Fighting Hunger Worldwide Overview of householdfoodsecurity andnutritionbetweenFebruary andAugust 2010 15-49 years old.TheFSMScanalerttoincidentsofcriticalfoodinsecurity andnutrition. and thenutritionalstatusof959childrenunder5918womenbetween of foodinsecurity inrural by analyzingdatafrom665households The Food Security MonitoringSystem (FSMS)provides aseasonalsnapshot Focus onmostthefoodinsecurezones –August 2010 compared to the previous round, with 7%(downfrom 10%) • FOOD SECURITY Rural households benefit from a fairly good harvest, good afairly from benefit households Rural from 21%). insecure and 16% moderately food insecure (decreased food severely as classified interviewed households the of Food SecurityMonitoringSystem Tajikistan Hg stapl High • and seasonaljobs. better livestock health and breeding, higher remittances recent wheat export ban in Russia, reduced harvest in due mainly to external factors: speculation of local traders due to are prices High security. food households’ Zafarobod Shahristan Rasulov , Zone 10- Nurobod Zone 13- Tojikobod Rasht Jirgatol Zone 17- • Major structural issues remain inclu Kazakhstan andincreaseinfuelprices. Overall food security situation appears to have improved World Food Programme e foo poor foodconsumptionlacking proteins • lowestimatedmonthlyincome (600TJS-$135/month/household), holds), dailyunskilledlabor andsalesofcrops • mainsourcesofincomeareremittances(for50%ofthe house • highfoodprices,mainshockinthepast3months • 93%ofbudgetisspentonfoodand91%have nofoodstocks with difficultsituation • fewassets(86%ownnolivestock) soldinpast3monthstocope income have becomedaily wage labor andbegging/borrowing lack accesstodrinkingandirrigationwater. Themainsourcesof • lossordelay ofpotatoharvest duetoheavy rains (mainincome), needs oftheirchildren • 1/3ofthemothers/caretakers reportoften not meetingfood • poorlydiversified foodconsumption(cereals,teaandsomefruits) • lowestestimatedmonthlyincome(371TJS-$83/month/family) • 97%donothave sufficientstocksforthecomingmonths on spent is food budget of 67% and animals) (few owned assets few • due toheavy rains harvest potato of delay or loss and shock main as prices food high • •

