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STORMWATER DRAINAGE MANUAL Update in the Fifth Edition Highlighted in Blue

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STORMWATER DRAINAGE MANUAL Update in the Fifth Edition Highlighted in Blue STORMWATER DRAINAGE MANUAL Update in the fifth edition highlighted in blue Planning, Design and Management Fifth Edition, January 2018 DRAINAGE SERVICES DEPARTMENT Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 2 CONTENTS Page No. TITLE PAGE 1 CONTENTS 2 1. INTRODUCTION 13 1.1 SCOPE 13 1.2 ABBREVIATIONS 13 1.3 DESIGN STANDARDS 14 1.3.1 Planning and Investigation of Drainage System 14 1.3.2 Drainage Structures 14 2. STORMWATER DRAINAGE IN HONG KONG 16 2.1 THE HONG KONG SITUATION 16 3. GENERAL PLANNING AND INVESTIGATION 18 3.1 GENERAL 18 3.2 SYSTEM PLANNING 18 3.2.1 Overview 18 3.2.2 Blue-green Concept 18 3.2.3 Progressive and Early Improvement 19 3.2.4 Detailed Considerations 19 3.2.5 Location of Public Drainage Systems 20 3.3 INFORMATION FOR SYSTEM PLANNING 20 3.3.1 Maps, Town Plans and Drainage Records 20 3.3.2 Location of Utilities 20 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 22 3.4.1 Aesthetics/Landscape 22 3 3.4.2 Natural Streams and Rivers 22 3.4.3 Environmental Assessment 22 3.4.4 Environmental Nuisances 22 3.5 SITE INVESTIGATIONS 23 3.6 SAFETY ISSUES 23 4. RAINFALL ANALYSIS 24 4.1 GENERAL 24 4.2 HISTORIC RAINSTORMS 24 4.2.1 Applications 24 4.2.2 Point Rainfall 24 4.2.3 Areal Rainfall 24 4.3 SYNTHEIC RAINSTORMS 24 4.3.1 Applications 24 4.3.2 Variation of Rainfall 25 4.3.3 Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Relationship 25 4.3.4 Storm Duration 26 4.3.5 Design Rainstorm Profile 26 4.3.6 Areal Reduction Factor 27 4.3.7 Frequent Rainstorms 27 5. SEA LEVEL ANALYSIS 28 5.1 GENERAL 28 5.2 HISTORIC SEA LEVELS 28 5.2.1 Applications 28 5.2.2 Data Availability 28 5.2.3 Astronomical Tides 28 5.2.4 Storm Surges 28 5.3 SYNTHETIC SEA LEVELS 29 5.3.1 Applications 29 5.3.2 Design Extreme Sea Levels 29 5.3.3 Design Sea Level Profile 29 4 6. FLOOD PROTECTION STANDARDS 30 6.1 GENERAL 30 6.2 DESIGN RETURN PERIODS 30 6.3 PROBABILITY OF DESIGN FAILURE 30 6.4 DEFINITION OF FLOOD LEVELS 31 6.5 FREEBOARD 31 6.6 STORMWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 31 6.6.1 Village Drainage and Main Rural Catchment 32 D Drainage Channels 6.6.2 Urban Drainage Branch and Urban Drainage 32 Trunk Systems 6.7 INTERFACE WITH RESERVOIRS/CATCHWATERS 32 6.8 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF RAINFALL AND 33 SEA LEVEL DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE 7. RUNOFF ESTIMATION 34 7.1 GENERAL 34 7.2 DATA AVAILABILITY 34 7.2.1 Rainfall 34 7.2.2 Evaporation/Evapotranspiration 34 7.2.3 Streamflow 34 7.3 NEED FOR CALIBRATION/VERIFICATION 34 7.3.1 Choice of Runoff Estimation Method 34 7.3.2 Flow Gauging Methods 34 7.3.3 Practical Difficulties 35 7.4 STATISTICAL METHODS 35 7.5 DETERMINISTIC METHODS 35 5 7.5.1 Introduction 35 7.5.2 Rational Method 36 7.5.3 Time-Area Method 38 7.5.4 Unit-Hydrograph Method 39 7.5.5 Reservoir Routing Methods 39 8. