Biodiversity Monitoring Model User Guide

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New Life on the Old West

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Document: Biodiversity Monitoring Model User Guide

Project: New Life on the Old West

Client: Cambridgeshire ACRE

Job number: WTBCN312

Primary author: Josh Hellon Signed:

Review by: Martin Baker Signed:

Revision Date Status Checked for issue

1 11/10/2018 Draft

2 15/01/2019 Final

3 30/01/2019 Revised Final

Cover photo: by Josh Hellon

Client: Cambridgeshire ACRE

Date of Issue: January 2019

Tender Authors: Josh Hellon MCIEEM

Martin Baker MCIEEM CEnv

Prepared by:

The Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire & Northamptonshire

The Manor House

Broad Street

Cambourne

Cambridge, CB23 6DH

Company no. 2534145

Website: www.wildlifebcn.org

Email: [email protected]

Telephone: 01954 713500

Most images in this document and the appendices are taken from the Wildlife Trusts Wildnet Digital Asset Library. Credits are provided for the photographers.

Additional images are taken from Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Credits are provided for the photographers.

All images are for use in these documents only and cannot be sold or passed on to other organisations for reuse.

Summary This document presents the proposed monitoring model for the New Life on the Old West project. This includes a description of the project area, target species, ID guides, survey methods, reporting, equipment, timetable, biosecurity and health and safety information. Full methodologies, fieldsheets, guidance documents and health and safety forms are included in the appendix. Contents

Document control ...... 2 Summary ...... 4 Contents ...... 4 1 Introduction ...... 6 2 Project area ...... 7 2.1 Designated sites found within the New Life on the Old West project boundary ...... 8 2.2 Sites with planned habitat enhancements ...... 11 3 Flagship & fen-specialist species ...... 11 3.1 Flagship and fen-specialists ...... 12 3.2 Plant species indicative of good quality ditches ...... 15 3.3 Aquatic beetles indicative of good quality ditches ...... 18 4 Invasive non-native species ...... 21 5 Survey types ...... 22 5.1 Old West River Wardens ...... 24 5.2 Fixed Point Photography on the Old West ...... 24 5.3 I Spy on the Old West ...... 25 5.4 Aquatic Plants on the Old West ...... 26 5.5 Old West Recorder Days ...... 27 5.6 Old West Bioblitz ...... 28 5.7 Old West Otters and Water Voles ...... 29 5.8 eDNA on the Old West ...... 30 5.9 Amphibians and Reptiles on the Old West ...... 31 5.10 How clean is the Old West? ...... 31 5.11 What did you catch on the Old West? ...... 32 5.12 Find the Rare Plant on the Old West ...... 33 5.13 Dragonflies and Damselflies on the Old West ...... 34

5.14 Butterflies on the Old West ...... 35 5.15 Old West Hedgehog Highways ...... 35 5.16 Old West Wildflowers ...... 36 6 Proposed timetable...... 37 7 Training requirements ...... 37 8 Equipment requirements ...... 38 9 Data collation and sharing ...... 38 10 Reporting and indicators of achievement...... 39 10.1 Species diversity ...... 40 10.2 Species abundance ...... 41 10.3 Species distribution ...... 42 10.4 Species rarity ...... 43 10.5 Habitat quality...... 43 10.6 Presence/absence of indicator species ...... 43 10.7 Presence/absence of non-native invasive species ...... 43 10.8 Water quality ...... 44 10.9 Visual appearance ...... 45 11 Project legacy ...... 46 12 Health & Safety ...... 47 13 Biosecurity...... 47 14 Appendices ...... 48

1 Introduction The New Life on the Old West Project (NLOW) seeks to establish connectivity and ecological resilience in the Cambridgeshire Fens between the core wetland nature reserves: National Trust’s Wicken Fen and RSPB’s Ouse Fen and Ouse Washes

This document presents a biodiversity monitoring model. This volunteer-led monitoring programme will provide new information on the presence of species and habitat quality in the project area. The model will measure and evaluate the impact of biodiversity-focused work delivered through the entire project. The framework will enable the continued evaluation of the project’s legacy for 10 years beyond its official delivery end point.

This document includes a list of flagship/fen-specialist species, tools for data input/analysis, survey protocols, field forms, reporting advice, design of legacy and development of data collation/sharing protocols.

Project progress will be monitored through ‘indicators of achievement’. This is based on a combination of species location, abundance, diversity and other indicators at the restoration sites and throughout the wider project area. The model is designed to monitor change over time through a range of survey types. Where possible, indicator species will be used to demonstrate change.

This document has been created with input from Cambridgeshire ACRE, and the New Life on the Old West Biodiversity Technical Group that contains representatives from: The Amphibian and Reptile Trust, Freshwater Habitats Trust, RSPB, Anglia Ruskin University, Natural England, Environment Agency, Butterfly Conservation, Buglife, The National Farmers Union, Cambridgeshire County Farms, FWAG, Cambridgeshire Mammal Group, as well as a number of independent ecological consultants.

2 Project area

Figure 1 New Life on the Old West project area with Cambridgeshire county boundary

The project area (fig. 1) covers the nine Cambridgeshire parishes of Haddenham & Aldreth, Wilburton, Stretham, Little Thetford, Wicken & Upware, Over, Willingham, Rampton and Cottenham.

2.1 Designated sites found within the New Life on the Old West project boundary

Figure 2 New Life on the Old West designated sites map

The full details of the designated sites shown in fig. 2 are listed below with reasons for designation. Ramsar Sites Site Name Grid Ref Area (ha)

Wicken Fen TL554701 254.489

SACs Site Name Grid Ref Area (ha)

Fenland TL554701 619.409

NNRs Site Name Grid Ref Area (ha)

Wicken Fen TL554701 248.837

SSSIs Site Name Grid Ref Area (ha) Reasons for designation

Cam Washes TL538728 166.52 A series of low lying pastures which are subject to seasonal flooding. An important site for numbers and diversity of wintering and breeding wildfowl and waders. Associated areas of scrub and scattered trees enhance the value of the area for other birds.

Upware Bridge TL543725 2.49 This is a key locality for Oxfordian (Jurassic) aged rocks. It shows a condensed Pit North Elsworth rock section with overlying Upware Limestone. It is an essential site for studies of Oxfordian palaeontology and palaeogeography in the English Midlands.

Upware North Pit TL544727 1.08 The freshwater habitats hold one of the only two native British localities for the water germander Teucrium scordium, a plant listed in the British Red Data Book. Valuable wetland communities are represented, and other uncommon plants are present.

Upware South Pit TL539709 1.09 This is a Geological Conservation Review site. Part of the site falls within the biological site known as Cam Washes SSSI. This well-known geological locality shows a section through the Oxfordian ‘Upware reef’.

