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Scientific Study of Dying Rivers for Societal Benefits: a Comparative Analysis of Two Rivers in Two South Asian Countries

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Scientific Study of Dying Rivers for Societal Benefits: a Comparative Analysis of Two Rivers in Two South Asian Countries INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Scientific Study Of Dying Rivers For Societal Benefits: A Comparative Analysis Of Two Rivers In Two South Asian Countries Nayna Tabassum, Surajit Das, Mainak Ghosh Abstract: Adi Ganga, known as Tolly’s Nullah is a paleo-distributary of the Bhagirathi River, stretching from north-west to southern part of Kolkata, India. Settlements gradually developed along the banks of the river as it has connected many important areas of the city. Ample supply of water for irrigation was also an added advantage. The Nullah once flowing profoundly being frontier as one of the main navigational channels for trade and transport, now have become a backyard waste dumping zone of those areas making the canal water polluted with foul smell. In recent times it has turned to a narrow, degraded, congested nullah. Now the canal is on the verge of dying with the title of a lost river. Similarly, the river Buriganga has been the lifeline of Dhaka- the capital city of Bangladesh for over 500 years.It is a tide-influenced river passing through west and south of Dhaka City. Trade and commerce, communication, municipal facilities, waste management, drainage, source of water etc. were linked with the river and still it is serving Dhaka relentlessly. But due to unplanned haphazard discharge of untreated household and industrial waste, the river has become highly polluted over the years with diminishing length from 27 km to 18 km. The water quality of the river is very poor to maintain a sound river-ecosystem. In both the cases people living near the waterways have strong physical and emotional attachment with it in their memory along with functional and social desideratum. And also in both cases various socio economic and anthropogenic factors work as vital role behind the degradation of water channels to contemporary scenario. The paper aims to summarize a comparative analysis of physical and human aspects that have catalyzed in degradation of the voluminous rivers. And also the paper will elaborate how the physical structures responded with the changing trajectories of water landscape in two different localities in two different countries with similar socio-physical traits. Thus this would give a detailed understanding of the transforming water landscape. The task incorporates collating the literature, historical, social and geographical data for an integrated understanding to present a correlative scenario between Adi Ganga and Buriganga. Keywords: Adi Ganga, Buriganga, Degradation of river, Comparative analysis, Water urbanism, River. ——————————◆—————————— INTRODUCTION river- Buriganga and Adiganag. The objectives of the present In the remote past, a course of Ganga River used to reach the paper are: Bay of Bengal through Dhaleshwaririver (Majumdar, 1971). • To analyze the origin and evolution of the rivers. This course gradually shifted and eventually lost its link with • To probe into the present conditions of the rivers. main channel of the river Ganga with the new name of • To highlight the impact of human interference on the Buriganga. So now it is originating from the Dhaleshwari River rivers. near south of Savar through the Karanatali tributary and Turag • To suggest some measures to combat the problems faced river and meets Dhaleshwari again near Munshiganj district. by the rivers. Buriganga’s average breadth and depth of the river is 14 m and 265 m respectively (BBS 2005). Again, the main flow of Methodology& Approaches Ganga has taken the path of river Padma that leaves the The present work is very much dependent on field work and boundary of West Bengal as well as India and flows over analytic observations. Previous literature has been of much Bangladesh and connects with the Meghna River. The shifting help for getting an overall view of the study areas. The of course of river Bhagirathi is supposed to be the cause of this approaches have been landscape and qualitative, descriptive phenomenon. But it is not the only result of the shifting of and above all comprehensive discourse analysis. Bhagirathi, the remnant of the former course of Bhagirathi has a. Study Area given birth to a small narrow channel that flows through Buriganga is located mainly in Dhaka from 23°37'59.99" N to Kolkata and eventually falls into Vidyadhari River. That very 90°25'59.99" E. It stretches from Gabtoli at north to channel is commonly known as Adi Ganga. It is obvious that Narayanaganj-Munshiganj in south. But the field survey both the rivers take the name from the River Ganga. For mainly focuses the areas near Showari-ghat to Shadar-ghat. Buriganga it is said that, Mughals were astonished by the Adi Ganga is situated mainly in Kolkata from 88°30´00´´E to water level of the river during high