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Persistence of the Crisis in the Central African Republic: Understanding in Order to Act

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Persistence of the Crisis in the Central African Republic: Understanding in Order to Act d Secur n ity a e S c e r a i e e s P FES M. BENINGA Paul-Crescent, Dr. MANGA ESSAMA Déflorine Grâce, Dr. MOGBA Zéphirin Jean Raymond PERSISTENCE OF THE CRISIS IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: UNDERSTANDING IN ORDER TO ACT M. BENINGA Paul-Crescent, Dr. MANGA ESSAMA Déflorine Grâce, Dr. MOGBA Zéphirin Jean Raymond PERSISTENCE OF THE CRISIS IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: UNDERSTANDING IN ORDER TO ACT Translated from French by Diom Richard Ngong [email protected] Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Yaounde (Cameroon), 2018. Tel. 00 237 222 21 29 96 / 00 237 222 21 52 92 B.P. 11 939 Yaounde / Fax: 00 237 222 21 52 74 E-mail : [email protected] Site : www.fes-kamerun.org Editorial design by PUA : www.aes-pua.com ISBN: 978-9956-532-06-1 Any commercial use of publications, brochures or other printed materials of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung is strict- ly forbidden unless otherwise authorized in writing by the publisher This publication is not for sale All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photo print, microfilm, translation or other means without written permission from the publisher TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………….....…………………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....………….….........……......... 5 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………….....…………….........……………………………………….......…………….........6 INTRODUCTION …………………………………….....…………….........………………………..........................………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....…………….........7 CHAPTER I: ACTORS OF INSTABILITY IN THE CAR: INTEREST AND DISINTEREST IN SUSTAINABLE PEACE…………………………………….....…………….........……………………………….....…………….........……………………………………........…………….........9 1- Internal actors: interests, motives, and ability to act or to harm …………………………………….....……..........………......... 9 a- Political and security actors …………………………………….....….................................................................................................................................………….........9 b- Military and paramilitary actors: Defense and security forces and armed groups ................10 c- Other actors .…………………………………….....…………….…………………………………….....……………..........…………………………………….....…….......……….........12 2- External actors …………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....…….........……….........13 a- State actors …………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....…....………….........13 b - Intergovernmental organizations involved in the crisis ……………………………………............................…………….........16 CHAPTER II: DYNAMIICS OF THE CONFLICT IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: A STATE IN FRAGILITY!…………………………………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....…………….......…………….....…………….........19 1- Factors perpetuating the crisis: is the CAR a “failed” State or a “State in Fragility”? ………......... 20 a- The internal vulnerability of the country …………………………………………………….....…….........…………………….....…………….........20 b- Splintering of armed groups and worsening of intercommunity tensions …….....……………......... 20 c- Absence of a collective memory …………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....……....................…….........21 2- Recommendations …………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....…...................................................................................………….........22 a- To the government to enable it to restore State authority throughout the country ......22 b- To political parties …………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....…………….........……………………….....…………….........24 c- To civil society …………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....…………….........………………………………….....…………….........24 d- The international and African communities should …………………………………….....…………………….....…………….........24 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………….....…………….........…………………………………….....……………................................……………………….....