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS 40 8.1 GENERAL 40 8.2 FLOW CLASSIFICATIONS 40 8.2.1 Laminar vs Turbulent Flow 40 8.2.2 Surcharge vs Free-surface Flow 40 8.2.3 Subcritical vs Supercritical Flow 41 8.2.4 Steady vs Unsteady Flow 41 8.2.5 Uniform vs Non-uniform Flow 41 8.2.6 Gradually Varied vs Rapidly Varied Non-uniform 42 Flow 8.3 UNIFORM FLOW 42 8.3.1 Frictional Resistance Equations 42 8.3.2 Compound Roughness 42 8.3.3 Partially Full Circular Sections 43 8.4 GRADUALLY VARIED NON-UNIFORM FLOW 43 8.4.1 Basic Formulations 43 8.4.2 Types of Flow Profiles 43 8.4.3 Solution Techniques 44 8.5 RAPIDLY VARIED NON-UNIFORM FLOW 44 8.5.1 General 44 8.5.2 Rapidly Varied Supercritical Flows 45 8.5.3 Stepped Channel 46 8.5.4 Stilling Basin 48 8.6 FLOW ROUTING 49 8.6.1 Introduction 49 8.6.2 Hydrologic Routing 49 8.6.3 Hydraulic Routing 49 8.7 LOCAL HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOWS 50 6 8.8 COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULIC MODELLING 51 9. EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 52 9.1 GENERAL 52 9.2 RIVER BED AND BANK PROTECTION BY ARMOUR 52 9.3 VELOCITY DESIGN IN CHANNELS AND PIPES 53 9.4 SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS 54 9.5 QUANTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTATION 54 10. DESIGN OF BURIED GRAVITY PIPELINES 55 10.1 GENERAL 55 10.2 MATERIALS 55 10.3 LEVELS 55 10.4 DEPTH OF PIPELINE 55 10.5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 56 10.5.1 Introduction 56 10.5.2 Design Procedures for Rigid Pipes 57 10.5.3 Fill Loads 57 10.5.4 Superimposed Loads 59 10.5.5 Water Load 60 10.5.6 Bedding Factors 61 10.5.7 Design Strength 61 10.5.8 Effect of Variation in Pipe Outside Diameters 63 10.6 PIPE AT SLOPE CREST 63 7 11. MANHOLES 64 11.1 GENERAL 64 11.2 LOCATION 64 11.3 ACCESS OPENINGS 65 11.4 ACCESS SHAFTS 65 11.5 WORKING CHAMBERS 65 11.6 INTERMEDIATE PLATFORMS 65 11.7 INVERTS AND BENCHINGS 65 11.8 COVERS 66 11.9 STEP-IRONS AND CAT LADDERS 66 11.10 BACKDROP MANHOLES 66 12. DESIGN OF BOX CULVERTS 68 12.1 GENERAL 68 12.2 DESIGN INVERT LEVEL AT DOWNSTREAM END 68 12.3 DESIGN LOADS 68 12.4 DURABILITY 68 12.4.1 Exposure Condition 68 12.4.2 Strength of Concrete 69 12.4.3 Maximum Permissible Crack Width 69 12.4.4 Concrete Cover to Reinforcement 69 12.5 MOVEMENT JOINTS 70 12.6 FOUNDATIONS 70 8 12.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS 70 12.7.1 Access 70 12.7.2 Desilting Opening 70 12.7.3 Access Shafts 71 12.7.4 Internal Openings 71 12.7.5 Freeboard 71 12.7.6 Safety Provisions 72 12.7.7 Additional Provisions for Tidal Box Culvert 72 13. DESIGN OF NULLAHS, ENGINEERED CHANNELS 73 AND RIVER TRAINING WORKS 13.1 GENERAL 73 13.2 CHANNEL LININGS 73 13.2.1 General 73 13.2.2 Types of Channel Linings 73 13.2.3 Design of Amour Layer 74 13.3 CHANNEL SHAPE 74 13.4 COLLECTION OF LOCAL RUNOFF 74 13.5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS 74 13.5.1 Access Ramp 74 13.5.2 Dry Weather Flow Channel 75 13.5.3 Maintenance Road 75 13.5.4 Safety Barriers and Staircases 76 13.5.5 Grit Traps/Sand Traps 76 13.5.6 Tidal Channels 76 13.5.7 Staff Gauge 76 13.5.8 Chainage Marker and Survey Marker 76 13.5.9 Marine Access and Marine Traffic 76 13.5.10 Maintenance and Management Responsibilities 77 among Departments 13.5.11 Operation and Maintenance