Wicken Fen TL554701 255.04 A remnant of the East Anglian peat fens, it is one of the best surviving examples and is unique in Cambridgeshire. The site supports a range of characteristic fenland communities and is notable for its diverse invertebrate fauna and relic fen flora.

County Wildlife Sites Site Name Grid Ref Area (ha) Reasons for designation

Aldreth Ponds TL444731 0.25 Supports at least 5 mature pollard willows in association with other semi-natural features.

Ashley Farm TL426685 2.25 The site qualifies as it contains a group of 5 or more top fruit trees, has at least 20% Orchard veteran trees, the presence of a nationally rare or scarce species and associated semi-natural habitat and is managed in a traditional practice.

Beach Ditch & TL4668 4.41 Supports more than five submerged, floating and emergent plant species per 20m Engine Drain stretch; and more than 10 species per 20m if wetbank flora is included.

Cottenham Moat TL449680 0.87 This site qualifies because it contains water bodies where more than 50 individual great crested newts have been counted at night during the breeding season.

Fen Side Pollard TL462738 9 Contains more than 20 mature pollard willows. Willows

Guppy's Pond TL467761 5.89 Supports a breeding population of the Nationally Scarce White-letter Hairstreak and Hinton butterfly. Hedges

Haddenham TL4273 7.3 Supports at least 5 submerged, floating and emergent species per 20m stretch and is Engine / a waterbody with at least three Potamogeton species. Additionally it supports Adventurers' populations of a Nationally Scarce vascular plant (Sium latifolium). Head Drainage System

Site Name Grid Ref Area (ha) Reasons for designation

Kingfishers TL544732 62.37 Population of a Nationally Rare vascular plant species (Teucrium scordium); more Bridge Wetland than 0.5 ha of S4 Common Reed swamp; supports breeding bird species that are rare in the county; wet meadows with more than 3 species of breeding wader.

Landbeach Pits TL479682 6.24 Has an invertebrate index of greater than 500. Willow Wood

New River and TL5970 2.51 A drain that supports more than 10 submerged, floating, emergent and wet bank Monk's Lode species per 20m stretch.

Over Railway TL385686 4.8 Supports a population of a critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable butterfly Cutting species (Grizzled skipper).

River Cam TL45 n/a Is a major river (together with adjacent semi-natural habitat) that has not been grossly modified by canalisation and/or poor water quality. Additionally it has areas with concentrations of mature pollard willows.

River Great Ouse TL37 n/a A major river not grossly modified by canalisation or poor water quality; supports >0.5ha NVC S6 swamp; >0.5ha S4 swamp; >0.05ha MG13 grassland; a NS vascular plant (Nymphoides peltata); breeding populations of a NR dragonfly (Libellula fulva)

The Pound TL382709 1.16 Contains a group of at least 5 mature pollard willows in association with other semi- natural features.

Twenty Pence Pit TL478706 5.8 Contains well developed vegetation mosaics which represent hydroseral zonation.

Wentworth TL479777 0.83 Supports at least 5 mature pollard willows in association with other semi-natural Pollard Willows features.

2.2 Sites with planned habitat enhancements

Figure 3 Map of planned habitat enhancements in the project area

Figure 3 shows the current planned locations for habitat enhancements. These will be used to plan the location of surveys during the delivery stage. 3 Flagship & fen-specialist species The target species for this model were selected from the initial NLOW project proposal document (appendix F) and finalised through discussions with the project Technical Group. The main criteria for species selection were:

• Associated with fenland habitats and project area • Ease of identification • Previously recorded in the project area • Charismatic – likelihood to appeal to the general public • Ability to survey effectively • Species of conservation interest

Discussion with the technical group resulted in three lists: one of flagship & fen-specialist target species and separate lists of plants and aquatic beetles indicative of good or excellent quality arable ditches within the project area (pers. comm. Owen Mountford and Chris Kirby-Lambert 2018).

It should be noted that the flagship/fen-specialist species were not selected specifically as biological indicators. These are intended to be species associated with the project area that will engage the public. 3.1 Flagship and fen-specialists The following table provides the full list of flagship and fen-specialist species. Conservation designations are provided under the following columns:

• Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Additional Species of Interest (CPASI). Species not on the UKBAP Priority species list but considered to be species of interest in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough (as defined by the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Biodiversity Partnership in 2016 - see http://www.cpbiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity-action- plans/priority-species) • UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species (UKBAP). The UK List of Priority Species and Habitats contains 1150 species and 65 habitats that have been listed as priorities for conservation action under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP). • UK Legally Protected. Protected under various United Kingdom legislation – see glossary in appendix. • IUCN Red Lists. Risk of extinction in England (ENG) or Great Britain (GB) based on IUCN data - see glossary in appendix

Table 1 Flagship and fen specialist list

Taxon group Common Name Latin Name UK Legally Protected UKBAP IUCN Red Lists CPASI

Amphibian Common Toad Bufo bufo UKBAP

Amphibian Great Crested Newt Triturus cristatus HabRegs2, WCA5 UKBAP

Bird Common crane Grus grus CPASI

Bird Kingfisher Alcedo atthis WCA1i

Bird Lapwing Vanellus vanellus UKBAP Bird Swift Apus apus CPASI

Bird Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur UKBAP

Fish European Eel Anguilla anguilla UKBAP RLGLB.CR

Fish Spined Loach Cobitis taenia UKBAP flowering Black poplar Populus nigra subsp. CPASI plant betulifolia flowering Common Meadow-rue Thalictrum flavum plant Flowering Frogbit Hydrocharis morsus- RLENG.VU, CPASI plant ranae RLGB.VU Flowering Greater Water-parsnip Sium latifolium UKBAP RLENG.EN, plant RLGB.EN Flowering Water-violet Hottonia palustris RLENG.VU CPASI plant Invertebrate Common Blue Butterfly Polyommatus icarus

Invertebrate Emperor dragonfly Anax imperator

Invertebrate Eyed Longhorn Beetle Oberea oculata UKBAP RDBGB.EN

Invertebrate Goat Moth Cossus cossus UKBAP

Invertebrate King Diving Beetle Dytiscus dimidiatus RLGB.Lr(NT)

Mammal Chinese Water Deer Hydropotes inermis

Mammal Daubenton's Bat Myotis daubentonii HabRegs2, WCA5

Taxon group Common Name Latin Name UK Legally Protected UKBAP IUCN Red Lists CPASI

Mammal Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus UKBAP

Mammal Otter Lutra lutra HabRegs2, WCA5 UKBAP RLGLB.NT

Mammal Water Vole Arvicola amphibius WCA5 UKBAP

Reptile Grass Snake Natrix natrix WCA5 UKBAP

Table 1 shows the flagship and fen-specialist species list. The final list of 25 species has been selected from a longer draft list. All materials (mapping, ID sheets) have been produced for all species, so they can potentially be selected in the future.