and low tide. On the 88°19´00´´E and from22° 33´00´´N to 22°33´00´´N longitude contrary, presently the recorded highest water level found as and latitude. The Adi Ganga now flows along places from low as 7.58 mPWD (BWDB, 7 July 2019). Being a main part of Alipur to Tollygunge and Garia, kalighat remains in the midway sewage system of Dhaka Metropolitan city, still trying to hold of the rivers. its identity of a river. For Adi Ganga, It is very difficult to b. Limitations imagine that this narrows and almost dried up canal of present It is a short review based qualitative analytic research. day was the main flow of river Ganga hundreds of years ago. Statistical data based approaches was not inherited in the At present it is nothing but a thin strip of a canal or to explain research process. But this could be a potential future research more accurately, an important part of the sewage system of prospect if analysis processes includes quantitative methods. Kolkata Metropolitan city. Literature Review a. Historical traces of Buriganga Aim and Objectives i) Pre-Colonial Period (1205-1764) Aim of the paper is to present a comparative analysis of In the Pre-Mughal period Buriganag was named ‘Dolai’ river substantial and human aspects that instigated in degradation as a branch of Ganga. It was the center for trade and of the voluminous rivers based on present context of the two commerce. This river channel served as the main water 3326 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 transport system of the bazaars and also served as the main domestic waste each day and the treatment plant have the source of drinking and daily-needs waters. Riverfront was in capacity to treat only 10% of them .(Kibria M.G.,Kadir M.N., high demand and so rich peoples, merchants, Amirs started to Alam S, 2015) gathered around the river. ii) Colonial Period (1764-1947) Disposal of industrial waste Buriganga was no more connected with the river Ganga. There are no sewerage treatment plants in most of the Commercial importance of the river declines as the capital industrial units around the Buriganga River. More than 60,000 shifted to Kolkata. Due to beginning of tannery industries, cubic meters of toxic waste including textile dying, printing, steamers, ferries and discharges , deterioration started. washing and pharmaceuticals are released into the main water Treatment plant was established to provide piped drinking bodies of Dhaka every day. (Kibria M.G.,Kadir M.N., Alam S, water. Establishment like Buckland Bund serves as the 2015) recreational zone of the city. Riverfront was still in high demand at that time. Tannery waste iii) Pakistan Period (1947-1971) But there were about 200 leather tanneries in that area a few Dhaka started to grow towards north but Shadarghat remained years ago. Most of these industries used to operate manually the traditional business center. Buriganga riverfront declines releasing untreated toxic chemical waste near residential its residential character.From 1950 there is huge rise in areas. tannery industries and motorized water transports. Toxic chemicals and heavy metal particles used to discharge in the Land encroachment and Illegal construction river and thus the pollution of water began. Disposal of Over the years, landfills created on the river have narrowed its sewerage waters continued in this period. width at many places near the city. The encroachers have set iv) Present scenario (1971-present time) up platform like structures on the rivers and gradually filled out After Independence Dhaka city grew towards further north the bottoms by piling up earth and rubbish. making the Buriganga and Shadarghat areas as the most southern part of the city. With increased industries, markets, Sedimentation small factories, launch and boat terminals, dockyards, slums Rahman and Rana state that, because of the sedimentation and illegal constructions occurred. Dholaikhal was filled in on the upstream, the flow of Buriganga- Turag system gets cut 1973 and a couple of bridges were made over Buriganga for off, especially during the dry season. This is why no single drop better communication and transport. With the changes in land water flows into the river system. use pollution of the river water continued. Deposition of metals, plastics, polythene and toxic waste has created a layer Effects of Buriganga’s Degradation diminishing the depth of the river. It is affecting the aquatic plants and creatures hampering the whole eco-system. Degradation of water ecosystem b) Historical traces of Adi Gnaga The water quality of Burganga has been deteriorating day by i) Pre-Colonial (Prior to 1690) day. According to a study the average DO, BOD and COD was Adi Ganga was an important navigation channel. Portuguese 1.11 mg/L, 82.30 mg/L and 148.45 mg/L respectively and the traders would use the Adi Ganga as far upstream as Betore on concentration of nitrate and phosphate was 5.92 mg/L and the West bank and the site of today's Garden Reach on the 5.83 mg/L respectively (Ahmed S.S., Tasfina S.,Rabbani East bank.
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