(Alveolata) As Inferred from Hsp90 and Actin Phylogenies1
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Coccidiosis in Chickens Maurice Pitesky DVM, MPVM, ACPVM, University of California Cooperative Extension, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine
Coccidiosis in Chickens Maurice Pitesky DVM, MPVM, ACPVM, University of California Cooperative Extension, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Understanding the basics of common poultry diseases are essential for poultry owners primarily because knowledge of common poultry diseases gives owners the tools to treat and prevent future outbreaks of disease. Avian intestinal coccidiosis is a ubiquitous protozoal gastrointestinal (GI) parasite (i.e. microscopic single celled organism) which primarily affects young chickens. Clinical signs include mucoid or bloody diarrhea, dehydration, anemia, listlessness, ruffled feathers, suboptimal growth and death. In addition, in laying hens coccidiosis is commonly associated with a drop in egg production. In chickens there are nine different types of coccidia. It is important to realize that all coccidia are not created equally. Specifically, clinical disease is dependent on which species of coccidia are present and in what quantities they are present. Consequently, the presence of a few coccidial eggs or oocysts may not justify a diagnosis of clinical disease. These differences and subtilties can be difficult for poultry owners who may want to simply know if there chickens have coccidia. In addition, control of coccidia can be difficult in backyard flocks because of the presence of mixed aged flocks. In mixed aged flocks, older apparently ‘healthy’ chickens can shed coccidial oocysts in their feces and subsequently infect younger chicks. The following article is designed to educate backyard poultry owners about relevant aspects of the biology and epidemiology of coccidiosis in order to facilitate control and if necessary treatment of infections. Bio 101 of Coccidiosis: Coccidiosis refers to protozoa (i.e. -
Basal Body Structure and Composition in the Apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E
Francia et al. Cilia (2016) 5:3 DOI 10.1186/s13630-016-0025-5 Cilia REVIEW Open Access Basal body structure and composition in the apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E. Francia1* , Jean‑Francois Dubremetz2 and Naomi S. Morrissette3 Abstract The phylum Apicomplexa encompasses numerous important human and animal disease-causing parasites, includ‑ ing the Plasmodium species, and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively. Apicomplexans proliferate by asexual replication and can also undergo sexual recombination. Most life cycle stages of the parasite lack flagella; these structures only appear on male gametes. Although male gametes (microgametes) assemble a typical 9 2 axoneme, the structure of the templating basal body is poorly defined. Moreover, the rela‑ tionship between asexual+ stage centrioles and microgamete basal bodies remains unclear. While asexual stages of Plasmodium lack defined centriole structures, the asexual stages of Toxoplasma and closely related coccidian api‑ complexans contain centrioles that consist of nine singlet microtubules and a central tubule. There are relatively few ultra-structural images of Toxoplasma microgametes, which only develop in cat intestinal epithelium. Only a subset of these include sections through the basal body: to date, none have unambiguously captured organization of the basal body structure. Moreover, it is unclear whether this basal body is derived from pre-existing asexual stage centrioles or is synthesized de novo. Basal bodies in Plasmodium microgametes are thought to be synthesized de novo, and their assembly remains ill-defined. Apicomplexan genomes harbor genes encoding δ- and ε-tubulin homologs, potentially enabling these parasites to assemble a typical triplet basal body structure. -
Molecular Data and the Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Un
Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2003 © Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria, 2003 ABSTRACT New sequences of ribosomal and protein genes were combined with available morphological and paleontological data to produce a phylogenetic framework for dinoflagellates. The evolutionary history of some of the major morphological features of the group was then investigated in the light of that framework. Phylogenetic trees of dinoflagellates based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) are generally poorly resolved but include many well- supported clades, and while combined analyses of SSU and LSU (large subunit ribosomal RNA) improve the support for several nodes, they are still generally unsatisfactory. Protein-gene based trees lack the degree of species representation necessary for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but do provide important insights to the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole and on the identity of their close relatives. Molecular data agree with paleontology in suggesting an early evolutionary radiation of the group, but whereas paleontological data include only taxa with fossilizable cysts, the new data examined here establish that this radiation event included all dinokaryotic lineages, including athecate forms. Plastids were lost and replaced many times in dinoflagellates, a situation entirely unique for this group. Histones could well have been lost earlier in the lineage than previously assumed. -
