK Status recorded Order: Coleoptera Beetles

Family: Chrysomelidae Leaf beetles Local Agelastica alni a leaf beetle 23-May-15 Cassida viridis Green Tortoise 12-Jun-15 Common Beetle Chrysolina hyperici a leaf beetle 12-Jun-15 Local Crepidodera aurata a leaf beetle 23-May-15 Common

Family: Carabidae Ground beetles Common Agonum muelleri a ground beetle 18-Jul-15 Local Amara lunicollis a ground beetle 03-Jul-15 Common Amara plebeja a ground beetle 12-Jun-15 Badister bullatus a ground beetle 23-May-15 Common Olisthopus rotundatus a ground beetle 12-Jun-15 Local Common Paradromius linearis a ground beetle 03-Jul-15 Common Pella limbata a rove beetle 01-May-15 Local Pterostichus vernalis a ground beetle 03-Jul-15 Family: Oedemeridae Flower beetles Oedemera lurida a flower beetle 23-May-15 Local Family: Cantharidae Soldier beetles Common Cantharis nigra a soldier beetle 03-Jul-15 Common Cantharis rufa a soldier beetle 12-Jun-15 Rhagonycha fulva a soldier beetle 18-Jul-15 Common Family: Coccinellidae Ladybirds Common Adalia bipunctata 2-spot Ladybird 01-May-15 Anisosticta Local novemdecimpunctata Water Ladybird 03-Jul-15 Harmonia axyridis Harlequin Ladybird 23-May-15 Common

Family: Malachiidae Malachite beetles Common Malachius bipustulatus Malachite Beetle 12-Jun-15

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Scientific name Vernacular Name Date first UK Status recorded

Family: Curculionidae Weevils Barypeithes pellucidus a weevil 12-Jun-15 Common Common Cionus scrophulariae Figwort Weevil 12-Jun-15 Common Mecinus pyraster a weevil 23-May-15 Common Polydrusus cervinus a weevil 23-May-15

Family: Apionidae Seed weevils Sitona lineatus a seed weevil 01-May-15 Common

Family: Dytiscidae Water beetles Common Agabus bipustulatus a water beetle 12-Jun-15 Family: Hydrophilidae Scavenger water beetles Helochares lividus a water beetle 12-Jun-15 NS B

Family: Elateridae Click Beetles Common Adrastus pallens a click beetle 03-Jul-15 Common Athous haemorrhoidalis a click beetle 23-May-15

Family: Staphiliinidae Rove beetles Aleochara curtula a rove beetle 12-Jun-15 Common Stenus binotatus a rove beetle 03-Jul-15 Common Common Stenus clavicornis a rove beetle 23-May-15 Common Stenus comma a rove beetle 01-May-15 Common Stenus similis a rove beetle 23-May-15

Family: Noteridae Noterus beetles Noterus clavicornis a noterus beetle 12-Jun-15 Local Order: Hemiptera True bugs

Family: Lygaeidae Ground bugs Common Kleidocerys resedae a ground bug 23-May-15

Family: Miridae Grassbugs Apolygus lucorum a mirid bug 18-Aug-15 Common Common Closterotomus norwegicus a mirid bug 03-Jul-15 a mirid bug 18-Aug-15 Common Compsidolon salicellum Common Deraeocoris ruber a mirid bug 18-Jul-15 Heterotoma planicornis a mirid bug 18-Aug-15 Common Mecomma ambulans a mirid bug 18-Jul-15 Common a mirid bug 18-Aug-15 Common Plagiognathus arbustorum Common Stenodema laevigata a mirid bug 18-Jul-15

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Scientific name Vernacular Name Date first UK Status recorded Bugs Family: Anthocoridae Anthocoris nemorum a bug 18-Aug-15

Family: Saludidae Shorebugs Common Saldula saltatoria a shorebug 01-May-15

Family: Acanthosomatidae shieldbugs Common Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale Hawthorn Shieldbug 18-Jul-15 Elasmucha grisea Parent Bug 03-Jul-15 Common

Family: Pentatomidae Shieldbugs Palomena prasina Common Green Common Shieldbug 18-Aug-15 Common Piezodorus lituratus Gorse Shieldbug 23-May-15 Zicrona caerulea Blue Shieldbug 23-May-15 Local

Family: Notonectidae Backswimmer Local Notonecta maculata a backswimmer 18-Aug-15 Order: Diptera True flies Family: Tabanidae Horseflies Haematopota pluvialis a horsefly 03-Jul-15 Common Family: Stratiomyidae Soldierflies Common Beris chalybata a soldierfly 18-Jul-15 Common Beris vallata a soldierfly 03-Jul-15 Common Chloromyia formosa a soldierfly 03-Jul-15 Chorisops tibialis a soldierfly 03-Jul-15 Common Oplodontha viridula a soldierfly 03-Jul-15 Local