Those species not previously recorded in the project area are highlighted in grey.

Please see the appendix for a detailed description of species conservation designations.

Figure 4 Distribution map showing kingfisher Alcedo atthis records at 1km resolution or finer

Figure 5 Distribution map showing kingfisher Alcedo atthis point records at 100m resolution or finer

Figures 4 and 5 provide an example of the distribution maps that have been produced for each of the flagship and fen-specialist species. A full data search was conducted from 1990 to September 2018. Figure 4 displays all records at 1km precision and finer. The number of records for each 1km square is represented by a colour scale. Figure 5 shows only point records with at least 100m resolution.

Distribution maps for all species with records in the project area are included in the appendix.

Figure 6 Identification guide for kingfisher Alcedo atthis

Figure 6 provides an example of an identification sheet for the general public. These guides are intended as an introduction to the species with key identification features and ecological information. ID guides can be found for all flagship species in the appendix. 3.2 Plant species indicative of good quality ditches Table 2 Plant species indicative of good or excellent quality ditches

Taxon Common Name Latin Name UK Legally UKBAP IUCN Red Lists CPASI group Protected Flowering Arrowhead Sagittaria sagittifolia plant Flowering Blunt-flowered Rush Juncus subnodulosus plant Flowering Blunt-fruited Water- Callitriche obtusangula plant starwort Flowering Common Meadow-rue Thalictrum flavum plant Flowering Curled Pondweed Potamogeton crispus plant Flowering Cyperus Sedge Carex pseudocyperus plant Flowering Fan-leaved Water- Ranunculus circinatus plant crowfoot Flowering Fen Pondweed Potamogeton coloratus CPASI plant Flowering Fine-leaved Water- Oenanthe aquatica plant dropwort Flowering Flat-stalked Pondweed Potamogeton friesii RLENG.VU, CPASI plant RLGB.Lr(NT)

Taxon Common Name Latin Name UK Legally UKBAP IUCN Red Lists CPASI group Protected Flowering Flowering-rush Butomus umbellatus plant Flowering Fringed Water-lily Nymphoides peltata CPASI plant Flowering Frogbit Hydrocharis morsus-ranae RLENG.VU, CPASI plant RLGB.VU Flowering Golden Dock Rumex maritimus plant Flowering Great Yellow-cress Rorippa amphibia plant Flowering Greater Bird's-foot-trefoil Lotus pedunculatus plant Flowering Greater Bladderwort Utricularia vulgaris CPASI plant Flowering Greater Water-parsnip Sium latifolium UKBAP RLENG.EN, plant RLGB.EN Flowering Hairlike Pondweed Potamogeton trichoides CPASI plant Flowering Lesser Bladderwort Utricularia minor RLENG.VU plant Flowering Marsh Dock Rumex palustris CPASI plant Flowering Marsh Foxtail Alopecurus geniculatus plant Flowering Marsh-marigold Caltha palustris plant Flowering Narrow-fruited Water- Rorippa microphylla plant cress Flowering Narrow-leaved Water- Alisma lanceolatum CPASI plant plantain Flowering Opposite-leaved Groenlandia densa RLENG.VU, CPASI plant Pondweed RLGB.VU Flowering Orange Foxtail Alopecurus aequalis plant Flowering Perfoliate Pondweed Potamogeton perfoliatus plant Flowering Pink Water-Speedwell Veronica catenata plant Flowering River Water-dropwort Oenanthe fluviatilis CPASI plant Flowering Shining Pondweed Potamogeton lucens CPASI plant Flowering Slender Tufted-sedge Carex acuta plant Flowering Trifid Bur-marigold Bidens tripartita plant Flowering Tubular Water-dropwort Oenanthe fistulosa UKBAP RLENG.VU, plant RLGB.VU Flowering Tufted-sedge Carex elata RLENG.Lr(NT) plant Flowering Unbranched Bur-reed Sparganium emersum plant Flowering Utricularia Utricularia plant Flowering Water Dock Rumex hydrolapathum plant Flowering Water-violet Hottonia palustris RLENG.VU CPASI plant Flowering White Water-lily Nymphaea alba plant Flowering Whorled Water-milfoil Myriophyllum RLENG.Lr(NT), CPASI plant verticillatum RLGB.VU Flowering Yellow Loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris plant Liverwort Floating Crystalwort Riccia fluitans

Stonewort Bristly Stonewort Chara hispida

Taxon Common Name Latin Name UK Legally UKBAP IUCN Red Lists CPASI group Protected Stonewort Chara Chara

Stonewort Chara vulgaris var. Chara vulgaris var. papillata papillata Stonewort Chara vulgaris var. Chara vulgaris var. vulgaris vulgaris Stonewort Clustered Stonewort Tolypella glomerata CPASI

Stonewort Common Stonewort Chara vulgaris

Stonewort Delicate Stonewort Chara virgata

Stonewort Dwarf Stonewort Nitella tenuissima UKBAP RLGB.EN

Stonewort Fragile Stonewort Chara globularis

Stonewort Hedgehog Stonewort Chara aculeolata CPASI

Stonewort Nitella Nitella

Stonewort Nitella mucronata var. Nitella mucronata var. gracillima gracillima Stonewort Opposite Stonewort Chara contraria

Stonewort Rough Stonewort Chara aspera

Stonewort Rugged Stonewort Chara rudis RLGB.Lr(NT)

Stonewort Smooth Stonewort Nitella flexilis

Presence of any of the above species is intended to be used as an indicator of good or excellent quality drains within the project area. Maps of current known point distribution (<=100m precision) are included in the appendix.