Manual 77 13.6 BRIDGE AND UTILITY CROSSINGS 77 13.7 GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 77 13.7.1 Embankment Design 77 9 13.7.2 Factors of Safety 78 13.7.3 Loading Cases 78 13.7.4 Methods of Analysis 78 13.7.5 Seepage 79 13.7.6 Sensitivity Analysis 79 13.7.7 Methods for Stability Improvement 79 13.7.8 Geotechnical Instrumentation 79 13.7.9 Sign Boards for Slopes 79 13.8 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 79 13.8.1 Reprovision of Irrigation Water 79 13.8.2 Use of Inflatable Dam as Tidal Control Structure 80 13.9 DECKING OF EXISTING NULLAHS 80 14. POLDER AND FLOODWATER PUMPING SCHEMES 82 14.1 GENERAL 82 14.2 PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 82 14.2.1 Land Requirement 82 14.2.2 Surface Water Management 83 14.2.3 Choice of Pump Type 83 14.2.4 Environmental Considerations 83 14.2.5 Drainage Impact to Surrounding Area 83 14.2.6 Harbourfront Enhancement 84 14.3 FLOOD PROTECTION EMBANKMENT/WALL 84 14.4 INTERNAL VILLAGE DRAINAGE SYSTEM 85 14.5 FLOODWATER STORAGE POND 85 14.5.1 Type of Floodwater Storage Pond 85 14.5.2 Sizing of Floodwater Storage Pond 86 14.5.3 Operation and Maintenance Requirements 86 14.6 FLOODWATER PUMPING STATION 87 14.6.1 General Requirements 87 14.6.2 Design Capacity 87 14.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Requirements 88 14.6.4 Structural Design Requirements 89 14.6.4.1 Exposure Conditions 10 14.6.4.1 Exposure Conditions 90 14.6.4.2 Strength of Concrete 90 14.6.4.3 Maximum Permissible Crack Width 90 14.6.4.4 Concrete Cover to Reinforcement 90 14.7 TRASH SCREENS 91 14.8 MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 91 14.9 MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES 92 14.9.1 System Commissioning 92 14.9.2 Operation and Maintenance Issues 92 14.9.3 Division of Maintenance Responsibility 92 14.9.4 Future Extension 92 15. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF 93 STORMWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 15.1 GENERAL 93 15.1.1 Maintenance Objectives 93 15.2 HANDING OVER OF COMPLETED WORKS 93 15.2.1 Procedures for Handing Over 93 15.2.2 Handing Over in Dry Conditions 94 15.2.3 Documents to be submitted 94 15.3 INSPECTION AND GENERAL MAINTENANCE 95 OPERATIONS 15.3.1 Inspection Programme 95 15.3.2 Closed Circuit Television Surveys 95 15.3.3 Inspection of Special Drains 95 15.3.4 Desilting Programme 96 15.3.5 Methods for Desilting/Cleansing 97 15.4 STORMWATER DRAIN REHABILITATION 98 15.4.1 Pipe Replacement 98 15.4.2 Trenchless Methods for Repairing Pipes 98 15.5 POLDER AND FLOODWATER PUMPING SCHEMES 100 15.5.1 Operation 100 15.5.2 Schedule of Inspection 101 11 15.5.3 Documentation 101 15.5.4 Operation during Rainstorms, Tropical Cyclones 101 or Similar Situations 15.6 CONNECTIONS TO EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM 101 15.6.1 Existing Capacity 101 15.6.2 Terminal Manholes 102 15.6.3 Provision of Manholes 102 15.6.4 Provision of Water Seal Trap 102 15.7 DRAINAGE RECORDS 102 15.8 SAFETY PROCEDURES 102 15.8.1 Safety Requirements for Working in Confined 102 Space 15.8.2 Working under Adverse Weather Conditions 103 and during Flooding 16.
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