Family: Rhagionidae Snipeflies Common Rhagio scolopaceus a snipefly 12-Jun-15 Common Chrysopilus cristatus a snipefly 12-Jun-15 Family: Asilidae Robberflies Dioctria baumhaueri a robberfly 18-Jul-15 Common Common Dioctria rufipes a robberfly 12-Jun-15 Common Leptogaster cylindrica a robberfly 12-Jun-15 Family: Dolichopodidae Dolyflies

Chrysotus gramineus a dolyfly 03-Jul-15 Common Chrysotus palustris a dolyfly 23-May-15 Local Common Dolichopus festivus a dolyfly 18-Aug-15 Local Dolichopus latilimbatus a dolyfly 23-May-15

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Scientific name Vernacular Name Date first UK Status recorded Common Dolichopus popularis a dolyfly 03-Jul-15 Dolichopus ungulatus a dolyfly 23-May-15 Common Local Hydrophorus praecox a dolyfly 03-Jul-15 Common Hydroporus planus a dolyfly 23-May-15 Common Poecilobothrus nobilitatus a dolyfly 03-Jul-15 Common Rhaphium caliginosum a dolyfly 23-May-15 Rhaphium monotrichum a dolyfly 23-May-15 Common Local Scellus notatus a dolyfly 12-Jun-15 Common Sciapus platypterus a dolyfly 03-Jul-15 Family: Empidoidea Danceflies Common Empis livida a dancefly 18-Jul-15 Empis nuntia a dancefly 23-May-15 Common Local Empis picipes a dancefly 01-May-15 Common Empis tessellata a dancefly 23-May-15 Common Empis trigramma a dancefly 23-May-15 Common Hilara discoidalis a dancefly 01-May-15 Hilara lugubris a dancefly 03-Jul-15 Common Common Hilara merula a dancefly 23-May-15 Common Hybos femoratus a dancefly 18-Aug-15 Common Rhamphomyia albohirta a dancefly 23-May-15 Family: Syrphidae Hoverflies

Cheilosia albitarsis sens. str. a hoverfly 23-May-15 Common Common Cheilosia illustrata a hoverfly 03-Jul-15 Common Cheilosia latifrons a hoverfly 23-May-15 Common Chrysotoxum bicinctum a hoverfly 18-Jul-15 Common Dasysyrphus venustus a hoverfly 01-May-15 Epistrophe grossulariae a hoverfly 18-Jul-15 Common Common Episyrphus balteatus a hoverfly 01-May-15 Common Eristalis arbustorum a hoverfly 18-Jul-15 Common Eristalis horticola a hoverfly 23-May-15 Common Eristalis interruptus a hoverfly 18-Aug-15 Eristalis pertinax a hoverfly 01-May-15 Common Common Eristalis tenax a hoverfly 01-May-15 Common Eupeodes corollae a hoverfly 18-Aug-15

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Scientific name Vernacular Name Date first UK Status recorded Common Eupeodes luniger a hoverfly 01-May-15 Helophilus pendulus a hoverfly 23-May-15 Common Common Leucozona lucorum a hoverfly 01-May-15 Common Melanostoma mellinum a hoverfly 03-Jul-15 Common Melanostoma scalare a hoverfly 23-May-15 Common Myathropa florea a hoverfly 18-Jul-15 Paragus haemorrhous a hoverfly 01-May-15 Local Local Pipiza bimaculata a hoverfly 23-May-15 Common Pipizella viduata a hoverfly 12-Jun-15 Common Platycheirus albimanus a hoverfly 01-May-15 Common Platycheirus clypeatus a hoverfly 18-Aug-15 Platycheirus rosarum a hoverfly 18-Aug-15 Common Local Platycheirus tarsalis a hoverfly 18-Aug-15 Common Scaeva pyrastri a hoverfly 18-Jul-15 Local Sphaerophoria interrupta a hoverfly 18-Jul-15 Common Sphaerophoria philanthus a hoverfly 18-Aug-15 Sphaerophoria scripta a hoverfly 23-May-15 Common Common Syritta pipiens a hoverfly 03-Jul-15 Common Syrphus ribesii a hoverfly 01-May-15 Common Volucella bombylans a hoverfly 18-Jul-15 Common Volucella pellucens a hoverfly 03-Jul-15 Xylota segnis a hoverfly 23-May-15 Common

Family: Tachinidae Tachinid flies Common Tachina fera a tachinid fly 01-May-15

Family: Tephritidae Fruitflies Common Anomoia purmunda a fruitfly 03-Jul-15 Tephritis leontodontis a fruitfly 12-Jun-15 Common Common Urophora stylata a fruitfly 03-Jul-15

Family: Platystomatidae Fruitflies Local Rivellia syngenesiae a fruitfly 18-Aug-15

Family: Otitidae Fruitflies Herina frondescentiae a fruitfly 18-Jul-15 Local

Family: Conopidae Big-headed flies Common Conops quadrifasciatus a thick headed fly 18-Aug-15