poorly diversified foodconsumption(cereals,teaandsomefruits) d prices represent the main threat to din g: lack of access Mlurto i a te ae ees s at er n July in year last but higher than in the UNICEF National Survey due mainly as levels same the at is Malnutrition • NUTRITION of cropsinkitchengardens.stocksandlivestock. affected areas, especially the potato harvest and the loss Sever • to drinkingandirrigationwater andunemployment. and lackofaccesstofoodbecausehighprices. are due mainly to a lack of diverse diet, nutritionknowledge 19.5% interviewed whileare overweight. Both conditions re women Underweight • water andhygiene practices. knowledge of the caretaker, diseases, quality of drinking are stunted. The main causes remain lack of nutrition to seasonality. 10% of the children are wasted and 33% e fo od insecurity is confined to natural disaster natural to confined is insecurity od - *Among the700to900householdsinterviewed April 2009 April 2008 July 2009 February October October January 2010 August 2009 2008 2009 2010 pr Percentage of food insecure households esent 7.7% of all the women 0% August 2010| in rural Tajikistan* 10% 20% 30% NUMBER 40% 7 Outlook for the coming months (August to No- One fourth of the households in the sample had vember) a reduced access to drinking water over the past 3 months. A major part of the problem was that - Livestock and good harvest combine to maintain natural disasters destroyed irrigation system. Nev- an overall good food security in the country. House- ertheless, access to drinking water and irrigation is holds can rely on their own production and livestock also a structural problem that requires substantial (less diseases reported) to meet their food needs investments in the coming years. and to accumulate income and stocks for the com- Unusually high food prices still represent the main ing winter. Nonetheless, some areas of the country threat to households’ food security (33% of the have had a less productive harvests and the situ- households interviewed). Households also men- ation should be closely monitored in parts of the tioned that high fuel prices and transport costs (also Rasht Valley, Sughd and in the district. due to the new toll road in certain areas) were a - Fuel prices have continued to increase and despite major constraint to their access to food markets Fighting Hunger Worldwide negotiations between the Tajik and Russian govern- both for acquiring and selling food. Natural disas- ments, it is unlikely that the situation will change in ters, mainly due to excessive rains between May the coming months. As high food prices remain the and July also created pockets of food insecurity main issue for the food access of rural households, pushing borderline food insecure households into it will be important to continue monitor prices in deeper food insecurity in Asht, GBAO (Bartang Val- theWorld coming months, Food especially Programme in zones with a low ley), Ayni, Rasht and some parts of Khatlon such as harvest. Kulyab. - Expenditures on staple foods continue to take the On the positive side, less households mentioned loss bulkSchool of disposable income Feeding due to high wheat pricesin Tajikistanof income and animal diseases (unlike last year at in the market. Prices for fruits, vegetables and ani- the same period). mal products will continue to be at their lowest and allow households to diversify their food intake. As Coping strategies† the winter nears, households in remote areas will To respond to chronic and seasonal problems and start stocking essential products such as wheat and in order to maintain an acceptable food security potatoes, increasing their foodThe expenditures.WFP School Feeding Tradi- status, householdsbaked withengaged WFP mainlyfortified in thewheat coping tionally, expenditures on healthprogramme also increase is designed in the to supportstrategies highlightedflour. below: winter. children’s access to education Main coping strategies - February to August 2010 - Daily wage labor opportunitiesand to will improve continue girls’ to high school100% Studies show that improving provide more seasonal income. The sales of crops, orchard produces, livestockcompletion and agricultural rates inprod rural- Tajikistan nutrition can help increase students’ ucts will contribute to the food security of house- 80% attention span and alertness, and holds who own these assets.WFP’s Others School will benefitFeeding programme enhance their opportunities for from September to Novemberin Tajikistan from the increasebegan in 1999,in initially60% personal development, which can in remittances. - Food consumption should reachingremain higher 5,000 thanschoolchildren in in turn helps reduce poverty for their 40% other seasons as householdsthe have northern an easy Sughd access region. Today, family, community and country. to fruits and vegetables. It WFPis expected feeds approximately nonetheless 360,000 to remain low and poorly diversifiedprimary schoolfor poor children fami- 20%and Just 14 U.S. cents a day will provide lies and households living in remote areas. staff in around 2,000 schools. These each child with a hot nutritious 0% Shocks* figures represent approximately 60 meal -- a small investment when The main shocks over the pastpercent three of monthschildren are in Grades 1 to 4 considering the significant long- credit and and food foodon Seek Increase migrants meals Purchase linked to agriculture: lack of irrigation and harvest sizeof relatives

