DOCSLIB.ORG

Cryptosporidium and Water

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cryptosporidium and Water Cryptosporidium and Water: A Public Health Handbook 1997 WG WCWorking Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis Suggested Citation Cryptosporidium and Water: A Public Health Handbook. Atlanta, Georgia: Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis. CDCENTERS FOR DISEASEC CONTROL AND PREVENTION For additional copies of this handbook, write to: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Parasitic Diseases Mailstop F-22 4770 Buford Highway N.E. Atlanta, GA 30341-3724 CONTENTS Executive Summary Introduction 1- Coordination and Preparation 2- Epidemiologic Surveillance 3- Clinical Laboratory Testing 4- Evaluating Water Test Results Drinking Water Sources, Treatment, and Testing Environmental Sampling Methods Issuing and Rescinding a Boil Water Advisory 5- Outbreak Management Outbreak Assessment News Release Information Frequently Asked Questions Protocols for Special Audiences and Contingencies 6- Educational Information Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide for Persons With HIV and AIDS Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide for the Public Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide to Water Filters and Bottled Water 7- Recreational Water Appendix Selected Articles Key Words and Phrases Figures A-F Index Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis (WGWC) Daniel G. Colley and Dennis D. Juranek, Coordinators, WGWC Division of Parasitic Diseases (DPD) National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Scott A. Damon, Publications Coordinator, WGWC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Margaret Hurd, Communications Coordinator, WGWC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Mary E. Bartlett, DPD Editor, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Leslie S. Parker, Visual Information Specialist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Task Forces and Other Contributors: The draft materials for this handbook were developed through the work of multiple task forces and individuals whose names appear at the beginning of each chapter/section. The draft documents were then reviewed and revised based on comments from representatives* of the entire “Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis”. The task force for development of information for state and local health officers** designed the handbook, assembled additional published and unpublished informational materials, and prepared the introductory and transitional chapters needed to produce a cohesive reference document for health departments and the drinking water industry. *WGWC Review Committee Chair: Dennis D. Juranek, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chet Anderson, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Arthur Ashendorff, New York City Department of Environmental Protection Paul S. Berger, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Kathleen Blair, City of Milwaukee Health Department Scott A. Damon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Iris L. Long, AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power Alexis M. Milea, California Department of Health Services James R. Miller, New York City Departments of Health and Environmental Protection Michael T. Osterholm, Minnesota Department of Health Thomas Outlaw, Association of State Drinking Water Administrators Alan Roberson, American Water Works Association Peggy A. Ryker, Kentucky Department of Environmental Protection Faye E. Sorhage, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services **WGWC Task Force on Information for State and Local Public Health Officers Chair: Faye E. Sorhage, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services David G. Addiss, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kathleen Blair, City of Milwaukee Health Department Lynn M. Bradley, Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors Scott A. Damon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Anita K. Highsmith, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dennis D. Juranek, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Iris L. Long, AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power James R. Miller, New York City Departments of Health and Environmental Protection Michael T. Osterholm, Minnesota Department of Health Agencies represented on the Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis include but are not limited to: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, American Water Works Association, American Water Works Research Foundation, Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, National Association of People With AIDS, American Public Health Association, Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors, National Association of City and County Health Officials, Milwaukee Health Department, New York City Department of Health, New York City Depart- ment of Environmental Protection, St. Louis County Health Department, Seattle-King County Department of Health, California Public Health Department, Kentucky Department of Environmental Protection, Maryland Department of the Environment, Minnesota Department of Health, New Jersey Department of Health, New York Department of Environ- mental Protection, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, International Bottled Water Association, NSF International. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This public health handbook, Cryptosporidium and Water, was developed by the Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis (WGWC) -- a multi-disciplinary group composed of representatives from the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), state and local health departments, the drinking water industry, and organizations representing the concerns of immunocompromised persons. The handbook was developed to assist local health departments and water utilities in preparing for and responding to reports of Cryptosporidium oocysts in tap water or in a community’s source of drinking water (river, lake, well). A new, federally mandated water monitoring regulation goes into effect in 1997 that requires water utilities to test drinking water sources once a month for Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium will likely be found in the water supplies of many communities; such findings may result in many unnecessary boil water advisories if test results are not carefully interpreted. The WGWC encourages health departments and water utilities to work as a team to develop appropriate health risk assessment protocols and public responses to findings of Cryptosporidium in drinking water supplies. The common occurrence of Cryptosporidium in sources of drinking water throughout the nation, and the lack of reliable water testing meth- ods for determining if a sufficient number of viable oocysts are present in water to cause an outbreak, combine to make this a challenging task. Because cryptosporidia are resistant to the chlorine disinfectants commonly used in water treatment, the WGWC encourages water utilities to optimize their filtration methods to reduce the risk of tap water contamination. It should be recognized, however that Cryptosporidium oocysts may occasionally get through even well operated filters. Although the handbook focuses primarily on Cryptosporidium in drinking water and, to a lesser extent, recreational water, most of the principles outlined in the handbook can be applied equally well to the prevention and investigation of other water- borne pathogens. The WGWC recommends the formation of a local Cryptosporidium Response Task Force that includes, at a minimum, representatives from the health department, water regulatory authority, and water utility. Guidance is provided in the handbook for organizing such a task force, evaluating the water system’s vulnerability to Cryptosporidium (e.g., source water protection and water treatment methods) before there is public concern about the risk of waterborne cryptosporidiosis. The handbook also provides guidelines on assessing and developing health department capabilities for detecting a Cryptosporidium outbreak, and developing a coordinated emergency response plan. Also reviewed are some of the complex issues that should be addressed before issuing or rescinding a boil water advisory. If Cryptosporidium is detected in your drinking water, a significant portion of health depart- ment and water utility staff time will be consumed by media and public inquiries. The WGWC encourages you to prepare for such inquiries well in advance of a crisis. One effec- tive approach is to develop a good working relationship with key media health/science writers. Let them know in advance that your community, like most communities in the Cryptosporidium and Water i United States, can expect to find Cryptosporidium occasionally in source water when manda- tory Cryptosporidium testing is initiated. The health department, water utility, and the public will further benefit if the media are provided with a clear understanding of the many prob- lems surrounding interpretation of water testing results for Cryptosporidium. Making the extra effort to work with the media before there is a crisis can reduce the chances of articles being published or broadcast with inaccurate, misleading, or frightening information about cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium test results. Practical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
    National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Potential health effects MCL or TT1 Common sources of contaminant in Public Health Contaminant from long-term3 exposure (mg/L)2 drinking water Goal (mg/L)2 above the MCL Nervous system or blood Added to water during sewage/ Acrylamide TT4 problems; increased risk of cancer wastewater treatment zero Eye, liver, kidney, or spleen Runoff from herbicide used on row Alachlor 0.002 problems; anemia; increased risk crops zero of cancer Erosion of natural deposits of certain 15 picocuries Alpha/photon minerals that are radioactive and per Liter Increased risk of cancer emitters may emit a form of radiation known zero (pCi/L) as alpha radiation Discharge from petroleum refineries; Increase in blood cholesterol; Antimony 0.006 fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; decrease in blood sugar 0.006 solder Skin damage or problems with Erosion of natural deposits; runoff Arsenic 0.010 circulatory systems, and may have from orchards; runoff from glass & 0 increased risk of getting cancer electronics production wastes Asbestos 7 million Increased risk of developing Decay of asbestos cement in water (fibers >10 fibers per Liter benign intestinal polyps mains; erosion of natural deposits 7 MFL micrometers) (MFL) Cardiovascular system or Runoff from herbicide used on row Atrazine 0.003 reproductive problems crops 0.003 Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge Barium 2 Increase in blood pressure from metal refineries; erosion 2 of natural deposits Anemia; decrease in blood Discharge from factories; leaching Benzene