COMPARISON of HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY of Amphidinium Carterae and Amphidinium Klebsii
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF TOXIN PRODUCTION: COMPARISON OF HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF Amphidinium carterae AND Amphidinium klebsii Leigh A. Zimmermann A Thesis Submitted to University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Center for Marine Science University of North Carolina Wilmington 2006 Approved by Advisory Committee ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Chair Accepted by _____________________________ Dean, Graduate School This thesis was prepared according to the formatting guidelines of the Journal of Phycology. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 METHODS AND MATERIALS.....................................................................................................6 Algal Culture........................................................................................................................6 -
Exploration of Laboratory Techniques Relating to Cryptosporidium Parvum Propagation, Life Cycle Observation, and Host Immune Responses to Infection
EXPLORATION OF LABORATORY TECHNIQUES RELATING TO CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM PROPAGATION, LIFE CYCLE OBSERVATION, AND HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES TO INFECTION A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Cheryl Marie Brown In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences February 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title EXPLORATION OF LABORATORY TECHNIQUES RELATING TO CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM PROPAGATION, LIFE CYCLE OBSERVATION, AND HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES TO INFECTION By Cheryl Marie Brown The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Jane Schuh Chair Dr. John McEvoy Dr. Carrie Hammer Approved: 4-8-14 Dr. Charlene Wolf-Hall Date Department Chair ii ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium causes cryptosporidiosis, a self-limiting diarrheal disease in healthy people, but causes serious health issues for immunocompromised individuals. Cryptosporidiosis has been observed in humans since the early 1970s and continues to cause public health concerns. Cryptosporidium has a complicated life cycle making laboratory study challenging. This project explores several ways of studying Cryptosporidium parvum, with a goal of applying existing techniques to further understand this life cycle. Utilization of a neonatal mouse model demonstrated laser microdissection as a tool for studying host immune response to infeciton. A cell culture technique developed on FrameSlides™ enables laser microdissection of individual infected cells for further analysis. Finally, the hypothesis that the availability of cells to infect drives the switch from asexual to sexual parasite reproduction was tested by time-series infection. -
Cryptosporidium and Water
Cryptosporidium and Water: A Public Health Handbook 1997 WG WCWorking Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis Suggested Citation Cryptosporidium and Water: A Public Health Handbook. Atlanta, Georgia: Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis. CDCENTERS FOR DISEASEC CONTROL AND PREVENTION For additional copies of this handbook, write to: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Parasitic Diseases Mailstop F-22 4770 Buford Highway N.E. Atlanta, GA 30341-3724 CONTENTS Executive Summary Introduction 1- Coordination and Preparation 2- Epidemiologic Surveillance 3- Clinical Laboratory Testing 4- Evaluating Water Test Results Drinking Water Sources, Treatment, and Testing Environmental Sampling Methods Issuing and Rescinding a Boil Water Advisory 5- Outbreak Management Outbreak Assessment News Release Information Frequently Asked Questions Protocols for Special Audiences and Contingencies 6- Educational Information Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide for Persons With HIV and AIDS Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide for the Public Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide to Water Filters and Bottled Water 7- Recreational Water Appendix Selected Articles Key Words and Phrases Figures A-F Index Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis (WGWC) Daniel G. Colley and Dennis D. Juranek, Coordinators, WGWC Division of Parasitic Diseases (DPD) National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Scott A. Damon, Publications Coordinator, WGWC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Margaret Hurd, Communications Coordinator, WGWC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Mary E. Bartlett, DPD Editor, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Leslie S. Parker, Visual Information Specialist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Task Forces and Other Contributors: The draft materials for this handbook were developed through the work of multiple task forces and individuals whose names appear at the beginning of each chapter/section. -