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Scientific name Vernacular Name Date first UK Status recorded Common Sicus ferrugineus a thick headed fly 03-Jul-15 Family: Sciomyzidae Snail-killing flies Common Ilione albiseta a snail-killing fly 18-Jul-15 Common Limnia unguicornis a snail-killing fly 23-May-15 Local Sepedon sphegea a snail-killing fly 23-May-15 Common Coremacera marginata a snail-killing fly 12-Jun-15 Pherbellia albocostata a snail-killing fly 03-Jul-15 Common Common Pherbellia cinerella a snail-killing fly 18-Jul-15 Common Pherbina coryleti a snail-killing fly 18-Aug-15 Common Tetanocera elata a snail-killing fly 18-Aug-15 Common Trypetoptera punctulata a snail-killing fly 23-May-15 Order: Hymenoptera Bees, wasps and ants Family: Formicidae Ants Common Lasius flavus an ant 18-Jul-15 Common Lasius niger sens. str. an ant 18-Jul-15 Common Myrmica ruginodis an ant 18-Jul-15 Family: Pompilidae Spider hunting wasps Common Anoplius nigerrimus a spider-hunter wasp 23-May-15 Local Evagetes crassicornis a spider-hunter wasp 18-Jul-15

Family: Vespidae Social wasps Common Vespula vulgaris Common Wasp 23-May-15 Family: Crabronidae Solitary wasps a digger wasp 18-Aug-15 Common Crossocerus megacephalus Common Ectemnius continuus a digger wasp 18-Jul-15 Common Passaloecus singularis a digger wasp 03-Jul-15 Pemphredon inornata a digger wasp 03-Jul-15 Common Family: Andrenidae Mining bees Andrena bicolor Gwynne's Mining 01-May-15 Common Bee Common Andrena carontonica a mining bee 01-May-15 Andrena denticulata a mining bee 18-Aug-15 Common Andrena fulva a mining bee 01-May-15 Common Common Andrena pubescens a mining bee 23-May-15 Family: Megachilidae Leafcutter bees

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Scientific name Vernacular Name Date first UK Status recorded Megachile willughbiella Willughby's Leaf- 23-May-15 Common cutter Bee Osmia bicornis Red Mason Bee 23-May-15 Common Family: Halictidae Mining bees Common Halictus rubicundus a mining bee 03-Jul-15 Common Halictus tumulorum a mining bee 23-May-15 Lasioglossum albipes a mining bee 18-Aug-15 Common a mining bee 23-May-15 Local Lasioglossum cupromicans Common Lasioglossum fratellum a mining bee 23-May-15 Common Lasioglossum leucopus a mining bee 23-May-15 Lasioglossum leucozonium a mining bee 18-Aug-15 Common Lasioglossum morio Brassy Mining Bee 18-Jul-15 Common Common Lasioglossum villosulum Shaggy Mining Bee 23-May-15

Family: Colletidae Cellophane bees Common Hylaeus hyalinatus a solitary bee 23-May-15 Family: Apidae Bees Bombus hortorum Small Garden 03-Jul-15 Common Bumble Bee Common Bombus hypnorum a bumblebee 12-Jun-15 Local Bombus jonellus Heath Bumble Bee 23-May-15 Bombus lapidarius Large Red Tailed 01-May-15 Common Bumble Bee Bombus lucorum sens. str. White-tailed Bumble 18-Jul-15 Common Bee Common Bombus pascuorum Common Carder Bee 01-May-15 Common Bombus pratorum Early Bumble Bee 18-Jul-15 Bombus sylvestris a bumblebee 23-May-15 Common Bombus terrestris Buff-tailed Bumble 01-May-15 Common Bee Common Bombus vestalis a bumblebee 12-Jun-15 Common Nomada fabriciana a cuckoo bee 03-Jul-15 Nomada flava a cuckoo bee 23-May-15 Common Common Nomada leucophthalma a cuckoo bee 01-May-15 Order: Lepidoptera Butterflies and moths Family: Pieridae Whites Common Anthocharis cardamines Orange-tip 01-May-15 Pieris brassicae Large White 20-May-15 Common

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Scientific name Vernacular Name Date first UK Status recorded Common Pieris napi Green-veined White 23-May-15 Family: Lycaenidae Blues Local Aricia agestis Brown Argus 12-Jun-15 Common Lycaena phlaeas Small Copper 23-May-15 Common Polyommatus icarus Common Blue 12-Jun-15 Family: Nymphalidae Vannessids Aglais urticae Small Tortoiseshell 23-May-15 Common Common Aphantopus hyperantus Ringlet 03-Jul-15 Common Inachis io Peacock 01-May-15 Common Maniola jurtina Meadow Brown 03-Jul-15 Common Pararge aegeria Speckled Wood 23-May-15 Polygonia c-album Comma 18-Jul-15 Common Common Pyronia tithonus Gatekeeper 18-Jul-15 Common Vanessa cardui Painted Lady 18-Aug-15