in rural, food-insecure regions. preferred term benefits of a better educated expensive alternative Relyon less fromfriends Borrowfood employment failure. Natural disasters in several areas of the population. Limitportion country, wiped out fields, carried off livestock, col- lapsed houses and washed awayEvery topday soilthey irrigation. are in school, Compared the to February and July 2009, households Water remains a major problemchildren despite are served high spring a hot mealrely more onWith altering an average their food of two consumption, children per on their family and on credit to cope with difficult situ- precipitations. Unusually highconsisting levels of of crop a soup pests made with family benefiting from WFP’s School ations than on reducing less essential expenditures and diseases are also to be beans,noted enrichedin Pendjakent, cooking oil, Feeding, families save up to U.S. Ayni, Asht and Turzunsoda. Other areas (Sughd and (transport, clothes, events) and sending migrants DRD close to ) reportediodized locusts salt and, as usually, a main vegetables abroad. As a $25result, per almostyear per half child of orthe around families inter- issue for their crops/pasturesprovided (Ministry by Parentof Agricul Teacher- viewed are taking10 percent new debtsof households’ and the foodCoping Strat- egy Index shows no improvement overall. ture estimated 100,000 ha Associationsaffected). (PTAs). The soup is expenditures. School Feeding not accompanied by traditional bread only contributes to children’s * Shocks are defined by an event that has a negative impact on food and nutrition security. Shocks can be natural or caused by † The coping strategy index takes into account the frequency of human action use of the most harmful coping mechanisms Although overall households do not own many as- example, the dehkan farm association of Fayzobod sets, livestock breeding conditions, less disease and reported losses of more than 50% of their harvest good pasture conditions allow families with animals of wheat and fruits due to freezing rain in May. to sell their healthy livestock in exchange for food. Farmers did not have the means to replant. Households also look for alternative employment: Fruits and vegetables harvest shows similar unskilled daily work and migration outside of the trends. The main issue noted by farmers with country. fruits was that the ban imposed by Russia on the import of fruits from Tajikistan during the polio Migration outbreak has caused losses of production and a Migration showed similar trends to previous rounds decrease of income for households relying heav- (two third of the households have migrants leaving ily on orchards. In one of the main area for potato for Russia). The main difference with February is production, the Rasht Valley, farmers associations that almost 40% of the households declare receiving and heads of dehkan farms reported that high lev- regular remittances over the past three months. Two Fighting Hunger Worldwide els of precipitations delayed planting and harvest thirds of the households receiving regular money making it vulnerable to early frosts. Households’ transfers declare that remittances represent more main income source is delayed as well and they than 75% of their total income. This is particularly may have difficulties coping in the meantime. Fi- true for households in the northern region of Sughd. nally, the production on private kitchen gardens is World Food Programme reported to be of good quantity allow households Remittances as percentage of total income in to stock food for the winter. 100% Income and expenditures 80%School Feeding in TajikistanOver the past four months, remittances have become a major source of cash income. Since 60% February, the number of households reporting daily labor in construction and agriculture as their 40% main income increased. Sales of crops, orchard The WFP School Feeding and livestockbaked products with WFP represent, fortified combined, wheat the 20% programme is designed to supportmain incomeflour. for 30 to 35% of the households children’s access to education interviewed. The Government, through pensions, 0% benefits and salaries, provides the most important Asht Ghonchi Aini B. Gafurov and to improve girls’ high schoolsecond sourceStudies of income show that for improving35% of the house- less than 25% between 26 and 50%completionbetween 51 and rates 75% inmore rural than 75% Tajikistanholds in ruralnutrition areas. canThis help is consistent increase students’ with other Only households receiving remittances are included, n= 249. Covers February to August rounds. attention span and alertness, and 2010. WFP’s School Feeding programme64% of households’enhance their expenditures opportunities go to for food Several reports point towards an increase of remit- (same as last round and in late July last year). tances at the national levelin since Tajikistan the beginning began in 1999,of initiallyHowever, thepersonal seasonal development, increase of which income can is in offset the year. Discussion with localreaching and national5,000 schoolchildren banks by in the recentturn increase helps reduce in fuel poverty and related for their trans - representatives confirmedthe this northern trend. Sughd region. Today,port costs. family,Thus overall, community 50% andof the country. interviewees WFP feeds approximately 360,000report their economic situation to be worse than Agriculture, livestock ownership and conditions last year. primary school children and Just 14 U.S. cents a day will provide This round substantiates once more that most rural households (80%) own livestockstaff in butaround many 2,000 of them schools. These each child with a hot nutritious own few heads. According figuresto discussions represent with approximately veteri- 60 meal -- a small investment when Percentage of households regularly receiving remittances and narian services and with headspercent of ofagriculture children indepart Grades- 1 to 4 consideringwith remittances the as significant main income long- ments in several regions, the livestock situation in 60% 35.0% in rural, food-insecure regions. term benefits of a better educated the country is propitious. Good rains in spring al- 30.0% lowed for good pastures again this year and prices of 50% population.

animal feed have consequentlyEvery gone day they down. are There in school, is the 25.0% also no major malady reported.children Households are served depend a hot meal- 40% With an average of two children per ing on herding and sales of livestock products should 20.0% consisting of a soup made with family benefiting from WFP’s School then be able to take advantage of commanding high 30% prices for meat and dairy products.beans, enriched cooking oil, Feeding, families save up to U.S. 15.0% 20% Key informants, FAO and representativesiodized salt and, of usually, the Min vegetables- $25 per year per child or around 10.0% istry of Agriculture in all regionsprovided confirmed by Parent that Teacher the 10 percent of households’ food 10% wheat harvest will be above the 5-year average but 5.0% Associations (PTAs). The soup is expenditures. School Feeding not slightly lower than last year at around 800,000 tons. Potential losses due to naturalaccompanied disasters, by late traditional rains, bread0% only contributes to children’s 0.0% January 09 May 09 August 09 October 09 February 10 August 10 lower temperatures than average and diseases such as yellow rust need still need to be estimated. For Receiving regularly remittances Remittances as main income Food sources, food stocks and markets children, etc. They also have less difficulty satisfy- Typically the local market in spring and summer ing the food needs of their children than severely (four month period) provides fruits and vegetables food insecure households of which one third reports in greater abundance at lower prices. This is why facing difficulties. reserve food stocks are not as voluminous at this Food secure households can rely on more stocks, time of the year. Eighty percent of the households livestock and more regular (and certainly more interviewed still declare having stocks but most consequent) remittances to meet their food needs are of short duration (especially oil and fruits). On than food insecure households.