…………….........25 Persistence of the crisis in the Central African Republic: understanding in order to act ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and writer on the crisis in the Central African Republic (Une Centrafrique au bord du dése- This publication is the outcome of research spoir-2015) and Dr. MANGA ESSAMA Déflo- and a security dialogue commissioned by the rine Grâce, Associate Researcher in CREPS/ Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) in April 2017. The UYII, who drafted this publication. dialogue brought together security experts Finally special thanks go to the former Resi- from the Central African Republic to examine dent Representative, Mrs. Susanne STOLLRE- ways to help the country to put an end to the ITER and the Coordinator of the Peace and persistent crisis. These experts were drawn Security Programme, Mrs. Susan BAMUH from universities, civil society, the media and APARA, for the enormous amount of time political parties. The Friedrich Ebert Stiftung and work they put in to organize the work- would like here to thank them sincerely for shops, follow up the activities and publish this their individual and collective contributions. study. We would also like to thank Dr. MOGBA Zéphirin Jean Raymond, Associate Professor Mr. Friedrich Kramme-Stermose from the University of Bangui, M. BENINGA Resident Representative Paul-Crescent, Researcher in political sciences FES Cameroon and Central Africa 5 M. BENINGA Paul-Crescent, Dr. MANGA ESSAMA Déflorine Grâce, Dr. MOGBA Zéphirin Jean Raymond LIST OF ACRONYMS AND sory Mission in the Central African Republic ABBREVIATIONS EUFOR: European Union Forces FACA: Forces Armées Centrafricaines AEF: French Equatorial Africa (Armed forces of the Central African Repub- APRD: Armée populaire pour la Restaura- lic) tion de la République et de la Démocratie FOMUC: Force Multinational de la CEMAC (Popular Army for the Restoration of the Re- (CEMAC Multinational Forces) public and Democracy) GDP: Gross domestic product AU: African Union IGO: Intergovernmental Organization BONUCA: The United Nations Peace-build- IMF: International Monetary Fund ing Support Office in the Central African Re- KNK: Kwa Na Kwa (work and work only) public MICOPAX: Peace Consolidation Mission in CAR: The Central African Republic the Central African Republic CEMAC: Economic and Monetary Commu- MINURCA: The United Nations Mission in nity of Central African States the Central African Republic DDRR: Disarmament, Demobilization, Re- MISCA: The International Support Mission habilitation and Reintegration to the Central African Republic DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo NGO: Non -governmental organization ECCAS: Economic Community of Central OPEX: external operation African States UN: United Nations EU: European Union EUMAM: European Union’s Military Advi- 6 Persistence of the crisis in the Central African Republic: understanding in order to act INTRODUCTION The Central African Republic has had limit- ed experience with democratic institutions. The Central African Republic has experi- Most political institutions in the country are enced repeated sociopolitical crises since either considered illegitimate or illegal. So, the tragic death of its founder, Barthélémy instead of elections, many actors believe that Boganda, the year before the county’s inde- the best way to power is through mutiny, re- pendence. Today there is a general tendency bellion and military takeovers. Indeed, there by foreign observers and analysts who are have been five coup d’états so far (1965, not conversant with the history of this coun- 1979, 1981, 2003 and 2013). All of this is try, to simply ignore or minimize this aspect the direct result of the failure to forge a na- of the political background of the CAR. This tion based on the rule of law with a united has resulted in poor understanding of the people, common history and culture. The diachronic and holistic causes of the identity failure of the judicial system, which is almost crises, and of the recurrent cycles of violence nonexistent outside the capital, Bangui, has this country has been experiencing through created an atmosphere of impunity that has the years. led to small scale wars and terrible atrocities. It should be recalled that Boganda had not It should be noted that knowing the history finalized his political vision to turn the Cen- of the country is necessary for the under- tral African Republic into a nation that would standing of these repeated crises. Resistance truly unite the colonies of the French Equato- to colonial rule and to slave trade by Muslim rial Africa (AEF). His sudden death in a plane Peul in the 19th Century, led to a culture of crash on 29 March 1959 when the country confrontation and self-defense that can be was still under French colonial rule prevent- seen even today in the form of village mili- ed the people of the Central African Republic tias. The Anti-Balaka is simply a manifesta- from realizing his dream of building a nation tion of this culture. To these internal causes, that could provide its people with access to others have been added. These are rivalries, food, housing, health and education. Also, ambitions, geopolitics and geo-strategies he had not had the time to fully develop his to demonstrate economic prowess. Men- political vision or to build a politically savvy, tion should also be made of the influence enlightened and dynamic team that could of France and other emerging petroleum replace him. His sudden death was thus a countries within the Central African sub re- double blow to the Ubangui people, particu- gion (Gabon under Bongo, Chad under Idriss larly to
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