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE MACRONUTRIENTS SHAPE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN EVOLUTION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By JOSHUA THOMAS COOPER Norman, Oklahoma 2017 MACRONUTRIENTS SHAPE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN EVOLUTION A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Boris Wawrik, Chair ______________________________ Dr. J. Phil Gibson ______________________________ Dr. Anne K. Dunn ______________________________ Dr. John Paul Masly ______________________________ Dr. K. David Hambright ii © Copyright by JOSHUA THOMAS COOPER 2017 All Rights Reserved. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my two advisors Dr. Boris Wawrik and Dr. J. Phil Gibson for helping me become a better scientist and better educator. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Anne K. Dunn, Dr. K. David Hambright, and Dr. J.P. Masly for providing valuable inputs that lead me to carefully consider my research questions. I would also like to thank Dr. J.P. Masly for the opportunity to coauthor a book chapter on the speciation of diatoms. It is still such a privilege that you believed in me and my crazy diatom ideas to form a concise chapter in addition to learn your style of writing has been a benefit to my professional development. I’m also thankful for my first undergraduate research mentor, Dr. Miriam Steinitz-Kannan, now retired from Northern Kentucky University, who was the first to show the amazing wonders of pond scum. Who knew that studying diatoms and algae as an undergraduate would lead me all the way to a Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • (Alveolata) As Inferred from Hsp90 and Actin Phylogenies1
    J. Phycol. 40, 341–350 (2004) r 2004 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03129.x EARLY EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF DINOFLAGELLATES AND APICOMPLEXANS (ALVEOLATA) AS INFERRED FROM HSP90 AND ACTIN PHYLOGENIES1 Brian S. Leander2 and Patrick J. Keeling Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Three extremely diverse groups of unicellular The Alveolata is one of the most biologically diverse eukaryotes comprise the Alveolata: ciliates, dino- supergroups of eukaryotic microorganisms, consisting flagellates, and apicomplexans. The vast phenotypic of ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and several distances between the three groups along with the minor lineages. Although molecular phylogenies un- enigmatic distribution of plastids and the economic equivocally support the monophyly of alveolates, and medical importance of several representative members of the group share only a few derived species (e.g. Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Perkinsus, and morphological features, such as distinctive patterns of Pfiesteria) have stimulated a great deal of specula- cortical vesicles (syn. alveoli or amphiesmal vesicles) tion on the early evolutionary history of alveolates. subtending the plasma membrane and presumptive A robust phylogenetic framework for alveolate pinocytotic structures, called ‘‘micropores’’ (Cavalier- diversity will provide the context necessary for Smith 1993, Siddall et al. 1997, Patterson
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Intestinal Protozoa in Dogs and Cats
    Control of Intestinal Protozoa 6 in Dogs and Cats ESCCAP Guideline 06 Second Edition – February 2018 1 ESCCAP Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, Worcestershire, WR14 3SZ, United Kingdom First Edition Published by ESCCAP in August 2011 Second Edition Published in February 2018 © ESCCAP 2018 All rights reserved This publication is made available subject to the condition that any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise is with the prior written permission of ESCCAP. This publication may only be distributed in the covers in which it is first published unless with the prior written permission of ESCCAP. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-907259-53-1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 1: CONSIDERATION OF PET HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS 5 2: LIFELONG CONTROL OF MAJOR INTESTINAL PROTOZOA 6 2.1 Giardia duodenalis 6 2.2 Feline Tritrichomonas foetus (syn. T. blagburni) 8 2.3 Cystoisospora (syn. Isospora) spp. 9 2.4 Cryptosporidium spp. 11 2.5 Toxoplasma gondii 12 2.6 Neospora caninum 14 2.7 Hammondia spp. 16 2.8 Sarcocystis spp. 17 3: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF PARASITE TRANSMISSION 18 4: OWNER CONSIDERATIONS IN PREVENTING ZOONOTIC DISEASES 19 5: STAFF, PET OWNER AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION 19 APPENDIX 1 – BACKGROUND 20 APPENDIX 2 – GLOSSARY 21 FIGURES Figure 1: Toxoplasma gondii life cycle 12 Figure 2: Neospora caninum life cycle 14 TABLES Table 1: Characteristics of apicomplexan oocysts found in the faeces of dogs and cats 10 Control of Intestinal Protozoa 6 in Dogs and Cats ESCCAP Guideline 06 Second Edition – February 2018 3 INTRODUCTION A wide range of intestinal protozoa commonly infect dogs and cats throughout Europe; with a few exceptions there seem to be no limitations in geographical distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • A Public Health Legal Guide to Safe Drinking Water
    A Public Health Legal Guide to Safe Drinking Water Prepared by Alisha Duggal, Shannon Frede, and Taylor Kasky, student attorneys in the Public Health Law Clinic at the University of Maryland Carey School of Law, under the supervision of Professors Kathleen Hoke and William Piermattei. Generous funding provided by the Partnership for Public Health Law, comprised of the American Public Health Association, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, National Association of County & City Health Officials, and the National Association of Local Boards of Health August 2015 THE PROBLEM: DRINKING WATER CONTAMINATION Clean drinking water is essential to public health. Contaminated water is a grave health risk and, despite great progress over the past 40 years, continues to threaten U.S. communities’ health and quality of life. Our water resources still lack basic protections, making