Family: Hesperiidae Skippers Common Ochlodes faunus Large Skipper 12-Jun-15 Thymelicus sylvestris Small Skipper 03-Jul-15 Common Family: Arctiidae Tiger moths S41** Tyria jacobaeae Cinnabar 23-May-15

Family: Zygaenidae Burnet Moths Zygaena lonicerae Narrow-bordered 18-Aug-15 Common Five-spot Burnet Order: Orthoptera Grasshoppers and crickets Family: Tetrigiidae Groundhoppers Tetrix subulata Slender Ground 01-May-15 Local Hopper

Family: Acrididae Grasshoppers Common Field 18-Aug-15 Common Chorthippus brunneus Grasshopper Meadow 12-Jun-15 Common Chorthippus parallelus Grasshopper Order: Dermaptera Earwigs Family: Forficulidae Earwigs Common Forficula auricularia Common Earwig 23-May-15 Dragonflies and Order: Odonata damselflies Family: Coenagriidae Blues Coenagrion puella Azure Damselfly 12-Jun-15 Common

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Scientific name Vernacular Name Date first UK Status recorded Common Blue Common Enallagma cyathigerum Damselfly 12-Jun-15 Blue-tailed Common Ischnura elegans Damselfly 03-Jul-15

Family: Lestidae Emerald damselflies Common Lestes sponsa Emerald Damselfly 03-Jul-15

Family: Libellulidae Chasers and darters Libellula depressa Broad-bodied Chaser 23-May-15 Common Common Libellula quadrimaculata Four-spotted Chaser 12-Jun-15 Common Sympetrum striolatum Common Darter 12-Jun-15

Family: Aeshnidae Hawkers Aeshna grandis Brown Hawker 18-Jul-15 Common Anax imperator Emperor Dragonfly 18-Aug-15 Common

4.2 Species Of Importance Identified On Site The species below are those with a significant status and have been extracted from the above table for ease of reading.

Scientific name Vernacular name UK Status

Helochares lividus a water beetle Nationally Scarce B

Tyria jacobaeae Cinnabar NERC Act Section 41** * Species more common than its status suggests. See text. ** Species still common and listed under the NERC Act for research purposes only. See text.

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5 Discussion

5.1 Introduction to analysis The tables in this section have been generated using a software package that can statistically evaluate a site or feature, with the interpretation of an experienced invertebrate ecologist. They are useful in site assessments and comparative studies. For more detail on ISIS (2010) see Appendix D.

Key to ISIS output tables

BAT Code Invertebrate habitat code

BAT Name Invertebrate habitat name

Representation % of species recorded associated with that BAT

Rarity Score This is the Site Quality Score (SQS) and is the combined score of all species recorded for that BAT – see Information box 2 BATs with no score are those that are below a threshold of 15 species present for that BAT.

Condition Used in SSSI condition assessment – not relevant

BAT species richness Total number of species recorded associated with BAT

IEC (Index of Ecological Only used for deadwood sites such as parklands Continuity)

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5.2 Assemblages of importance ISIS output table.

SAT SAT name No. Condition Percentage of Related BAT code spp. national species rarity score pool F002 rich flower resource 16 fav 7 W211 open water on 2 5 114 disturbed mineral sediments F001 scrub edge 6 3 W114 stream and river 1 2 margin F112 open short sward 3 2 118 A212 bark & sapwood 7 1 decay F006 dung 1 1 W314 reedfen and pools 1 1 F003 scrub-heath & 2 1 moorland A211 heartwood decay 1 1 SAT SAT name No. Condition Percentage of Related BAT code spp. national species rarity score pool The broad assemblage types represented in this list are as follows.

BAT BAT name Representati Rarity Condit BAT species IEC code on score ion richness (1-100) F2 grassland & scrub 35 118 75 matrix F1 unshaded early 18 118 38 successional mosaic W2 mineral marsh & 10 114 22 open water W3 permanent wet mire 7 15 A1 arboreal canopy 5 11 A2 wood decay 4 9 0 W1 flowing water 4 9 F3 shaded field & 3 6 ground layer

5.2.1 BATs (Broad Assemblage Type) The site is a complex range of habitats and features, which can be seen from the long list of broad assemblage types. More broadly than the BAT analysis, the site can be divided into two principal types; scrub edge with grassland and wetlands. The scrub edge and grassland is dominated by the grassland and scrub matrix (F2), an assemblage that dominates the site with 35% of all species recorded associated with this habitat mosaic. Coupled with this BAT is the unshaded early successional mosaic (F1) that includes the patchy flower-rich short swards and is found in close proximity to the scrub edge and grassland habitat mosaic. 18% of species recorded are from this BAT.