Figure 7 Distribution map showing all target plant species records at 1km resolution or finer

Figure 7 shows the known distribution of all the above target species within the project area. Maps for individual species are included in the appendix. 3.3 Aquatic beetles indicative of good quality ditches Table 3 Aquatic beetles indicative of good and excellent quality ditches

Taxon group Family Latin Name UK Legally Protected UKBAP IUCN Red Lists CPASI

Invertebrate Curculionidae Bagous limosus

Invertebrate Curculionidae Bagous subcarinatus

Invertebrate Curculionidae Bagous tempestivus

Invertebrate Dryopidae Dryops auriculatus RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Agabus uliginosus RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Agabus undulatus RLGB.Lr(NT) CPASI

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Agabus unguicularis

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Dytiscus circumcinctus

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Dytiscus dimidiatus RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Graptodytes bilineatus

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Hydaticus seminiger

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Hydaticus transversalis

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Hydroporus umbrosus

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Hygrotus decoratus

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Ilybius guttiger

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Rhantus exsoletus

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Stictonectes lepidus RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Elmidae Oulimnius major

Invertebrate Erirhinidae Tanysphyrus ater

Invertebrate Haliplidae Haliplus variegatus RLGB.VU

Invertebrate Haliplidae Peltodytes caesus

Invertebrate Hydraenidae Limnebius aluta RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Hydraenidae Ochthebius nanus

Invertebrate Hydrochidae Hydrochus crenatus RLGB.Lr(NT) CPASI

Invertebrate Hydrochidae Hydrochus elongatus RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Hydrochidae Hydrochus ignicollis RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Enochrus nigritus RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Helochares obscurus RLGB.VU

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Limnoxenus niger RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Noteridae Noterus crassicornis

Invertebrate Curculionidae Bagous alismatis

Invertebrate Curculionidae Bagous tubulus RDBGB.VU

Invertebrate Curculionidae Eubrychius velutus

Invertebrate Curculionidae Phytobius leucogaster

Invertebrate Dryopidae Dryops ernesti

Invertebrate Dryopidae Dryops similaris RDBGB.R

Taxon group Family Latin Name UK Legally Protected UKBAP IUCN Red Lists CPASI

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Dytiscus circumflexus

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Graptodytes granularis

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Hydrovatus cuspidatus

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Hygrotus versicolor

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Porhydrus lineatus

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Rhantus frontalis

Invertebrate Dytiscidae Rhantus grapii

Invertebrate Elmidae Oulimnius rivularis CPASI

Invertebrate Elmidae Oulimnius tuberculatus

Invertebrate Gyrinidae Gyrinus aeratus

Invertebrate Gyrinidae Gyrinus caspius

Invertebrate Gyrinidae Gyrinus distinctus

Invertebrate Haliplidae Haliplus confinis

Invertebrate Haliplidae Haliplus flavicollis

Invertebrate Haliplidae Haliplus fulvus

Invertebrate Haliplidae Haliplus mucronatus

Invertebrate Haliplidae Haliplus obliquus

Invertebrate Helophoridae Helophorus nanus

Invertebrate Hydraenidae Limnebius nitidus

Invertebrate Hydraenidae Limnebius papposus RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Anacaena bipustulata

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Berosus luridus RLGB.Lr(NT)

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Berosus signaticollis

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Cercyon granarius

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Chaetarthria seminulum

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Chaetarthria simillimum

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Enochrus coarctatus

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Enochrus halophilus

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Enochrus ochropterus

Invertebrate Hydrophilidae Enochrus quadripunctatus

Presence of any of the above species is intended to be used as an indicator of good or excellent quality drains within the project area. A map of combined current known distribution (<=1km precision) is included in the appendix and reproduced below.

Figure 8 Distribution map showing all target aquatic beetle species records at 1km resolution or finer

4 Invasive non-native species The following invasive non-native species (INNS) have been recorded in the project area:

• American Mink Neovison vison • Bitterling Rhodeus amarus • Canadian Waterweed Elodea canadensis • Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis • Freshwater shrimp Crangonyx pseudogracilis • Curly Waterweed Lagarosiphon major • Floating Pennywort Hydrocotyle ranunculoides • Fringed Water-lily Nymphoides peltata • Giant Hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum • Indian/Himalayan Balsam Impatiens glandulifera • Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica • New Zealand Pigmyweed Crassula helmsii • Nuttall's Waterweed Elodea nuttallii • Orange Balsam Impatiens capensis • Parrot's-feather Myriophyllum aquaticum • Red-eared Terrapin Trachemys scripta • Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis • Water Fern Azolla filiculoides • Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha

This list is based on current CPERC records and is unlikely to be an exhaustive list of INNS present. The highlighted species have been selected as target INNS and DEFRA identification guides are provided in the appendix.

5 Survey types The methodologies for this project are based on nationally tested survey techniques. Selection was based on experience of multiple citizen science projects at the Wildlife Trust BCN and through communication with the Technical Group.

Biodiversity monitoring for the project incorporates professional surveys, structured volunteer surveys and public engagement with a recording element.

The survey methods are:

• Old West River Wardens – This method is designed as a recruitment tool for new volunteers and to collect baseline habitat information. The initial work involves transect surveys over a specific section of the project area. Wardens are given a specific route and conduct a regular walkover (approx. every 3 months). Fieldsheet provided to record specific notable species/habitat features, invasive species and management work. Water quality (Nitrate/Phosphate) testers also provided. This method incorporates fixed-point photography.

• Fixed Point Photography on the Old West – Regular panoramic photos taken at a fixed point to monitor visual change at restoration projects.

• I Spy on the Old West – Public engagement surveys for charismatic, readily identifiable species. iRecord portal on the website will be point for all data entry. Identification guides have been produced for these species.

• Aquatic Plants on the Old West – Recruitment of surveyors through a 1-day training workshop, following MLC Haddenham model. Targeted surveys using standard Freshwater Habitats Trust (FHT) method in restoration areas.

• Old West Recorder Days – Expert volunteer days with arranged access to potentially interesting sites. Aim to attract people with existing identification skills, including county recorders, natural history societies, professional ecologists and general naturalists. This will be the main method for surveying invertebrates.

• Old West Bioblitz – Public engagement event with some formal recording. Run as a series of engagement and recording events throughout a 24-hour period. Potentially including night surveys for bats/moths/amphibians.

• Old West Otters and Water Voles – Transect surveys looking for signs along bankside and under bridges. Follows national methodology with standard field sheet and data entry. Requires 1-day training session for interested volunteers.

• eDNA on the Old West – eDNA samples collected to detect amphibian species.

• Amphibians and Reptiles on the Old West – A variety of surveys that allow surveying without protected species licences. Surveys are focussed on amphibians, with adhoc records of reptiles included. Volunteers should attend planned training course.

• How clean is the Old West? – Water quality surveys for Nitrates and Phosphates, using disposable kits used in FHT ‘clean water for wildlife’ scheme.

• What did you catch on the Old West? – Surveys of anglers to record angling behaviour, species records, invasive species and general interest in conservation.

• Find the Rare Plant on the Old West – targeted surveys based on historical records of scarce plant species. Surveyors will be given possible locations, access details and identification sheets.

• Dragonflies and Damselflies on the Old West – standard transect surveys to assess species and abundance for this popular group.

• Butterflies on the Old West – standard transect surveys to assess species and abundance for this popular group.

• Old West Hedgehog Highways – Footprint tunnels to monitor presence/absence

• Old West Wildflowers – Structured walks to record wildflower species.

