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Dynamiques De Formation Et De Reproduction Des Elites Politiques Centrafricaines

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Dynamiques De Formation Et De Reproduction Des Elites Politiques Centrafricaines UNIVERSITE PARIS I PANTHEON – SORBONNE UFR DE SCIENCE POLITIQUE DYNAMIQUES DE FORMATION ET DE REPRODUCTION DES ELITES POLITIQUES CENTRAFRICAINES MEMOIRE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU MASTER 2 RECHERCHE EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE Apolline Gagliardi-Baysse Sous la direction de Monsieur Roland Marchal Septembre 2009 2 TABLE DES MATIERES CHAPITRE INTRODUCTIF ................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 7 DU TRAVAIL DE LA RECHERCHE ................................................................................. 22 CHAPITRE 1 - DES ORIGINES DE L’ÉLITE POLITIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE..... 35 I. OUBANGUI-CHARI, CENDRILLON DE L‟EMPIRE : A LA RECHERCHE DE L‟ÉLITE POLITIQUE OUBANGUIENNE ..................................................................................................................... 36 A. La plus délaissée des colonies ................................................................................... 37 1. De la violence de la colonisation ........................................................................... 37 a. Un territoire abandonné aux compagnies concessionnaires ............................... 37 b. Travail forcé, portage et exactions multiples ..................................................... 40 2. Des lacunes de l‟administration coloniale ............................................................. 43 a. La sous-administration ....................................................................................... 43 b. La déstructuration de la société oubanguienne .................................................. 47 B. L‟émergence d‟une élite politique oubanguienne ? ................................................. 50 1. L‟ouverture politique ............................................................................................. 50 a. Sous l‟impulsion de Félix Eboué ....................................................................... 50 b. La libéralisation politique progressive ............................................................... 53 2. L‟émergence d‟un embryon d‟élite politique......................................................... 55 a. Un personnage clé de l‟émancipation politique oubanguienne .......................... 55 b. Les premiers « ministres oubanguiens » ............................................................ 58 II. L‟ÉLITE POLITIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE EN FORMATION .................................................... 62 A. Former les élites ........................................................................................................ 63 1. De la nécessité de remédier au manque de cadres centrafricains .......................... 63 a. Un manque de cadres criant comme conséquence de la colonisation ................ 63 b. Du développement contrôlé de l‟offre éducative ............................................... 66 2. Des futures élites politiques en formation ............................................................. 72 a. Les caractéristiques sociales des élites politiques centrafricaines...................... 72 b. Les différentes trajectoires de formation ............................................................ 75 B. La construction de l‟élite politique ............................................................................ 80 1. Les déterminants de l‟engagement politique ......................................................... 80 3 a. De l‟importance des associations étudiantes comme lieux de socialisation politique ..................................................................................................................... 80 b. L‟année 1979 comme déclencheur de l‟engagement politique .......................... 85 2. La Construction de l‟élite politique post coloniale ................................................ 91 a. De l‟assimilation réciproque des élites ............................................................... 91 b. De l‟Etat colonial à l‟Etat postcolonial .............................................................. 96 CHAPITRE 2 - DE LA STRUCTURATION DE L’ÉLITE POLITIQUE ..................... 103 I. ETAT ET RECRUTEMENT POLITIQUE .............................................................................. 103 A. De la prééminence du chef de l‟état comme élément essentiel de compréhension du recrutement politique ...................................................................................................... 104 1. La révision constitutionnelle comme outil de renforcement des pouvoirs .......... 104 a. L‟instabilité constitutionnelle ........................................................................... 104 b. La place des élites politiques gouvernementales dans un régime présidentiel. 109 2. Du « patrimonialisme » comme élément de compréhension de la structuration de l‟élite politique ............................................................................................................ 115 a. Des pratiques inhérentes au fonctionnement général de l‟Etat ........................ 115 b. L‟influence majeure du chef de l‟état et de son entourage dans la sélection du personnel politique gouvernemental ........................................................................ 119 B. De la prédominance des logiques régionale et partisane comme modalités de structuration de l‟élite politique ..................................................................................... 122 1. L‟engagement politique partisan comme préalable au recrutement politique ..... 122 a. La multiplication des partis politiques centrafricains ...................................... 122 b. La fonction intégratrice des partis politiques ................................................... 125 2. L‟origine régionale comme facilitateur ou comme frein au recrutement ............ 130 a. Du peuple centrafricain aux peuples centrafricains ......................................... 130 b. Une pratique qui participe à la structuration de l‟élite politique ...................... 133 II. DE LA CONFIGURATION DE L‟ELITE POLITIQUE............................................................ 137 A. Des élites politiques au cœur de la société centrafricaine ...................................... 138 1. L‟autonomie relative des élites politiques ........................................................... 138 a. La prééminence des relations de nature verticale ............................................. 138 b. Des entrepreneurs politiques ............................................................................ 140 2. Les dispositifs sociaux distinctifs de l‟élite politique .......................................... 144 4 a. De la nécessité de se distinguer ........................................................................ 144 b. De l‟utilisation de la distinction ...................................................................... 149 B. De l‟incertitude des carrières gouvernementales : entre gratification et marginalisation ............................................................................................................... 151 1. La carrière politique comme élément de compréhension de la configuration de l‟élite politique ............................................................................................................ 151 a. A l‟interface d‟une multitude de réseaux ......................................................... 151 b. Des trajectoires professionnelles typiques ....................................................... 156 2. « L‟après-gouvernement » ................................................................................... 159 a. De la gratification ............................................................................................. 159 b. A la marginalisation ........................................................................................ 161 CHAPITRE 3 - PERMANENCES ET ÉVOLUTIONS RELATIVES AU SOMMET DE L’ETAT ................................................................................................................................. 165 I. CHANGEMENTS POLITIQUES ET ÉVOLUTIONS DE LA STRUCTURE DE L‟ÉLITE ................. 166 A. La Transition démocratique comme facteur de changements ................................. 167 1. Un moment de crise et de fluidité politique ......................................................... 167 a. L‟émergence de mobilisations sociopolitiques ................................................ 167 b. Une opposition en construction ? ..................................................................... 170 2. Evolution relative de la structure de l‟élite .......................................................... 173 a. Kolingba face à la crise de son régime ............................................................ 173 b. Alternance à la tête de l‟Etat et évolution de la structure de l‟élite.................. 177 B. Impact des crises politico-militaires sur la structure de l‟élite ............................... 181 1. Conséquences des mutineries sur le champ politique .......................................... 181 a. D‟une révolte corporatiste aux risques de guerre civile ................................... 181 b. De l‟Echec des « Gouvernements d‟Union Nationale » ................................ 183 2. Coup d‟Etat et innovations politiques .................................................................. 186 a. L‟organisation du renversement de Patassé ....................................................
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