the other hand, when asked if they would have Percentage of households receiving remittances regularly enough stocks for the coming months (before the by food security status

winter starts), two thirds of the interviewees cited food a poor harvest and insufficient financial resources secure to put in the necessary winter stocks.

Fighting Hunger Worldwide moderately food Percentage of households possessing wheat stocks and insecure average duration

92% 5 severely food 90% 4 insecure 88%World Food Programme4 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 86% 3 Not receiving remittances Receiving remittances 84% 3

82%School Feeding in2 weeks Tajikistan Origin of stocks by food security status 80% 2 100%

78% 1 80% 76% 1

74% 0 60% October January April 09 July 09TheOctober WFPFebruary SchoolAugust Feeding baked with WFP fortified wheat 08 09 09 10 10 programme is designed to support40% flour. Possess stocks Duration (weeks) children’s access to education 20% and to improve girls’ high school Studies show that improving Causes of household food insecurity over the completion rates in rural Tajikistan0% nutrition can help increase students’ past three months Own crop/garden Market purchase Borrowing/ debts attention span and alertness, and The households interviewed show distinct charac- production teristics depending on theirWFP’s food Schoolsecurity Feeding status. programme In severely foodenhance insecure theirmoderately opportunities food insecure forfood secure general, food insecure householdsin Tajikistan spend began a higher in 1999, initially personal development, which can in Food insecure households on the other hand will percentage of their income on food (78% for se- reaching 5,000 schoolchildrenrely in on begging,turn helpsborrowing reduce money poverty and for food their from verely food insecure against 65% for food secure). the northern Sughd region. Today,relatives andfamily, friends, community and social and networks country. to make This is typical of households with limited income ends meet (84% of severely food insecure house- and lack of assets, includingWFP land. feeds approximately 360,000 primary school children andholds had contractedJust 14 U.S. new cents debts a day in thewill pastprovide three months compared to 33% among food secure fami- Percentage of households owningstaff in livestock around by 2,000 food schools. These each child with a hot nutritious security status lies). figures represent approximately 60 meal -- a small investment when Percentage of households taking new debts by food percent of children in Grades 1 to 4 consideringfood securitythe significant status long- secure in rural, food-insecure regions. term benefits of a better educated food moderately secure population. food No insecure Every day they are in school,Yes the

children are served a hot mealmoderately With an average of two children per No severely consisting of a soup made with food family benefiting from WFP’s School Yes food insecure insecure beans, enriched cooking oil, Feeding, families save up to U.S.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% iodized salt and, usually, vegetablesseverely $25 per year per child or around food provided by Parent Teacher insecure 10 percent of households’ food A household that has access to a garden consumes Associations (PTAs). The soup is expenditures. School Feeding not these products directly and is less likely to have to 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% purchase food, using the savedaccompanied income by to traditionaldiversify bread only contributes to children’s food items or invest in assets, health, clothes for Results of the nutrition component Prevalence of malnourished children under 5 years (%) Severely wasted 5.3

Introduction and methodology Weight for Moderately wasted 4.7 The nutrition situation in rural Tajikistan was as- height Pre-obese 4.9 sessed in January 2009, July 2009 and August 2010 Obese 2.0 in order to capture seasonal changes and trends. Severely stunted 12.8 Children under 5 were measured and weighted as Height for age well as women between 19 and 49 years. Further- Moderately stunted 20.3 more, infant feeding practices have been assessed. These results are similar to the rates obtained in Children Women July 2009 (10.3% and 34.1% respectively). They Regions GBAO 104 86 confirm the upward trend observed since April DRD 193 217 2008 (figure below) when 4.7% wasting and 27.5% stunting were reported.*