Recorder days River Wardens I spy

Aquatic beetle Fixed point photography Bioblitz

Aquatic plants eDNA Angler survey

Water quality Rare plants

Dragonflies & damselflies Hedgehogs

Butterflies

Aquatic plants

Otters and voles

Amphibians & reptiles

Wildflowers

Figure 9 Delivery of biodiversity monitoring

Figure 9 shows which groups will be delivering each monitoring method. The dotted line and joined boxes indicates the suite of surveys that are to be delivered by river wardens, once recruited and trained. However, there will be opportunity for other volunteers to be involved with these surveys.

Professional surveys for aquatic beetles and wetland/aquatic plants are planned by Cambridgeshire ACRE for 30 of the most biodiverse sites in the following years:

• Aquatic beetles – 2019 (Wicken Fen only), 2020, 2022 and during 10 year legacy period • Aquatic/wetland plants – 2019 (Wicken Fen only), 2022 and during 10 year legacy period 5.1 Old West River Wardens Aim This role is designed to initially recruit new volunteers for the project and collect baseline habitat and species data. This survey can be used to both assess habitat quality and identify particularly valuable areas, and to monitor habitat changes following restoration work. Timing River warden surveys should be conducted throughout the year with four seasonal surveys at restoration sites Training A launch event to recruit river wardens for specific areas and begin training in the various survey methodologies. Method This survey involves walking a length of watercourse and recording physical and ecological features. There is scope for more in-depth information to be collected, depending on the expertise and interest of the surveyor. The method is intended to be combined with the other survey methods listed, specifically eDNA, water quality, fixed-point photography dragonflies/damselflies and butterflies (see fig 9).

The full method and fieldsheets can be found in the appendix. Reporting River warden survey forms and photographs will be compiled annually and reported on. The additional survey methods will be reported as suggested. 5.2 Fixed Point Photography on the Old West Aim Fixed-point photography (FPP) is an effective and robust method of monitoring vegetation and habitat change. A FPP programme is an excellent way to monitor the long-term habitat changes in restored areas of the Old West project area. Although the many single species monitoring programmes will record the change in fauna and flora, FPP can portray the ecosystem transformation in a way that is easily recognisable and identifiable. Location Surveys should be located where restoration work is intended as part of the NLOW project. Timing Four seasonal surveys should be conducted; where possible combined with river warden visits. Training Surveyors should read the methodology and attend a river warden training day.

Method The survey method is included in the appendix. Survey locations should be selected by the project coordinator. It is intended that surveys should be conducted pre and post restoration in all areas where habitat management is taking place. The full method can be found in the appendix. Reporting All images from the fixed point photography should be displayed on the project website, indicating restoration progress and visual change over time. 5.3 I Spy on the Old West Aim The aim of this survey is to collect species records for easily identifiable species from the flagship and fen-specialist list. This can fill gaps in the species distribution maps and engages people with wildlife recording and the NLOW project. Timing Two surveys can be launched each year, with an appropriate species for spring/summer and autumn/winter periods Location These surveys are designed to cover the whole project area. Training No training is required for recorders, but a simple guide has been provided for using CPERCs online recording portal (see appendix). Method

Figure 10 Example online recording survey from Northants record centre WILDside project

Each survey should be launched with a webpage (fig. 10) displaying the current known distribution of the species in the project area and the identification materials (see appendix).

Data entry is managed through an iRecord portal hosted on the project webpage (fig. 10). This enables members of the public to create an account and enter location information.

The method for entering data on the CPERC website is included in the appendix. Reporting At the end of the survey period, all data can be extracted from iRecord. This will enable reporting on:

• No. species records • No. recorders • Location of records

This can be presented as maps demonstrating the known species distribution before and after the survey. 5.4 Aquatic Plants on the Old West Aim Aquatic plant surveys can be used to identify waterbodies with high habitat quality and good water quality. This will lead to improved recording of target plant species. Location Surveys should be located where restoration work is intended as part of the NLOW project. Timing Surveys should be conducted June-September each year. Training Surveyors should attend a formal aquatic plant identification training course, organised by NLOW. Method The survey method is included in the appendix. Survey locations should be selected by the project coordinator. It is intended that surveys should be conducted pre and post restoration in all areas where habitat management is taking place. The full method and fieldsheets can be found in the appendix. Reporting Data is compiled from fieldsheets by project staff/volunteers using the spreadsheet (see appendix). The data can be analysed using the standard method in the Buglife methodology. This will provide the following indices:

• Native Plant Species Richness (Number of native aquatic species recorded) • Plant Species Conservation Status Score • Plant Habitat Quality Score

This will enable reporting on the areas of best habitat quality, target species locations and the impact of habitat restoration on the plant community. A summary of these calculations is included in the appendix. 5.5 Old West Recorder Days Aim These surveys provide a structured visit to an under recorded site in the project area – utilising the skills of experienced wildlife recorders. This will enable the recording of species groups that require expert knowledge and experience. This includes (depending on surveyor availability):

• Fungi • Lichens • Bryophytes • Terrestrial plants • Invertebrates (in addition to the groups covered in other survey methods above)

Recorder days are more likely to identify species of conservation interest than the standard volunteer methods. Location Surveys should be located in areas where public access is not usually allowed. It is suggested that this includes local wildlife sites and farmland where landowners are engaged with the project. Timing Timing should be based on the best periods for the target species. This will partly be determined by the experts recruited to the project. Late spring/early summer allows survey of the broadest range of species. Training No training is required, as this survey utilises expert volunteers Method The project coordinator should contact local county recorders and natural history groups at least 6 months in advance of the surveys with proposed date and location. Date planning should avoid major natural history events such as Bird Fair at Rutland Water.

Surveyors should be provided with site maps and allowed to survey the site how they consider most effective.

Landowner contacts should remain with the project coordinator for data protection purposes. Reporting Surveyors will provide the project coordinator with complete species lists and location data. The results of the surveys can be presented in the following ways:

• Total species recorded • Species of conservation interest • Flagship and fen specialist species

5.6 Old West Bioblitz Aim The Bioblitz events are primarily aimed at public engagement and promotion of the NLOW project. These events are an opportunity for an initial contact with people who may wish to be involved with the NLOW project in the future. Location Bioblitz events require good public access, including car-parking facilities. It is suggested that events are held at Ouse Fen, Wicken Fen and at a farm location/s within the project area. The survey site should be restricted to a manageable size, to enable safe management of attendees. Timing Late spring/early summer is the best period for a public engagement Bioblitz. This enables recording of a broad range of species and weather conditions are likely to improve visitor numbers. Training No training is required as this is a public engagement event. Method Bioblitz is a well-known public engagement survey with a comprehensive user guide that can be followed.

Figure 11 Example Bioblitz poster showing event scheduling

It is suggested that the event follows a more structured model than the standard guidance. Events should be planned throughout the day to encourage engagement (fig .11). The walks can be led by expert volunteers who should be recruited well in advance of the event.