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The wetland component of the site includes the assemblage types permanent wet mire (W3), mineral marsh and open water (W2) and also flowing water (W1). All have slightly different characteristics but together comprise 21% of the total species recorded from the site, a significant total given the small area of land they cover. All of the above BATs are the most dominant and representative of the site, however none have a high rarity score, indicating that the assemblages are made up of relatively common or local species with very few or no species of principal importance or those with high fidelities to particular niches, such as those often listed on the Red Data Book (Shirt, 1987)1. *Favourable status is regarded as a habitat, feature or assemblage that is in an optimal or near optimal condition, something akin to what may be found on some of the best quality sites, such as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). There are other BATs noted from the site including wood decay, arboreal canopy and shaded field layer (woodland assemblages) but as the woodlands are poor in quality and lack old trees with significant deadwood on them, they are of much lower intrinsic value to the site. They do however act as companion assemblages, increasing the overall biodiversity value of the site. No other BATs of importance or interest are identified through the use of ISIS or surveyor experience.

4.2.2 SATs (Specific Assemblage Type) As a high number of BATs are present on the site, a long list of SATs are also noted in the ISIS (2010) analysis. Of highest value is the rich flower resource (F002) which has sixteen invertebrate species associated with it. This number reaches the threshold for favourable status for this assemblage type (favourable status threshold = 15). The SAT is populated by pollen and nectar foraging species such as many of the hoverflies, some bees and also leaf beetles. The SAT is also an extensive feature reaching across the site in most areas from the common bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniucluatus) dominated swards of the early successional areas on the colliery hardstanding to the flower-rich umbellifer stands of the coarse grassland mounds near to the M6 motorway. Although the woodlands do not feature strongly in the ISIS BAT analysis the specific assemblage type A212 (bark and sapwood decay) does feature with seven species of fidelity. These species however are largely of low to moderate fidelity with deadwood, occupying features that are found frequently on sites including deadwood in sunny situations (the stem nesting bees and wasps) or rot holes found in a range of tree species such as the ubiquitous deadwood hoverfly Myathropa florea. The next SAT that has the most species associated to it is the scrub edge SAT (F001). This is to be expected on a site with a rich supply of scrub edge interfaces, however the range of scrub edge invertebrates is limited on the site due to the limited range of woody plant species. If the range of woody plant species was more diverse, this SAT would be richer and of higher value.

1 Shirt, D.B., (1987) British Red data Books: 2. Insects. Nature Conservancy Council Peterborough

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There are a range of other SATs present on the site but most have only one or two species associated with them. This highlights the lack of robustness and quality of the niche assemblages that feature on the site. This is supported by the view of the surveyor. Although the site is large the range of features of any substantial size or quality is relatively low. There are no other SATs of importance highlighted by ISIS or the surveyor.

5.3 Species of importance Helochares lividus – A scavenger water beetle. Status – Nationally Scarce B. A species of scavenger water beetle found in a range of open water situations including fens, ditches and pools. Predominantly a south-eastern species. Tyria jacobaeae – Cinnabar moth. Status - NERC Act Section 41. The Cinnabar moth is listed on the NERC Act Section 41 for research only. It is a species that is still relatively frequent and the listing is largely related to the potential threat of eradication of its host foodplant, ragwort.

5.4 Site summary

4.4.1 Site assessment The site is a large disused colliery site of various stages of succession and large mounds of banked materials adjacent to the M6 motorway. The site is dominated by a few habitat types or features. These include:  Hardstanding: this inhibits the surface running invertebrates normally associated with “brownfield sites” and also the ground nesting bees and wasps one would normally encounter; Silver birch dominant scrub (Betula pendula) and a flora comprising mainly of large and extensive patches of common bird’s-foot trefoil and also St.John’s-worts (Hypericum spp);  Higher succession areas include areas of woodland: includes damp or wet rides and an area of woodland and pond with mature trees. The woodland areas lack diversity and structure and also many of the features that increase the value of them to invertebrates, such as deadwood, sap runs, rot holes, flowering scrub fringes and wide open rides;  The mounds: these are dominated by coarse grassland and ruderals with areas of higher botanical diversity that includes composites such as common fleabane (Pulicaria dysentarica) and also knapweed (Centaurea nigra). The fleabane in particular is a useful late summer flowering plant but overall the structure of the mounds and its elevation exposes it to winds resulting in a relatively poor invertebrate assemblage dominated by common and generalist species;  False oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius) swards: this is a low quality common grassland type with little variation or flower abundance;

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 Ephemeral pools, muddy and marshy drawdown zones: despite their small size in comparison to other habitats on the site, these are of moderate quality and include a relatively rich fly fauna. The features of greatest value are the extensive resources of flowers and the wetland features, in particular the ephemeral pools and marshy and muddy drawdown zones surrounding them. This has given rise into a moderately rich fly resource associated with such condition including snail-killing flies and dolyflies. The ephemeral pools do however lack one intrinsic component and that is water beetles. Only a few species of water beetle were recorded during the surveys. The reason for this is not known but the lack of suitable margins with lush, sheltering vegetation may be one factor inhibiting their diversity.