Fighting Hunger Worldwide Khatlon 323 269 Sugd 345 379 Compared with the Macronutrient National Sta- tus Survey conducted in 2009 by UNICEF and the Sex Female 472 951 Ministry of Health, the results of the September Male 493 - 2010 assessment show an increase in child stunt- AgeWorld0-6 months Food93 Programme- ing from 20% to 33%, while wasting has practically 6-24 months 372 - not changed, with rates of 11% in 2009 and 10% in 24-59 months 500 - 2010. SchoolTotal Feeding965 951 in TajikistanTrend in Global Acute and Chronic Malnutrition since interviewed (959 measured) (918 measured) 2008 (%) 40

Health status 34.1 34.3 35 About 34% of the children were sick prior to this 30.1 30 assessment compared to almost 30% in July 2009 27.5 and the types of disease areThe the WFP same. School Whereas Feeding the baked with WFP fortified wheat 25 main seasonal diseases in winterprogramme were isfever designed and to support flour. 19.9 20 coughs, the survey in July children’s09 and August access 10 to reporteducation- ed diarrhea as the main disease. and to improve girls’ high school15 Studies show that improving 10.3 10.6 10 Main diseases* for childrencompletion under 5 years rates of age in rural Tajikistan10 nutrition can help increase students’ (% of respondants) 4.7 5.6 80 5 attention span and alertness, and Apr-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Aug-10 69 70 WFP’s School Feeding programme0 enhance their opportunities for 59 EFSA 2008 FSMS FSMS MNSS FSMS 60 in Tajikistan began in 1999, initially personal development, which can in 53 January July September August reaching 5,000 schoolchildren in turn2009 helps reduce2009 poverty2010 for their2010 50 44 the northern Sughd region. Today, family, community and country. 40 Global Acute Malnutrition Global Chronic Malnutrition 31 29 30 WFP feeds approximately 360,000 primary school childrenThe and severe andJust moderate 14 U.S. cents wasting a day rates will provideare higher 20 15 14 12 10 8.8 among children under 24 months compared to older 10 staff in around8 2,000 schools. These each child with a hot nutritious figures represent approximatelyage groups60 andmeal severe -- a small and investmentmoderate stunting when are 0 high in all children, particularly among those older Fever Coughspercent of childrenDiarrhoea in Gradesthan 1 to 244 months.considering the significant long- *Diseases two weeks before the surveyin rural, food-insecure regions.The high wastingterm ratesbenefits particularly of a better in educatedthe 6-11 Two thirds half of the sick children have been months age grouppopulation. is likely to be associated with brought to a health center Everyin the daytwo they weeks are prein school,- poor the infant feeding practices. Another reason for the higher wasting rates in the summer months might ceding the assessment. Thechildren main reasons are served for anot hot meal With an average of two children per bringing the child to health services were the lack of be related to the increased incidents of diarrhea, severity of the disease andconsisting lack of money. of a soup The made latter with which can quicklyfamily de-stabilize benefiting fromnormal WFP’s weight School gain in reason increased almost twicebeans, since enriched January cooking 2009. oil, growing children.Feeding, families save up to U.S. iodized salt and, usually, vegetablesOverall stunting$25 ratesper year show per higher child orlevels around in August 2010 than in April 2008 and January 2009. High Nutritional status of children under 5 years provided by Parent Teacher rates in stunting10 percent can be of related households’ to diets food poor in Amongst the 946 children measured, 10% [CI 8.1- Associations (PTAs). The soupmicro-nutrients is expenditures. chronic diseases School thatFeeding are notgenerally 12.0] were wasted and 33.1% stunted [CI 30.0- accompanied by traditional bread only contributes to children’s 36.1]. * Emergency Food Security Assessment in Rural Areas of Tajiki- stan (EFSA), A Joint Food Security, Livelihoods, Agriculture and Nutrition Assessment, April/May 2008 hygiene-related. At the same time, 6.9% [CI 6.4- August 2010). 11.5] of children are overweight, which is signifi- cantly higher than in July 2009 (4.3%). It reflects Trend of nutritional status of women (%) 80 the double burden of over- and under-nutrition, which has also been observed in other central Asian 70 countries.† 60 Underweight is a particular problem among children 50 under 24 months age. This clearly reflects a fail- ure to seize the “window of opportunity”, which is 40 defined as the period from conception to 24 months 30 of age of the child. Nutrition and feeding practices 20 interventions targeted at children in utero through 10 24 months of age will have the greatest impact.