It is important to include a ‘hub’ where visitors can sign in, get information on NLOW, identify species, make records and use toilet facilities.

It is suggested that each Bioblitz is scheduled over two days, to include nocturnal survey activities (fig. 11). Moth trapping and bat walks can be conducted as a separate event the night before the full day Bioblitz. Reporting The event leader will compile species lists and location data from all attendees. The results of the Bioblitz can be presented in the following ways:

• Total species recorded • Species of conservation interest • Flagship and fen specialist species 5.7 Old West Otters and Water Voles Aim This survey is intended to increase public engagement and improve our knowledge of aquatic mammals in the project area. Recording water voles and otters adds to the national picture of where populations remain, and highlights important areas for their survival. Timing Water vole surveys should be conducted in the periods April-May or late August-September. Otter surveys can be conducted at any time of year, but it is recommended that they are scheduled for winter, where signs are easier to see and there are few other survey opportunities. Location The intention is to cover as much of the main river and drain network as possible. Restoration sites should be prioritised. Training Surveyors should attend a workshop on survey method and identification of field signs. Method Both surveys involve walking a transect of 500-600m length. Surveyors walk on the bankside and record all field signs of aquatic mammals.

The full method and fieldsheets can be found in the appendix. Reporting Survey results can be reported on GIS with sections of drain/river colour-coded to indicate the species recorded.

Figure 12 Example map showing water vole records at Curf Fen

Restored sections can be surveyed before and after works are completed to allow comparison. 5.8 eDNA on the Old West Aim These surveys are designed to survey newly created ponds for amphibian species presence/absence.

Cambridgeshire ACRE also intend to test the validity of e-DNA as a technique for monitoring fish populations by sampling a section of main river in each parish in conjunction with Environment Agency electro-fishing surveys. Timing Surveys will be conducted during spring/summer Location The project coordinator will work with parish communities and the Environment Agency to decide the pond and stretch of watercourse to be surveyed in each parish. Training Surveyors will work with a specialist to carry out these surveys during the project delivery phase. If they wish to repeat surveys or e-DNA sample other ponds/ stretches of watercourse during project legacy, kits can be obtained from the Freshwater Habitats Trust (see reference below). Method Surveyors take multiple water samples and send for lab analysis. The full survey methodology is included in the appendices. Reporting Results of surveys should be reported at the end of each survey season. Presence/absence for species can be reported for all tested waterbodies. All records in newly created ponds should be reported as a successful outcome.

5.9 Amphibians and Reptiles on the Old West Aim These surveys are designed to improve recording of under recorded habitats (ponds) and species groups in the project area. Some of the surveys are suitable for public engagement activities.

These surveys are primarily designed to record amphibians, but reptile sightings will also be recorded. Timing Surveys will be conducted between March and September – with detailed information found in the methodologies (see appendix). Location Amphibian surveys should be located at community and arable ponds within the project area. Surveys should be planned at all newly created ponds. Training The lead surveyors should be experienced in identification of UK amphibians and reptiles. Surveyors should aim to attend planned amphibian and reptile training workshops. Method See appendix for amphibian survey method and fieldsheets. Survey dates should be planned approx. 6 months in advance. Survey leaders must also be confirmed 6 months in advance of the event. Project coordinator should plan night surveys during daylight hours to ensure safety.

The full method and fieldsheet can be found in the appendix eDNA surveys for amphibians will be coordinated by the Freshwater Habitats Trust, following the methodology included in the appendix. Reporting Results of surveys should be reported at the end of each survey season. Summaries can be provided on the numbers of each species recorded. All records in newly created ponds should be reported as a successful outcome. 5.10 How clean is the Old West? Aim The main aim of this survey is to identify waterbodies within the project area with good water quality, based on phosphate and nitrate levels.

This data is to be used as background information to interpret results from other surveys. This water quality data enables measurement of the levels of organic pollution at each site. In some cases, this will be a limiting factor on the aquatic plant and animal species that would be expected at the site. Therefore restoration work at these sites may have less positive impact on biodiversity.

Timing Four seasonal surveys should be conducted; where possible combined with river warden visits and amphibian surveys. Location Surveys should be located at arable and community ponds, drains and rivers throughout the project area. Surveys should be conducted in conjunction with all other aquatic surveys, including river warden, amphibian and eDNA. Training No training is required. The method and fieldsheet gives full instructions on how to use the test kits. Method Surveys will be coordinated by the Freshwater Habitats Trust using the ‘Clean Water for Wildlife’ test kits and methodology. The methodology and fieldsheet is included in the appendix.

It is recommended that the water quality surveys are incorporated into other site visits, including river warden, amphibian and eDNA. Reporting Water quality results should be reported annually, highlighting areas of good and poor water quality. 5.11 What did you catch on the Old West? Aim The aim of this survey is to engage local anglers. Questions are intended to gather information on fish catches, flagship species, habitat quality, pollution and engagement with conservation organisations. Timing This is intended to be a one-off survey conducted at the beginning of the project. An online survey will be conducted in early 2020. Location This is an online survey targeted at anglers within the project area Training No training required Method The survey should be compiled on surveymonkey or equivalent online system.

Figure 13 Example survey form on Survey Monkey

Figure 13 shows an example survey form. This survey should be shared with all fishing organisations within the project area – enabling them to share it with members.

The questions are intended to cover the following:

• Species targeted and caught • Eel catches • Flagship species sightings • Invasive species sightings • Opinion of fishing quality • Main environmental concerns • Involvement with conservation groups in the area • Which areas do you fish? • Would you like to be involved with NLOW in the future Reporting The anonymised results of the survey can be shared in summer 2020 presented as summary charts. 5.12 Find the Rare Plant on the Old West Aim The aim of this survey is to resurvey specific areas where flagship plant species have been recorded. The intention is to confirm occurrence, increase recording and potentially locate areas of good habitat quality. This survey will include resurveying locations where native black poplar Populus nigra subsp. betulifolia has been recorded.

Timing Surveys should be conducted June-September to cover the optimal period for identification. Location Surveys should be targeted at areas where species have been previously recorded within the project area. CPERC location maps should be used to identify these areas. Training Surveyors should attend a planned aquatic plant identification workshop. NLOW ID guides can provide an introduction to the species, but surveyors should familiarise themselves with identification of the target species using suitable field guides. Method The project coordinator should provide maps to publicly accessible areas where the species has been previously recorded. Surveyors can visit the sites at any point during the June-September period.

Where records are from private land, it will be necessary for the project coordinator to arrange access in advance with the landowner.