Photograph 4.1; Hardstanding occupying large areas of the former colliery site

The site has been characterised as being one of scrub and grassland with wetland features. The grassland and scrub forms the matrix providing some structural complexity and a range of interfaces. This is complimented by a rich resource of flowers and also short turf and some limited bare ground areas (for surface running and ground nesting species). The wetlands comprise damp, marshy grassland with pools and drawdown zones, which expose muddy margins. It is recommended that it is the above habitats and features that are of greatest value to the site and also the close proximity many are to one another, building up important interfaces and juxtapositions that help species with complex lifecycles. It is these that are or should form the focus for any mitigation or compensation for a proposed development.

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5.4.1 Site evaluation The surveys only recorded two species of value (including the research only listed Cinnabar) and it is unlikely that there are many more species of principal importance or those listed on the Red Data Book present at the site. Despite the large size of the site it is largely dominated by a few habitat types that lack high fidelity niches, as recorded by ISIS and identified by the surveyor. Coarse grassland, extensive flowering patches, hard standing, ephemeral pools and birch scrub are the main constituents of the site. It is likely therefore, that when taking into context the lack of scarce species recorded on the site, the overall species lists and types of habitats but also acknowledging (in particular) the importance of flowering habitats and ephemeral pools have to local populations of invertebrates, the site is suggested to be considered as of District (low) importance (Plant, 2009).

Photograph 4.2: Coarse grassland. Lack of structure or diversity in the sward reduces the likelihood of a rich invertebrate resource being recorded.

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6 Recommendations

6.1 Mitigation Based on the results of the 2015 surveys, the species composition is largely concentrated around the scrub fringe/grassland interface, flower-rich swards and wetland features that can be compartmentalised as lush ponds with open water and marshy grassland. It is also important to recognise that many invertebrates require a range of features and habitats to fulfil their complex lifecycles and as such the juxtaposition of these habitats and features are of high value and it is where all these habitats are in close proximity that they are recommended for retaining. If elements cannot be retained then new, suitable habitat, features and juxtapositions are recommended for creation.

Photograph 5.1: An area of interest on the site. Juxtapostions and interfaces. Grassland, scrub, shelter and lots of flowers all in close proximity. This mosaic helps build a rich invertebrate site and should be replicated where possible for any mitigation required on the site.

6.2 Scrub fringe Planting or retention of scrub provides a number of services. Scrub is an effective windbreak, providing sheltered elevated temperatures for invertebrates, foraging areas for predatory wasps, nectar and pollen for flower-dependant invertebrates and an overall key component of a rich invertebrate site.

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Where scrub needs to be planted, it should provide a long flowering season. Species that fulfil this requirement include:  Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa);  Willows (Salix spp);  Field maple (Acer campestris);  Fruit trees including Prunus (plums and damsons) and Malus (apples);  Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna). Where possible, ivy (Hedera helix) can be included in a planting scheme as this provides important late summer/autumn flowers.

6.3 Invertebrate (butterfly) banks To add variety to topography and provide valuable wind breaks and high exposure to the sun which is an important asset on an invertebrate orientated mitigation scheme, invertebrate banks are a useful way to introduce physical structure and provide sunny aspects and shelter for a range of thermophilic (heat loving) invertebrates. This is especially relevant to butterflies such as the common blue and brown argus, which were both recorded from the site.  Invertebrate banks are essentially mounded materials. These features are partially compacted with machinery but other parts of the banks can be allowed to settle naturally to encourage niche variation, through slumping;  The material used for these can be a medium, coarse aggregate material. A limestone or other high pH material is preferable as this gives rise to a richer flora including bird’s-foot trefoil. Material from on site would be suitable;  The banks should be optimally in a southerly facing aspect for greatest sun exposure and in a crescent or sinuous shape, which further elevates the microclimate of the feature;  The banks are ideally sown with a suitable flower mix, allowed to colonise naturally or could be topped with existing flower-rich turf, especially where it contains common bird’s-foot trefoil and other useful flowering plants. A mixture of all three options can also be undertaken;  These banks can be further diversified through the creation of small cliff faces dug into the bank to provide nesting locations for the black-headed mason wasp and other solitary bee and wasps species;  Appendix C provides some detail on the creation of butterfly banks, which are a similar feature.

6.4 Perennial swards Areas of dense flowering patches should be retained, but where they cannot be retained or translocated, new areas should be created to replicate the features and species currently present on the site. Broadly, plants to consider should be of a wide range of flower types from open, flat daisy flowers such as ox-eye daisy and yellow composites to deep corolla-

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type flowers including vetches and other Fabaeceae (for bumblebees and solitary bees). Planting summary should replicate those plants recorded from the site but can also include:  Hawkweeds (Hieracium spp);  Common bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus);  Vetches (Vicia species);  Red clover (Trifolim pratense);  Other trefoils (Fabaceae);  Meadow vetchling (Lathyrus pratensis);  Wild carrot (Daucus carota);  Common fleabane (Pulicaria dysentarica);  Common knapweed (Centaurea nigra);  Woundworts (Stachys species);  White dead-nettle (Lamium album).