Novel Interactions Between Phytoplankton and Microzooplankton: Their Influence on the Coupling Between Growth and Grazing Rates in the Sea
Hydrobiologia 480: 41–54, 2002. 41 C.E. Lee, S. Strom & J. Yen (eds), Progress in Zooplankton Biology: Ecology, Systematics, and Behavior. © 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Novel interactions between phytoplankton and microzooplankton: their influence on the coupling between growth and grazing rates in the sea Suzanne Strom Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Rd., Anacortes, WA 98221, U.S.A. Tel: 360-293-2188. E-mail: [email protected] Key words: phytoplankton, microzooplankton, grazing, stability, behavior, evolution Abstract Understanding the processes that regulate phytoplankton biomass and growth rate remains one of the central issues for biological oceanography. While the role of resources in phytoplankton regulation (‘bottom up’ control) has been explored extensively, the role of grazing (‘top down’ control) is less well understood. This paper seeks to apply the approach pioneered by Frost and others, i.e. exploring consequences of individual grazer behavior for whole ecosystems, to questions about microzooplankton–phytoplankton interactions. Given the diversity and paucity of phytoplankton prey in much of the sea, there should be strong pressure for microzooplankton, the primary grazers of most phytoplankton, to evolve strategies that maximize prey encounter and utilization while allowing for survival in times of scarcity. These strategies include higher grazing rates on faster-growing phytoplankton cells, the direct use of light for enhancement of protist digestion rates, nutritional plasticity, rapid population growth combined with formation of resting stages, and defenses against predatory zooplankton. Most of these phenomena should increase community-level coupling (i.e. the degree of instantaneous and time-dependent similarity) between rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing, tending to stabilize planktonic ecosystems. -
Unfolding the Secrets of Coral–Algal Symbiosis
The ISME Journal (2015) 9, 844–856 & 2015 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/15 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Unfolding the secrets of coral–algal symbiosis Nedeljka Rosic1, Edmund Yew Siang Ling2, Chon-Kit Kenneth Chan3, Hong Ching Lee4, Paulina Kaniewska1,5,DavidEdwards3,6,7,SophieDove1,8 and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg1,8,9 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; 2University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; 3School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; 4The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; 5Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; 6School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; 7Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; 8ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia and 9Global Change Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia Dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium form a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with reef- building corals. Here we applied massively parallel Illumina sequencing to assess genetic similarity and diversity among four phylogenetically diverse dinoflagellate clades (A, B, C and D) that are commonly associated with corals. We obtained more than 30 000 predicted genes for each Symbiodinium clade, with a majority of the aligned transcripts corresponding to sequence data sets of symbiotic dinoflagellates and o2% of sequences having bacterial or other foreign origin. -
Growth and Grazing Rates of the Herbivorous Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium Sp
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published December 16 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Growth and grazing rates of the herbivorous dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sp. from the open subarctic Pacific Ocean Suzanne L. Strom' School of Oceanography WB-10, University of Washington. Seattle. Washington 98195, USA ABSTRACT: Growth, grazing and cell volume of the small heterotroph~cdinoflagellate Gyrnnodin~um sp. Isolated from the open subarctic Pacific Ocean were measured as a funct~onof food concentration using 2 phytoplankton food species. Growth and lngestlon rates increased asymptotically with Increas- ing phytoplankon food levels, as did grazer cell volume; rates at representative oceanic food levels were high but below maxima. Clearance rates decreased with lncreaslng food levels when Isochrysis galbana was the food source; they increased ~vithlncreaslng food levels when Synechococcus sp. was the food source. There was apparently a grazlng threshold for Ingestion of Synechococcus: below an initial Synechococcus concentration of 20 pgC 1.' ingestion rates on this alga were very low, while above this initial concentratlon Synechococcus was grazed preferent~ally Gross growth efficiency varied between 0.03 and 0.53 (mean 0.21) and was highest at low food concentrations. Results support the hypothesis that heterotrophic d~noflagellatesmay contribute to controlling population increases of small, rap~dly-grow~ngphytoplankton specles even at low oceanic phytoplankton concentrations. INTRODUCTION as Gymnodinium and Gyrodinium is difficult or impos- sible using older preservation and microscopy tech- Heterotrophic dinoflagellates can be a significant niques; experimental emphasis has been on more component of the microzooplankton in marine waters. easily recognizable and collectable microzooplankton In the oceanic realm, Lessard (1984) and Shapiro et al. -