‡ 0 Fighting Hunger Worldwide Continued breastfeeding and introduction of GBAO DRD Khatlon Sugd complementary foods Underweight BMI <18.5 Normal BMI 18.5-24.9 Dietary diversity in children between 6 to 11 months was low (less than three food groups during Preobese BMI 25-29.9 Obese BMI > 29.9 lastWorld week§).¶ Food Programme Dietary diversity decreased in all age groups com- Food consumption of women, 19-49 years pared to July 2009 and particularly for children The percentage of women consuming five or more 12-23 months (from 80% in July 2009 to 40% in food groups during the week before the assess- AugustSchool 2010). This can Feeding partly be attributed to inthe Tajikistanment was down from 20% in July 2009 to 16% in recent increase in food prices by 25%.** The aver- August 2010. As with children, food intake showed age number receiving meat, eggs or legumes for all similar dietary patterns. The diet of most women age groups the week before the assessment is very remains poorly diversified, with meat, fruits and low. beans rarely eaten more than once a week. The fact Dietary diversity of childrenThe WFP 6-24 Schoolmonths Feeding that all groupsbaked consume with WFP massive fortified amounts wheat of cere- als and tubers might suggests cultural, rather than 7 programme is designed to support flour. economic patterns. 6 children’s access to education 5 and to improve girls’ high school Studies show that improving 4 completion rates in rural TajikistanAcknowledgementsnutrition can help increase students’ 3 attention span and alertness, and The regular production of this bulletin is made 2 WFP’s School Feeding programme enhance their opportunities for Days per week possible thanks to the financial support of the 1 in Tajikistan began in 1999, initiallyDepartment personal for International development, Development which can of in 0 the United Kingdom: 6-8 months 9-11 monthsreaching 5,00012-23 schoolchildrenmonths in turn helps reduce poverty for their www.dfid.gov.uk Age (months)the northern Sughd region. Today, family, community and country. Grains WFPLegumes feeds approximately 360,000The Ministry of Health, the Food Security Eggs Meat or fish Cluster, UNICEF Tajikistan and WHO HQ have Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables primaryOther Fruits and school vegetables children and Just 14 U.S. cents a day will provide also been instrumental in the production of Nutritional status of womenstaff, 19-49 in around years 2,000 schools. Thesethis bulletineach by child providing with commentsa hot nutritious from data The results on nutritional statusfigures of representwomen showed approximately collection60 meal until --report a small completion. investment when a similar contrast between underweight and obese percent of children in Grades 1 to 4 considering the significant long- cases. The percentage of underweight women Previous reports on food security can be found slightly increased (8.4% in inJuly rural, 2009 food-insecure to 7.7 % in regions. on www.wfp.org/foodterm benefits security of a better and educated www.untj.org/librarypopulation. or by contacting WFP in Tajikistan. † Cattaneo A, Child nutrition in CEEEvery and CISday countries: they are reportin school, of the a situation analysis, 2007 children are served a hot meal For informationWith an and average data on of Nutrition two children contact: per ‡ Lancet series, 2008 Khadicha Boymatova, WHO Tajikistan § The dietary diversity score rangesconsisting from 0 to of7, aincluding soup made the with family benefiting from WFP’s School following food groups: Grains, roots and tubers; legumes and [email protected] nuts; Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables;beans, enriched other fruits cooking and veg -oil, For informationFeeding, and families data on save Food up Security: to U.S. etables; dairy products; eggs; meat,iodized poultry, salt fish, and, and usually, shellfish. vegetablesCedric Charpentier,$25 per year WFP per Tajikistan child or around ¶ The dietary diversity score ranges from 0 to 7, including the following food groups: Grains, rootsprovided and tubers; by legumesParent Teacherand [email protected] percent of households’ food nuts; Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables;Associations other fruits(PTAs). and Theveg- soup is Views exprexpenditures.essed hereby Schoolare those Feeding of the not etables; dairy products; eggs; meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish. It measures the food intake of theaccompanied week preceding bythe traditional assess- breadauthors only.only contributes to children’s ment. ** WFP weekly food price assessment, Goskomstat monthly price monitoring, August 2010