Surveyors should take a photo of any of the target species found and send a record of presence/absence to the project coordinator Reporting New distribution maps should be produced at the end of the project showing the known locations of target species and previous known distribution. 5.13 Dragonflies and Damselflies on the Old West Aim The aim of this survey is to improve recording of this species group in the project area. Before and after data can be used to assess the impact of habitat restoration work. Timing Surveys are conducted at regular intervals between May and September. The exact survey periods can be found in the methodology. Location Surveys should be located where habitat restoration activities are planned. Transect routes should be planned by the project coordinator, and maps provided to the surveyors. Training Surveyors should attend a planned training workshop for the species group required. Method The survey requires the surveyor to walk a fixed transect, record all species seen and estimate abundance. The full methodology and fieldsheet is included in the appendix.

Reporting An annual report should be compiled of all species recorded and abundance. Species and abundance should be analysed over time at restoration sites. This can be reported at the end of the project. 5.14 Butterflies on the Old West Aim The aim of this survey is to improve recording of this species group in the project area. Before and after data can be used to assess the impact of habitat restoration work. Timing Surveys are conducted at regular intervals between May and September. The exact survey periods can be found in the methodology. Location Surveys should be located where habitat restoration activities are planned. Transect routes should be planned by the project coordinator, and maps provided to the surveyors. Training Surveyors should attend a planned training workshop for the species group required. Method The survey requires the surveyor to walk a fixed transect, record all species seen and estimate abundance. The full methodology and fieldsheet is included in the appendix. Reporting An annual report should be compiled of all species recorded and abundance. Species and abundance should be analysed over time at restoration sites. This can be reported at the end of the project. 5.15 Old West Hedgehog Highways Aim The aim of this survey is to improve recording of this species group in the project area. Tunnels should be able to confirm presence/absence in the survey area. Timing Surveys are conducted over 5 days between April and October. The exact survey periods can be found in the methodology. Location Survey locations will be 1km2 areas selected by the project coordinator. Locations will include the green space, private gardens and farmland that collectively constitute a “hedgehog highway” in each parish. A map will be available on the NLOW website so you can see the “hedgehog highway” in your parish.

Training Surveyors should be able to recognise hedgehog footprints and know where to look for them. A short training course is usually sufficient. Method The survey requires the surveyor to construct and install footprint tunnels over a 1km2 area. The full methodology is included in the appendix. Reporting An annual map should be compiled noting all presence/absence records. 5.16 Old West Wildflowers Aim The aim of this survey is to monitor the condition of grassland sites to ensure that management is appropriate and that they are not declining botanically. Where sites have been seeded, monitoring can check for presence/absence of these species. Timing Grassland sites should be surveyed annually during the spring/summer growing season. Surveys should be conducted before hay cutting or high density grazing occurs at the site. Location The project coordinator will select restored grassland sites for survey. Training The lead surveyor should be experienced in identification of grassland plant species. Method The survey requires the surveyors to conduct a W-shaped transect at the site, stopping at regular intervals to record plant species present. Reporting A full species list should be produced for each site with count of occurrence within quadrats. The presence of seeded species should be recorded as an indicator of achievement.

6 Proposed timetable The delivery stage of the project is intended to be a three year period from September/November 2019 to September- November 2022.

Table 4 Proposed timetable for NLOW biodiversity surveys, events and training

2020 2021 2022 jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec River warden training day Bioblitz Questionairre River warden surveys I spy online surveys Recorder visits Water quality and eDNA Aquatic plant training Otter and water vole training Dragonfly training Aquatic plant survey & rare plant Amphibian training Amphibian survey Dragonfly & butterfly survey Otter survey Water vole survey Hedgehog survey Wildflower survey

Surveys Training Events

Table 4 presents a draft timetable for all activities related to the NLOW biodiversity monitoring model. These activities begin January 2020 to allow planning and recruitment of volunteers from September-December 2019.

It is suggested that the angling questionnaire and a broader questionnaire are planned as early as possible during the delivery phase to assist with recruitment of interested volunteers.

River warden launch events are also scheduled early on during the delivery stage to assist with recruitment of volunteers for all surveys and future training. 7 Training requirements It has been suggested that training is delivered through the existing Wildlife Trust BCN workshop programme – or follow a similar structure. Workshops can then be advertised through the existing programme with priority given to those applicants involved with NLOW monitoring. Training can either be delivered free of charge, or at a discounted rate for those involved in NLOW monitoring. All courses are intended to be 1-day events.

The suggested training events are shown on Table 4 and listed here:

• River warden (Jan/Feb 2020 & 2021) • Aquatic plant ID and survey (Aug 2020) • Otter and water vole survey (Sep 2020) • Dragonfly & Damselfly ID and survey (July 2020) • Amphibian ID and survey (March/April 2021)

8 Equipment requirements Detailed lists of equipment are included with each methodology, but the following provides a suggested list for purchase. The numbers suggested are approximate and depend on funding available and which survey methods are confirmed for delivery:

Item Cost Number Total cost Waterproof clipboards 23 10 230 Digital thermometers 10 10 100 Sweep nets 22 5 110 Long handled pond nets 32 5 160 Garmin basic GPS 90 5 450 Cluson CB2 clubman high power torches 130 2 260 Consumables including pencils, bags, containers & batteries (combined cost) 400 1 400 Water quality test kits (combined cost) 810 1 810 Hedgehog tunnel materials (combined cost) 500 1 500 eDNA test kits (combined cost) 5400 1 5400 TOTAL 8420

9 Data collation and sharing Data collation field forms and spreadsheets are included in the appendix for the main survey types.

The responsibility for data collation will lie with the NLOW project coordinator. Where fieldsheets have been completed, these should be sent to the coordinator at the end of the survey season for entry into the spreadsheets.

Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Environmental Records Centre (CPERC) can provide data validation and collation into their central recorder database, as well as basic reporting. This will require an annual payment from the NLOW project to cover administration costs. Cambridgeshire ACRE are currently reviewing this agreement.

10 Reporting and indicators of achievement This model is designed to allow reports of change over time at the restoration sites and the wider project area. The activities are also intended to improve biological recording in the project area. This will result in better baseline data, but may not be specifically related to habitat improvements.

The indicators of achievement for the model are a combination of changes in the following:

• Species diversity • Species abundance • Species distribution • Species rarity • Habitat quality • Presence/absence of indicator species • Presence/absence of non-native invasive species. • Water quality • Visual appearance

Each survey description gives a summary of the reporting requirements for that method.

Figure 14 Screengrab of example PivotChart showing butterfly total abundance over 3 year period

Where spreadsheets are provided for a methodology, these are designed to allow simple pivot charts (fig. 14) to display results over time. These spreadsheets are designed with each species record as a single line with essential “who, what, where & when” information. This enables the creation of rapid charts and easy processing and analysis of data.

