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Assessing Possible Cruise Ship Impacts on Huna Tlingit Ethnographic Resources in Glacier Bay

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Assessing Possible Cruise Ship Impacts on Huna Tlingit Ethnographic Resources in Glacier Bay ASSESSING POSSIBLE CRUISE SHIP IMPACTS ON HUNA TLINGIT ETHNOGRAPHIC RESOURCES IN GLACIER BAY FINAL REPORT Douglas Deur, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology Portland State University Thomas F. Thornton, Ph.D. Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford & Portland State University (Affiliate) With Significant Contributions by Jamie Hebert, M.A. and Rachel Lahoff , M.A. Department of Anthropology, Portland State University 2014 Completed under Cooperative Agreement H8W07060001 between Portland State University and the National Park Service. ANTHROPOLOGY DEPARTMENT - PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY P.O. Box 751 / 1721 SW Broadway, Portland, OR 97207 Figure 1: Huna Tlingit participants in the annual NPS-sponsored community boat trip, at the base of Margerie Glacier, with Mount Fairweather visible above. Douglas Deur photo. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 3 Background and Objectives 5 Methods 11 Enduring Connections: Glacier Bay Places and Huna Tlingit Cultural Values 15 Glacier Bay as an Enduring Homeland of the Huna Tlingit 15 Traditional Cultural Properties 24 The Cultural Role of Natural Resources and Resource Harvests 27 The Interdependence of the Huna and the Natural Resources of Glacier Bay 35 Respect and Disrespect, Hosts and Guests 39 Glacier Bay as Refuge, Anchor, and Safe Haven 47 Enduring Ceremonial Traditions in Glacier Bay Proper 49 Huna Perspectives on Cruise Ship Effects and their Remediation 58 Tangible and Intangible Cruise Ship Impacts 62 Respect and other Key Cultural Values in Understanding Tlingit Perspectives on Cruise Ship Effects 64 Specific Reported Cruise Ship Effects 71 Tangible Impacts 71 Exhaust Discharges 71 Wastewater and Other Liquid Discharges 75 Trash 77 Noise Pollution 79 Wakes 81 Fish and Wildlife Disturbances 82 Crowding, Regulation, and Impacts on Tlingit Boaters 85 Disease Vectors 86 Intangible Impacts 87 Disrespect, in its Many Forms 88 Disrupting Huna Connections to the Bay 92 Commercialization and the Tourist Gaze 96 Inappropriate Interpretation 97 Perspectives on the Economic Effects of Cruise Ships 101 Minimizing and Mitigating Adverse Effects of Cruise Ships On Glacier Bay’s “Integrity” 105 Minimizing and Mitigating Tangible Effects 106 Monitoring and Reducing Air, Water and Noise Pollution 106 Reducing Speeds and Wakes 108 Temporary Vessel Restrictions to Protect Cultural Activities and Resources 109 Minimizing and Mitigating Intangible Impacts 111 Fostering Huna Use and Youth Education in Glacier Bay 111 Developing Cruise Ship Interpretative Programs 115 Prospects for Future Public Interpretation 119 Interpretive and Educational Opportunities for Huna Youth 124 Smaller Boats 127 Sharing Knowledge and Building Rapport with NPS Staff 129 Conclusions and Recommendations 133 Sources 142 Interviewees 142 Interviewee Codes 143 Other Tribal Consultants and Advisors 144 Bibliography 146 Appendices 151 Appendix 1: Sample of Questions Posed in Project Interviews 152 Appendix 2: Key Federal Laws and EOs Referenced in the Text 154 Appendix 3: Culturally Significant Natural Resources Harvested in Glacier Bay 157 Notes 168 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides a thematic summary of an ethnographic study addressing the effects of cruise ships within Glacier Bay proper on the people known as the Huna Tlingit. Occupying the heart of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Glacier Bay proper is considered to be the core homeland of Huna Tlingit. The Huna occupied the Bay prior to its most recent glaciation and, though they now live nearby in Hoonah and other communities, they have continued to use, occupy, and value the lands and waters within the Bay since the glaciers began to retreat over two centuries ago. Simultaneously, since the designation of Glacier Bay as a unit of the National Park Service, Glacier Bay proper has become the focal point of a thriving tourist industry, with most park visitors arriving in the Bay by cruise ship. In past consultation, Huna representatives have expressed to NPS staff that cruise ships have various adverse effects on lands, resources, and values that are of concern to Huna people. Also, in recent years, the NPS has identified locations within Glacier Bay proper that appear to be eligible for designation as “Traditional Cultural Properties” (TCPs), a type of property that is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places by virtue of its cultural and historical importance to the Huna Tlingit. In light of the presence of these TCPs, as well as a variety of other federal mandates, the NPS must assess the potential adverse effects of park operations on lands