6.5 Super abundances A feature lost from much of the modern landscape is flower dominant grassland, which has had a negative impact on the associated pollen and nectar foraging invertebrates including bees and wasps and hoverflies, with some hoverflies declining by 60% in the recent decades. The site has an important rich flower resource, partly due to these high “super abundances”. Sowing high-density patches of flowers, translocating key turfs or retaining this feature wherever possible is recommended.

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Photograph 5.3: Example of super abundances. In this case common bird’s-foot trefoil.

6.6 Juxtapositions and interfaces To increase the complexity of any mitigation/compensation and therefore provide a wide range of niches for high fidelity invertebrates, features such as the flower- rich invertebrate banks, patchy scrub fringe and flowery grassland/super abundances should all be in close proximity to one another. An intricate mosaic of habitats and juxtapositions will generate many opportunities for invertebrates and in turn elevate the scheme into one that is of high value to invertebrates.

6.7 Lush ponds The site includes a range of invertebrates associated with wetlands. These species are predominantly flies and also Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). The wetlands should offer a range of niches to encourage a rich diversity of species. Ponds that are varied that have a lush, well-vegetated margin will be the most optimal for a wide range of wetland flies and water beetles. Those with extensive shallow margins, that have a broad drawdown zone to expose muddy margins and develop marshy grassland areas will also be of high value. It is therefore most effective to create a series of pools with different profiles to benefit as wide a range of invertebrates as possible. The ponds can vary from deep, permanent ponds with relatively little drawdown zone but still retain a shallow periphery for marginal plants that favours the dragonflies and damselflies to others that are of a shallower profile and occasionally dry out with extensive drawdown zones and on which marshy grassland vegetation can establish and only occasionally become inundated. These will favour wetland flies. The key to these ponds is to provide a variety of situations in each pond and between the network of ponds across the complex.

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A series or network of ponds in relatively close proximity to one another is likely to be of greater value than isolated ponds scattered widely over the proposed development site. Wetlands also generate a high biomass of flies, which if catered for in mitigation can in turn help bolster local populations of insectivorous species such as bats.

6.8 Further surveys As the survey was undertaken over suitable weather conditions and six visits, it is not thought that there are any further surveys required at this site and at this time.

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7 References

Anon (2008) Acalypterate keys. Unpublished test keys. Dipterists Forum. Ball, S (1994) Recorder 3.3. Joint Nature Conservation Committee Ball, S. (2005) Hoverfly Recording Scheme. www.hoverfly.org.uk d’Annis Fonseca, E.C.M (1978) Diptera Orthorrhapha Brachyycera – dolichopodidae. Royal Entomological Society of London Drake, C.M. et al (2007) NERR005. Surveying terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates for conservation evaluation. Natural England. Lott, D et al (2007) ISIS. Invertebrate Species – habitat Information System, 2008 build. Natural England. Richards, O.W. (1980) Scolioidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. Hymenoptera, aculeata. Royal Entomological Society. Shirt, D.B., (1987) British Red data Books: 2. Insects. Nature Conservancy Council Peterborough Stubbs, A.E and Drake, M. (2001) British Soldierflies and their allies. British Entomological and Natural History Society Stubbs, A.E., (2002) British Hoverflies British Entomological and Natural History Society

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Appendix A Red Data Book

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Definitions of Red Data Book etc (follows Shirt 1987)

Red Data Book category 1 (RDB1) - Endangered Species which are known or believed to occur as only a single population within one 10km square of the national grid. Red Data Book category 2 (RDB2) - Vulnerable Species declining throughout their range or in vulnerable habitats. Red Data Book category 3 (RDB3) - Rare Species which are estimated to exist in only fifteen or fewer post 1970 10km squares. This criterion may be relaxed where populations are likely to exist in over fifteen 10km squares but occupy small areas of especially vulnerable habitat. Nationally Notable (Scarce) category A (NS A) - Notable A Taxa which do not fall within the RDB category but which are nonetheless uncommon in Great Britain and thought to occur in 30 or fewer 10km squares of the National Grid or, for less well recorded groups between eight and twenty vice counties. Nationally Notable (Scarce) category B (NS B) - Notable B Taxa which do not fall within the RDB category but which are nonetheless uncommon in Great Britain and thought to occur in 31 and 100 10km squares of the National Grid or, for less well recorded groups between eight and twenty vice counties. Nationally Notable (Scarce) (N) - Notable Species which are estimated to occur within the range of 16 to 100 10km squares. The subdividing of this category into Notable A and Notable B has not been attempted for many species in this part of the review.

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Appendix B Criteria for defining invertebrate sites of significance.