Specific instructions are given for the analysis of aquatic plant data. This methodology is included as an appendix, and the spreadsheet contains the relevant formulae for the initial calculations.

10.1 Species diversity This can be reported for all quantifiable species surveys, including:

• Aquatic plant • Butterfly • Dragonfly • Amphibian

It is not suitable for aquatic mammal surveys, due to the low species diversity.

Bioblitz, recorder days and “I spy” are not quantifiable surveys due to the unknown/unquantifiable level of effort.

Figure 15 Clustered column showing change in species diversity at three sites over a three year period

Figure 16 Line chart showing change in total species diversity at three sites over a three year period

Figures 15 & 16 demonstrate simple pivot charts that can be used to show changes in species diversity at a site over time. Both use the total number of unique species recorded during all surveys for the year. 10.2 Species abundance This can be reported for all quantifiable species surveys, including:

• Aquatic plant • Butterfly • Dragonfly • Amphibian • Otter and water vole (using signs as an indicator of abundance)

Figure 17 Clustered column showing change in total abundance of each species over a three year period

Figure 18 Stacked column showing total abundance for each year and relative species composition

Figures 17 & 18 show two possible column charts to display changes in species abundance over time. Both use the total abundance recorded that year for each species. 10.3 Species distribution Changes in broad species distribution over the period of the project are most likely to be due to increased recording effort. However, it should be possible to detect migration of species to restoration sites through the species surveys. This can be reported through changes in species diversity as above.

Figure 19 Square or point maps to show changes in species distribution

Broad changes in species distribution can be reported through point or square maps showing change in recorded distribution over time (fig 19).

10.4 Species rarity All records of species of conservation interest should be reported throughout the project. This includes:

• Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Additional Species of Interest (CPASI) • UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species (UKBAP) • UK Legally Protected • IUCN Red Lists

Lists of these species records can be compiled by CPERC once data is received and processed by the record centre. 10.5 Habitat quality Habitat quality is recorded for all methods requiring collection of abiotic data. This data is to be used as supporting information for analysis of species data. Design of a quantitative method for assessment of habitat quality is beyond the scope of this model.

The river warden abiotic information should be used to make a subjective assessment of the results of habitat restoration work. 10.6 Presence/absence of indicator species Aquatic plants data can be analysed using indicator scores included in the methodology The list of plant species indicative of good quality ditches should be used to assess possible good/excellent quality ditches. Presence of these species and the relative abundance should be reported at each survey site over time. 10.7 Presence/absence of non-native invasive species Presence of NNIS should be recorded throughout the project and the geographical distribution reported at regular intervals. All new records of NNIS can be presented as a square or point map.

The aquatic plant methodology demonstrates how presence of NNIS can be used to calculate a “naturalness” index for this survey.

10.8 Water quality

Figure 20 Water quality diagram (Freshwater Habitats Trust 2019)

Water quality point data can be simply reported using the Freshwater Habitat Trust’s scale (fig. 20) to analyse phosphate and nitrate content. This will give a result between ‘no evidence of pollution’ and ‘very high levels of pollution’.

Water quality should be reported for each surveyed waterbody – this can be presented as a simple colour-coded point map.

10.9 Visual appearance Assessments of changes in visual appearance are subjective and will mainly depend on fixed point photography and other images of restoration sites.

Figure 21 Example of fixed point photography at a restoration site over a three year period (Great Fen)

Figure 21 shows how a series of fixed-point images can demonstrate change at a site over a relatively short period of time.

11 Project legacy

The NLOW project is intended to have a long-term impact on habitat quality and biodiversity. For this reason it is essential that monitoring of these aspects continues beyond the delivery stage of the project and even beyond the ten year legacy.

It is intended that the surveys established by the NLOW biodiversity monitoring model can continue beyond the delivery stage of the project. This will enable standardised monitoring to occur at the core wetland reserves and at the restored sites identified through the project.

The river warden scheme is partly intended to instil a sense of ownership over the watercourses surveyed. This can be a positive step toward the establishment of local ‘friends of…’ groups. Future support of the river warden scheme would fulfil the local partnership aims of the conservation organisations working in the area, including RSPB, National Trust and Wildlife Trust BCN. Similar schemes have been supported in Essex and Bedfordshire with water company funding. Cambridgeshire ACRE should pursue this possibility in the final year of project delivery.

The following suggestions are made:

• It is hoped that each parish in the area will be able to recruit at least one river warden and continue monitoring during the legacy period. • Where possible it is suggested that future species records are entered directly into the CPERC online recording form. A methodology for this is included in the appendices, and should be shared with all project contacts. • Establishment of a project Flickr group will enable upload of photographs beyond the project delivery stage. • Equipment purchased for the project should be shared by the project partners for use in legacy monitoring and future citizen science projects in the area. • This user guide should be made available to all environmental organisations in the project area. It is also suggested that the material produced for the appendices is made publicly available on the NLOW website. • Future production of a simple guide describing how people can get involved beyond the project end date will help to ensure that some of the activities can continue long term.

Cambridgeshire ACRE are committed to the legacy of the project in the following ways:

• Developing agreement with CPERC for long-term data management and reporting • Cambridgeshire ACRE will interpret and evaluate annual CPERC species reports, the Flickr habitat/species photos, as well as any professional surveys and other information to produce an annual impact report • In order to keep the enthusiasm of river wardens and parish council conservation groups during legacy, an annual/biennial event will be held where they will be recognised for their efforts and encouraged to share any issues, interesting observations etc. • Pursue long-term support from local conservation organisations that have been partners in the delivery of the project to help support our volunteers, through their established volunteer programmes.

12 Health & Safety The following advice is given in each survey methodology:

Field surveyors can encounter hazards during fieldwork. Surveyors must ensure they have read and understood the fieldwork risk assessment and this work instruction.

Health and safety should be taken into consideration at all times. Weather conditions and site safety (parking issues or livestock in field) should be assessed whilst on site.

If conditions are unsuitable or hazards are identified, surveying should not commence. Surveyors should contact the project coordinator for further advice.

An activity risk assessment is included in the appendix that covers potential hazards that can be encountered during ecological fieldwork near water. Short guides are also provided to encourage safe behaviour in or near water and with general outdoor work. 13 Biosecurity A biosecurity guidance note is provided in the appendix. This note describes how to conduct surveys in such a way as to reduce the risk of transferring organisms within and between sites.

Biosecurity can prevent the spread of harmful organisms, including pests, pathogens and invasive species. These organisms present a serious threat to the environment.

14 Appendices

1. Survey methodologies

2. Data entry spreadsheets

3. Fieldsheets

4. ID Guides – Flagship and fen-specialist

5. ID guides – Invasive non-native species (DEFRA produced)

6. Species distribution maps

7. Species lists and sites

8. Biosecurity

9. Health and safety