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Ficha Técnica No. 48 Ficha Técnica No. 48 Nematodo lesionador del cafeto Pratylenchus coffeae Zimmerman a b b Créditos: a y b) Roberto Kazuhiro Kubo y colaboradores y c) Rosana Bessi. Elaborada por: SENASICA Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria LANREF-CP Ficha técnica no. 48 1 Nematodo lesionar del cafeto 2014 Nematodo lesionador del cafeto Pratylenchus coffeae Zimmerman Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA) Calle Guillermo Pérez Valenzuela No. 127, Col. Del Carmen C.P. 04100, Coyoacán, México, D.F. Primera edición: Agosto 2014 Ficha técnica no. 48 2 Nematodo lesionar del cafeto 2014 Contenido IDENTIDAD ......................................................... 4 Nombre ................................................................. 4 Sinonimia .............................................................. 4 Clasificación taxonómica ...................................... 4 Nombre común...................................................... 4 Código EPPO ........................................................ 4 Categoría reglamentaria ...................................... 4 Situación de la plaga en México ........................... 4 HOSPEDANTES .................................................. 4 Distribución nacional de hospedantes ................. 5 ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS .................................. 6 Descripción morfológica..........................................6 Daños ......................................................................7 MEDIDAS FITOSANITARIAS ...........................…9 Esquema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria ..................................9 Alerta fitosanitaria ..................................................9 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ......................................................9 Ficha técnica no. 48 3 Nematodo lesionar del cafeto 2014 IDENTIDAD Código EPPO Nombre PRATCO Pratylenchus coffeae Zimmerman Categoría reglamentaria Sinonimia Pratylenchus musicola (Cobb) Filipjev El nematodo lesionador del cafeto Pratylenchus mahogani Cobb, 1920) Pratylenchus coffeae es una plaga, que Filipjev, 1936 esta incluida en la lista de plagas Pratylenchus pratensis reglamentadas de México ante la Anguillulina mahogani (Cobb, 1920) Convención Internacional de Protección Goodey, 1932 Fitosanitaria (CIPF, 2014). Tylenchus coffeae Zimmermann, 1898 Tylenchus mahogani Cobb, 1920 Situación de la plaga en México Tylenchus musicola Cobb, 1919 El nematodo lesionador del cafeto P. coffeae es una plaga de importancia (EPPO, 2014; CABI, 2014) económica que a partir de febrero de 2014 Clasificación taxonómica se incluyó dentro de las actividades de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria de plagas del café (SENASICA, 2014). Phylum: Nematoda Clase: Secernentea HOSPEDANTES Orden: Tylenchida Familia: Pratylenchidae P. coffeae es un importante patógeno Género: Pratylenchus en café varias zonas de cultivo y es Especie: P. coffeae también patógeno de cultivos como (EPPO, 2014) banana, cítricos, camote y papa en países tropicales y subtropicales. Se Nombre común tienen registro que puede atacar hasta 63 especies de plantas (Silva & Idioma Nombre Inomoto, 2002; Das and Das, 1986). Ingles Banana root nematodo (In) Root lesión nematode (In En Brasil, la caracterización del Español Nematodo lesionador del cafeto Nematodo de la raíz del plátano rango de hospedantes de dos aislados de Nematodo de las lesiones (Méx) P. coffeae mostró que los hospederos Francés Nématode des racines (Fr) preferenciales pueden diferir entre Japonés Negusare – sentyubyo (Jap) aislados. En un aislado los mejores (EPPO, 2014) hospedantes fueron maíz, lechuga, melón, berenjena, cebolla, ocka, arroz y Ficha técnica no. 48 4 Nematodo lesionar del cafeto 2014 sorgo, mientras que plátano, frijol, Cuadro 1. Cultivo del café cierre 2013 algodón, ajo, nuez, lima Rangpur y Sup. Sembrada sésamo fueron hospederos menos Ubicación (Ha) preferenciales. El otro aislado mostró que los mejores hospedero fueron Chiapas 259,315.74 Ricinus communis, berenjena, melón, Veracruz 147,384.41 sesame, soya, sorgo, calabaza y sandia, Oaxaca 142,766.07 en tanto que los pocos preferenciales Puebla 72,174.85 fueron plátano, frijol, café, maíz, Guerrero 47,190.50 Hidalgo 25,821.00 algodón, lechuga mijo, okra, cebolla y Nayarit 17,678.06 nuez (Silva & Inomoto, 2002). San Luis Potosí 17,153.50 Jalisco 3,835.00 También se ha reportado sobre Colima 2,378.00 malezas que son comunes en las Tabasco 1,040.16 plantaciones de cítricos como Merremia México 479.04 dissecta, Momordica charantia, Cencrus Querétaro 270 echinatus, Eupatorium aromaticum, Morelos 78.5 Hypecum sp. Panicum spp. y Solanum Michoacán 13 nigrum y Schinus terebinthifolius, en Total 737,577.83 especies ornamentales se han reportado Fuente: SIAP, 2014 a Chamaetarea elegans, Codiaeum variegatum, Musa spp y Syndonium Cuadro 2. Cultivo de plátano cierre podophyllum (Inserra et al., 1990). 