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Criteria for defining invertebrate sites of significance. Taken from Plant (2009) Importance Description Minimum qualifying criteria International European Internationally important invertebrate (high) important site (i.e. populations present or containing RDB 1 importance SAC) (Endangered) species or containing any species protected under European legislation or containing habitats that are threatened or rare at the European level (including, but not exclusively so, habitats listed on the EU Habitats Directive). National (high) UK important site Achieving SSSI invertebrate criteria (NCC, importance (SSSI) 1989) or containing RDB2 (Vulnerable) or containing viable populations of RDB 3 (Rare) species or containing viable populations of any species protected under UK legislation or containing habitats that are threatened or rare nationally (Great Britain). Regional Site with Habitat that is scarce or threatened in the (medium) populations of region or which has, or is reasonably expected importance invertebrates or to have, the presence of an assemblage of (for border sites, invertebrate invertebrates including at least ten Nationally both regions habitats Notable species or at least ten species listed as must be taken considered scarce Regionally Notable for the English Nature into account) or rare or region in question in the Recorder database or threatened in elsewhere or a combination of these categories south-east amounting to ten species in total. England County Site with Habitat that is scarce or threatened in the (medium) populations of county and/or which contains or is reasonably importance invertebrates or expected to contain an assemblage of (for border sites, invertebrate invertebrates that includes viable populations both counties habitats of at least five Nationally Notable species or must be taken considered scarce viable populations of at least five species into account) or rare or regarded as Regionally Scarce by the county threatened in the records centres and/or field club. county in question District (low) Site with A rather vague definition of habitats falling importance populations of below county significance level, but which invertebrates or may be of greater significance than merely invertebrate Local. They include sites for which Nationally habitats Notable species in the range from 1 to 4 considered scarce examples are reasonably expected but not yet or rare or necessarily recorded and where this omission threatened in the is considered likely to be partly due to under- administrative recording. District Local (low) Site with Habitats or species unique or of some other importance populations of significance within the local area. invertebrates or

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Importance Description Minimum qualifying criteria invertebrate habitats considered scarce or rare or threatened in the affected and neighbouring Parishes (except Scotland, where the local area may best be defined as being within a radius of 5 kilometers Importance — Although almost no area is completely without within the significance these are the areas with nothing context of the more than expected “background” populations site only (low of common species and the occasional importance) Nationally Local species.

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Appendix C Butterfly bank design

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Butterfly (invertebrate) bank - Butterfly Conservation

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Appendix D ISIS (2010)

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

ISIS (2010) ISIS (Invertebrate Species – habitat Information System) is a computer application that can be used to identity assemblages of importance from inputting species lists into the computer software. This is particularly useful for identifying key areas of interest and importance and monitoring site changes as management alters habitat structure and species composition. ISIS was developed by Natural England as a way of assessing sites for their invertebrate value. Although initially developed for assessing Sites of Special Scientific Importance (SSSI) condition, it has been adopted for a wider use in habitat assessments. As it uses values (numbers) to score sites or features on a site the computer application is very useful at providing baseline scores to sites and therefore a means of comparing a site either “intra”spectively (comparing an individual site against itself, normally how it changes with time or after management regime changes) or “inter”spectively (comparing one site against another or suite of similar site/s). ISIS uses two types of “assemblage” that it provides scores for. (An assemblage is a group of invertebrates that use a similar habitat or feature). BAT (Broad Assemblage Type) – A BAT is often a landscape scale habitat type that is affected by various environmental factors such as light/shade, hydrology and disturbance factors like poaching, drainage, drought and water level fluctuation. They are useful assemblage types as they provide an overview of habitat quality and by using them to monitor sites, can help highlight issues that may affect them over time such as over and under grazing, drainage and poaching. SAT (Specific Assemblage Type) – these are characterised by stenotopic species (those that can only withstand a narrow range of environmental conditions). SATs are therefore more tightly defined than BATs and sit within a parent BAT. More than one SAT can sit within a parent SAT. Example: BAT: F2 – grassland and scrub matrix SAT: F211 – herb-rich dense sward F212 – dense scrub Invertebrate species that are associated with a specific assemblage are known as “fidelity species” and these are the species that score highly and elevate an assemblage’s status in the ISIS analysis. The highest fidelity species tend to be those associated with SATs, as these are the most scarce and restricted assemblage types and by association, the species using them tend to also be restricted in distribution and scarce. The Site Quality Score (SQS) is a total score of all the species recorded from the site. Each national designation (Red Data Book, Nationally Scarce through to common species) receives a different level of score. The system is not reliant an exhaustive sampling of a site but more useful for singular surveys or a limited range of closely related surveys.

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Parkside Regeneration LLP Former Parkside Colliery Invertebrate Assessment

Fowles et al (19992) scoring for SQS is: 32 - RDB 1 32 - RDB 2 24 - RDB 3 16 - RDB “K” 16 - NS A 8 - NS B 4 - Regional NS/very local 2 - Local 1 – Common

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