Identification of a Novel Fused Gene Family Implicates Convergent
Chen et al. BMC Genomics (2018) 19:306 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4685-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Identification of a novel fused gene family implicates convergent evolution in eukaryotic calcium signaling Fei Chen1,2,3, Liangsheng Zhang1, Zhenguo Lin4 and Zong-Ming Max Cheng2,3* Abstract Background: Both calcium signals and protein phosphorylation responses are universal signals in eukaryotic cell signaling. Currently three pathways have been characterized in different eukaryotes converting the Ca2+ signals to the protein phosphorylation responses. All these pathways have based mostly on studies in plants and animals. Results: Based on the exploration of genomes and transcriptomes from all the six eukaryotic supergroups, we report here in Metakinetoplastina protists a novel gene family. This family, with a proposed name SCAMK,comprisesSnRK3 fused calmodulin-like III kinase genes and was likely evolved through the insertion of a calmodulin-like3 gene into an SnRK3 gene by unequal crossover of homologous chromosomes in meiosis cell. Its origin dated back to the time intersection at least 450 million-year-ago when Excavata parasites, Vertebrata hosts, and Insecta vectors evolved. We also analyzed SCAMK’s unique expression pattern and structure, and proposed it as one of the leading calcium signal conversion pathways in Excavata parasite. These characters made SCAMK gene as a potential drug target for treating human African trypanosomiasis. Conclusions: This report identified a novel gene fusion and dated its precise fusion time -
The Macronuclear Genome of Stentor Coeruleus Reveals Tiny Introns in a Giant Cell
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Biology) Department of Biology 2-20-2017 The Macronuclear Genome of Stentor coeruleus Reveals Tiny Introns in a Giant Cell Mark M. Slabodnick University of California, San Francisco J. G. Ruby University of California, San Francisco Sarah B. Reiff University of California, San Francisco Estienne C. Swart University of Bern Sager J. Gosai University of Pennsylvania See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/biology_papers Recommended Citation Slabodnick, M. M., Ruby, J. G., Reiff, S. B., Swart, E. C., Gosai, S. J., Prabakaran, S., Witkowska, E., Larue, G. E., Gregory, B. D., Nowacki, M., Derisi, J., Roy, S. W., Marshall, W. F., & Sood, P. (2017). The Macronuclear Genome of Stentor coeruleus Reveals Tiny Introns in a Giant Cell. Current Biology, 27 (4), 569-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.057 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/biology_papers/49 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Macronuclear Genome of Stentor coeruleus Reveals Tiny Introns in a Giant Cell Abstract The giant, single-celled organism Stentor coeruleus has a long history as a model system for studying pattern formation and regeneration in single cells. Stentor [1, 2] is a heterotrichous ciliate distantly related to familiar ciliate models, such as Tetrahymena or Paramecium. The primary distinguishing feature of Stentor is its incredible size: a single cell is 1 mm long. Early developmental biologists, including T.H. Morgan [3], were attracted to the system because of its regenerative abilities—if large portions of a cell are surgically removed, the remnant reorganizes into a normal-looking but smaller cell with correct proportionality [2, 3]. -
The Planktonic Protist Interactome: Where Do We Stand After a Century of Research?
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/587352; this version posted May 2, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Bjorbækmo et al., 23.03.2019 – preprint copy - BioRxiv The planktonic protist interactome: where do we stand after a century of research? Marit F. Markussen Bjorbækmo1*, Andreas Evenstad1* and Line Lieblein Røsæg1*, Anders K. Krabberød1**, and Ramiro Logares2,1** 1 University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N- 0316 Oslo, Norway 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, ES-08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain * The three authors contributed equally ** Corresponding authors: Ramiro Logares: Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Phone: 34-93-2309500; Fax: 34-93-2309555. [email protected] Anders K. Krabberød: University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Phone +47 22845986, Fax: +47 22854726. [email protected] Abstract Microbial interactions are crucial for Earth ecosystem function, yet our knowledge about them is limited and has so far mainly existed as scattered records. Here, we have surveyed the literature involving planktonic protist interactions and gathered the information in a manually curated Protist Interaction DAtabase (PIDA). In total, we have registered ~2,500 ecological interactions from ~500 publications, spanning the last 150 years.