2013. Ubicación Sup. Sembrada Distribución nacional de (Ha) hospedantes Veracruz 233,962.12 En México, los principales hospederos Michoacán 47,187.00 de esta especie que destacan por la Tamaulipas 38,766.38 superficie sembrada son: café, cítricos y San Luis Potosí plátano. 38,117.5 Oaxaca 22,922.94 SIAP (2014), señala para estos Fuente: SIAP, 2014 cultivos las siguientes superficies por entidad federativa: Ficha técnica no. 48 5 Nematodo lesionar del cafeto 2014 Cuadro 3. Cultivo de cítricos cierre Sup. Sembrada Hembra Ubicación (Ha) Las hembras de Pratylenchus coffeae 75,009.99 tienen el cuerpo más delgado en etapa Chiapas 23,223.07 joven y más grande en etapa avanzada, Veracruz 15,109.22 la cutícula es anillada. Los campos laterales normalmente con cuatro lineas, Tabasco 10,709.52 algunas veces con cinco o seis. La región Colima 5,049.50 labial ligeramente desplazada del Michoacán 4,678.00 cuerpo, con dos anillos; ocasionalmente Oaxaca 3,599.60 con tres a un costado de la región labial. Jalisco 3,432.14 Los nódulos basales del estilete de Nayarit 3,213.70 redondos a oblongos. El saco uterino Guerrero 3,020.49 post-vulval 1.0 – 1.5 veces el diámetro Puebla 1,997.00 del cuerpo de largo pero puede ser de Quintana Roo 578.25 hasta 90 µm de largo, con un ovario Yucatán 249.5 terminal rudimentario que alguna veces Campeche 115 tiene oocitos. La espemateca grande, es México 18 amplia oval o casi redondeada con Morelos 17 esperma. Los huevos intra uterinos Fuente: SIAP, 2014 pueden contener embriones. La cola 2.0 - 2.5 veces el diámetro del cuerpo anal en hembras jóvenes y de 1.5. a 2.0 vecerl el ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS diametro del cuerpo anal en hembras viejas; la sangría terminal algunas veces Descripción morfológica aparece redondeada, truncada o irregularmente onduladas (Castillo and Pratylenchus coffeae se caracteriza Vovlas, 2007).. por: la región labial ligeramente desplazada con dos anillos, el estilete Macho mayor a 15 µm, posición de la vulva mayor a 79%, caso uterino post-culcal de Abundantes espículas delgadas, con 1.0. – 1.5 veces el diámetro del cuerpo de manubria bien marcada y en forma de longitud con un ovario rudimentario arco de 16- 20 µm de largo, terminal, la punta de la cola de la gubernaculum de 4 – 7 µm, de longitud; hembra (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007). hipotigma prominente; márgenes bursales débilmente ondulados (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007). Ficha técnica no. 48 6 Nematodo lesionar del cafeto 2014 Daños carbono y la distribución de fotoasimilables en la planta. Existen siete especies de Pratylenchus parasitas de café: P. brachyurus Los daños inician cuando los (Godfrey) Filipjev and Schuurmans nematodos entran y se multiplican, Stekhoven, P. coffeae (Zimmerman) ocasionando que las raíces adquieren un Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven, P. color marrón oscuro característico, goodeyi Sher and Allen, P. gutierrezi causado por la necrosis de las células Golden, L´opez and Vilchez, P. loosi Loof, afectadas y la invasión de patógenos P. panamaensis Siddiqi, Dadur and secundarios como hongos o bacterias, lo Barjas y P. pratensis (de Man) Filipjev, que ocasiona crecimiento reducido de and P. vulnus Allen and Jensen. Sin raíces y por ende de la planta, lo cual embargo, las especies P. brachyurus y P. dependerá en gran medida de la coffeae destacan por su amplia cantidad de nemátodos en las raíces distribución (Inomoto and Oliveira, (Figura 2). En el campo los ataques se 2008). manifiestan como rodales que se P. coffeae afecta directamente la expanden lentamente y donde las capacidad de absorción de las raíces, al plantas presentan amarillamiento foliar penetrar las células para explorar y y crecimiento menor en comparación con alimentarse (Figura 1). Mazzfera y plantas sanas, con la consiguiente colaboradores (2004) sugieren que P. pérdida de rendimiento en la cosecha coffeae en plántulas de café causa (Kubo, 2003) (Figura 3). detrimento rápido en la fijación de Figura 1. Pratylenchus coffeae en raíces de Coffea arabica “Catuai”. A) penetración del nematodo después de un día de inoculado, B) nematodos al segundo día, C) migración de nematodo a otras partes de la raíz al cuarto día y D) huevos en el tejido. Créditos: Rosana Bessi. Ficha técnica no. 48 7 Nematodo lesionar del cafeto 2014 Figura 2. Efecto de diferentes densidades poblacionales de Pratylenchus coffeae en Coffea arabica cv Mundo Novo a los 244 días posteriores a la inoculación. Créditos: Roberto k. Kubo y colaboradores. Figura 3. Síntomas causados por Pratylenchus coffeae en plantas adultas de Coffea arabica. Créditos: Roberto Kazuhiro Kobo y colaboradores. Ficha técnica no. 48 8 Nematodo lesionar del cafeto 2014 MEDIDAS
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