and resources of importance to Huna Tlingit— including park specific vessel quotas and operating requirements that set limits on the number and operation of cruise ships. Recognizing this, the NPS initiated the current study to systematically identify the scope and nature of the impacts of cruise ship traffic on lands and resources of importance to Huna people, to illuminate the cultural context of those impacts, and to recommend potential avenues for minimizing or mitigating any adverse effects. No fewer than 50 Huna Tlingit served as formal interviewees for this study, and many others contributed informally to the project’s success. Through interviews with these people, as well as repeat visits to Glacier Bay proper with Huna Tlingit interviewees, the researchers systematically documented the nature and extent of cruise ship effects, as described and understood by Huna people. Interviewees identified a number of “tangible” adverse effects, some historical and some ongoing: air and water pollution, trash dispersal, noise pollution, wakes, fish and wildlife disturbances, various impacts on Tlingit boaters, and increased region-wide exposure to shipborne diseases. Interviewees also identified “intangible” adverse effects: displays of “disrespect” by people on ships, the disruption of Huna connections to Glacier Bay, inappropriate public interpretation, and the effects of outside observers on the character of traditional activities. While particular attention is directed here to the effects of cruise ships on TCPs, most of the effects are understood to have broader effects, throughout large portions of Glacier Bay proper and beyond. Positive effects were also noted, especially economic advantages. Seeking to illuminate some of the challenges and potentials of cruise ship tourism from a Huna perspective, interviews also contrasted cruise ship tourism in Glacier Bay with the Icy Strait Point facility, a cruise ship port with tourist facilities that is run by Huna Totem Corporation. Certain key cultural Deur & Thornton – Possible Cruise Ship Impacts on Huna Tlingit Ethnographic Resources in Glacier Bay 3 issues required to conceptualize these effects are also addressed, such as Huna protocols for “respecting” Glacier Bay, traditional Huna concepts of Glacier Bay as uniquely “clean” and spiritually potent, as well as Huna discomfort with the loss of their traditional role as “host” to visitors in their homeland. These elements represent key context for discussions of Huna perceptions of cruise ships, we suggest, and Huna discussions of specific impacts are often only understandable with reference to them. Interviewees recommend a variety of opportunities for minimizing or mitigating these adverse effects of cruise ships in the future management of TCPs and other park lands, waters, and resources. The document advances both specific recommendations and general principles that may be of value in future consultation and communication between Huna and the NPS on matters relating to the future of Glacier Bay. Deur & Thornton – Possible Cruise Ship Impacts on Huna Tlingit Ethnographic Resources in Glacier Bay 4 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This document represents a summary of a four-year research effort by two professional anthropologists, Drs. Douglas Deur and Thomas F. Thornton, undertaken to document Huna Tlingit perspectives on the effects of cruise ships on their relationship with Glacier Bay proper, within Glacier Bay National Park. Of particular importance in this study are the cultural resource impacts and mitigation options relating to the Vessel Quotas and Operating Requirements (VQOR) plan, which regulates the number of cruise ships operating in the Bay—now, and into the foreseeable future. As the number of ships entering Glacier Bay proper is likely to affect resources that are of enduring interest to Huna Tlingit, the documentation that follows has been developed to aid deliberations regarding the VQOR plan and a range of other management issues and functions within Glacier Bay National Park. While we recognize that the effects of cruise ships may be widely distributed throughout Glacier Bay proper, this document directs particular attention to the effects on potential Traditional Cultural Properties— a category of property on the National Register of Historic Places that requires special consideration in the course of park management. Sitting at the heart of Glacier Bay National Park (GLBA), Glacier Bay proper (GBP) is a cornerstone of the traditional homeland of the Huna (or Hoonah) Tlingit (Goldschmidt and Haas 1998). Archaeological and oral history evidence suggest long occupation of Glacier Bay prior to the most recent glacial event (the so-called Little Ice Age), during which glacial ice displaced the residents of the valley now occupied by Glacier Bay, forcing them to relocate to Hoonah and other Tlingit villages in northern southeast Alaska.
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