them vulnerable to pollution from fracking, farm runoff, industrial discharges and neglected water infrastructure. In the U.S., treatment and distribution of safe drinking water has all but eliminated diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and hepatitis A that continue to plague many parts of the world. However, despite these successes, an estimated 19.5 million Americans fall ill each year from drinking water contaminated with parasites, bacteria or viruses. In recent years, 40 percent of the nation’s community water systems violated the Safe Drinking Water Act at least once.1 Those violations ranged from failing to maintain proper paperwork to allowing carcinogens into tap water. Approximately 23 million people received drinking water from municipal systems that violated at least one health-based standard.2 In some cases, these violations can cause sickness quickly; in others, pollutants such as inorganic toxins and heavy metals can accumulate in the body for years or decades before contributing to serious health problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptosporidium Hominis N. Sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo Sapiens
    The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology Volume 49 November-December 2002 Number 6 J. Eukiiyor rMioohio/.. 49(6). 2002 pp. 433440 0 2002 by the Society oi Protozoologisls Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens UNA M. MORGAN-RYAN,” ABBIE FALL; LUCY A. WARD? NAWAL HIJJAWI: IRSHAD SULAIMAN: RONALD FAYER,” R. C. ANDREW THOMPSON,” M. OLSON,’ ALTAF LAL‘ and LIHUA XUOC “Division of Veterinory and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, and bFood Animal Health Research Program and Department of Veterinuq Preveittative Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Centre, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 USA, rind ‘Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Services, U. S. Department of Health and Huniun Services, Atlantu, Georgia 30341. and W. S. Department of Agriculture, Anitnal Waste Pathogen Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, und eUniver.~ir)of Calgary., FaculQ of Medicine, Animal Resources Center, Department OJ‘ Gastrointestinal Science, 3330 Hospital DI-NW, Calgary, Albertu 72N 4NI, Canada ABSTRACT. The structure and infectivity of the oocysts of a new species of Cryptosporidiurn from the feces of humans are described. Oocysts are structurally indistinguishable from those of Cr.y~~tos€,oridiunlpurvum. Oocysts of the new species are passed fully sporulated, lack sporocysts, and measure 4.4-5.4 prn (mean = 4.86) X 4.4-5.9 pm (mean = 5.2 prn) with a length to width ratio 1 .&I .09 (mean 1.07) (n = 100). Oocysts were not infectious for ARC Swiss mice. nude mice, Wistat’ rat pups, puppies, kittens or calves, but were infectious to neonatal gnotobiotic pigs.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyclospora Cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: an Update
    microorganisms Review Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update Sonia Almeria 1 , Hediye N. Cinar 1 and Jitender P. Dubey 2,* 1 Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA 2 Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 July 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 4 September 2019 Abstract: Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for C. cayetanensis infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Monitoring
    Intermediate Student Guide to Water Quality Monitoring Developed in cooperation with the Texas Stream Team. Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority flowing solutions Monitoring Manual Intermediate School Level Introduction to Student Field Guide The Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority and Texas Stream Team encourages ordinary folks to be curious about how clean the water is in their creeks, rivers, and ponds. The program teaches citizens how to spot problems in water quality. Before we get started, we should discuss the term “water quality”. When we observe a water body like a creek or river, we look at the condition of the water – does it appear clear? Does it have a smell? Is the water moving, or is it still? Answering these types of questions tell us about the quality of the water. Did you ever stop to think about water as being healthy or non-healthy? Sure you did! Just think about it…. You’ve likely seen nice clean streams or rivers…. These are examples of ‘good’ water quality. You may have also observed water that is not too appealing…or ‘poor’ water quality. When you make these simple observations, you are judging the health of the water. Ok, we’ve made it pretty clear -- when we are involved in water quality studies, we are determining the health of a body of water. This guide will assist you in learning how to identify if there are any problems in water quality. You will work with a nearby creek, river, or lake – your teacher will decide what your study area will be. You will learn how to conduct simple tests.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
    Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Part 1000 INTRODUCTION 1010 INTRODUCTION 1010 A. Scope and Application of Methods The procedures described in these standards are intended for the examination of waters of a wide range of quality, including water suitable for domestic or industrial supplies, surface water, ground water, cooling or circulating water, boiler water, boiler feed water, treated and untreated municipal or industrial wastewater, and saline water. The unity of the fields of water supply, receiving water quality, and wastewater treatment and disposal is recognized by presenting methods of analysis for each constituent in a single section for all types of waters. An effort has been made to present methods that apply generally. Where alternative methods are necessary for samples of different composition, the basis for selecting the most appropriate method is presented as clearly as possible. However, samples with extreme concentrations or otherwise unusual compositions or characteristics may present difficulties that preclude the direct use of these methods. Hence, some modification of a procedure may be necessary in specific instances. Whenever a procedure is modified, the analyst should state plainly the nature of modification in the report of results. Certain procedures are intended for use with sludges and sediments. Here again, the effort has been to present methods of the widest possible application, but when chemical sludges or slurries or other samples of highly unusual composition are encountered, the methods of this manual may require modification or may be inappropriate. Most of the methods included here have been endorsed by regulatory agencies. Procedural modification without formal approval may be unacceptable to a regulatory body.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Index
    Systematic Index The systematic index contains the scientific names of all taxa mentioned in the book e.g., Anisonema sp., Anopheles and the vernacular names of protists, for example, tintinnids. The index is two-sided, that is, species ap - pear both with the genus-group name first e.g., Acineria incurvata and with the species-group name first ( incurvata , Acineria ). Species and genera, valid and invalid, are in italics print. The scientific name of a subgenus, when used with a binomen or trinomen, must be interpolated in parentheses between the genus-group name and the species- group name according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. In the following index, these paren - theses are omitted to simplify electronic sorting. Thus, the name Apocolpodidium (Apocolpodidium) etoschense is list - ed as Apocolpodidium Apocolpodidium etoschense . Note that this name is also listed under “ Apocolpodidium etoschense , Apocolpodidium ” and “ etoschense , Apocolpodidium Apocolpodidium ”. Suprageneric taxa, communities, and vernacular names are represented in normal type. A boldface page number indicates the beginning of a detailed description, review, or discussion of a taxon. f or ff means include the following one or two page(s), respectively. A Actinobolina vorax 84 Aegyriana paroliva 191 abberans , Euplotes 193 Actinobolina wenrichii 84 aerophila , Centropyxis 87, 191 abberans , Frontonia 193 Actinobolonidae 216 f aerophila sphagnicola , Centropyxis 87 abbrevescens , Deviata 140, 200, 212 Actinophrys sol 84 aerophila sylvatica
    [Show full text]
  • New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. New phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum Telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life Jürgen F. H. Strassert1, Mahwash Jamy1, Alexander P. Mylnikov2, Denis V. Tikhonenkov2, Fabien Burki1,* 1Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 2Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Region, Russia *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: TSAR, Telonemia, phylogenomics, eukaryotes, tree of life, protists bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The broad-scale tree of eukaryotes is constantly improving, but the evolutionary origin of several major groups remains unknown. Resolving the phylogenetic position of these ‘orphan’ groups is important, especially those that originated early in evolution, because they represent missing evolutionary links between established groups. Telonemia is one such orphan taxon for which little is known. The group is composed of molecularly diverse biflagellated protists, often prevalent although not abundant in aquatic environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Your Water Test Report Kathleen Parrott, Extension Specialist, Housing Blake Ross, Extension Specialist, Biological Systems Engineering
    PUBLICATION 356-489 Interpreting Your Water Test Report Kathleen Parrott, Extension Specialist, Housing Blake Ross, Extension Specialist, Biological Systems Engineering Obtaining a water analysis from a testing laboratory is to measure concentration are even smaller. In these cases, a necessary first step toward solving household water parts per billion (ppb) is used. Some contaminants have quality** problems. Before seeking testing, you may units that are specific to the test like those used forradon , have had concerns about the safety of the water used in hardness, conductance, and turbidity. Others, such as the household. Or you may have noticed objectionable pH, are expressed as an index number and not in terms of symptoms when using the water for drinking, cooking, concentration, and therefore have no units. or other household purposes. Perhaps you have routinely Even with modern techniques and expensive equipment, monitored your household water quality through periodic there are limits to which a water testing laboratory may testing and have recently noticed differing results between determine the amount of a given contaminant in water. If tests for one or more indicators. To positively identify the the amount of a substance is so small it cannot be mea- source of contamination problems, as well as to determine sured, the laboratory will usually indicate that the result is the type of corrective action to take, a properly interpreted “below detection limit” (b.d.l.) or “not detected” (n.d.), or water analysis report is essential. it may provide the actual detection limit value for a given Besides providing a laboratory report of the analysis for contaminant by using a “less than” (<) symbol.
    [Show full text]